2005 Bookmatter HandbookOfChlor-AlkaliTechnolo PDF

Appendix
A. UNIVERSAL CONSTANTS
Avogadro's constant NA 6.022 x 1023 moi- 1

Faraday's constant F 96,485 C g-eq- 1
26.801 Ahr g-eq- 1
23,060ca1v- 1 g-eq-1
Gas constant R 8.3145Jmol- 1 K- 1
1.987 cal mol- 1 K- 1
1.987BTU!b-mol- 1 0 R- 1
0.08206m 3 atmkg-mol- 1 K- 1
0.730tt3 atmlb-mol- 1 0 R-I
Gravity acceleration ge 9.807 m s- 2
1.27 x 10 8 mhr- 2
32.2 ft ,- 2
4.17 x 108 ft hr- 2
Standard molar volume of ideal 22.41 m 3 kg-moi- 1
gas at 0°C and 760mmHg
B. CONVERSION FACTORS
Length
m cm mm in. ft
1 100 1000 39.37 3.281

0.01 10 0.3937 0.03281
0.001 0.1 0.03937 0.003281
0.0254 2.54 25.4 0.08333
0.3048 30.48 304.8 12 1
1 mile= 1.760 yards =5,280ft; 1 f1ID = Io- 4 cm; 1 Angstrom= Io- 8 cm.
1491
1492 APPENDIX
Area
acre
1 1 X 104 1.550 X 103 10.76 2.471 x 10-4

1 x 1o-4 1 0.155 t.076 x w-3 2.471 x 10- 8
6.452 x 10-4 6.452 1 6.944 x 1o- 3 t.594 x 10_ 7
9.29 x 10_ 2 9.29 X 102 1.44 X 102 1 2.296 x w- 5
4.047 X 103 4.047 X 107 6.273 X 106 4.3560 X 104 1
1 are = 100 m2, 1 hectare = 100 ares.
Volume
m3 L ft3 US galion
1000 35.31 264.2

0.001 1 0.03531 0.2642
0.028232 28.32 7.481
0.003785 3.785 0.1337
1 British galion= 1.201 US gallons, 1 ft3 = 1728in. 3;

1 barrel (petroleum) = 42 US gallons.
Weight
kg g lb metric ton US ton UKton
1 X 103 2.205 1 x 10- 3 1.102 x 10- 3 9.824 x w- 4

1 x 10_ 3 1 2.2o5 x 10_ 3 1 x 10_ 6 1.102 x 10- 6 9.842 x w- 7
0.4536 4.536 X 102 1 4.536 x w- 4 5 x w- 4 4.464 x 10- 4
1 X 103 1 X 106 2.205 X 103 1 1.102 0.9842
9.072 X 102 9.072 X 105 2 X 103 0.9072 1 0.8929
1.016 X 103 1.016 X 106 2.24 X 103 1.016 1.12
1 pound = 16 ounces.
APPENDIX 1493
Density
gcm- 3 kgm- 3 = gL -! Ib n- 3 lb/US gal
1000 62.43 8.345

0.001 0.06243 0.008345
0.01602 16.02 0.1337
0.1198 119.8 7.481
Power
kW kgms- 1 lbfts- 1 HP kcalhc 1 BTUhr- 1
1 1.02 X 102 7.376 X 102 1.341 8.604 X 102 3.415 X 103

9.807 x 10- 3 1 7.233 1.315 x w- 2 8.438 33.49
1.356 x 10- 3 0.1383 1 1.82 x w- 3 1.167 4.63
0.7457 76.04 5.50 X 102 1 6.4]9 X 102 2.547 X J03
1.162 x 10- 3 0.1185 0.8569 1.559 x 10- 3 1 3.967
2.929 x 10-4 2.989 x w- 2 0.216 3.929 x w- 4 0.2521
1 kW = I.OOOJ s- 1• HP = horsepower.
Energy
Joule kgr m lbr ft kWhr HPhr Latm kcal BTU
0.102 0.7376 2.778 x w- 7 3.725 x w- 7 9.869 x w- 3 2.390 x w- 4 9.486 x w-•

9.807 1 7.233 2.724 x w- 6 3.653 x w- 6 9.678 x w-' 2.344 x w- 3 9.302 x w-'
1.356 0.1383 1 3.766 x w- 7 5.051 x w- 7 1.338 x w-z 3.241 x w-4 1.286 x w-'
3.6 X 106 3.671 x 105 2.655 X 106 1 1.341 3.553 X 104 8.605 x 10 2 3.415 X 103
2.685 X 106 2.738 X J05 1.980 X 106 0.7457 1 2.649 X 104 6.417 X 10 2 2.547 X 10 3
1.013 X 102 10.33 74.73 2.815 x w- 5 3.774 x w- 5 1 2.422 x w- 2 9.612 x w- 2
4.183 X 103 4.266 X J0 2 3.086 X 103 1.162 x w- 3 1.558 x w- 3 41.29 1 3.968
1.054 X 103 1.075 X 102 7.775 X 102 2.928 x w- 4 3.927 x w- 4 10.4 0.252
1494 APPENDIX
Thermal conductivity
1 2.778 x 10- 3 0.672 5.600 x 10- 2

360 1 2.419 X 102 20.16
1.488 4.136 x 10- 3 1 8.333 x 10- 2
17.86 4.960 x 10_2 12 1
Pressure
bar kgf m-2 lbt in.- 2 atm 103 mmHg 103 mmHzO kPa
1.02 14.5 0.9869 0.75 10.21 100

0.9807 1 14.22 0.9678 0.7355 10.01 98.07
0.06895 0.07031 0.06804 0.05171 0.7037 6.895
1.013 1.033 14.7 0.76 10.34 101.3
1.333 1.36 19.34 1.316 13.61 133.3
0.03386 0.03453 0.4912 0.00342 0.0254 0.3456 3.386
0.09798 0.09991 1.421 0.0967 0.07349 9.798
0.002489 0.002538 0.0361 0.002456 0.001867 0.0254 0.2489
1 bar= 1 megadynecm- 2, 1 megadyne = 106 dyne, 1 mmHg = 1 Torr.
Viscosity
Centipoise kgm- 1 s- 1
Poise (mPas)a (Pas) kgm- 1 hr- 1 lbfc 1 s- 1 Ibfc 1 hr- 1
100 0.1 360 6.720 x 1o-2 2.419 X 102

0.01 1 1 x 10- 3 3.6 6.720 x10- 4 2.419
10 1 X 103 1 3.600 X 103 6.720 x 10- 1 2.419 X 103
2.778 x 10- 3 0.2778 2.778 x 10_4 1 1.867 x 10_4 0.672
14.88 1.488 X 103 1.488 5.357 X 103 1 3600
4.134 x 10-3 0.4134 4.134 x 10-4 1.488 2.778 x w- 4
Note:
amPa = milli-Pascal.
APPENDIX 1495
Heat transfer coefficient
2.778 x 10- 5 0.2048

3.6 X 104 1 7.374 X 103
4.882 1.3562 x 10- 4 1
Current density
mAcm- 2 Adm- 2 kAm- 2 Ain- 2 Aft- 2
0.1 0.01 0.00694 0.9294

10 1 0.1 0.0645 9.2937
100 10 1 0.645 92.937
155 15.5 1.55 1 144.05
1.076 0.1076 0.01076 6.94 x w- 3
C. DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
E vpcL
Arrhenius number RT Peclet number -k-
hL gcd 2 (-dpfdL)
Biot number T Poiseuille number JLV
Condensation group b. (
k a
!2.)1/3 . h (
'k g
!2.) 1/3 Prandt1 number CJL
T
gcp puL _ vL
Eu1er number Reyno1ds number -
pu2 ţt V
gcd!J.P _1!_
Fanning friction factor Schmidt number pD
2pv2L
kc kcL
Fourier number Sherwood number D
pcL2
u2 _}]__
Froude number gL Stanton number cvp
1 1-"
Gay-Lussac number {J!J.T Stokes number
pL2
L3p2{Jg!J.T pv 2 L
Grashof number Thiele number
1-'2
___lli_ a pcv"
Hatta number tanh YH
Thring radiation
seT3
number
kp
MacMullin number &=.I. Wagner number
Po E PoL
hd pv 2 L
Nusse1t number T Weber number (f
Note:
a .Ji05
JIH=~
1496 APPENDIX
D. NOMENCLATURE IN APPENDIX C
a Acceleration
c Specific heat
cp Specific heat at constant temperature
D Diffusivity
d Diameter
E Activation energy
e Emissivity
FR Force
g Acceleration of gravity
gc Newton's law conversion factor
h Heat transfer coefficient
k Thermal conductivity
kc Mass transfer coefficient (liquid film)
kp Slope of potential--current density curve
kr Reaction rate constant (first-order)
L Specific length
p Pressure
R Gas constant
s Stefan-Boltzmann constant
T Temperature
Time
u Reaction rate
v Linear velocity
{3 Coefficient of bulk expansion
~ Difference
E: Porosity
f.L Viscosity
v Kinematic viscosity
p Density
Pn Resistivity of electrolytic solution with nonconductive suspensions
p0 Resistivity of electrolytic solution free of nonconductive suspensions
a Surface tension
r Tortuosity of porous medium
E. CORRELATIONS
Sodium chloride
1. Solubility of NaCl in water
Wt% = 26.2516- o.ooi235t + 4.8755 x w- 5t 2
where
t=°F
APPENDIX 1497
2. Solubility ofNaCl in NaOH
S = 0.009c2 - 0.895c + 0.0003125t 2 + 22.95
where
S = wt% of NaCl
t = temperature, 20-60°C
c = NaOH concentration from 35% to 50%
3. Vapor pressure lowering
20°C: y = 0.4718x + 0.01714x 2

100°C: y = 0.4508x + 0.0196x 2
where
y = o/o reduction
x = wt% salt (0-27%)
4. Enthalpy
H = 111.3611 + 0.274305c- 0.0076797c 2
+ 0.999216t- 0.013J122ct + 1.77404 X 10- 4 c2 t
where
H = Enthalpy (kcal kg -l)
c=wt% NaCl
t=°C
5. Density
Specific Gravity = Q + Re+ Sc 2
where
Q = 1.0004075-0.71687895 x w- 5 t - 0.51792075 x w- 5 t 2
+ 0.1054032 x w- 7 t 3
R = o.o074569085 - 0.2960572 x w- 4 t + 0.30564225 x w- 6 t 2
- 0.934493315 xw- 9 t 3
s = 0.18372605 x w- 4 + 0.42360185 x w- 6 t- 0.51483125 x w- 8 t 2
+0.1794537 x w- 10 t 3
c=wt% NaCl
t=°C
1498 APPENDIX
Potassium chloride
1. Solubility in water
s = 27.8054 + 0.30925t - 0.00211584t 2
where
S = solubility (g/100 g·H20)
t = temperature (0 C)
2. Vapor pressure lowering
y = 0.3723x + 0.0091x 2
where
y =% reduction of vapor pressure (solution in water)
x = wt% salt (0-37%)
3. Specific heat of solutions
Cp = 0.974- 0.01P
where
cp = specific heat
P =wt% salt
4. Density of so1utions
p = 1.0016- 3.525 x w- 4 t - 1.625 x w- 6 t 2 + 5.833 x w- 3 P

+ 3.006 x w-s P 2 + 4.5 x w- 7 tp
Sodium hydroxide
Specific Gravity = Q +Re+ Sc 2 + Tc 3
where
Q = 1.00224925-0.116831975 x w- 3t - 0.3210971 x w- 5t 2
R=0.01148599-0.319841025 x w- 4 t+0.21510285 x w- 6 t 2
S=0.19658565 x w-s +0.761527825 x w- 6 t -0.61560685 x w- 8 t 2
T = -0.334691125 x w- 6 - 0.7552771 x w- 8 t + 0.661632323 x w- 10 t 2
c=wt%NaOH
t =°C
APPENDIX 1499
Potassium hydroxide
Specific heat at 18°C = 1- 1.648 X w- 3c + 5.1574 X w- 6 c2 - 8.5826 X w- 9c 3

where
c = g/1 KOH
Chlorine
1. Vapor pressure
log P = 31.9142- 1811.8011/ T - 10.989096log T + 0.00732037T
where
P = atm; T = K
2. Vapor pressure of liquid chlorine (at liquefaction temperatures)
Vapor pressure (kPa) = (100.403898- 0.07629155t- 0.0009227t 2 )
5 3726.9 175088.4 ]
exp [ 9 · 96 - 1.8t + 491.8 - -(1-.8-t_+_4_9_1._8)-2
where
t=°C
3. Density of liquid chlorine
p = 573 + l060.6083Y- 160.418Y 2 + 837.08192Y 3 - 247.20716Y 4
where
p =kgm- 3
Y = (1 - Tr)i/3
Tr = reduced temperature
4. Viscosity of liquid chlorine
484.686
ln(J"LJ) = -2.64947 + - - - -
t + 285.3845
where
/LI = mPa s (or centipoises)
t =°C
1500 APPENDIX
5. Therma1 conductivity of liquid ch1orine
k = 0.2458-3.094 x 10-4 T- 4.053 x 10- 7 T 2
where
k = therma1 conductivity W m- 1K- 1
T = temperature (K)
6. Specific heat of gaseous ch1orine
Cp = 0.605770219-4.6076698 x 10- 5 T- 41.8722507 /T

+ 2408.76803jT 2
where
cp = specific heat
T = temperature (K)
7. Viscosity of ch1orine gas
1117.90
1n(ţ.tg) = -2.40357- -t-+-5--,.65-.-83-3
where
fLg = Viscosity mPa s (or centipoises)
t=°C
8. Thermal conductivity of gaseous chlorine
1nk = -2.7230- 1004.4/(T + 202.68)
where
k = thermal conductivity W m- 1K- 1
T = temperature (K)
9. Dissociation constant ofhypoch1orous acid
HC10 = H+ + 0Cl-
[H]+[OC1r
K=----
HOC1
where
K = 3.7508 x w- 6 exp ( -1450.6)

T
T = temperature (K)
APPENDIX 1501
10. Hydrolysis constant of chlorine
Cl2(aq) + H20 = HOCl + HCl

K = _[H_O_C_l]_[H_C_l]
[Ch(aq)]
where
-3085.44)
K = 11.625 exp ( T
T = temperature (K)
11. Equilibrium constant of trichloride ion
Ch(aq) + Cl- = Cl_3
K = _ _[_Cl..::.._3_]_
[Ch (aq) ][Cl-]
where
K = 6.4498 X w- 3 exp ( 1030.87)

T
T = temperature (K)
NaOH + NaCl solutions

1. Density
p = 1.00686 + 0.01147527CNaOH- 0.1722033 X 10- 4 C~aOH

-0.3585138 x w- 3t - 0.2143812 x w- 5t 2
+ 0.007550802CNaCI
where
p = Density, g ml- 1
CNaOH =wt% NaOH (0-65wt%)
CNaCI = wt% NaCl (0--28 wt%)
t = oc (0--130)
1502 APPENDIX
F. SODIUM CHLORIDE
TABLE Fl. Specific Gravity ofNaCl Solutions
Be Specific NaCl Solution NaCl H20

