Hydraulics2 (CIVL 0018)-Spring-20-Assignment2-A&B-QP

Module Code: CIVL 0018

Module Name: Hydraulics2

Submitter by

SALIM 2

18S17731
Class No 03
Introduction:
Since we know that the term drainage means the process of removing excess water to prevent
difficulties to public and provide protection against the loss of life and properties of the people.
In case of undeveloped area, the drainage occurs naturally and as a part of the hydrologic cycle.
The condition of natural drainage system is constantly changing with the environmental and
physical condition. Based on the location of drainage system facility the following are the main
types of drainage system.
 Urban drainage system
 Roadway drainage system
 Airport drainage system
 Agricultural drainage system
But in this study our focus is on urban drainage system. since we know that in urbanized area the
runoff is contributed by different sources which include
 Excess runoff after rainfall event, which accumulate from roof, yards, streets etc.
 Wastewater form household, commercial plazas, industries.
From study it is clear that to convey this runoff safely to a particular point of interest, there are
generally two type of system is used, which are combined sewer system and the second one is
separate system to convey each discharge separately. In the first case the worst scenario is
considered for the design of sewer system, for example the system will be designed for the
maximum discharge effect produced from the combined effect of the condition. In separate
system each sewer lines are designed for the maximum discharge resulted in case of any event.
So, in order to design the system, we need to have the maximum discharge generated in the area
due to particular events hence there are difference technique available to calculate the run off
from a rainfall event. Here in this study we will focus on rationale method to calculate the runoff
discharge generated.
The rational method, used for the first time in the United States by Kuichling in 1889, is still
very popular for estimating stormwater quantity. The basic equation in the rational method has
the form
Q = Cf CiA [L3T–1
Where
 Q = peak rate of flow
 Cf = frequency factor
 C = runoff (rational) coefficient
 i = intensity of precipitation for a duration equal to time of concentration, t , and a return
period, T
 A = drainage area

Having the above detail in hand we can easily calculate the runoff generated from a catchment
area. similar study has been conducted in this case. As from research point of view the urban
drainage systems may prove locally inefficient as a result of an unexpected rainfall event resulted
in a greater amount of water runoff generation from the reach and caused local failure of the
system. so, in order to have a sustainable drainage system we should have all the detail about
catchment area, rainfall distribution in the region. I have taken a particular catchment area for
this case and studies the different parameter required to calculate the discharge generated from
the catchment area. and designed the drainage system for the case in this study. The detail of the
catchment area and calculation involved in the design of the drainage system are discussed in the
following sections.

Task 1
Required:
(1) Calculate peak runoff rate of the catchment area by rational method
(2) For the peak runoff design at least two best hydraulic section
(3) Discuss about the feasibility of two alternative section and cost analysis
(4) Design consideration for maximum and minimum velocity that does not cause erosion
Solution
Part(1)
Catchment area (wadi halfyan, Oman)
 Figure 1 showing catchment area selected for the given task
GIVEN DATA:

A= 220119 m 2 = 0.22 km 2
P= 2152 m
RL2= 16.06 m
RL1= 9.04 m
Solution:
(1) First let we determine the slope of the catchment path
For rational method we need the value of C, the value of C is taken from the given below table

The soil condition in the region (wadi halfyan, Oman) is heavy soil flat so we take the values is
C= 0.13
n= 0.015

Rational Methode
Qmax= 0.278CAI
Where,
C= runoff coefficient
A= drain area (cathment area) Km2
i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for a critical time period
From the catchment area slected above we have the values:
The average rainfal intensity in (wadi halfyan, Oman) is 6mm/day to 20 mm/day
The refrences is given at the end of the assignment
 Qmax= 0.278 x 0.13 x 0.22 x 0.67
Qmax= 0.0053 m3/sec

Part 2
For the peak runoff rate, design/propose at least two cost efficient sections of the canal. These
could be either of trapezoidal, triangular, circular or rectangular section. [20 marks]

GIVEN DATA:

A = 220110m2=0.22 k m 2
P = 2151m
50
R L2=50 ft = =15.06 m
3.32
30
R L1=30 ft = =9.04 m
3.32

