E L

P T
Geographic Information Systems

N
Dr. Bharath Haridas Aithal
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management, 
IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 11: GIS As a Software
Lecture 51 & 52: Data Acquisition and Raster Functions – Part I & Part II 
Hands on By: Chandan M C
 E L
P T
 Data Acquisition
 DEM visualization

N
 Terrain analysis – Slope, Aspect, Hillshade and Contour
 Raster calculator 
 Interpolation
 Clipping raster using layer (Masking)
 E L
Data Acquisition
 Satellite Data can be downloaded

T
from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
 First time users, click on register tab

P
 Once registration is done you can
login

N
 On the search criteria tab enter
interested place name. For ex.
Bangalore
 E L
Data Acquisition

 After entering place name, select Date

T
range. For ex. 01/04/2000 to 03/23/2015
 Now, click on Data Sets tab and choose

P
Digital Elevation in the “SELECT YOUR
DATA SET” tab

N
 Under SRTM dropdown, Check SRTM 1
Arc‐Second Global and click on Results
 Note: Alternatively you can select any other
data. For instance, Landsat, Sentinel‐2 etc.)
 E L
Data Acquisition 1. Show Footprint 2. Show Browse Overlay

1. Show Footprint
2. Show Browse Overlay
3. Show Content

T
4. Show Metadata
5. Download Options
6. Add to Bulk Download

P
7. Exclude Scene from Results

N
4. Show Metadata
5. Download Options

Note: Downloaded DEM will be in

Lat‐Long system. Some operations
might require conversion to UTM
 E L
DEM Visualization
 Open downloaded DEM in QGIS

T
 Layer > Add Layer > Add Raster
Layer..

P
 Right click on DEM layer and select
properties

N
 From the information tab, observe
CRS, Extent and unit
 Close properties tab
 For further analysis, let us first
convert the DEM into UTM CRS
 E L
DEM Visualization  Right click on DEM layer > Export > Save As…
 Browse to location and save layer with a new name

T
(In this case BLR_DEM_UTM.tif)
Note: Bangalore 

P
belongs to UTM 
Zone 43. From the 
filter tab search for 
43N

N
 E L
DEM Visualization  Right click on BLR_DEM_UTM.tif > Properties >
Symbology

T
 Perform these changes in symbology tab
1. Render type = Singleband Pseudocolor

P
2. Interpolation = Linear
3. Color ramp = Spectral (inverted)

N
4. Label suffix = m
5. Mode = Equal interval
6. Classes = 6 (Or any number)
7. Apply and press OK
 E L
DEM Visualization
 DEM finally looks like the picture to

T
the left
 Here, Blue indicates lower elevation

P
(237m above MSL) and Red
indicates higher elevation (1483m)

N
 E L
Terrain analysis – Slope
 Menubar > Raster > Analysis > Slope

T
 Select Input layer as BLR_DEM_UTM.tif
 Browse to location where slope layer needs to be

P
saved and provide name as BLR_Slope.tif for the
output

N
 Click on Run

• Slope is expressed in 
terms of degrees
• In this case, 0 – 60 
degrees
 E L
Terrain analysis – Aspect
 Menubar > Raster > Analysis > Aspect

T
 Select Input layer as BLR_DEM_UTM.tif
 Browse to location where slope layer needs to be

P
saved and provide name as BLR_Aspect.tif for the
output

N
 Click on Run

• Aspect gives direction of 
slope
• It is expressed in terms of 
degrees
• In this case, 0 – 360 
degrees
 E L
Terrain analysis – Hillshade
 Menubar > Raster > Analysis > Hillshade

T
 Select Input layer as BLR_DEM_UTM.tif
 Browse to location where slope layer needs to be

P
saved and provide name as BLR_Hillshade.tif for the
output
 Click on Run

N
• Hillshade is a grayscale 3D
representation of the earth’s
surface, with the sun's relative
position (for shading the image)
• This function uses the altitude
and azimuth properties to
specify the sun's position
• In this case, 0 – 360 degrees
 E L
Raster Calculator
 Rasters are essentially grids of pixels that have a specific value assigned to them