(WC) gravity wt% gl-1 gl-1 gl-1
2.0 1.01405 1.938 1013.167 19.635 993.532

3.0 1.02123 2.929 1020.333 29.886 990.447
4.0 1.02850 3.932 1027.600 40.405 987.198
5.0 1.03589 4.951 1034.981 51.242 983.739
6.0 1.04338 5.962 1042.464 62.152 980.312
7.0 1.05098 6.987 1050.062 73.368 976.694
8.0 1.05869 8.024 1057.760 84.875 972.885
8.5 1.06259 8.549 1061.653 90.761 970.892
9.0 1.06651 9.078 1065.574 96.773 968.841
9.5 1.07046 9.611 1069.525 102.792 966.733
10.0 1.07446 10.145 1073.518 108.908 964.610
10.5 1.07847 10.672 1077.527 114.994 962.533
11.0 1.08251 11.202 1081.563 121.157 960.406
11.5 1.08659 11.738 1085.644 127.433 958.211
12.0 1.09069 12.275 1089.738 133.765 955.973
12.5 1.09483 12.818 1093.876 140.213 953.663
13.0 1.09900 13.365 1098.043 146.753 951.290
13.5 1.10320 13.916 1102.238 153.387 948.851
14.0 1.10743 14.471 1106.463 160.116 946.347
14.5 1.11170 15.030 1110.730 166.943 943.787
15.0 1.11600 15.573 1115.026 173.643 941.383
15.5 1.12033 16.120 1119.351 180.439 938.912
16.0 1.12470 16.672 1123.720 187.347 936.373
16.5 1.12910 17.227 1128.118 194.341 933.777
17.0 1.13353 17.786 1132.544 201.434 931.110
17.5 1.13801 18.351 1137.013 208.653 928.360
18.0 1.14251 18.919 1141.511 215.962 925.549
18.5 1.14706 19.493 1146.053 223.400 922.653
19.0 1.15163 20.068 1150.623 230.907 919.716
19.5 1.15625 20.628 1155.237 238.302 916.935
20.0 1.16089 21.192 1159.879 245.802 914.077
20.5 1.16558 21.761 1164.565 253.421 911.144
21.0 1.17032 22.335 1169.294 261.162 908.132
21.5 1.17508 22.912 1174.052 268.999 905.053
22.0 1.17988 23.496 1178.852 276.983 901.869
22.5 1.18472 24.082 1183.682 285.054 898.628
23.0 1.18961 24.676 1188.570 293.292 895.278
23.5 1.19453 25.259 1193.486 301.463 892.023
24.0 1.19949 25.829 1198.445 309.546 888.899
24.5 1.20450 26.415 1203.448 317.891 885.557
(With permission from Japan Soda lndustry Association)

APPENDIX 1503
TABLEF2. Specific Heat of NaCI Solutions
% -10°C 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C
o 1.0082 1.0058 0.9996 0.9991

5 0.9343 0.9367 0.9391 0.9413
10 0.8813 0.8858 0.8894 0.8921
15 0.8340 0.8400 0.8448 0.8483 0.8507
16 0.8273 0.8330 0.8376 0.8409 0.8433
17 0.8206 0.8261 0.8307 0.8340 0.8362
18 0.8144 0.8199 0.8242 0.8273 0.8292
19 0.8084 0.8137 0.8178 0.8206 0.8225
20 0.8029 0.8080 0.8118 0.8144 0.8158
21 0.7974 0.8022 0.8060 0.8084 0.8096
22 0.7927 0.7972 0.8006 0.8025 0.8034
23 0.7879 0.7920 0.7951 0.7970 0.7979
24 0.7834 0.7872 0.7898 0.7915 0.7922
25 0.7791 0.7826 0.7850 0.7865 0.7867
(With pennission from Japan Soda Industry Association)
TABLE F3. Surface Tension ofNaCI Solutions in dynecm- 1
% 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C
o 75.64 ± 0.1 74.22 ± 0.05 72.75 ± 0.05 71.18 ± 0.05

2.84 76.46 ± 0.3 75.04 ± 0.15 73.57 ± 0.1 72.00 ± 0.15
5.52 77.28 ±.0.3 75.86 ± 0.15 74.39 ± 0.1 72.82 ± 0.15
10.47 78.92 ± 0.3 77.50 ± 0.2 76.03 ± 0.15 74.46 ± 0.2
14.92 80.54 ± 0.3 78.12 ± 0.25 77.65 ± 0.15 76.08 ± 0.25
18.95 80.76 ± 0.25 79.29 ± 0.2 77.72 ± 0.25
22.62 82.39 ± 0.25 80.92 ± 0.25 79.35 ± 0.25
25.97 84.02 ± 0.25 82.55 ± 0.25 80.98 ± 0.25
(With permission from Japan Soda Industry Association)

1504 APPENDIX
TABLE F4. Activity (a), Coefficient of

Osmotic Pressure ( <1> ), and Mean Activity
Coefficient (y±) of NaCl Solutions
m a ct> log Y±
0.1 0.99665 0.9324 -0.1088
0.2 0.99336 0.9245 -0.1339
0.3 0.99009 0.9215 -0.1489
0.4 0.98682 0.9203 -0.1594
0.5 0.98355 0.9209 -0.1668
0.6 0.98025 0.9230 -0.1722
0.7 0.97692 0.9257 -0.1760
0.8 0.97359 0.9288 -0.1789
0.9 0.97023 0.9320 -0.1810
1.0 0.96686 0.9355 -0.1825
1.2 0.96010 0.9428 -0.1842
1.4 0.95320 0.9513 -0.1841
1.6 0.94610 0.9616 -0.1822
1.8 0.93890 0.9723 -0.1792
2.0 0.93160 0.9833 -0.1755
2.2 0.92420 0.9948 -0.1709
2.4 0.91660 1.0068 -0.1656
2.6 0.90890 1.0192 -0.1598
2.8 0.90110 1.0321 -0.1534
3.0 0.89320 1.0453 -0.1465
3.2 0.88510 1.0587 -0.1302
3.4 0.87690 1.0725 -0.1316
3.6 0.86860 1.0867 -0.1234
3.8 0.86060 1.1013 -0.1148
4.0 0.85150 1.1158 -0.1061
4.2 0.84280 1.1306 -0.0971
4.4 0.83390 1.1456 -0.0878
4.6 0.82500 1.1608 -0.0782
4.8 0.81600 1.1761 -0.0685
5.0 0.80680 1.1916 -0.0585
5.2 0.79760 1.2072 -0.0483
5.4 0.78830 1.2229 -0.0380
5.6 0.77880 1.2389 -0.0274
5.8 0.76930 1.2548 -0.0167
6.0 0.75980 1.2706 -0.0060
Note: In a= -(v m W/1000)<1>

where v = stoichiometric number of ions generated from
one moleofelectrolyte, W =mass ofwaterin g mol- 1, and
m = concentration in molality (moi kg- 1 water). (Based on
the vaporpressure of23.753 mm Hgofpure water at 25°C.)
(With permission from Japan Soda lndustry Association)
APPENDIX 1505
1.20
1.15 26
24
22
~
·:;: 20
ro 1.10
L..
(9
u 16
<;:::
·c::;
Q) 1.05 12
0..
(/)
8
1.00
4
0.95
o 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature ( 0 C}
FIGURE FI. Specific gravity of NaCJ solutions. (Data from International Critica] Tables, Voi. 3, p. 79,
McGraw-Hill, Book Co., New York (1928).)
10.0
10°C
~ -5°C
o/"" v . . . . . . ,.,
/,........ O"e
- --
-;::::.V
---
.....-o-- -1o•e~~~
o-
f-- 15°C-
-::: ::::
~-' ~~
ţ:::
~2s•e~
1--- ~~
-- - -- -
1
1 -f.-.-- -·re~
--
ere.:_
- ----- -
r- aooc
~~
---- - ---
,Jo·e.::.:_:
_:-
f--
,_
o 4 8 12 16 20 24
NaCI Concentration (wt%)
FIGURE F2. Viscosity of NaCJ solutions. (Data from Mellor's "Comprehensive Treatise of Inorganic and
Theoretieal Chemistry," Voi. II, supplement II, p. 845, Longman (1961 ); open circles from Kaufmann's
"Sodium Chloride," p. 622, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York (1960).)
1506 APPENDIX
1.02
--
u
1.00
0.98
1
--
o 3
-
-
0.96
--
Ol
-
.::t:. ·ii
0.94
--
ro 7
(.) 0.92
---- - -:::--:
.::t:.
-9-
0.90
>. i--11- Weight% NaCI
in Solution
0.88
- ~~-- ---==- ~-- -::::::-----=::;;;;

'(3 ;-- f-13-
ro 0.86
a.
- --
ro 0.84 ~ ~
u =--::::::::--
f- 19 :;:-:::::::. ~
ro 0.82 f...---325 ::---
Q)
0.80
I ~
0.78
-1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.76
o 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (0 C)
FIGURE F3. Heat capacity ofNaCI solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tables, Voi. II, p. 328 (1927),
Voi. V, p. 115 (1929), McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York and M. Randall and F.D. Rossini, J. Amer. Chem.
Soc. 51, 323 (1929).)
o -30
-25
5 -20
--
--
Ol
-15 I
u E
~ 10
....Q)::J -....
E
Q)
..... -10
----- ---
::J
KCI
....roQ) 0
-9
IJ)
IJ)
---- ------ -------

~----
NaCI ....
Q)
E" 15
Saturated Solution
-8 a..
....
~ -7 o
a.
-6
~
20 -5
-4
25
-3
FIGURE F4. Vapor pressure of NaCI and KCI solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
APPENDIX 1507
u 11 o r----r---....,------.----.-~Jf77:77771
2....-
c
'5o 100 l---t---+-__.j'-c:-c---J7S'%W..--I
o(/)
u 90 1----t-----t----1-H:i;>'M~-----'
ro
z
60 70 80 90 100 11 o
Boiling Temperature of Pure Water (0 C)
FIGURE FS. Diihring diagram of NaCI solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
10
u
2....-
9
/
8
c /V
o
:.::; 7
ro
> 6 ./
-w V
Q)
5
c /~
'6 4
Il.. _/
O> 3
c //
'6 2
ca V
r v
2 4 6 8 1o 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
FIGURE F6. Boiling point elevation of NaCI solutions at atmospheric pressure. (Data from International
Critica! Tables, Voi. III, p. 326, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1928).)
1508 APPENDIX
19
18 1
17 1
16
15
j
f
14
......... 13 1
()
0 12
1
Cl
c
·;:: 11 1
Q)
lf
-
~ 10
_J
c 9
1
"o 1
a.. 8
Cl
c
.N 7 1
ţJ
Q)
6
....
V
Q)
LL
5
4 1
rj
3
/
2
V
o /
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
FIGURE F7. Freezing point lowering of NaCI solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tables, Voi. IV,
p. 258, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1929).)
180~--~--~----~---r--~~--~--~~
160~--~---+----+----+--~~--~~~~1
Ci 140
sro 120~---4----~----+-----~---+--~~~~~~
~ 100~---r--~~---r----r-~
~ 80~--~---+----+-~
~ 60 ~--+--+------:
c 40~---+--.~~~--4--~---~----+--1
w
20~-~~~~--r--~-~--~-~-1
o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
o ~ ~ ~ 00 100 1~ 1~
Temperature (0 C)
FIGURE F8. Enthalpy of NaCI solutions. (Data from G. Fabry, Acta Tech. Acad. Sci. Hung. 14, 313 (1956).)
APPENDIX 1509
0.50
~
~ --
/
0.40
'E ----
u
.._ v-
-
~ ~
>- /
·::;
:;::;
u 0.30
::::l
"O
c: f--···
o 30' f...--
--
() ~
0.20 18' - f--- r-······
/ ~
3 4 5
NaCI Concentration (N)
FIGURE F9. Conductivity of NaCI solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
130
~
c:
;9 125
u-
-5c: g 120 \
~
oQ>
.
115 'E \
"'-...
--
c: u
~(/)110 1'---..
ro- ..............
.::::
::::l
O"
UJ
105
100
o 0.04 0.08 0.12
1---
0.16
--- r-- -
0.20
Concentration (mol/1)
FIGURE FlO. Equivalent conductance of NaCI solutions at 25°C. Shedlovsky's equation (Jc + a JC)/
(1 - e.,jC) = Jc 0 + B1 c + B2c 2 (Jc 0 = 126.29; B1 = 95.7478; B2 = -65.6364; a = 59.78; e = 0.2273).
(F. Hine, Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering, pp. 81-82, Plenum Press, New York (1985).)
1-
-- r- 1- r- ~o,J-
-
r- r- r- ~-~
-r--r-
1- r- r- 1- r- 10
-r-
t- 1- 1-- r- o
r- 1-
-- r- 1- ~ -
r- r- 1- 1-- ~o
o 100 200
NaCI Concentration (g/kg of Solution)
FIGURE F11. Thermal conductivity of NaCI solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
1510 APPENDIX
G. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
TABLE G 1. Density of Solutions of KCI
Temperature, °C
%
KCI o 20 25 40 60 80 100
2 1.01335 1.01103 1.00997 1.00471 0.9956 0.9842 0.9708

4 1.02690 1.02391 1.02255 1.01727 1.0080 0.9966 0.9834
6 1.04055 1.03690 1.03544 1.02995 1.0206 1.0092 0.9960
8 1.05431 1.05003 1.04847 1.04278 1.0333 1.0219 1.0088
10 1.06820 1.06332 1.06167 1.05578 1.0461 1.0347 1.0218
12 1.08222 1.07679 1.07506 1.06897 1.0592 1.0478 1.0350
14 1.09638 1.09046 1.08865 1.08237 1.0725 1.0611 1.0483
16 1.11068 1.10434 1.10245 1.09600 1.0861 1.0746 1.0619
18 1.12513 1.11845 1.11647 1.10987 1.0998 1.0884 1.0757
20 1.13973 1.13280 1.13072 1.12399 1.1138 1.1024 1.0897
22 1.15449 1.14740 1.14521 1.13836 1.1281 1.1166 1.1040
24 1.16226 1.15995 1.15299 1.1425 1.1311 1.1185
26 1.17495 1.16788 1.1573 1.1458 1.1333
28 1.18304 1.1723 1.1609 1.1483
1
180
160
V
1
1
140
120
V
1
o2....- 100
~
.3 80 1
~
Q)
a. 1
V
E 60
~
40
20
1
J
1
o
1
-20
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
KCI Concentration (g/1 000 g H20)
FIGURE G 1. So1ubility ofKCI in water. (Data from International Critica! Tab1es, Voi. IV, p. 239, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York (1929))
APPENDIX 1511
1.80
1.75 ~
1.70
1.65 r- ""' ..........
~ ooc
~r-- r--
1.60
1.55 1-
1.50
1.45 1-
1.40
1.35 ;-
........ 1.30
o.
-
~ 1.25 ,_
>.
·u; 1.20
-
o(.)
1.15
> 1.10 fS- 1---
C/)
--
...8
15°C f--
1 .....8
1.05 ~ 18°C ~
-
1.00
.95 - ..1<)
25°C V
.90
-
.85 ,....
-
.80
f--
.-\:.}
.75 35°C f..--
-
~
~
.70 ""
-
...8
1 ~
.65 - 45°C f..--
~
.60 """'" ~
o 2 4 6 8 1o 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
KCI Concentration (wt%)
FIGURE G2. Viscosity of KCI solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tab les, Voi. V, p. 17, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York (1929).)
1512 APPENDIX
36
34 1
40°C
/
32 30°-
h ~
20°
10°
-30 ooc-
u
o ~~~
28
o
ld~V
-- 24
E 26
ro ~~
-
~
>-
"(3 22
ce
j w
Q.
A~
-
ce 20
u
ce 18
~·
,1
Q)
I
16
ro
o 14
~
ro
,
12
tce
a.. 10
Q) ~r
>
:;J
8
ce
(ii 6
a:: t
4
2
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8
KCI Concentration (molality)
FIGURE G3. Relative partial molal heat capacity of solute in KCl solutions. (Data from R. Parsons, Handbook
ofElectrochemical Constants, Academic Press Inc., New York (1959), p. 43.)
APPENDIX 1513
-C>
:::I:
-
E
E 300
~
~
!/)
!/)
~
0..
....
o
a.
m
>
200
50 60 70 80 90
Temperatura ( 0 C)
FIGURE G4. Vapor pressure of KCI solutions.