Solution:
Trapezoidal Section
Q max =0.278 CAI

The average rainfal intensity in (wadi halfyan, Oman) is 6mm/day to 20 mm/day.The

refrences is given at the end of the assignment

mm mm
i=16 =0.67
day h
C=0.13 , n=0.015

m3
Q=0.278× 0.13 ×0.22 ×0.67=0.0053
sec

RL2−RL1
S=
L

15.06−9.04
S= =0.0071
986
 5
3 1
1 A 2
Q= 5
n 23
P

5
2 3
1 (1.75 D )
Q= (0.00711)
n 3
2
(3.5 D)

5
2
1 (1.75 D ) 3
0.0053= (0.00711)
0.015 2
3
(3.5 D)

(1.75 D 2)5
(0.0111)3=
(3.5 D)2

(1.75)5 10−2
0.00000139= D
(3.5)2
D8=0.00000104

D=0.1787 m

x x

Triangular Section
Q=0.005 m3/sec
 S=
Z=1¿ √ 2
Required Data
Design triangular section

45o

(Z=1¿ √ 2)

Solution:
1
A=2( zd×d)
2
A=ZD2
P=2 √ (ZD)2 + D 2
P=2 D √1+ Z 2
1
P=2D 1+(
√ √ 2
1
¿ ) ¿2

P=2 D 1+
√
P=2 D √ 15
2

P=2.449D
1
Q= R2/3 S 1/2
n
1 A
Q= ( ) 2/3 S1/2
n B
1 ZD 2/3 1/2
Q= ( ) S
n 2.499
1 D
Q= ( )2/3 S1/2
n 2

1 D
0.0053= ( ) 2/3 (0.0071)1/2
0.015 2
 Solving
D=0.52m

Part c
Discuss about the feasibility of alternate sections and cost analysis considering sustainability
considerations in design.
Ans
We have select two section trapezoidal and triangular.
The Trapezoidal section will be feasible as it has lower depth value and trapezoidal has more
uniform flow than triangular section. The flow in trapezoidal section is best and will hence the
trapezoidal section will work for longer period.
It is clear that that the depth of trapezoidal section is lower so it cost will also be lower. The
trapezoidal section is frequently used and it required less labor and energy than triangular section
so in for sustainability consideration the trapezoidal section will be good.

Part d
Design consideration for maximum and minimum velocity that does not cause erosion
Ans
The erosion is caused by the maximum velocity. In the case we have Maximum Discharge
0.0052 m3/so keeping this we will find the velocity which will be the threshold velocity.
So as
Q= AV
Q max
V=
A
0.0053
V=
220110

V =2.4 ×10−6 m 2/s

So this is the maximum velocity. The velocity of flow should be with this limit. Above this value
it will cause erosion.
Task 2
Part 01:
One Sluice One Sluice gate is installed in the open channel of width 75 mm. With the individual data
given in the attached excel sheet, determine the following:

i. For the given Discharge Coefficient (Cd) determine y 0 and comment. [5 marks]
ii. Comment on the type of flow after the Sluice Gate. [5
marks]

GIVEN DATA:

Y= 0.015m3
T=23 sec
y g= 17mm = 0.017m

t (cd) = 0.78
b=75mm = 0.075m

Required:
Solution:
Part (1)
Step 01 Determine Q

V
Q=
t
 0.015
Q=
23
Q= 0.000652 m3/sec

Step 02 Determine y c

1
Q2
yc= 2( )
b g
3

Putting all the values

1
(0.00625)2
yc=
(
(0.075)2∗9.81 )3

y c =0.01975 m

Part (1), Step 03

Determine y 0
We know that
a=cd . b . y . g √ 2 g . y 0

V
= cd . b . y . g √ 2 g . y 0
t

0.015
= 0.078 ×0.075 × 0.015 √ 2∗9.81 . y 0
23
0.7432= √ 2 ×9.81 . y 0

( 0.7532)2
y 0=
2 ×9.81
y 0=0.0281m

y g < y c so the type of flow after the sluice gate is sufer critical flow
Part 02:
Water is flowing in the pipeline of diameter ‘D’ and length ‘L’. At two sections piezometers are
attached as shown in figure below. Referring the data given to you determine the following:
i. Evaluate pipe friction factor of the pipe [5 marks]
Comment on the flow type inside the pipe and variation of pressure from section (1) to section
(2).
GIVEN DATA:

V= 0.005m3
T= 22.5sec
L=912 mm= 0.912m
D= 26.2 mm= 0.0262m
h1= 385mm = 0.385m

h2 = 360mm = 0.36m

Required Data
Solution: (i)
Apply the Bernoulli’s Equation
P 1 v2 P 2 v2
+ +h1=¿ + +h +h
r 2g r 2g 2 e
h e=h1−hr

h e = 0.385 – 0.360

h e= 0.025m

Now from Doriy Equation

2 gD . he
h e= (i)
LV2
To determine velocity first we find discharge

Vd
Q=
time
0.005
Q=
22.5

Q=0.00022m 3 /sec

π d2
A=
4

π (0.0262)2
A=
4

A=0.000539 m2
Q 0.00022
V= =
A 0.000539
V =0.421m/ sec

Now using Equation (i)

2× 9.81× 0.025 ×0.0262
f=
0.912 ×(0.421)2
f =0.083

(ii) Comment on flow

ξDV 100 ×0.0262 ×0.412
Re = =
μ 0.912× 10−4
Re =121285.39

(a) Flow is turbulent

(b) Pressure is decreased from section 01 to section 02 because piezometric height decreased
from 01 to 02
(c) Kinetic energy is same from 01 to 02 because the velocity is same
Discussion:
In the above task we have performed analysis of the given condition using available method
suitable to the given condition. Here in this part my focus will be to discuss the task-1 as the
other task are simply numerical which have been solved using the available method we have
studied in the subject. The method adopted for the first task is that: I have selected a catchment
area in Oman (wadi halfyan, Oman). The catchment area is selected using google earth. The
other solution parameter involved in the question were also calculated by assuming several
condition, like the type of soil exist over there in the exact location. The value of rain intensitiy
for the particular region is selected by the type of soil we assumed for the catchment region. The
area of the catchment area is also selected and measured using google earth. The slope of
catchment area was also calculated using the stated procedure. Since we have used googel earth
for calcuation of the basic parameter invovled in the calcuation of runoff for the given case so,
there will be some difference in the calculated data and the actual ground condition over there in
the exact location. Rest of the procedure is same for the design of drainage system for a
particular area using rationale method. If the condition of any region are corresponding to the
given condition we have adopted then we can use the stated procedure to analyze the catchment
area and will calculate the peak run off and drainage will be desinged accordingly. Rest of the
tasks given in 2, 3, and 4 are solved simply by assuming the availble procedure.

Conclusion:
After having completed this task i have understood the importance of rationale method to
calculated the peak discharge for a particular region. The importance of the subject is cleared
after perfoming these task. The result obtained are valid and can be use for the desing of any
structure discussued above which are subjected to same condition as were given in this particular
assignment. The result obtained from the anaylsis of particular numerical given are valid and can
be used for design purpose if simmilar condition exist in reality. The calculation inovled for
catchment area in task are valid but can be use only for understanding puropose. It’s because in
reality the actual ground condition will be different as compare to the given conditon assumed
while performing the given task. Hence it is concluded that the above resuls are valid and
limited to the given conditon only means to say that we can only use the result for other purpose
if the condition matched with the assumed ones.
Refrences
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/urban-drainage
https://iwaponline.com/wst/article/72/2/165/14899/Urban-drainage-system-planning-and-design
https://www.hydrocad.net/rational.htm
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/amp/sluice-gate-flow-measurement-d_591.html
https://opentextbc.ca/openstaxcollegephysics/chapter/the-most-general-applications-of-
bernoullis-equation/

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Rainfall-intensity-in-Oman-This-figure-is-available-in-
colour-online-at_fig7_230325195 (Rainfall Intensity)