T
 By performing mathematical operations on these values, one can do some interesting
analysis

P
 QGIS has some basic mathematical logics and analysis capabilities built‐in via Raster
Calculator such as:

N
1. Mathematical (+, ‐, *, /)
2. Trigonometric (sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan)
3. Comparison (<, >, =, <=, >=)
4. Logical (AND, OR)
 The raster calculator can apply mathematical operations on the raster pixels
 E L
Raster Calculator
 Menubar > Raster > Raster calculator

T
Output location and layer 
Raster Bands: Name of 
name to be saved as
the band to be 

P
operated

Output CRS: Keeping source 
CRS is suggested

N
Operators: 
Mathematical logic and 
operators
Expression/Formula tab
 E L
Raster Calculator
 Open Raster Calculator with

T
BLR_DEM_UTM loaded in QGIS
layer panel

P
 Task is to perform a mathematical
operation on DEM image to

N
separate out pixels with elevation
values greater than 800m
 Double click on DEM file and type 
expression as 
"BLR_DEM_UTM@1" > 800
 E L
Raster Calculator
 Select output location and file

T
name to be saved (in this case,
BLR_Elev_800m.tif)

P
 Click on Run
 Output map will be a binary map

N
with
Elevation < 800m = 0
Elevation > 800m = 1
 E L
Interpolation
 Interpolation is the process of using points

T
with known values or sample points to
estimate values at other unknown points

P
 Load Rainfall.shp and Dist.shp to QGIS
 Point Rainfall values indicates raingauge

N
readings recorded at various places in
Mysore district
 Task is to interpolate these values, create a
continuous raster map and clip according
to district boundary
 E L
Interpolation
 Menubar > Raster > Interpolation

T
 If you do not find Interpolation
under Raster menu, then

P
processing tool box and search for
IDW* interpolation

N
Use layer extent: 
Dist
Set Output 
resolution: 30m

*IDW = Inverse Distance Weight
 E L
Interpolation
 Output of Interpolation looks

T
similar to picture on the right
 Next task is to crop the

P
interpolated map according to
Mysore District boundary

N
 Menubar > Raster > Extraction >
Clip Raster by Mask Layer…
 E L
Clipping a Raster
Input layer: Interpolated.tif

T
Mask layer: Dist.shp
Clipped layer: Interpolate_MYS.tif

NP
 E L
Adding Style to Interpolated and Clipped Map

 Right click on Interpolated_MYS.tif > Properties >

T
Symbology
 Perform these changes in symbology tab

P
1. Render type = Singleband Pseudocolor
2. Interpolation = Linear

N
3. Color ramp = Spectral (Blue to Red)
4. Label suffix = mm
5. Mode = Equal interval
6. Classes = 5 (Or any number)
7. Apply and press OK
 E L
Adding Style to Interpolated and Clipped Map

P T
N
• To add labels of raingauge stations, 
Right click on Rainfall.shp > 
Properties > Labels > Single labels > 
Label with : Raingauge > Apply > OK
 E L
Summary

 Data Acquisition – USGS Earth Explorer

T
 DEM visualization – Changing Symbology
 Terrain analysis – Slope, Aspect, Hillshade and Contour

P
 Raster calculator – Mathematical expressions and logics
 Interpolation – IDW method

N
 Clipping raster using layer (Masking) – Mysore District 
 In the next session, we shall discuss about downloading and installing QGIS 
plugins
 E L
P T
N
 E L
P T
Geographic Information Systems

N
Dr. Bharath Haridas Aithal
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management 
IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 11: GIS As a Software
Lecture 53 : Map composition
Hands on By: Prakash P S
 E L
P T
 Styling in QGIS

N
 Labeling in QGIS
 Map elements
 Map composition
 E L
Styling in QGIS
Styling maps in QGIS
 Open a vector layer