1514 APPENDIX
'
26
24
1/
1
22
20
1/
1
18
o 16
~
c:
o 14
V
~
>
Q)
jjJ 12
1
c
"Ci 10 1
a..
O>
:§ 8 V
·o
co
6
V
1
4
1
cf
V
2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
FIGURE GS. Boiling point elevation of KCI solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tables. Voi. III.
14
13
12 1/
~ 11
J
()
_/
~ 10
O>
c:
-/
-~ 9
~
/
o 8
_J
c 7 /
·o
a.. 6 /'
Ol
c
"j;j
5 /
Q)
~ 4 /
LL
3
Il
2
/
/'
V
oo 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
FIGURE G6. Freezing point lowering of KCI solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tables, Voi. IV,
APPENDIX 1515
0.5
~
..;-
c
Q)
"(3
0.4
tE
Q)
o
-
u 0.3
>-
·;:;:
:+:::
(.)
<( 0.2
50 60 70 80 90
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE G7. Mean activity coefficient of KCI in solution.
Temp (°C)
0.8 ~--~----~---b---1--~~95
90
80
0.7
70
60
0.6
50
E
(.) 0.5
.......
~
~
·:;: 0.4
u ::J
-o 0.3
c
o
()
0.2
0.1
o
o 1 2 3 4 5 6
KCI Concentration (mol/1)
FIGURE 08. Conductivity of KCI solutions. (F. Hine, Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering,
p. 79, Plenum Press, New York (1985).)
1516 APPENDIX
H. SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Physical Properties of Sodium Hydroxide
Property Value
CAS registry number [1310-73-2]

Molecular weight 39.998
Specific gravity at 20°C 2.130
Melting point,°C 318
Boiling point,°C at 101.3 kPa 1388
Specific heat, J g- 1oe-I at 20°C 1.48
Refractive indexat 589.4 nm
320°C 1.433
420°C 1.421
Latent heat of fusion, J g- 1 167.4
Lattice energy, kJ mol- 1 737.2
Entropy,Jmol- 1 K- 1 at25°Cand 101.3kPa 64.45
Heat of formation, kJ mol- 1
a form 422.46
f3 form 426.60
Heat of transition from a form to f3 form, J g- 1 103.3
Transition temperature, °C 299.6
Free energy of formation, kJ mol- 1 at 25°C and 101.3 kPa -379.5
TABLE Hl. Specific Gravity of NaOH Solutions
NaOH NaOH NaOH NaOH

dl5j4 Be o/o gJ-1 diS/4 Be o/o gl-1
1.007 0.59 6.0 1.220 26 19.65 239.7

1.014 2 1.20 12.0 1.231 27 20.60 253.6
1.022 3 1.85 18.9 1.241 28 21.55 267.4
1.029 4 2.50 25.7 1.252 29 22.50 281.7
1.036 5 3.15 32.6 1.263 30 23.50 296.8
1.045 6 3.79 39.9 1.274 31 24.48 311.9
1.052 7 4.56 47.3 1.285 32 25.50 327.7
1.060 8 5.20 55.0 1.297 33 26.58 344.7
1.067 9 5.86 62.5 1.308 34 27.65 361.7
1.075 10 6.58 70.7 1.320 35 28.83 380.4
1.083 Il 7.30 79.1 1.332 36 30.00 399.6
1.091 12 8.07 88.0 1.345 37 31.20 419.6
1.100 13 8.78 96.6 1.357 38 32.50 441.0
1.108 14 9.50 105.3 1.370 39 33.73 462.1
1.116 15 10.30 114.9 1.383 40 35.00 484.1
1.125 16 11.06 124.4 1.397 41 36.36 507.9
1.134 17 11.90 134.9 1.410 42 37.65 530.9
1.142 18 12.69 145.0 1.424 43 39.06 556.2
1.152 19 13.50 155.5 1.438 44 40.47 582.0
1.162 20 14.35 166.7 1.453 45 42.02 610.6
1.171 21 15.15 177.4 1.468 46 43.58 639.8
1.180 22 16.00 188.8 1.483 47 45.16 669.7
1.190 23 16.91 201.2 1.498 48 46.73 700.0
1.200 24 17.81 213.7 1.514 49 48.41 732.9
1.210 25 18.71 226.4 1.530 50 50.10 766.5
(With pennission frorn Japan Soda Industry Association)

APPENDIX 1517
TABLE H2. Heat of Solution of Caustic Soda
%NaOH Water/mole NaOH Calg- 1 NaOH
0.44 500 253.3

