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Chapter 1 Introduction PDF
Chapter 1 Introduction PDF
Chapter 1 Introduction PDF
ENGINEERING
BY
GODFREY MWESIGE
BSC(CIV.ENG),MAK; MSC(CIV.ENG.),ILLINOIS, USA
Course Objectives
To introduce basic elements of traffic engineering;
traffic studies and characteristics, facility design and
traffic controls.
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Course Outline
Introduction
Road Classification in Uganda
Preliminary Investigations for Roadways
Route Selection and Surveys
Traffic Stream Characteristics
Volume Studies and Characteristics
Speed, Travel Time, and Delay Studies
Geometric Design of Highways
1. Horizontal Alignment
2. Vertical Alignment
Design and Analysis of Signalized Intersections
Analysis of Un-signalized intersections
Major References
Transportation Research Board (2000), Highway Capacity Manual 2000.
Roess R.P., Prassas E.S. & McShane W.R., (2004), Traffic Engineering, Third
Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall.
NCHRP Synthesis 299, Recent Geometric Design Research for Improved Safety and
Operations, Transportation Research Board.
Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications (2005), Road Design Manual Vol.
1; Geometric Design Manual, Government of Uganda.
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Course Management
1. Introduction
Roads are a major component of the traffic
system, whose design impacts significantly on
traffic operations.
Roadways serve primarily two functions:
1. Accessibility: Ability to gain entry [/exit] to a particular site or area
2. Mobility: Ability to travel to many destinations (Roess, Prassas &
McShane (2004, p.5)
However, each road link must meet user,
environmental and economic needs:
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Introduction Cont’d
History of Modern Highway Engineering (Fambro et al, Geometric Design: Past, Present and Future)
Before 1912: Brick and stone ways for Horses and carts
1940: American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) and Later AASHTO)
formed.
1950s: AASHTO Publishes Policy on Geometric Design of Highways; revised 1954, 1965,
1971, 1984, 1990, 1994, 2003:
Prior to 1980: Roadway engineering was referred to as Highway Engineering; Pavement and
Geometric design.
The name has since changed to Transportation Engineering to include other division:
Facilities Engineering (Pavement and Geometric aspects), Transportation Systems
Engineering (Traffic Engineering and Traffic Control systems), and Transportation
Economics and Logistics.
Introduction Cont’d
Road link design must address the following safety concerns:
1. Physical separation between motorized and non-motorized traffic,
2. Assign the right-of-way in both TIME and SPACE, to reduce
conflict,
3. Proper alignment to provide constant sight distances to drivers.
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2. Preliminary Investigations
Preliminary investigations are aimed at establishing
proper route of the road alignment.
Principles of Alignment
Alignment should fit in planned network of
jurisdiction.
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3. Route Selection and Surveys
A road link between two targeted
points (Start and End) has several
options through which it can pass.
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b. Roadway Surveys
Several types of Surveys are done 1. Land along marked routes is
for a new roadway development surveyed,
explained extensively in 2. Survey instruments are used,
Gurcharan (2004); 3. Several factors are considered
1. Map Study for appropriate route choice
2. Reconnaissance Survey Gradients
3. Preliminary Survey Radius of horizontal curves
4. Detailed Survey Positions of natural,
Topographical maps: used to artificial barriers,
sketch possible routes between Maximum flood levels,
points-of-interest. Soil types,
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Roadway Surveys Cont’d
Detailed Survey: This survey is Soil surveys are also done at this
aimed at locating the route selected stage.
from preliminary survey.
The Centerline is located by pegging, It should be noted that not all
using survey instruments and tape roadway development projects
measures require all these surveys. Certain
Survey benchmarks are established projects have predetermined
and detailed leveling carried out for routes, and therefore preliminary
alignment design and construction survey may be skipped altogether.
process
Leveling is more precise and Even if the roadway exists, it is
earthworks, cross drainage works, and often necessary to carryout
longitudinal and cross section preliminary surveys to establish
elements taken at pre-determined compensation costs and road
intervals. reserve.