T
 Right click on the layer
 Click on Properties

P
 Click on Style
 Set the style properties

N
 Click OK
 E L
Styling in QGIS

P T
N
 E L
Labelling in QGIS
Labelling maps in QGIS
 Open a vector layer

T
 Right click on the layer
 Click on Properties
 Click on Labels
 Select show labels for the vector

P
 Chose an attribute as label with
 Click OK

N
 E L
Labelling in QGIS

P T
N
 E L
Composing maps – Compose manager
Map composition in QGIS
 Open a vector layer

T
 Style and label as required
 Click on Project>Compose
Manager>Add
 Give Composer title

P
 Click OK

N
 E L
Composing maps – Compose manager
…Map composition in QGIS
 Click on Add new map

T
 Drag the map on the white
space given

NP
 E L
Composing maps – Compose manager

P T
N
 E L
Composing maps – Adding map elements
Map composition in QGIS
 Add map elements by

T
clicking on Layout
 Adjust scale using item
properties

NP
 E L
Composing maps – Adding map elements
Map elements

T
 Map title
 North arrow

P
 Scale bar
 Legend

N
 E L
Composing maps – Exporting the maps to PDF/IMAGE

Exporting map as image

T
 Open Export as image option
 Mention the dimension and DPI
 Press on Save

NP
 E L
Composing maps – Composed map

P T
N
 E L
Summary

T
 Styling
 Labeling

P
 Map composition
 Adding map elements

N
 Exporting map as image/pdf
 E L
P T
N
 E L
P T
Geographic Information Systems

N
Dr. Bharath Haridas Aithal
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management 
IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 11: GIS As a Software
Lecture 54 : Bhuvan geoportal and Google earth
Hands on By: Prakash P S
 E L
P T
 Introduction to Bhuvan geoportal

N
 Utilities in Bhuvan
 Open data achieve in Bhuvan 
 Introduction to Google earth
 Data preparation using Google earth
 Importing data to QGIS
 E L
Bhuvan geoportal

 Bhuvan, is a web based utility which allows users to explore a set of map

T
based content prepared by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
 The content includes thematic maps related to

P
 Disasters
 Agriculture

N
 Water resources
 Land cover
 Processed satellite data of ISRO
 E L
Bhuvan geoportal

 Bhuvan was launched on August 12, 2009

T
 It offers high resolution imagery of Indian locations with spatial resolution up to 1 meter
 Currently, 177 cities are covered with high resolution (1 meter) datasets and remaining

P
part of country is covered with 2.5 meter resolution imagery
 Satellite including

N
 Resourcesat‐1,2
 Cartosat‐1
 Cartosat‐2
 E L
Bhuvan geoportal

https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in

P T
N
 E L
Bhuvan geoportal Application sectors

 Agriculture

T
 Forestry
 E‐governance

P
 Water
 Tourism

N
 Urban
 Rural
 E L
Bhuvan geoportal Services

 Bhuvan 2D

T
 Bhuvan 3D
 Open data archieve

P
 Climate and Environment
 Thematic services

N
 Disaster management and support services
 Ocean services
 Creating custom maps/GIS
 E L
Examples of Bhuvan’s Collaborators

 Punjab Heritage & Tourism Promotion Board

T
 Punjab Remote Sensing Centre
 Ludhiana Municipal Corporation

P
 Karnataka Forest Department
 Himachal Pradesh Forest Department

N
 AIBP
 India Meteorological Department(IMD)
 E L
Bhuvan draw tool

Create own shape file and download

T
 Long in to portal
 Click on Bhuvan 2D>
 Tools draw tool


P
Select 
point/line/polygon
 Draw on the map
 Click on create

N
 Click on download
 E L
Bhuvan: Open data achieve
Download the Resourcesat/LISS III/Landsat/CartoDem data