0.55 400 253.4
1.10 200 253.7
2.17 100 254.7
4.25 50 256.7
8.16 25 257.1
14.13 13.5 261.2
19.79 9 256.8
24.08 7 254.4
30.75 5 232.9
42.53 3 179.8
TABLE H3. Heat of Dilution of NaOH Solutions
wt%NaOH kca1kg- 1 NaOH kcal kg - 1 of so1ution
o o o
2 0.649 0.0129
4 -1.122 -0.0455
6 -2.629 -0.1578
8 -3.932 -0.3146
10 -4.730 -0.4730
12 -5.021 -0.5995
14 -4.757 -0.6655
16 -4.037 -0.6435
18 -2.744 -0.4935
20 -0.825 -0.1655
22 1.804 0.3965
24 5.208 1.248
26 9.427 2.453
28 14.536 4.070
30 20.537 6.160
32 27.483 8.790
34 35.227 11.968
36 43.796 15.763
38 53.075 20.168
40 62.810 25.129
42 72.985 30.679
44 83.435 36.718
46 93.885 43.186
48 104.335 50.072
1518 APPENDIX
20
Î
oro
:; 30 l:c--lf--++-+-P""-</:,I---I+----Ii~
o
o
o
0--ro
T""
40~~~~~~-h~'
z
~
~ 501---~~~~dT-4
z
o
~
~ 60~~-1--+-~~-+r-~~
:::l
o
(/)
60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40
NaOH Concentration (wt%)
FIGURE Hl. Solubility of NaCI in NaOH solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda lndustry Association.)
100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
c:
~ 5.0
~
'Cii 3.0
oo
(/)
2.0
> 1.0
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
o 10 20 30 40 50 60
FIGURE H2. Viscosity of NaOH solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda lndustry Association.)
APPENDIX 1519
---
1.04
1
0%
1.00 r--
2%
-
--------------- -
--
() .96
o
1--
-
O)
..._
~
_,...-- 10%
-
ro ~
1-----
~
()
.92
~ :...---:
_. !-----
~ ~~
1
ro
Q) ~ !--- !--- 20%
I .88 L 1
30%
~~~
() ~
~ ~ ;::::::::::
~
\;:
·c:;
~ ~ ::::::::::::::::...--- ~~
1
~ !==---
--
Q)
c. 40%
.84
(/)
~ ~ :..-- ::::::::
~
::::--:::
.80
50%
.76
o 1o 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature ( C) 0
.80
-
~ .76
O)
1
50%
..._
~
ro
-
~ .72
_.
ro
Q)
60%
I .68
()
\;:
·c:;
Q) 70%
c% .64
.60
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 11 o 120 130 140 150
Temperature (0 C)
FIGURE H3. Specific heat of NaOH solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
1520 APPENDIX
L..
o
a.
~
10
FIGURE H4. Vapor pressure of NaOH solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tables, Voi. II, p. 370,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1927).)
APPENDIX 1521
4
"'E 3
/
~
Cl 2
~
6
~ ~~/
/
~
~~ / /
1/)
1/)
~
0..
o ~
Q)
10
Cl
20 r-- -o% /. / /
" Y//' / /
~
(Il
(.9
30 r-- -10%- ~ /
/ / /
40 r-- 20%
50 ~ ~/ / / /
~ ~ /3~~ / /
60 40% /
c;
I 65 ~~ /1/ / L
/
E
~ 70 1~ ~ / /se" / /
/
/ /
/7v ~
E ţr /60%
~
/ / / 1_/
~'v /
~
(J
(Il
>
75
// / / .,75%
"'V
/
""'-
'( /
76
~ ~ M ro 00 001001W1~1~1~1~
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE HS. Boiling point of NaOH solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda lndustry Association.)
300
280 r-- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
260 r---
1
2
3
lce + solution
lce + NaOH·7H 20
Na0H·7H 20 + solution
1/
4 NaOH·SH20 + solution
240 r---
220 r--
5
6
NaOH·7H 20 + NaOH·SH 20
NaOH -4 H20 + solution 1
200 r--
7
8
NaOH·SH20 + NaOH·4H 20
Na0H·3.5H 20 + solution
1
180 r--
9
10
NaOH·4H20 + Na0H·3.5H20
NaOH·3.5H 20 + NaOH·2H 20
1
u 160 r--- 11
12
NaOH·2H20 + solution
NaOH·H20 + solution
1
13 Na0H·2H20 + NaOH·H20
~ 140 r-- 14 NaOH + solution
~
.a~ 120
15 Na0H·H20 + NaOH 14
~ 100 1
E 80
~ /" J
60
40 1 '
111/
12 '
20
o ~y 1
---:1 15
3 J,
'' ''
-20 ~"'
---- ·.r-- 17: :
''
_Jg•
10
'' 13
:5 ' '
-40
2 ' '' '
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
FIGURE H6. Phase diagram of caustic soda. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
1522 APPENDIX
()110r-~r-~--_,~~r--r~-r~,
~
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Boiling Temperature of Pure Water (0 C)
FIGURE H7. Diihring diagram ofNaOH solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
- 300
c
o 260 ~
./
-
5
oCI) / ~ ~ v~
-
-- -- /
v
220
oOl ........... ....._ f:::: / / ~ ~
--~
------ ---- v
180 ........ ....._
~'?
-210'C- ........
......... -185'C- /
V V
160 -160'C- /
>- ~V ~
-V
0. 120 135'C-- ~ /
-
Cii 1--- -110'C- f - /
..c V
c 80 85°C
/
w -~--- 60°C- ~ /
Q) 40
> 35'C- /
:;:::;
ctl o- 1-- ooc
10°C- V
Ci)
0::: 1
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
FIGURE H8. Enthalpy ofNaOH solutions.

APPENDIX 1523
100
V
95
/
/
E'
u 90 /
V
Cii
Ql
c
>-
2-
c 85
/
o
'Cii
c
~
Ql /
V
u 80
~
::J
(f)
75 ~
/'
8 16 24 32 40 48
FIGURE H9. Surface tension of NaOH solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tab les, Voi. IV, p. 465,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1929); surface tension of water at l8°C = 72.58 dynes cm- 1 .)
1.6
1.4
100'C
1.2
-E 1.0
90'C
--
~
u
BO'C
~ 0.8
·::;;
t5 70'C
::J
'O
0.6
c
o 60°C
u 0.4
50'C
0.2
60
FIGURE HIO. Conductivity of NaOH solutions. (F. Hine, Electrode Processes and Electrochemical
Engineering, p. 75, Plenum Press, New York (1985).)
1524 APPENDIX
0.620
V -- 81.77°C
?~.66JC
--
/ f-
0.605
V 54.14°( -
/
VV / V
r-
37Jrc
0VVV vv -
0.590
~
~
.c 0.575 / V 32.tC
1 V
.§
·;1/
-
~ /
V 21.JC
v
0.560
-
~
V
.?;-
·:;:
i3::J 0.545
1V /
/ 1o.ooc
"'oc
~
1V V
V
V
VV
0.530
V 1.11 oc
E V
Q)
~ 0.515
/
11V
0.500
1
0.485
o 5 1o 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
FIGURE Hll. Thermal conductivity of NaOH solutions. (From Hooker Chemical Corporation's Technical
Bulletin "Caustic Soda," p. 40 (1954).)
10
1 11 1 1
8
soocf 1/ J 1/sooc
6
li 11
,'l/V
I
4 I
oro oro
z z
-
..... .....
~ 1/
2
o o
c
Q) 50°C
cQ)
'(3 10 70°C 1.0 '(3
tE 8 ~ 80°C 11 tE
Q)
o 6 ~~ jlljj Q)
o
- //;V
() ()
>-
·::; 4
c
·::;
~ u
:0:0
(.)
~
<( <(
2
~
ifl 0.01
1o 20 30 40 50 60 70
FIGURE Hl2. Activity coefficient of NaOH in solution. (From G. Akerlof and G. Kegeles, J. Amer. Chem.
Soc. 62,620 (1940).)
APPENDIX 1525
1. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
TABLE Il. Thermal Conductivity of Potassium Hydroxide Solutions
Heatconductivity att°C (kcalm- 1 hr- 1 oe-I)
Wt%KOH o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
o 0.486 0.501 0.515 0.528 0.540 0.551 0.561 0.570 0.578

10 0.490 0.505 0.519 0.532 0.544 0.555 0.565 0.574 0.582
20 0.486 0.501 0.515 0.528 0.540 0.551 0.561 0.570 0.578
30 0.473 0.488 0.502 0.515 0.527 0.538 0.548 0.557 0.565
40 0.456 0.471 0.485 0.498 0.510 0.521 0.531 0.540 0.548
50 0.432 0.447 0.461 0.474 0.486 0.497 0.507 0.516 0.524
1.52 ooc
Ww c
1.50 30°c
/h rJ soo c
c
1.48 70°
1.46 1/J.
1.44 !/(//
1.42 ll/1
1.40 Wl
1.38 IJII
1.36 r/1!
1.34 11! VI
1.32 f(j!J
1.30 1!'11
.&!' 1.28 VII!
·:;: JV/1
~ 1.26
(!) 1.24
llijV
()
It= 1.22 ;VII
'(3
1.20
j!JV
Q)
o.
cn 1.18 ll/1
1.16 11/1
1.14 ll/1
1.12 i//;V
1.10 1Vfl
1.08 liP
1.06 1'11
1.04 ~
1.02 ~VI
1.00 W;
0.98 'i"
0.96
0 ·94 o 4 81216202428323640444852
KOH Concentration (wt%)
FIGURE Il. Specific gravity of KOH solutions. (G. Akerlof and P. Bender, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 1088
(1941).)
1526 APPENDIX
40
•o·0;o·
'i20'
38
v0~;~·
36
34 ~0
S2'
o 32 /.~
_§ ~V
Aw
Cii 30
~
28
~
·o 26
1j
ro
0..
/J/
w
ro 24
u
ro 22 ~
~
Q)
I
20
Cii
o 18 Ao/
::!:
Cii 16 III
t
ro
a. 14 Alfl
11
,
Q)
> 12
~
Q) 10 f
0:::
8 ~
6
4
2o .4 .8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4

Concentration of KOH (Molality)
FIGURE 12. Relative partial molal heat capacity of solute in KOH solutions. (Data from R. Parsons, Handbook
of Electrochemical Constants, Academic Press Inc., New York (1959), p. 43.)
4.0 ,-------,---.,.-----,----,---,----.,...,
50
45
40
30
20
10
%KOH
0 ·22L0---J30--....140--5-'-0--6'-0-----l.70_ _.J...J
Temperature (0 C)
FIGURE !3. Viscosity of KOH solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tab les, Voi. V, p. 17, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York (1929).)
APPENDIX 1527
10,000
7,000
~o
1
/
1 1 ~o±j
30 / 45 /
,-.., 40 50
Ol 4,000
I A ~~/ /~
2,000
V:;/ V
--
E
~~
65
/ /
E 1,000
g;V/: 'i /
<?'// / / /
760
Q)
..... ~/oKOH
400
~ ~ 'l / V//
:::J
C/)
C/)
200 -
Q)
.....
a.. 100 A ~V/ / //
..... 70
1
$/ // 1/
o V/ / 1/
c.. 40 ~ ~/
~ b V~ V /j
20
10
o 10
~ ~(; V~ ;: V
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 120 140 160 180 220
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE 14. Vapor pressure of KOH solutions. (From International Criticat Tables of Numerica! Data:
Physics, Chemistry and Technology, McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1923-1933).)
240
200 IYJ
o0
c 160 1
1
o
:;::::;
ro
>
-
w 120
Q)
c
·a
c...
O> 80
1
V
V
c
·a
co
40 n/
7
o 1~
10
/
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
FIGURE IS. Boiling point elevation of KOH solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tables, Voi. III,
1528 APPENDIX
350
300 1/
1
Boii ing
Point
1
250
200
V
o 150 /
-
o
V
-~
~
::s
a.
100
-- / ;~-"'
Point
E 1/
~ IV
1 KOH·H20
/
50
o
~
H 20 1 (ic~ /
lj"'KOH·2H20
-50
VIIKOHAH20
-100 1
o 20 40 60 80 100
FIGURE 16. Plot of boiling and freezing points of KOH-water system.
APPENDIX 1529
80
76
72 1/
'
68
64
o ~
60
1
1/
56
Cl
c:: 52 V
·;::
Q) 48
lj
~ 44
-
...J
&
c::
40
36
1
1
1
32
Cl
c:: 28
.N
24
V
Q)
/
....
Q)
20
LL
16
V
,0
12
8 /
V
4
~
...-
oo 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
FIGURE I7. Freezing point lowering of KOH solutions. (Data from International Critica! Tables, Voi. IV,
---ro
~
Cl
240
'-------... r---..._
~
(..)
c
I
220
~
:2
ocn \
-
o
c::
o 200
\
;;
-
o
::J
cn \
-mQ)
o
180
\
I
\
o 10 20 30 40 50 60
FIGURE I8. Heat of solution of KOH. (F.D. Rossini et al., Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic
Properties, p. 93, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1952).)
1530 APPENDIX
1.6
v- ~
1
1.4
"\
80°C
1.2
"E 1/ f--"-
~
/;V
1.o
~ 60°C
V/
~ 0.8
·s:
ti
-6 0.6
0
c:
o
(.) 0.4 h
lj
V
~ 18°C
0.2
o
o 10 20 30 40 50 60
FIGURE I9. Conductivity of KOH solutions. (F. Hine, Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering,
p. 76, Plenum Press, New York (1985).)
80.5
1
80.0 1
79.5
79.0 1
"E 78.5 1
t)
Cii 1
78.0
1
CI)
c:
>- 77.5
:8.-
c: 77.0
o
"iii 76.5 V
c:
~ 76.0 1
CI)
t) 75.5 J
.jg /
75.0
1
::::1
cn
74.5
74.0 1
j"
73.5
73.0
1
72.5
72.0 o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
FIGURE IlO. Surface tension of KOH solutions at l8°C. (Data from International Critica! Tables, Voi. IV,
APPENDIX 1531
25
24
23 1
22
21
20
f
i i
19
1
18 - f - -· 1
17 1
c
Q) 16
·u
ti= 15
1
/
o
Q)
14
' 1
u 1
13 r--
~ 1
·;:; 12
:g
<(
11 1
10
9 1
1
8 r-·
7 -1-
j
j
i
6
5 /
4
1
/
/
3 1----- ··- r----r
/
2
v y
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
KOH Concentration (molality)
FIGURE 111. Stoichiometric mean molal activity coefficient ofKOH solutions at 25°C. (Data from R. Parsons,
Handbook of Electrochemical Constants, Academic Press Inc., New York (1959), pp. 22, 28.)
1532 APPENDIX
J. CHLORINE
Physical Properties of Chlorine
Property Value
CAS Registry number [7782-50-5]

Atomic number 17
Atomic weigbt 35.453
Stable isotope abundance, atom%
35ci 75.53
37ci 24.47
Electronic configuration in ground state [Ne]3s 2 3p5
Melting point, °C -100.98
Boiling point at 101.3 kPa ( 0 C) -33.97
Gas density relative to air 2.48
Critica! density, kg m- 3 573
Critica! pressure, kPa 7977
Critica! volume, m 3 kg-1 0.001745
Critica! temperature, °C 143.75
Critica! compressibility 0.284777
Gasdensity,kgm- 3 at°Cand 101.3kPa 3.213
Gas viscosity, mPa s at 20°C 0.0134
Liquid viscosity, mPa s at 20°C 0.346
Gas tbermal conductivity at 20°C, W m- 1 K- 1 0.00866
Liquid tbermal conductivity at 20°C, W m- 1 K- 1 0.120
Latent beat of vaporization, kJ kg -l 287.75
Latent beat of fu sion, kJ kg -l 90.33
Heat of dissociation, kJ mol- 1 2.3944
Heat of bydration of CI-, kJ mol- 1 405.7
Standard electrode potential, V 1.359
Electron affinity, e V 3.77
Ionization energies, eV 13.01, 23.80, 39.90,
53.30, 67.80, 96.60,
114.20
Specific beat at constant pressure 0.481
Specific beat at constant volume 0.357
Specific magnetic susceptibility at 20°C, m3 kg- 1 -7.4 x w- 9
Electrica! conductivity of liquid at -70°C (obm- 1cm- 1) 10 -16
Dielectric constant at °C (wavelengtbs > 10 m) 1.97
APPENDIX 1533
TABLE J1. Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Chlorine
Enthalpy Entropy
Absolute (kJkg-1) (kJkg-1 K-1)
Temp. pressure
eq (kPa) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vaporization Vapor Liquid Vaporization Vapor
-90 3.5785 0.00058670 5.9925 182.46 318.96 501.43 1.5688 1.7414 3.3102
-85 5.3042 0.00059088 4.1511 187.58 316.02 503.60 1.5963 1.6795 3.2759
-80 7.6791 0.00059517 2. 9417 192.64 313.13 505.78 1.6229 1.6211 3.2440
-75 10.879 0.00059955 2.1283 197.66 310.29 507.95 1.6485 1.5658 3.2144
-70 15.111 0.00060403 1.5694 202.64 307.48 510.12 1.6733 1.5135 3.1868
-65 20.610 0.00060863 1.1775 207.58 304.70 512.29 1.6973 1.4638 3.1611
-60 27.642 0.00061334 0.89779 212.49 301.95 514.44 1.7206 1.4165 3.1371
-55 36.502 0.00061816 0.69460 217.38 299.20 516.58 1.7432 1.3714 3.1147
-50 47.517 0.00062311 0.54470 222.25 296.46 518.71 1.7652 1.3284 3.0937
-45 61.041 0.00062820 0.43249 227.10 293.71 520.81 1.7867 1.2873 3.0740
-40 77.456 0.00063341 0.34736 231.94 290.95 522.89 1.8077 1.2478 3.0555
-35 97.171 0.00063877 0.28194 236.78 288.17 524.95 1.8281 1.2100 3.0381
-34.05 101.32 0.00063981 0.27129 237.69 287.64 525.34 1.8320 1.2079 3.0349
-30 120.61 0.00064429 0.23109 241.61 285.37 526.98 1.8481 1.1735 3.0217
-25 148.25 0.00064996 0.19113 246.44 282.53 528.97 1.8677 1.1385 3.0062
-20 180.54 0.00065580 0.15940 251.28 279.65 530.93 1.8869 1.1046 2.9916
-15 218.00 0.00066182 0.13396 256.12 276.72 532.85 1.9058 1.0719 2.9777
-10 261.13 0.00066802 0.11339 260.97 273.74 534.72 1.9243 1.0402 2.9645
-5 310.45 0.00067442 0.096617 265.83 270.70 536.54 1.9424 1.0095 2.9519
o 366.53 0.00068104 0.082826 270.71 267.60 538.31 1.9603 0.97965 2.9400
5 429.90 0.00068788 0.071406 275.60 264.42 540.02 1.9779 0.95061 2.9285
10 501.14 0.00069496 0.061882 280.51 261.16 541.67 1.9952 0.92231 2.9175
15 580.83 0.00070229 0.053888 285.44 257.81 543.26 2.0123 0.89469 2.9070
20 669.55 0.00070990 0.047136 290.39 254.37 544.77 2.0291 0.86769 2.8968
25 767.92 0.00071781 0.041400 295.38 250.82 546.20 2.0457 0.84123 2.8870
30 876.53 0.00072603 0.036499 300.39 247.16 54 7.56 2.0621 0.81528 2.8774
35 996.02 0.00073460 0.032290 305.45 243.37 548.82 2.0784 0.78976 2.8681
40 1127.0 0.00074354 0.028657 310.54 239.44 549.99 2.0945 0.76461 2.8591
45 1270.1 0.00075288 0.025506 315.68 235.37 551.06 2.1104 0.73979 2.8502
50 1426.0 0.00076267 0.022760 320.88 231.13 552.01 2.1262 0.71522 2.8415
55 1595.5 0.00077294 0.020358 326.14 226.71 552.85 2.1420 0.69085 2.8329
60 1779.0 0.00078376 0.018246 331.47 222.09 553.56 2.1577 0.66661 2.8243
65 1977.4 0.00079517 0.016383 336.88 217.24 554.13 2.1733 0.64243 2.8158
70 2191.4 0.00080725 0.014732 342.39 212.15 554.55 2.1890 0.61823 2.8072
75 2421.6 0.00082008 0.013263 348.01 206.78 554.80 2.2047 0.59394 2.7987
80 2668.9 0.00083376 0.011952 353.75 201.10 554.86 2.2205 0.56944 2.7900
85 2934.0 0.00084842 0.010777 359.64 195.07 554.72 2.2364 0.54465 2.7811
90 3217.7 0.00086421 0.0097201 365.70 188.64 554.35 2.2526 0.51944 2.7720
95 3520.8 0.00088134 0.0087645 371.96 181.74 553.71 2.2689 0.49366 2.7626
100 3844.2 0.00090006 0.0078972 378.45 174.32 552.77 2.2857 0.46714 2.7528
105 4188.8 0.00092071 0.0071062 385.21 166.26 551.48 2.3028 0.43967 2.7425
110 4555.3 0.00094378 0.0063808 392.30 157.46 549.76 2.3206 0.41095 2.7315
115 4944.9 0.00086995 0.0057111 399.80 147.73 547.54 2.3390 0.38060 2.7196
120 5358.4 0.0010003 0.0050871 407.81 136.84 544.66 2.3585 0.34807 2.7066
125 5796.9 0.0010365 0.0044986 416.48 124.43 540.91 2.3793 0.31251 2.6918
130 6261.4 0.0010820 0.0039324 426.08 109.84 535.92 2.4020 0.27244 2.6744
135 6753.1 0.0011440 0.0033671 437.13 91.755 528.89 2.4279 0.22480 2.6527
140 7273.1 0.0012467 0.0027471 451.19 66.265 517.45 2.4606 0.16038 2.6210
144 7710.9 0.0017455 0.0017455 483.27 00.000 483.27 2.5364 0.00000 2.5364
1534 APPENDIX
TABLE J2. Equilibrium Constant K for the

Reaction Cl2(g) = Cl2(aq)
Temperature (0 C) K from ref. [1] K from ref. [2]
10 0.116
15 0.0935
20 0.0775
25 0.0623 0.0553
40 0.0356
60 0.0229
80 0.0171
[!] R.P. Whitney and J.E. Vivian,/nd. Eng. Chem. 33,741 (1941).
[2] A. Cerquetti et al., 1. Electroanal. Chem. 20,411 (1969).
Partial Pressure (kPa)

o 20 40 60 80 100 120
100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Partial Pressure (kPa)
FIGURE Jl. So1ubi1ity of ch1orine in water. (F.W. Adams and R.G. Edmonds, Ind. Eng. Chem. 29, 447
(1937).)
APPENDIX 1535
8
\
-
::::::N
(3
7
6
\
9
E
5 ~ ~
>-
::::
~ ~o(' ~ 0
I
/;
4 "'-._
:0 ~
o
:J
3
~ ---....___
~~
~
~ ~
(/)
! ~ ---....___ ~
2
-------
~ 1----?/ ţ=:
1o 1o 20 30 40 70 80 50 60 90 100
H2 S04 Concentration (wt%)
FIGURE J2. Solubility of chlorine in aqueous H2S04 at 1 atm. (Data from International Critica! Tables,
Voi. III, p. 256, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1928).)
14.0 1 ..........
1
1
-............ J
1--r-. 3.40
13.0
12.0
1
It..____
..........
----
1 :--......
----1---
1
1 2.72
11.0 1
i
----...
;) 10.0
--
E
- - -·
1
1
1
--- -- :--......
---- ---- ,...__ 2.04
--
Ol
~
9.0
1
1
----
--
>- _:__
---- --+--
"Cii 8.0
c 1
Q) 1
1.36
o 7.0 1
6.0
1
1 1 T
~=t= -~----
1
1
0.68
5.0
-i 1
tt=
1 .
4.0 Gauge Pressure (atm)-
~
1 1
1 1 1
o
3.0 -
-15-10 -5 o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE J3. Density of chlorine gas. (Data from A.S. Ross and O. Maas, Can. J. Res. 18, section B,
55 (1940).)
1536 APPENDIX
1600
wc
1500 10-
30
1400 50
'[ 1300 70_
\=::: - 90
~ 1200
'ţ: :::=-:::~:::::::----
::::.:-:::::
110-
-::---::V~
130
~ 1100
CIJ "i
~ 1000
Cl
900 Y/
800
\(
700
1000 5000 10000 15000 20000
Pressure (kPa)
FIGURE J4. Density of liquid chlorine. (H. Wagenbreth, PTB-Mitteilungen, 78(2), 91 (1968).)
1800
....... 1600 1---
"'
..§
Cl
~ 1200
z- 1000
1400
---- t-.
--.. r---.....
............
........
'iii
c:
c3 800
600
-100 -50 o 50 100
"""\ 150
Temperatura (0 C)
FIGURE JS. Density of saturated liquid chlorine. (R.M. Kapoor and J.J. Martin, Thermodynamic Properties
ofChlorine, Engineering Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (1957).)
0.6
c:
.8-
1\
Q)
c:
·c
~ 0.5 1\ c:
(.) 0.020 .8-
"C
·:; \ Liquid
Ul
ro
(9
1\
C'
::::i Q)
o 0.4 V
/
c:
·g
-
~ 0.015 ::E
~ .X
'§ / (.)
o
""-
Ul
5 ~
'iii
...........
0.3
0.010 58
-40 -20 o 20 40 60 80 100
Temperatura ( C) 0
FIGURE J6. Viscosity of liquid chlorine and chlorine gas. (Courtesy of Japan Soda lndustry Association.)
APPENDIX 1537
25
20
1
1
-
-- 1
N
E
(,)
.:.t. 15 1.7
Cl
~
~
........... ~cific Gravity

1 1.6
-
::J 1
CI)
CI) >-
1.5 ·:;:
....
Q) .......... 1 ro
0.. 10 ........... 1 ....
.... 1.4 (!)
o
/'
"'
a. (,)
1;:::::
~ 1.3 "(3
Absolute_
-y
""'
Q)
Pressure a.
5 1.2 CI)
V
1.1
/
V
..---"' 1.0
-80 -60 -40 -20 o 20 40 60 80
Temperatura (0 C}
FIGURE J7. Vapor pressure and specific gravity of liquid chlorine. (Courtesy of Japan Soda lndustry
Association.)
100
.......
--
--r----
C>
ro 80
~
c
o
:;:::; t-..
60 ...............
~
o
c..
ro 40
>
~
~
UJ
.....o
- ro 20
I
Q)
o
-100 -50 o 50 100
\150
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE J8. Heat of evaporation of liquid chlorine. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
1538 APPENDIX
-
rQ)o
:c
.g
"(3
150 1------+-----J~
Q)
a.
CI)
100~-------+--------~-------+~
-100 o 100 200

Temperature (0 C)
FIGURE J9. Specific heat capacity of chlorine gas at constant pressure. (R.M. Kapoor and J.J. Martin,
Thermodynamic Properties of Chlorine, Engineering Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI (1957).)
--
Z' 95
,....----
"(3
ro
a.
ro_ 90
~
_.-
{.)~
roe> /
v
/
Q)~ 85 /
:Cea
u-3.
;:;:::: 80
"(3
Q)
/
/
a.
CI) 75
-120 -80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240

Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE JIO. Specific heat capacity of chlorine gas at constant volume (ideal gas state). (R.M. Kapoor and
J.J. Martin, Thermodynamic Properties ofChlorine, Engineering Research Institute, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI (1957).)
APPENDIX 1539
0.3
o..... -- -----
0.2
o
..c
0.1
-------
---·------
--roE ~'
-
-
0.07 '
-
--~-
~
(.)
.X:
0.05
>.
....... Liquid \
1
-
·::;
:;:::;
(.)
0.03 Vapor
:::::1
"C 0.02 1
/
c
o
o
ro 0.01 /
E
.....
- V
Q)
..c 0.007
-
/
1-
0.005
-
L_
- i
1
/
0.003 i
-150 -100 -50 o 50 100 150
Temperature ( C}
0
FIGURE 111. Thermal conductivity of chlorine gas and liquid. (C.Y. Ho, R.W. Powell, and P.E. Liley, J. Phys.
Chem. Ref Data 3 (Suppl. 1), 226 (1974).)
K. HYDROGEN
TABLE Kl. Physical Properties of Gaseous Hydrogen

at 101.3 kPa
Property Value
Density at 0°C, (moi cm- 3 ) x 103 0.04460

Compressibility factor at 0°C 1.00042
Adiabatic compressibility at 300 K, MPa -l 7.03
Coefficient of volume expansion at 300 K, K- 1 0.00333
Cp at 0°C, J mol-K- 1 28.59
Cy at 0°C, J mol-K- 1 20.30
Enthalpy at 0°C, J moi- 1 7749.2
Interna! energy at 0° C, J moi- 1 5477.1
Entropy at 0°C 139.59
Velocity of sound at 0°C, m s- 1 1246
Viscosity at 0°C, cp 0.00834
Thermal conductivity at 0°C, mW cm -l K- 1 1.740
Oi electric constant at 0°C 1.000271
Isothermal compressibility at 300 K, MPa -l -9.86
Self-diffusion coefficient at 0°C, cm 2 s- 1 1.285
Gas diffusivity in water at 25°C, cm 2 s- 1 4.8 X JO-S
Heat of dissociation at 25°C, kJ moi- 1 435.881
1540 APPENDIX
1.8
\
1.6 1\
1"'
1.4
""'
1.2 ""' ""'-
-
("t)
1.0
1\
\
E
......
._
O>
>-
:!:
:0 0.8
~
:::J
o
CI)
0.6
\
\
\
0.4
0.2
\
o
o 1o 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature ( C} 0
FIGURE Kl. Solubility ofhydrogen in water at 1 atm.

APPENDIX 1541
o
o
o~
.:Z:."'
o\o 1
~g.,
Explosive
40 %
>-
1 Region
1 H2
1
1 0 2 ,N 2 or Air
1
Cl 2
1
100
o 20 40 60 80 108
% Cl2
H2-Cb-02
H2-CI2-N2
H2-CI2-Air
FIGURE K2. Explosive limits for H2-Cl2-oi1J, H2-Cl2-Ni1J, and H2-Cl2-air< 2J mixtures.
Notes: ( 1) R.B. MacMullin, Electrolysis of Brines in Mercury Cells. In J. Sconce (ed.), Chlorine, ACS
monograph 154, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York (1962), p. 127. (2) Soda Handbook, p. 723, Japan Sada
lndustry Association, Tokyo ( 1998).
4.----,----,----,----,----,----,---~
-~--~--~~Î~--+--~~t--~--t~~-j
0.1L----L--~----J---~----L----L--~
-200 o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE K3. Vapor heat capacity of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. (From C.L. Yaws, Physical Properties,
A Guide to the Physical, Thermodynamic and Transport Data of Industrially Important Chemical Compounds,
McGraw~Hill Pub1ishing Co., New York (1977).)
1542 APPENDIX
-rn 500
Q)
·o
a.
....uo 400
-
.E
>- 300
+"
"Ci)
ou
rn 200
5....
o
a. 100
~
o
-200 o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C)
FIGURE K4. Vapor viscosity of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. (From C.L. Yaws, Physical Properties, A
Guide to the Physical, Thermodynamic and Transport Data of Industrially Important Chemical Compounds,
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York (1977).)
~
>
t5::J
"O~
cU
o
u.E
o
roE::::.E:
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.075
- ~ - --
H2
1-"
.... t1l
o 0.060 L---
Q)
.s:::~
02 --: :...- ~
~--~ 0.045
....
----
o
c. 0.030 ....::::::: ~ N2
~ 0.015
~
o
-200 o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (0 C)
FIGURE K5. Vapor thermal conductivity of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. (From C.L. Yaws, Physical
Properties, A Guide to the Physical, Thermodynamic and Transport Data of Industrially Important Chemical
Compounds, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York (1977).)
APPENDIX 1543
L. SULFURIC ACID
TABLE LI. Density of Solutions of H2S04
Temperature, °C
o 20 25 40 60 80 100
5 1.0364 1.0317 1.0300 1.0240 1.0140 1.0022 0.9888

10 1.0735 1.0661 1.0640 1.0570 1.0460 1.0338 1.0204
15 1.1116 1.1020 1.0994 1.0914 1.0798 1.0671 1.0537
20 1.1510 1.1394 1.1365 1.1275 1.1153 1.1021 1.0855
25 1.1914 1.1783 1.1750 1.1653 1.1523 1.1388 1.1250
30 1.2326 1.2185 1.2150 1.2046 1.1909 1.1771 1.1630
35 1.2746 1.2599 1.2563 1.2454 1.2311 1.2169 1.2027
40 1.3179 1.3028 1.2991 1.2880 1.2732 1.2589 1.2446
45 1.3630 1.3476 1.3437 1.3325 1.3177 1.3029 1.2886
50 1.4110 1.3951 1.3911 1.3795 1.3644 1.3494 1.3348
55 1.4619 1.4453 1.4412 1.4293 1.4137 1.3984 1.3834
60 1.5154 1.4983 1.4940 1.4816 1.4656 1.4497 1.4344
65 1.5714 1.5533 1.5490 1.5361 1.5195 1.5031 1.4873
70 1.6293 1.6105 1.6059 1.5925 1.5753 1.5582 1.5417
75 1.6888 1.6692 1.6644 1.6503 1.6322 1.6142 1.5966
80 1.7482 1.7272 1.7221 1.7069 1.6873 1.6680 1.6493
85 1.8009 1.7786 1.7732 1.7571 1.7364 1.7161 1.6966
90 1.8361 1.8144 1.8091 1.7933 1.7729 1.7525 1.7331
95 1.8544 1.8337 1.8286 1.8137 1.7944
96 1.8560 1.8355 1.8305 1.8157 1.7965
97 1.8569 1.8364 1.8314 1.8166 1.7977
98 1.8567 1.8361 1.8310 1.8163 1.7976
99 1.8551 1.8342 1.8292 1.8145 1.7958
100 1.8517 1.8305 1.8255 1.8107 1.7922
100
90
80
~
p,
70
1>r
'<\0
~
~
60
50
r ~\00
8
:5 40
1 A
~
~Jjjll V
30
~·~
/.slJr--J
20
10
/ 0~2:t~
:::.-t / 43.3'C
54.4"~
--:: ~ ~ ~~s.s·c·-=--
98.8'C-
0o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Concentration of H2S04 (wt%)
FIGURE LI. Viscosity of sulfuric acid solutions. (Data from Bright et al., J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 65, 385 (1946);
International Critica[ Tables, Voi. 5, pp. 11-13, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1929); Z. Physik. Chem.
Neue Folge, 3, 52 (1955).)
1544 APPENDIX
1.00
0.95 1\\
0.90
0.85 \
0.80 \
\
0.75 1\
I
CiiQ)
0.70 \\
u
t;:::
0.65 \
\
"(3
Q)
~ 0.60
0.55 ~
~
~ 93.3"C ----,
~ ;S:? 1
0.50
~
"
0.45
0.40 'i
-
0.35
37.7"C
~.......:
20oc ____/
0 ·30 o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Concentration of H2S04 (wt%)
FIGURE L2. Specific heat of sulfuric acid solutions. (Socilik, Z. Physik. Chem. Neue Folge, 158A, 305
(1932); Perry, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 3rd ed., p. 234, McGraw-Hill, New York (1950).)
95% H2S04
1
0.001 L.J...__...L...____:,_I'-------L---...!..._--""~___.
50 40 30 20 10 o
Temperature (0 C)
FIGURE L3. Vapor pressure of sulfuric acid solutions.

APPENDIX 1545
280
1!!
"'
240
200
160
-
--~ro
()
120
.._..
~
>- 80
a.
ro
-
.L:.
c:
llJ
40
-40
-80
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40 80
o
Percent Sulfuric Acid 1 % Free 1
Sulfur
Trioxide
FIGURE L4. Enthalpy of sulfuric acid solutions. (Data from Broughton, Chem. Metall., 52(4), 123 (1945);
Miles et al., Trans. Faraday. Soc., 40, 281 (1944); Morgen, Ind. Eng. Chem, 34, 571 (1942); Ross, Ind. Eng.
Prag., 48,314 (1952).)
20
o 1\
..........
!'.... Liquid 1
~-20 "\. 1 \1
~
::J
\ ..- J 1/
Q)
0.-40
E Solid 1\ 1
/ \..__ 1 '
~ \/ Solid
~
-60 y
1
o 1o 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SulfuricAcid (wt%)
FIGURE L5. Freezing point of sulfuric acid solutions. (From C. Gable, H.F. Betz, and S.H. Morgan, J. Amer.
Chem. Soc., 72, 1445 (1950).)
1546 APPENDIX
--
210
o~
~ 180 \...
I
r-.... ..........
-i
~ 150
""' r-...
'"
120
§
"
90
:;::::l
~
Q) 60
c
1\
-
~
I
ro
Q)
30
o
o 20 40 60 80
\
100
Product Acid Concentration (wt%) at 25°C
FIGURE L6. Heat generation when water is added to sulfuric acid solutions.
M. HYDROCHLORIC ACID
54 1
1
r- 1
1
r-
48
1
r- 1
1
r- 1
1
42
6 r-
1
1
~ r- 1~
oE 36 1
-..
\ \~ \
r-
~
........ r- ,'
1
~ 30 1
~~:~
T5 r- 1
~~
ctl
a. r-
-
8 24
"'
of·,, _\:\
r- _§,
ctl ~ 1
r-
~~<
Q)
:::c 18
r- , ;:,
12
r- ~~ /\~q0;. '- ~
---~ ~ ~
r- , rn.
r- ,,' ' ' ,1 Atmfsphere
6 r-
,,'
-80 -60 -30 o 30 60 80

Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE M 1. Heat capacity of anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas.

APPENDIX 1547
48
r-
r-
42 1----
u 36 1---
--o 30
o
Q)
i l
--.s.roE 1
j
~ 24
/
"(3
--
-
Cll
a.
Cll
o 18
ţ_..---
ro
Q)
-
I 12 r-·
- 1
o
-120
1
-90
1 1
-60
1 1
-30
1
o
1
30
1
60
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE M2. Heat capacity of anhydrous liquid hydrogen chloride.
4800
Ci) 3200
o ---
E
:::::,
Cll ?~~--
-;: 2400 1---++-_---:---'--t-----+-,-:-,...-"----ff------l
..Q- -
Cll
..c
"E ~\o.;.;
UJ 1600 1--++-----c}~-'-+--
1 1
-40 o 40 80
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE M3. Enthalpy of anhydrous hydrogen chloride.

1548 APPENDIX
110
100 \
-o
I
N
90
[\
\
"" "
C>
-u
o
o
..--
80
'\r\.
-
I
C> '\
~ 70
' '\
:0
ocn
::::1
~
",
"'
60