T
 Long in to portal
 Click on Open data 
achieve>
 Select the category

P
 Select the subcategory
 Select Area
 Click on download

N
Applications 

E L
P T
N
 E L
Google earth
Search for a specific place and zoom 

P T
N
 E L
Google earth vector data digitization
Right click on My Places and Add folder 

P T
N
 E L
Google earth vector data digitization
Right click on My Places>Add>Path/Polygon/Placemark

P T
N
 E L
• After creating required features right click on the folder and  save places as .kml file

T
• The saved file can be opened in QGIS by using add vector layer button

NP
 E L
• After opening in QGIS, verify the places by adding Google earth as base layer

P T
N
Area calculation/length

E L
P T
N
Length calculation

E L
P T
N
Area calculation

E L
P T
N
 E L
Summary

T
 Introduction to Bhuvan geoportal
 Utilities in Bhuvan

P
 Open data achieve in Bhuvan 
 Introduction to Google earth

N
 Data preparation using Google earth
 Importing data to QGIS
 E L
P T
N
 E L
P T
Geographic Information Systems

N
Dr. Bharath Haridas Aithal
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management 
IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 11: GIS As a Software
Lecture 55 : Introduction to R (Part ‐ I)
Hands on By: Prakash P S
 E L
P T
 Introduction to R
 Downloading and installing R

N
 R interface
 Data types in R
 Basic tasks and functionalities
 E L
Introduction to R

T
 R is a development environment rather than just a programming language

 It is a handy and popular tool for statistical calculations, analyzing data and creating graphs

P
 Popularity of R among data scientists and researchers is because of its ease of learning,

N
availability of packages, and compatibility across various operating systems
 Also, it is a free software
 E L
Installation of R

Download R software using this link

T
 https://cran.r‐project.org/bin/windows/base/

P
Download R Studio software using this link
 https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/

N
 E L
R studio environment

P T
N
 E L
Data types

Object classes

T
 Character c = “RCGSIDM”; c = “52.5”

P
 Numeric x = 52.5
 Integer y = 50

N
 Complex m = 1+2i
 Logical (true or false) g = x>y
 E L
Data types

T
Vectors Lists

 x = c("Cheers", "to", "the", "session") x = list("Session", 2019, TRUE)

P
 class(x) class(x[[1]])
 [1] "character" [1] "character"

N
 y = c(1,2,3,4,5) class(x[[2]])
[1] "numeric"
 class(y)
 [1] "numeric" class(x[[3]])
[1] "logical"
 E L
Data types
Matrix

T
• Matrix is a collection of multiple vectors or it is a two dimensional vector. 
• Both rows and columns of the matrix should include elements of the same class. 

P
• Two methods are shown here to create matrix. 

matrix_a = c(1,2,3,4,5,6)

N
dim(matrix_a) = c(3,2)
matrix_a
[,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    4
[2,]    2    5
[3,]    3    6
 E L
Data types
Data frames

T
Data frames are used to store data in table format. 
It can contain data of different types on each column and logical constraint is that each column 

P
can only contain objects of same class. Data frame is created using a function data.frame()
x = c("Shiv","Raj","Krish")

N
y = c(35,25,15)
z = c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE)
data_frame = data.frame(username=x, age=y, adult=z)
data_frame
username age adult
1     Shiv  35  TRUE
2      Raj  25  TRUE
3    Krish 15 FALSE
 E L
Importing CSV data to R

 Employ_data = read.csv(file.choose())

T
 Employ_data = read.csv(“Directory and file path”)

NP
 E L
Data subset

Employ_data_1 <‐ Employ_data[row:row,column:column]

T
Employ_data_1 <‐ Employ_data[1:8,1:4]

NP
 E L
Subset

x = 15:25

T
>x

P
[1] 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

N
> x[1:4]
[1] 15 16 17 18

> x[2:5]
[1] 16 17 18 19
 E L
Sequence creation
x = 1:10
>x

T
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

P
> y = ‐6:4
>y
[1] ‐6 ‐5 ‐4 ‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3 4

N
> z = seq(from=2,to=20,by=3)
>z
[1] 2 5 8 11 14 17 20

> m = rep(1:4,3)
>m
[1] 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
 E L
Set working directory

T
setwd("H:/Lab Works/R_Course/DataSets")

P
Note that windows operating system uses need to use backward
slash “/” instead of forward slach “\” while giving working
directory path.