--......
50
-20 o 20 40 60
Temperature (0 C)
FIGURE M4. Solubility ofHCI in water. (Data quoted from Seidell's Solubilities, Voi. 1, 4th ed., W.F. Linke
(ed.), p. 1108, Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC (1958).)
HCI Concentration (wt.%)
FIGURE MS. Viscosity of hydrochloric acid solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda lndustry Association.)
APPENDIX 1549
800
700
600
Ol
I
E
.s 500
....
Q)
:l
(J)
(J)
400
Q)
....
a..
.... 300
o
0..
~
200
100
o
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
HCI Concentration (wt.%)
FIGURE M6. Partial pressure of HCI and water over HCI solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry
Association.)
0.8
o
o
--
Ol
~
Cii
{)
~
1iî 0.7
Q)
I
{)
<.::
"(3
Q)
0..
(/)
0.6
0.5 '------'-----'----'----'----'----'
o 10 20 30
HCI Concentration (moi%)
FIGURE M7. Specific heat of hydrochloric acid. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
1550 APPENDIX
20
o
o
o
::::--20
c
·o
~ r'\.
\ /
--./ - r-- ....._,..
a.. -40
Cl
c \ V
";:::j \ 1
\1
CI) -60
~
LL
-80 y
-100
o 10 20 30 40 50 60
HCI Concentration (wt%)
FIGURE M8. Freezing point of HCI solutions.
74
r--1--
72 .........
~r-..
-
"Eu
"
"'\
( /)
CI)
c
>. 70
~
c 1\
o
"Cii
c
~ 68
\
~
CI)
u
1\
::::J
cn
66
\
64 o 5 1o 15 20 25 30 35 40
HCI Concentration (wt%)
FIGURE M9. Surface tension of HCI solutions at 20°C. (From N.A. Lange, Handbook of Chemistry, 9th ed.,
p. 1652.)
APPENDIX 1551
--
--
1.4
/ ~'--.. BO'C
......_
1/ V
1.2
1V
1
~oc
"
"E
~
1.o
IIL LV -- r----. """
r-._ 40°C
III V
"'
~
.:::- 0.8
·:;:
:g
11 / ............ 25°C
r-...
111 1 r--.
-5c 0.6
o
()
1/Y
1
0.4
~/
'/
0.2
IJ ,
o 1
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Concentration (N)
FIGURE MlO. Conductivity of HCI solutions. (F. Hine, Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineer-
ing, p. 74, Plenum Press, New York (1985).).
130
24 V 120
Azeotropic
/V
Temperatura V 11 o
~ 23 \ //1 t--o
100
~ \
/ u
90 !2.--
o
c
\ V
~
K .a
~
..... 22 80
ca.l
·····~
~
(.) 1 70
a.l
c..
1\\.
c
()
o 1 E
~
o 21 60
I
/1 .'\ 1
-
HCI Concentration
1
in Azeotropic - r-- 50
1
~ ""- Mixture
"'
1
20 40
"'
1
['.,
1 1 1 30
o 500 1000 1300
Pressure (mm Hg)
FIGURE M Il. HCI concentration and temperature of azeotropic mixture of HCI and H2 O. (Courtesy of Japan
Soda lndustry Association.)
1552 APPENDIX
N. NaOH + NaCl MIXTURES
300
1.54
o 1.50 \ li'
~ 1.46
\ Specific
/ 250
~ 1.42 Gravity /
-:;:
~ 1.38
1\ --7
/ 9c
CJ \ /
200
(.) 1.34 o
\ /
t;::
·u(]) 1.30 ""~
c% 1.26
/)(' 150
"E
\
(])
// (.)
c
1.22 / o
\ ()
~Sol,biiOy 100 ro o
.....
of NaCI z
"'
50
'-.....
- o
o 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
NaOH Concentration (g/1)
FIGURE NI. Specific gravity of saturated NaOH-NaCI solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry
Association.)
O. BLEACH
[.@
1.150
1//
fiu
w~-
P\u_r--
~ 1.100
~
~
J. ~ cţ>
~
·;;:
~
A
CJ ~.w
$
(.)
t;::
·u(])
c% 1.050 1~
~~
w
1~
!J ~
1.000 fi
o 20 40 60 80 100
Active Chlorine (g/1)
FIGURE OI. Specific gravity ofbleach solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
APPENDIX 1553
P. SODIUM CARBONATE
TABLE Pl. Specific Gravity of Sodium Carbonate Solutions
Na2C03 Na2C03 ·IOH20 Na2C03 Na2C03

% % d20j4 d25j4 g 1-1 (200C) % d30j4
2.7 1.0086 1.0073 10.09 14 1.1417

2 5.4 1.0190 1.0176 20.39 15 1.1520
3 8.1 1.0294 1.0278 30.88 16 1.1636
4 10.8 1.0398 1.0381 41.59 17 1.1747
5 13.5 1.0502 1.0484 52.51 18 1.1859
6 16.2 1.0606 1.0588 63.64 19 1.1972
7 18.9 1.0711 1.0692 74.98 20 1.2086
8 21.6 1.0816 1.0797 86.53 21 1.2201
9 23.3 1.0922 1.0902 98.20 22 1.2317
10 27.0 1.1029 1.1008 110.30 23 1.2434
Il 29.7 1.1136 1.1115 122.50 24 1.2552
12 32.4 1.1244 1.1223 137.90 25 1.2671
13 35.1 1.1354 1.1332 147.60 26 1.2790
14 37.8 1.1463 1.1442 160.50 27 1.2910
28 1.3031
29 1.3152
30 1.3274
(with pennission from Japan Sada Industry Association)
7.0
6.0
5.0
â:
-
-S 4.0
>-
'Cii
o(.) 3.0
rn
>
2.0
1.0
o
o 5 10 15 20 25 30
Na2C03 Concentration (%)
FIGURE Pl. Viscosity of sodium carbonate solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
1554 APPENDIX
Q. WATER
TABLE Q1. pH of Pure Water at Various Temperatures
Temperature, °C pH Temperature, °C pH Temperature, °C pH
o 7.44 120 5.91 240 5.71

20 7.04 140 5.80 260 5.72
40 6.63 160 5.76 280 5.80
60 6.40 180 5.72 300 5.82
80 6.20 200 5.70
100 6.02 220 5.70
(With permission from Japan Soda Industry Association)
TABLE Q2. Water Vapor Pressure in mm Hg
Temperature (0 C)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
o 4.579 4.613 4.647 4.681 4.715 4.750 4.785 4.820 4.855 4.890
1 4.926 4.962 4.998 5.034 5.070 5.107 5.144 5.181 5.219 5.256
2 5.294 5.332 5.370 5.408 5.447 5.486 5.525 5.565 5.605 5.645
3 5.685 5.725 5.766 5.807 5.848 5.889 5.931 5.973 6.015 6.058
4 6.101 6.144 6.187 6.230 6.274 6.318 6.363 6.048 6.453 6.498
5 6.543 6.589 6.635 6.681 6.728 6.775 6.822 6.869 6.917 6.965
6 7.013 7.062 7.111 7.160 7.209 7.259 7.309 7.360 7.411 7.462
7 7.513 7.565 7.617 7.669 7.722 7.775 7.828 7.882 7.936 7.990
8 8.045 8.100 8.155 8.211 8.267 8.323 8.380 8.437 8.494 8.551
9 8.609 8.668 8.727 8.786 8.845 8.905 8.965 9.025 9.086 9.147
10 9.209 9.271 9.333 9.395 9.458 9.521 9.585 9.649 9.714 9.779
Il 9.844 9.910 9.976 10.042 10.109 10.176 10.244 12.312 10.380 10.449
12 10.518 10.588 10.658 10.728 10.799 10.870 10.941 11.013 11.085 11.158
13 11.231 11.305 11.379 11.453 11.528 11.604 11.680 11.756 11.833 11.910
14 11.987 12.065 12.144 12.223 12.302 12.382 12.462 12.543 12.624 12.706
15 12.788 12.870 12.953 13.037 13.121 13.205 13.290 13.375 13.461 13.547
16 13.634 13.721 13.809 13.898 13.987 14.076 14.166 14.256 14.347 14.438
17 14.530 14.622 14.715 14.809 14.903 14.997 15.092 15.188 15.284 15.380
18 15.477 15.575 15.673 15.772 15.871 15.971 16.071 16.171 16.272 16.374
19 16.477 16.581 16.685 16.789 16.894 16.999 17.105 17.212 17.319 17.427
20 17.535 17.644 17.753 17.863 17.974 18.085 18.197 18.309 18.422 18.536
21 18.650 18.765 18.880 18.996 19.113 19.231 19.349 19.468 19.587 19.707
22 19.827 19.948 20.070 20.193 20.316 20.440 20.565 20.690 20.815 20.941
23 21.068 21.196 21.324 21.453 21.583 21.714 21.845 21.977 22.110 22.243
24 22.377 22.512 22.648 22.785 22.922 23.060 23.198 23.337 23.476 23.616
25 23.756 23.897 24.039 24.182 24.326 24.471 24.617 24.764 24.912 25.060
26 25.209 25.359 25.509 25.660 25.812 25.964 26.117 26.271 26.426 26.582
27 26.739 26.897 27.055 27.214 27.374 27.535 27.696 27.858 28.021 28.185
28 28.349 28.514 28.680 28.847 29.015 29.184 29.354 29.525 29.697 29.870
29 30.043 30.217 30.392 30.568 30.745 30.923 31.102 31.281 31.461 31.642
30 31.824 32.007 32.191 32.376 32.561 32.747 32.934 33.122 33.312 33.503
(continued)
APPENDIX 1555
TABLE Q2. continued
Temperature (° C)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
31 33.695 33.888 34.082 34.276 34.471 34.667 34.864 35.062 35.261 35.462
32 35.663 35.865 36.068 36.272 36.477 36.683 36.891 37.099 37.308 37.518
33 37.729 37.942 38.155 38.369 38.584 38.801 39.018 39.237 39.457 39.677
34 39.898 40.121 40.344 40.569 40.796 41.023 41.251 41.480 41.710 41.942
35 42.175 42.409 42.644 42.880 43.117 43.355 43.595 43.836 44.078 44.320
36 44.563 44.808 45.054 45.301 45.549 45.799 46.050 46.302 46.556 46.811
37 47.067 47.324 47.582 47.841 48.102 48.364 48.627 48.891 49.157 49.424
38 49.692 49.961 50.231 50.202 50.774 51.048 51.323 51.600 51.879 52.160
39 54.442 52.725 53.009 53.294 53.580 53.867 54.156 54.446 54.737 55.030
40 55.324 55.61 55.91 56.21 56.51 56.81 57.11 57.41 57.72 58.03
41 58.34 58.65 58.96 59.27 59.58 59.90 60.22 60.54 60.86 61.18
42 61.50 61.82 62.14 62.47 62.80 63.13 63.46 63.79 64.12 64.46
43 64.80 65.14 65.48 65.82 66.16 66.51 66.86 67.21 67.56 67.91
44 68.26 68.61 68.97 69.33 69.69 70.05 70.41 70.77 71.14 71.51
45 71.88 72.25 72.62 72.99 73.36 73.74 74.12 74.50 74.88 75.26
46 75.65 76.04 76.43 76.82 77.21 77.60 78.00 78.40 78.80 79.20
47 79.60 80.00 80.41 80.82 81.23 81.64 82.05 82.46 82.87 83.29
48 83.71 84.13 84.56 84.99 85.42 85.85 86.28 86.71 87.14 87.58
49 88.02 88.46 88.90 89.34 89.79 90.24 90.69 91.14 91.59 92.05
50 92.51 92.97 93.43 93.89 94.36 94.82 95.29 95.77 96.24 96.72
51 97.20 97.68 98.16 98.64 99.13 99.62 100.11 100.60 101.10 101.59
52 102.09 102.59 103.10 103.60 104.11 104.62 105.13 105.64 106.16 106.68
53 107.20 107.72 108.24 108.76 109.29 109.82 110.35 110.89 111.43 111.97
54 112.51 113.05 113.59 114.14 114.69 115.24 115.80 116.36 116.92 117.48
55 118.04 118.60 119.16 119.73 120.31 120.89 121.47 122.05 122.63 123.21
56 123.80 124.40 124.99 125.58 126.18 126.78 127.38 127.99 128.60 129.21
57 129.82 130.44 131.06 131.68 132.30 132.92 133.55 134.18 134.81 135.45
58 136.08 136.72 137.36 138.01 138.66 139.31 139.96 140.62 141.28 141.94
59 142.60 143.27 143.94 144.61 145.28 145.96 146.64 147.32 148.00 148.69
60 149.38 150.07 150.77 151.47 152.17 152.87 153.58 154.29 155.00 155.71
61 156.43 157.15 157.87 158.59 159.32 160.06 160.80 161.58 162.28 163.02
62 163.77 164.52 165.27 166.02 166.78 167.54 168.30 169.07 169.84 170.61
63 171.38 172.16 172.94 173.73 174.52 175.31 176.10 176.90 177.70 178.50
64 179.31 180.11 180.92 181.74 182.56 183.38 184.20 185.03 185.86 186.70
65 187.54 188.38 189.22 190.06 190.91 191.77 192.63 193.49 194.35 195.42
66 196.09 196.96 197.84 198.72 199.60 200.48 201.37 202.26 203.16 204.06
67 204.96 205.87 206.78 207.69 208.61 209.53 210.45 211.37 212.30 213.23
68 214.17 215.11 216.06 217.01 217.96 218.91 219.87 220.83 221.79 222.76
69 223.73 224.71 225.69 226.67 227.66 228.65 229.65 230.65 231.65 232.65
70 233.7 234.7 235.7 236.7 237.8 238.8 239.8 240.9 241.9 242.9
71 243.9 245.0 246.0 247.1 248.1 249.2 250.3 251.4 252.4 253.5
72 254.6 255.7 256.8 257.9 259.0 260.1 261.2 262.3 263.5 264.6
73 265.7 266.8 268.0 269.1 270.3 271.4 272.6 273.7 274.9 276.0
74 277.2 278.4 279.5 280.7 281.9 283.1 284.3 285.5 286.7 287.9
75 289.1 290.3 291.5 292.8 294.0 295.2 296.5 297.7 298.9 300.2
76 301.4 302.7 303.9 305.2 306.5 307.7 309.0 310.3 311.6 312.9
77 314.1 315.4 316.7 318.0 319.3 320.7 322.0 323.3 324.7 326.0
(continued)
1556 APPENDIX
TABLE Q2. continued
Temperature (0 C)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
78 327.3 328.7 330.0 331.4 332.7 334.1 335.5 336.8 338.2 339.6
79 341.0 342.4 343.8 345.2 346.6 348.0 349.4 350.8 352.2 353.7
80 355.1 356.5 358.0 359.4 360.9 362.4 363.8 365.3 366.8 368.3
81 369.7 371.2 372.7 374.2 376.7 377.3 379.8 380.3 381.8 383.4
82 384.9 386.4 388.0 389.5 391.1 392.7 394.2 395.8 397.4 399.0
83 400.6 402.2 403.8 405.4 407.0 408.6 410.3 411.9 413.5 415.2
84 416.8 418.4 420.1 421.7 423.4 425.1 426.8 428.5 430.2 431.9
85 433.6 453.3 437.0 438.7 440.5 442.2 443.9 445.7 447.4 439.2
86 450.9 452.6 454.4 456.2 458.0 459.7 461.5 463.3 465.1 466.9
87 468.7 470.5 472.3 474.1 476.0 477.8 479.7 481.5 483.4 485.2
88 487.1 489.0 490.9 492.7 494.6 496.5 498.4 500.3 502.3 504.2
89 506.1 508.0 510.0 511.9 513.9 515.9 517.8 519.8 521.8 522.8
90 525.76 527.76 529.77 531.78 533.80 535.82 537.86 539.90 541.95 544.00
91 546.05 548.11 550.18 552.26 554.35 556.44 558.53 560.64 562.75 564.87
92 566.99 569.12 571.26 573.40 575.55 577.71 579.87 582.04 584.22 586.41
93 588.60 590.80 593.00 595.21 597.43 599.66 601.89 604.13 606.38 608.64
94 610.90 613.17 615.44 617.72 620.01 622.31 624.61 626.92 629.24 631.57
95 633.90 636.24 638.59 640.94 643.30 645.67 648.05 650.43 652.82 655.22
96 657.62 660.03 662.45 664.88 667.31 669.75 672.20 674.66 677.12 679.59
97 682.07 684.55 687.04 689.54 692.05 694.57 697.10 699.63 702.17 704.71
98 707.27 709.83 712.40 714.98 717.56 720.15 722.75 725.36 727.98 730.61
99 733.24 735.88 738.53 741.18 743.85 746.52 749.20 751.89 754.58 757.29
100 760.00 762.72 765.45 768.19 770.93 773.68 776.44 779.22 782.00 784.78
101 787.57 790.37 793.18 796.00 798.82 801.66 804.50 807.35 810.21 813.08
R. MISCELLANEOUS
TABLE Rl. Solubility of Barium Salts in

g/lOOg H 2 0
o 23.8 0.00115
8.8 0.0016
10 25.0 0.002
18 0.0022
20 26.3 0.0024
25 27.1 0.00223
30 27.7 0.0014 0.00285
40 28.9
50 0.00336
60 31.6
80 34.3
100 37.5 0.0039
APPENDIX 1557
TABLE R2. Solubility of Calcium Sulfate in NaCl

Solution
Specific gravity NaC1 (g/IOOcc) CaS04 (g/100cc)
0.9998 0.000 0.212

1.0644 9.115 0.666
1.0981 14.399 0.718
1.1012 14.834 0.716
1.1196 17.650 0.712
1.1488 22.876 0.670
1.1707 26.417 0.650
1.2034 32.049 0.572
(With perrnission frorn Japan Soda Industry Association)
TABLE R3. Equivalent Conductance of Ions in Solutions of Infinite Dilution
Cations 0°C 25°C 100°C Anions 0°C 25°C 100°C
H+(H20) 225.0 349.7 637 oH- 105 200 446

Li+ 19.1 38.68 120 p- 55.6
Na+ 25.85 50.1 150 CI- 41.4 76.3 207
K+ 40.3 73.5 200 Cl0_3 36 64 172
Rb+ 43.5 76.4 Cl04 37.3 68 179
cs+ 44 76.8 200 Br- 43.1 78.3
NHt 40.3 73.7 184.3 Br0_3 31 56 155
(1/2)Mg 2+ 28.5 53.06 170 r- 42 76.8
(1/2)Ca2+ 30.8 59.50 187 ro- 21 41 127
3
(l/2)Ba2+ 33.6 63.7 200 104 55.6
( 1j3)Ce3+ 67 (l/2)SO~- 41 79.8 256
( 1/3)Cr3+ 67 N0_3 40.2 71.42 189
(1 /2)Mn2+ 27 53.5 H2P04 36
( 1/2)Fe2+ 28 53.5 (I/2)HPO;- 57
(1/3)Fe3+ 68 HC0_3 44.5
(1 /2)Co2+ 28 54 0/2)CO~- 36 72
(1 /2)Ni 2+ 28 54 cN- 78
0/2)Cu2+ 28 56 (1/2)Cro;- 42 85
Ag+ 33 61.9 180 (I/2)Mo0~- 74.5
(1 /2)Zn2+ 28 53.5 Mn04 36 62.8
(1 /2)Cct2+ 28 54 CH 3coo- 20 41 130
Ţ]+ 43.3 74.9 Hcoo- 47 at l8°C
( 1/2)Pb 2+ 37.5 70 0/2)C2o;- 63atl8°C
Source: From F. Hine. Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering. P1enurn Press. New York
( 1985). p. 77.
1558 APPENDIX
TABLE R4. Ion Hydration Energy and Number of

Waters of Hydration
Hydration energy Number of waters

(kcal/g ion) of hydration
H+ 255 4
Li+ 131 6
Na+ 97 4
K+ 77 2-3
Rb+ 73 2
Ag+ 3-4
Mg2+ 9-13
ca2+ 8-10
Ba 2+ 6-8
zn2+ ll-13
Fe2+ 11-13
cu2+ ll-13
cct2+ 10-12
Pb 2+ 5-7
p- 123 5
C!- 83 3
Br- 73 2
1- 63 0-1
Cl04 o
NO} 2
Source: From F. Hine, Electrode Processes and Electrochemical

Engineering, Plenum Ptess, New York (1985), p. 194.
1 1 1 1
0.7 1--+-+--- 1 Atmosphere 25'C-100'C _

\ Vapor Pressure above 1OO'C
\
\
..................
QL-----~----~----~---·--·~--~-·~·~·=·-~·--~
o 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature ee)
FIGURE Rl. Solubility ofCaS04 in brines.
APPENDIX 1559
26
~sooc\
24 75°C
-
o~
~ 20
c
22
f - - f---
100°~~
\~
"\ ~
o 18
- 1~ ~
:;::;
ro 16
.....
c
Q) 14 ~~
~~
(.)
c
o 12
o ~~
10
o'<t
CI)
~
~
N 8
z
ro j
"f~ ~
6 .....
~
'
4
2 1
o 1
o 2 4 6 8 1o 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
FIGURE R2. NaCI-Na2S04-H20 system at various temperatures.
-o
120
-o N
110
r- _\ N~2,~~4~~~-2~ ------
-- --~~2804
,1
60
50
I
N
I 100 '' -----
Ol , ,, ,' 40 Ol
o 90 ,, o
o
f-
,,
, o
----
30
--
..- , ,/""---- Na 2S04·10H20 ..-
80
-
Ol
.9 i.L- , /
20
c
C/)
Q)
70 f-
_, , ,
, ,,
,,
NH~
V 10 c:
Q)
C/)
60 :.J
:.J V o
~ ~
t----"" "O
:Q 50 r- Na 2C0 3 -1 OH 20
o
Q)
.J::
C/)
~ 40 NaCI ro
>. o
30 ~
K._
:'.:::::
:.c::::l Na 2C0 3 -10H 20
~
>.
:'.:::::
o 20 :.c::::l
(/)
10
~ ~3 o
(/)
o 1 1
o 1o 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature ( 0 C)
FIGURE R3. Solubility of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulfate, and
ammonium chloride. (Courtesy of Japan Soda lndustry Association.)
1560 APPENDIX
Concentration
-
40%
1.4 38-
Saturat:on ...::::::
>. 36-
·:;: 1.3 32 J4-

30-
~ .............. 28-
(.9 26-
24--;;:
()
;.;:::::
1.2 Freezing Point 20-
"[) ....... 16___:ţ:
Q) 14-
0.. 1.1 12-
CI) 8~
"ţ--4 ~=
1.0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 o 10 20
Temperature (0 C}
FIGURE R4. Specific gravity of calcium chloride solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)
0.8
0.7
E'
..._
(.)
3M KCI
~ 0.6
->.
·:;:
+='
0.5
1\_ 70°C )1
)
(.)
\\
::J
"O
c 50°C
o
(.)
0.4
0.3
\ 30°C
)
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
FIGURE RS. Conductivity vs pH of 3M KCI at constant temperature. (F. Hine, Electrode Processes and
Electrochemical Engineering, p. 80, Plenum Press, New York (1985).)
Index
A Alkali-related chemicals
inorganic, 15
Absorption, 1070 organic, 14
gas absorption, 885 Alkaline fu el celi, 1472
of chlorine Alternative processes, 1349
in aqueous systems, 665 caustic soda, 1389
in caustic solution, 901, 1378 chlorine, 1351
in organic solvents hypochlorite, 1372
in CCI4, 885 Aluminum busbar, 731
in others, 1479 Amalgam, sodium
packed column, 1067 activity coefficient, 86
penetration theory, 1068 amalgam butter, 194
AC impedance, 147 decomposition, 375, 378, 404,447, 1149
Aciplex® membranes, 307, 361 electrode process, 85, 114
Activated complex, 95 Amalgam cell (see mercury cells)
Activated cathodes (see cathodes), 241, 244, Amalgam process (see mercury cells)
251,252 Analysis of process streams, 1287
Active chlorine, 1349, 1386 Analytical manual, 1225
Activity coefficient, 1022 Annular flow (see flow pattems), 1055
potassium chloride, 1515 Angel curve, 287
potassium hydroxide, 1531 Anode adjustment system, 403
sodium amalgam, 86 Anodes (see coated anodes), 211
sodium chloride, 1504 Anodic protection, 1309
sodium hydroxide, 1524 Anticaking additive, 499
Adaptive gain pH control system, 1103, 1110 Asahi Chemical Industries, see Asahi Kasei
Adiabatic change, 1017 Asahi Glass membrane cells (AZEC® cell), 432
Adiabatic compression, 1058, 1059 Asahi Kasei membrane cells, 428
Adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), 59,72 Asbestos, 272, 296
Adsorption, 1074 Asbestos diaphragm, 21, 272, 291
adsorption isotherms, 107 5 Asbestos waste, 1413, 1445
followed by chemical reaction, 1070 Atomic force microscopy, 150
continuous operation, 1079 Avogadro's number, 164
gas-phase adsorption, 1075 Azeotropic mixtures (HCI + H20), 1551
liquid-phase adsorption, 1078
Advanced Diaphragm Ce il Technology
(ADCT®), 410
Air systems, 1196 B
breathing air, 1200
dry air, 1199 Backflow preventer, 1213
instrument air, 1199 Back-pulse filtration (see filtration), 603, 1475
plan! air, 1196 Barometric condenser, 1208
purified air, 1198 Barium salts, 1556
1561
1562 INDEX
Beer, H.B., 24, 212 pumping, 527

Bell jar cell, 271 pure brîne storage, 1101
Beneficiation of KCl, 489 reverse osmosis, 472, 478
Bemoulli's theorem, 1048 storage, 525, 1094, Il 02
Berthing and storage of membrane evaporation, 480
cells, 1254 materials of construction, 486
BiChlor® cell, 435 mechanical vapor-recompression, 484
Billiter ce li, 21, 22 multiple-effect evaporation, 481
Bipolar membrane cell, 27, 33, 388,405, 413 therrnal vapor recompression, 486
Bipolar diaphragm cell vapor-recompression evaporation, 484
Dow cell, 405 quality
Glanor ce11, 405 anodes, 227, 354
BiTAC® cell, 431 cathodes, 263, 354
Black body, 1066 chemical analysis, 625
Bleach, 11,191,890,1372 frequency, 626
chemical production, 1378 composition of brîne, 529
decomposition, 1381 diaphragms, 294,
electrochemical production, 1373 diaphragm cells, 294, 533
filtration, 1385 impurîties (see effects ofbrine impurities)
materia1s of construction, 1383 aluminum, 653
specifications and analyses, 1386 ammonia, 656
Blind current losses, 179, 193 bromide, 660
Bode p1ot/AC impedance, 150 ftuoride, 659
Boiler feed water, 1194 iodine, 661
Boiling points of solutions mercury, 658
potassium chloride, 1514 nickel and iron, 655
potassium hydroxide, 1527, 1528 nitrate, 665
sodium chloride, 1507 organics, 654
sodium hydroxide, 990, 1521 silica/silicates, 651
Boiling point rise (BPR), 483, 969 sulfate (see sulfate control), 634
Boilout of diaphragm-cell evaporators, 1193 ion-exchange membranes, 353,337,341,
Boltzman's constant, 95 342,348,354,537
Boolean algebra/truth table, 1433, 1434 membrane cells, 341, 342, 348, 354, 537
Boundary layer, 1053 mercury cells, 194, 195, 530, 531
Breakdownlrupture potential, 1318 saturation (see brîne preparation, dissolving
Breakthrough/adsorption columns, 1079 systems)
Breathing air, 1200, 1214 specifications, 194, 294, 341, 531,
Brine (NaCI or KCI solution) 543, 1277
preparation, 495, 509 diaphragm ce11s, 294, 533
composition of salt and brîne, 529 membrane ce11s, 341, 342, 348, 354,537,
dissolving processes, 509, 1093, 1234 1277
delivery of salt, 501 mercury cells, 194, 195, 531
selective dissolving, 519 treatment, 43,444,465, 529,545, 1097, 1234
solution mining (see sulfate control), 515 acidification, 626
standard dissolvers, 511 supply of HCI, 631
processing, 44 7 technical aspects, 627
depleted brîne clarification, (also see clarifiers/thickeners ),
collection, 1107 444,564,1097,1234
dechlorînation, Il 09 filtration, 587, 1099, 1235
destruction of chlorate, 1107 ion exchange, 446, 606, 1236
concentrated brîne pH control, 1105, 1109, 1276
circulation around celis, 44 7, 449 precipitation, 545
concentrations in ce lis, 1092, 1274 ftocculation, 561
evaporation, 473, 480 process parameters, 556
feed to cells, 1104, 1111 treating chemical supply, 552
heating and cooling, 527 treating tank design, 559, 1097, 1234
pipe1ines, 528 thickening (see clarification)
INDEX 1563
waste disposal depolarization, 933, 1372, 1466

brine caverns, 1452 effects of shutdowns, 263, 300
filter cakes, 1457 electrocatalytic activity, 246
removal of mercury, 1456 insitu activation, 259
sludges, 1446 low overvoltage cathodes, 244
Brine caverns, 517, 1452 Ni-based alloy cathodes, 252, 256, 257
Brine dechlorination (see dechlorination) oxide-coated cathodes, 258
Bruggemann's equation (see bubble effect), Raney Ni cathode, 252
276, 1483 sulfide-coated cathodes, 259
Bubble effect (see Bruggemann's equation), Cathodic protection, 1309
201, 1483 Catholyte quality, 1287
Bubb1e flow (see flow patterns), 1055 Catholyte system commissioning, 1237
Bui1ding arrangement (cell room), 706 Caustic evaporation, 452, 968, 1159
Building venti1ation, 712 boiling point rise (BPR), 969
gravity ventilators, 712 commissioning, 1244
Busbar instal1ation, 728 control systems, 1159
aluminum, 731 feed rate control, 1160
arrangement, 728 packaged instrumentation, 1159
assembly, 733 produc! concentration control, 1162
capacity, 728 production rate control, 1159
comparison, a1uminum and diaphragm-cell caustic, 974
copper, 731 boilout and cleaning, 1193
copper, 731 mechanical design, 974
electromagnetic force, 734 quadruple-effect example, 977
interna! cell connections, 734 KOH evaporation, 982
Butler-Volmer equation, 97 membrane-cell caustic, 980
Bypass current (see parasitic current), 391 double-effect heat and mass balance, 981
Byproduct salt (see salt), 476 mu1tiple-effect evaporation, 969
Byproducts, 884, 995 process design, 971
amalgam, 1003 types of evaporator, 971
bleach, 890 liquor flow paths, 973
byproduct handling, 990 Caustic liquor processing, 947, 1152, 1204
calcium carbonate, 1006 blending, 966
evaporator (CP) salt, 995 centrifugation, 963
ferric chloride, 892 pusher centrifuge, 963
hydrochloric acid, 886, 1350 solid-bowl centrifuge, 964
sodium sulfate (Glauber's salt), 997 circulation, 1152, 1155
collection and storage, 1152
concentration in cells, 1274
c cooling,958
membrane-cell catholyte, 960
Caking (see salt), 492, 499 range of duties, 961
Calcium sulfate, 1557 diaphragm-cellliquor, 962
Calomel electrode, 92 dilution, 966
Carnot cycle, 1017, 1471 evaporation (see caustic evaporation), 968,
Castner, H.Y., 30 1204
Catalytic Carrier Process, 1357, 1360 filtration, 965
Catalytic decomposition (see dechlorination), materials of construction, 948
686 piping, 953
Cathode depolarization, 933 pumping, 957
Cathode design, 23, 24, 927 purification, 983, 986
Cathodes (see activated cathodes), 241, 265 valves, 954
amalgam cathode, 85, 114 Caustic sodalpotash, 11, 15, 41,944
cathode design, 23, 927 produc! handling, 990, 1150, 1154
composition/preparation, 251 anhydrous,988
costlperformance, 246 boiling points, 990
deactivationlstability, 248, 263 diaphragm-cell caustic, 945
1564 INDEX
Caustic soda/potash Contd. India, 65

market/price, 58, 65 Japan, 64
materials of construction, 948 Korea, 65
membrane-cel! caustic, 946 Mexico,60
mercury-cell caustic, 945 Middle East, 64
processing, 11, 14, 41, 451 Taiwan, 65
product handling, 990, 1150, 1154 United States, 52
purification, 983 Westem Europe, 60
removal of ch1orate, 986 world, 47
removal of metal ions, 986 Chlorate decomposition, 118, 665,
removal of salt by extraction, 983 689, 1107
simultaneous production ofNaOH and destruction by HCI, 690
KOH,448 destruction by reducing agents, 694
solid products (bulk, ftake, prill), 987 miscellaneous methods of destruction, 695
Caustic soda, production without chlorine, 1389 suppression of C102 formation, 693
causticization of soda ash, 1389 Chlorate formation, 167, 191
electrochemical methods, 1393 Chlorinated condensate, 789
salt splitting, 1392 Chlorinated ethanes and methanes, 55
Caustic waste liquor, 985, 1407, 1449 Chlorination, 68
Causticization of soda ash, 1389 Ch1orine-based chemicals, 4, 11
Cavitation darnage (see corrosion), 1320 Chlorine butter, 747
Cel! line working zone, 711 Ch1orine, depressurization and evacuation of
Cel! performance, 224, 456 equipment, 1130
Cel! renewal, 753 Chlorine dioxide, 693
switching, 753 Chlorine electrode process, 81, 109, 220
transport of electrolyzers, 754 Chlorine Emergency Plan (CHLOREP), 876
Cel! resistance (see cel! voltage), 127 Ch1orine gas quality, 923, 1271
Cel! room systems design, 458, 745 Chlorine hazards, 1403, 1438
building ventilation, 712 enviromnental fate, 1406
cell-to-cell variation, 463 liquid form, 1440
ftoor, roof, rows, wal1s, walkways, 707 mitigation of effects of release, 1438
process control monitoring for exposure, 1404
concentrations,462 protective equipment, 1405
pressure, 461 risk assessment, 1443
temperature, 462 toxicity, 1439
Cel! vo1tage and its components, 195, 200, 1272 vapor form, 1438
diaphragm cells, 206 Chlorine header pressure, 1114
membrane cells, 206 Chlorine header safety, 1115
mercury cells, 206 Chlorine hydrate, 790, 839
Centrifugal compressors, 1122 composition, 790
Centrifuges, 105 8 effects in liquefaction systems, 846
Chemical hazards, 761 in liquefaction systems, 839
Chemical potential, 77, 78, 1022 region of existence, 791
Chemical supp1y (brine treatrnent) Chlorine processing, 40, 450, 765, 923,
carbon dioxide, 552 1113, 1239
carbonates, 553 absorption, 885
hydroxides, 556 applications, 4, 55, 57
Chilled water, 1188 commissioning of systems (see under
absorption refrigeration, 1191 process step)
mechanical refrigeration, 1190 dry systems, 1239
stearn-jet refrigeration, 1190 pre-energization testing, 1238
thermal duty in chlorine cooling, 1189 compression, 807, 1121, 1241, 1486
Chior-alkali industry centrifugal compressors, 81 O
Brazii, 60 materials of construction, 814
Canada, 59 mechanical specifications, 814
China, 65 performance curve, 813, 823
Eastem Europe, 64 surge, 813
INDEX 1565
control, 821, 1122 refrigeration process, 829

protective systems, 825 tai! gas, 885
pressure, 821, 1114, 1125 use of barrier fluid, 836
discharge pressure, 1125, 1126 utility approach to refrigeration, 837
surge, 821, 1126 without gas compression, 1486
throughput, 824 materials of construction, 767
diaphragm compressor, 820 reaction with titanium, 768
energy consumption, 808 wet vs. dry chlorine, 768
evacuation, 925 oxygen in chlorine, 833, 923
liquid-ring compressor, 818, 1121 physical properties, 1532
reciprocating compressor, 817 so1ubility, 1534, 1535
cooling, 771,825, 1117 specific heat, 1500, 1538
chilled water, thermal duty, 1189 thermal conductivity, 1500, 1539
chlorinated condensate, 789 thermodynamic properties, 1533
compressor interstage coolers, 828 transfer - see chlorine storage and handling
direct contact, 771, 778, 826 vapor pressure, 1499, 1537
effect of gas temperature, 788 viscosity, 1500, 1536
flow diagram, 792 Chlorine production, 37, 398,405,413
heat duty curve, 773 Chlorine, production without caustic
heat transfer calculations, 771 electrochemical processes, 1361
AMTD, 773, 938 aqueous e1ectrolysis of HCl, 1361
LMTD, 772, 938 indirect electrolyses, 1365
indirect, 771, 785, 829 molten-salt electrolysis, 1368
pressure operation, 1483 vapor-phase electrolysis of HCl, 1365