N
 E L
Help from the Console

T
R provides help in its console using symbol “?”, programmer could
use ? followed by function to get help in R help tab.

P
Examples:
> ?vector

N
> ?matrix
> ?read.csv
 E L
Summary

T
 Introduction to R
 Downloading and installing R

P
 R interface
 Data types in R

N
 Basic tasks and functionalities
 E L
P T
N
 E L
P T
Geographic Information Systems

N
Dr. Bharath Haridas Aithal
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management 
IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 11: GIS As a Software
Lecture 56 : Introduction to R (Part ‐ II)
Hands on By: Prakash P S
 E L
P T
 Package installations in R

N
 Reading Spatial data 
 Raster functions
 Plotting maps
 FCC preparation
 E L
Package installation 

R has several ready‐made packages to perform various functions. A new package installation can

T
be made with the function install.packages. It needs to be loaded to every R session with the
library function.

P
Examples:
> install.packages("Utils")

N
> install.packages("rgdal")
> install.packages("raster")
> library(RStoolbox)

> library(utils)
> library(raster)
> library(rgdal)
> library(RStoolbox)
 E L
Spatial functions

T
R supports various spatial functions using raster and vector data models.

P
Various spatial functions are available in packages such as
 raster
 rgdal

N
 sp
 RStoolbox etc….
 E L
Read raster data

• A function raster() is used from package “raster” to import satellite image from the

T
directory to the R environment. Here file.choose() is a function can be used for choosing
file instead of giving file path.

P
• Function brick() is a multilayer raster object, this function is used to call raster with
multiple bands.

N
> quick_bird = raster(file.choose())
Or
> quick_bird = brick(file.choose())
 E L
Cell statistics
To calculate minimum or maximum pixel value from a raster function cellStats() is used. This function

T
also can be used to find mean and standard deviation from a raster object.

P
> min = cellStats(quick_bird, stat='min', na.rm=TRUE, asSample=TRUE)
> min
[1] 123

N
> max = cellStats(image1, stat='max', na.rm=TRUE, asSample=TRUE)
> max
[1] 1263

> mean = cellStats(image1, stat='mean', na.rm=TRUE, asSample=TRUE)

> mean
[1] 432.3705
 E L
Plotting a raster map

Plotting a raster can be done using plot() function, adding of title, labels to x and y directions is

T
possible.
> DEM = raster(file.choose())

P
> plot(DEM, main = "Digital Elevation Model", xlab = "Longitute",ylab = "Latitude")

N
 E L
Preparation of histogram of a raster

Histogram of a raster file can be plotted with hist() function. Provision to customize

T
the color, breaks and other parameters are incorporated in the function itself.

P
hist(DEM,main = "Distribution of surface elevation values",
+ xlab = "Elevation (meters)",ylab = "Frequency",

N
+ col = "springgreen",breaks=25,
+ labels=TRUE,warn.unused=FALSE)
 E L
False Color Composite (FCC) preparation

Color composites from bands of satellite images can be formed by stacking the layers together in

T
particular order and exporting or writing to various other formats is performed by using
writeRaster() function.

P
a <‐ raster(file.choose())
> b <‐ raster(file.choose())

N
> c <‐ raster(file.choose())
> d <‐ stack(c,b,a)
> plotRGB(d, r=1, g=2, b=3, stretch='lin')
> writeRaster(d,"fcc.tiff",format="GTiff",overwrite=TRUE)
 E L
Summary

T
 Package installations in R
 Reading Spatial data 

P
 Raster functions
 Plotting maps

N
 FCC preparation
 E L
P T
N