simultaneous heat and mass oxidation processes, 1351
transfer, 775 oxidation of HCl, 1352
transfer unit concept, 780 oxidation of salt, 1351
transport process analogies, 776 regenerative oxidation processes, 1359
density, 1499, 1535, 1536 Chlorine recovery, 1479
dissociation constant, 1500 Chlorine storage and handling, 847,
drying, 792, 1118, 1485 856, 1242
acid consumption, 792 confined storage, 854
drying columns, 795 expansion chambers, 907
packed columns, 795 gaskets, 861
process control, 798 liquid chlorine, 847,862
tray columns, 799 low-pressure seals, 895
equilibrium behavior, 793 low-pressure storage, 853
flow diagram, 798 mechanical relief devices, 899
pressure operation, 1485 piping systems, 858
process control, 1118 pressurized storage, 852
processredundancy, 800 reference documents, 847
equilibrium constant, 1501, 1534 safety devices, 895
evacuation of lines and transfer, 862
equipment, 925 pressurization, 862
history, 2 air required for, 873
hydrolysis constant, 1501 with air, 863
1iquefaction, 829, 1128, 1241, 1486 with chlorine, 864
achievable degree of, 832 pumping, 865
commissioning, 1241 valves, 860, 883
control, 1128 vaporization,881
addition of dry air, 1128 vent scrubbers (see scrubbers, chlorine), 901
process control, 1129 water seal, 895
hydrate, formation of, 839 Chlorine transportation and packaging, 874
liquefaction process, 831 accident statistics, 878
noncondensables, 833 barge transport, 878
partition of water, 843 Chlorine Emergency Plan (CHLOREP), 876
refrigerants, 835 labeling of transport containers, 87 5
1566 INDEX
Cblorine transportation and packaging Contd. catholyte system, 1237

loading and unloading, 868 caustic evaporation system, 1244
system requirements, 868 caustic storage systems, 1246
tankcar loading system, 872 chlorine system, 1238
transfer boses, 869 compression and liquefaction, 1241
packaging, 879 dry systems, 1239
pumping, 865 storage, 1242
raii transport, 876 control systems, 1230
road transport, 877 documentation, 1223
unloading by air pad, 870 equipment cbecklists, 1220
Cblorobenzene, 56 bydrogen system, 1243
Cblorofluorocarbons, 7, 9, 56, 835 instrumentation, 1232
Chrysotile (see asbestos), 272, 296 organization, 1218
Clarification and thickening, 552, 564, 1057, planning, 1219
1058 rectifier/transformers, 1247
free settling, 567 training, 1220
thickening, 569 Common-ion effect, 523
Clarifiers/thickeners, 574, 581 Compressibility, 1059
centrifuges, 587 Compressible fluid flow, 1052
feedwells, 575 Compression, 807,934, 1060
beat loss, 586 adiabatic compression, 1059
inclined-plate separators, 585 chlorine (see chlorine compression), 807,
overflow systems, 576 1121
rakes, 578 bydrogen (see bydrogen systems), 934, 1143
sludge removal, 579 isothermal compression, 1060
solid contact reactors, 584 polytropic compression, 1060
solids recycle, 582 Condensate
standard brine clarifiers, 574 evaporator (or process), 455, 981, 1192
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 1016, 1061 steam, 1173
Cleaning and flushing (precomrnissioning), 1226 Conductive beat transfer, 1063
Coated anodes, 212 Conductivity, electrica!
chlorine evolution reaction, 11 O, 220 diaphragms, 156
composition/preparation, 236 electrolytic solutions, 155
cost, 235 equivalent conductance, 153, 290
degradation/failure, 224, 227, 231 hydrochloric acid, 1551
dimensionally stable anodes (DSA®), 212 measurements, 150, 203
electrocbernical bebavior, 217 membranes, 157
impurity effects, 227 molar conductivity, 153
lifetime, 235 potassium chloride, 1515, 1560
pbysica1 properties and morpbology, 214, 215 potassium hydroxide, 1530
preparation, 237 sodium cbloride, 1509
rejuvenation/recoating, 232 sodium hydroxide, 1523
structure, 232 specific conductivity, 150
Coated cathodes (see catbodes ), 251 Conforma! transformation/mapping, 1033
Cogeneration, 1174 Control system interface, 1100
combined-cycle operation, 1175 Control system se1ection, 1092
beat/power ratio, 1175 Convection, 1064
Colburn j-factor, 776 Conversion factors, 1491
Cole-Cole plot (see AC impedance), 149 area, .1492
Combustion of bydrogen, 930 current density, 1495
Commercial considerations/membrane cells, 424 density, 1493
Comrnissioning (see precomrnissioning), 1217, energy, 1493
1231 beat transfer coefficients, 1495
brine system, 1234 length, 1491
decblorination, 1236 power, 1493
filtration, 1235 pressure, 1494
ion excbange, 1236 thernial conductivity, 1494
INDEX 1567
viscosity, 1494 membrane cell, 176

volume, 1492 mercury cell, 182
weight, 1492 oxygen, 188
Conveying (see salt transfer) plant measurement of, 1288
Cooling towers, 1 181 sodium hydroxide, 165, 167, 168, 173
blowdown, 1186 Current inefficiency (see current efficiency ),
concentration factor, 1186 174,185,457
construction, 1182 Current interruption technique, 134
instrumentation, 1185 Current leakage, 391, 397, 398, 738
piping, 1185 piping header arrangements, 740
process control, 1187 Current measurement, 735
tower fill, 1185 Cyclic voltammetry, 142
Copper busbar
capacity, 728
comparison with aluminum, 731
Copper losses (see transformer), 715 D
Corrosion
ch1or-alkali industry, 1328 Darcy equation, 27 4, 1051
classification, 1295 DC power supply (see rectifier/transforrner)
diaphragm cell cathode, 242, 248, 1046, Deacon process, 17, 1352
1330, 1331 Deactivation (see failure/degradation)
Corrosion current/corrosion rate, 1306, 1311 Deaeration of boiler feedwater, 1195
Corrosion data survey, 1325 Dealloying by selective leaching, 1319
Corrosion fatigue, 1323 Dechlorination ofbrine, 447,448,665
Corrosion inhibition, 1309 aeration, 671, 674
inorganic inhibitors, 131 O mass transfer, 676
organic inhibitors, 1311 plate column for, 677
vapor-phase inhibitors, 1311 catalytic decomposition, 686
Corrosion potential, 1306 on activated carbon, 686
Corrosion prevention, 1308, 1344 on metal catalysts, 688
brine area, 1329 chemica1 reduction, 678
caustic system, 1336 chlorine recovery, 665
cell room, 1331 Hydecat® reactor, 688
ch1orine system, 1333 length of transfer unit, 676
electrolyzer, 1329 McCabe-Thiele diagram, 674
Cost analysis, 388 primary dechlorination, 670
Crevice corrosion, 1314 process control, 684
Crystallization secondary dechlorination, 678
potassium chloride, 490 use of hydrogen peroxide, 682
sodium chloride, recrystallization of, 487 use of sulfur compounds, 678
sodium sulfate, 647 forms of supply, 678, 680, 681
solar salt, 470 steam stripping, 677
Current breakers, 740 system control, 11 09
Current density /reaction rate, 95 vacuum dechlorination, 672
Current distribution, 1031 packed column for, 673
calcu1ation methods, 1040 Dechlorination of spent sulfuric acid, 804
diaphragm cell, 1042 Decommissioning of mercury cell
gas-generating e1ectrode, 1042 plants, 1290
membrane cell, 1046 Decomposition voltage, 89,
primary current distribution, 1031 127, 1023
secondary current distribution, 1036 diaphragm cell, 196
tertiary current distribution, l 039 membrane cell, 196
vertical e1ectrolyzers, 1040 mercury cell, 198
Current efficiency, 165, 168, 207 Degradation (see failure)
chlorine, 167, 168 inorganic materials of
diaphragm cell, 179 construction, 1325
hydrogen, 207 organic materials of construction, 1325
1568 INDEX
DeNora cells Donnan potential, 315

diaphragm cells (Glanor® cell), 405 Dow cells
mercury cells, 400 diaphragm celi, 27, 405
runner an ode, 401 magnesium cell, 1370
Density Downs cell, 1368
chlorine, 1499, 1535, 1536 Dry air system, 1199
potassium chloride, 1498, 1510 Diihring diagrams
sodium chloride, 1497 NaCllwater, 1507
sodium hydroxide, 1498 NaOH/water, 1522
NaCl + NaOH, 1501
Depolarized cathodes, 933, 1027, 1372, 1467
Deposit attack, 1316
Deposited diaphragms (see diaphragms), 295 E
Design coordination of control systems, 1091
Dezincification, 1319 Eckert chart (see pressure drop in packed
Diamond cell, 23, 26 column), 784
Diaphragms, 271 Effects ofbrine impurities, 352, 354,529,537,
asbestos diaphragms, 25, 272, 291 1277
deposition, 296 aluminum, 369
dimensionally stable diaphragms, 25 ammonia, 656
effects of shutdowns, 300 ana1ytica1 methods, 352, 365
HAPP, 291 anodes, 227
mass transfer in, 27 4, 279 bariurn,227,346,367
modeling, 281, 286 brornide, 660
non-asbestos diaphragms, 293 calcium, 342, 365, 534, 537
Polyramix®, 26,293,294,410 cations, 342
porosity, 157, 276 coated cathodes, 227
retrofit, 34 control rnethods, 365
SM-1, 291 diaphragm cell, 533
SM-2, 291 fluoride, 227
SM-3, 291 iodide, 346, 368, 661
Tephram®, 294 magnesium, 342, 366, 534
tortuosity, 157, 276 membrane cell, 341,365,537
voltage drop, 289 mercury, 658
Diaphragm cells/process, 18, 405, 408, 446 rnercury cell, 530
cell efficiency, 179 nickel, iron, 227, 368
decomposition voltage, 196 nitrate, 665
Diaphragm celllevel control, 1151 organics, 654
Differential capacitance, 137 silica, 345
Differential pressure (d/p) transmitter, 1096 strontium, 367
Diffusion current, 105 sulfate, 343
Diffusion equation, 1068 Effects of caustic impurities, 1280
Diffusion layer, 115, 141 Ejectors, 1202, 1204
Dilution of caustic liquor, 966 Electric power supply, 713, 1170
Dimensionally stable anodes (DSA ®), 24, 212 demand management, 744
Dimensionally stable diaphragm, 25 energy efficiency, 736
Dimensionless groups, 1495 phase ang1e/power factor, 741
Diode rectifiers, 717, 1477 Electrica! hazards in cell rooms, 755
Dioxins, 73 Electrica! metering, 735
Direct methano1 fuel cell (DMFC), 1472 Electrocatalysis, 107
Dirichlet boundary condition, 1032 Electrochemical processes (see e1ectrode
Discharge step (see electrode process), 99, 110 processes)
Distillation, 1081 Electrochernical reaction rate (see reaction rate)
Distributed control system, 1092, 1231 Electrochernical techniques
Dissociation constant non-steady state techniques, 142
chlorine, 1501 polarization measurements, 128
water, 85 steady state techniques, 128
INDEX 1569
Electrochemical unit (ECU), 4 7, 166 diaphragm cells, 413

Electrode processes from hydrochloric acid, 1362
amalgam electrode, 85 membrane cells, 415, 1270
chlorate reduction, 118 mercury cells, 399, 448
ch1orine e1ectrode, 81, Il O theoretica1 coefficients, 166
Horiuti-Heyrovsky mechanism, 99 Energy consumption in magnesium production,
hydrogen electrode, 83, 99, 107 1370
hypochlorite reduction, 118 Energy consumption in sodium production, 1370
kinetics, 95 Energy flow/reactor, 1014
mass-transfer controlled process, 104 Energy ftow diagrams, 1028
oxygen electrode, 122, 186 Energy losses in DC systems
Electrodia1ysis (see seawater), 478 current leakage, 738
Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid, 1361, 1365 rectifier efficiency, 736
Electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride, 1370 Entha1py, 75, 1019
Electrolysis of moi ten sodium chloride-calcium Environmental considerations, 66
chloride mixtures, 1368 chlorinated solvents, 72
Electrolysis of sodium sulfate, 1393 chlorination, 68
Electrolyzer area (see cell room design) chlorine derivatives, 70
Electrolyzer assembly, 1247, 1253 chlorine-based pesticide, 68
externalleakage test, 1254 EDCNCM/PVC, 67
membrane handling, 1247 inorganic chemicals, 72
membrane installation, 1249 organic chemicals, 55
membrane leakage test, 1253 phosgene,68
record keeping, 1255 propylene chlorohydrin, 67
storage and berthing of electrolyzers, 1254 Equilibrium constant, 1023, 1501, 1534
Electrolyzer installation, 707 Equilibrium potential (see reversible potential)
diaphragm cells, 707 Equipotentiallines, 1036
membrane cells, 71 O Equivalent conductance, 153, 289, 1509, 1557
mercury cells, 709 Equivalent weight, 308
Electrolyzer shutdown, 1264 Erosion corrosion, 1319
emergency, 1266 Error analysis, 209
maintenance, 1267 Ethylene dichloride (EDCNCM/PVC), 4,
normal, 1264 1350, 1478
Electrolyzer startup, 1267 Evacuation systems, chlorine, 925
Electrolyzer (cell) voltage, 195, 1272 Evaporated salt, 995
Electromagnetic field, 734, 758 Evaporation of brine (see brine evaporation), 480
effects on busbars, 734 Evaporation of caustic solutions (see caustic
proposed limits for exposure to variable fields, evaporation), 968
759 Exchange current density, 97, 99
threshold limiting value, 758 Explosion hazards, 909
Electromotive force, 77, 377, 1021 evacuation, 925
Electronegativity, III hydrogen,909,943
E1ectroosmosis, 332 control with diluent gases, 911
E1emental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching, 57 nitrogen trichloride, 912
ELTECH cells, 432 Explosive limits (H2 and Cl2 in 02, N2, air),
Embrittlement/alloys, 1340 909, 1541
475°C embrittlement, 1340
sigma embrittlement, 1340
Emergency response planning guide (ERPG),
761 F
Emissivity/radiation, 1066
End uses of chlorine and caustic soda, 4, Il, 14 Failure/degradation
Energy balance (see voltage balance), 1013, coated anodes, 224, 227, 231
1025 coated cathodes, 263
electrochemical process, 1023, 1025 ion exchange membranes, 341,350
Energy consumption in ch1orine production, Fanning equation, 274, 1051
163, 165, 1270 Faradaic resistance, 98
1570 INDEX
Faraday constant, 77, 165 Freezing point of solutions

Faraday's 1aw, 164 hydrochloric acid, 1550
Fault tree analysis, 1429, 1431 potassium chloride, 1514
Feedwater (to boilers), 1194 potassium hydroxide, 1528, 1529
Ferric chloride, 769, 892 sodium chloride, 1508
physical chernistry of hydrates, 769 Fretting corrosion, 1320
production from liquefaction tail gas, 892 Freundlich isotherm, 1076
Filiform corrosion, 1316 Friction factor, 1052
Filter aids, 444, 597 Froth flow (see flow patterns ), 1055
adrnix (body feed), 598 Fue1 cells, 931, 1466, 1471
cellulosic, 601 alkaline fuel cell (AFC), 1472
composition, 600 direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), 1472
diatomaceous earth, 599 molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), 1472
handling of, 601 phosphoric acid fue1 cell (PAFC), 1472
perlite, 599 proton exchange membrane fue1 cell
precoat, 597 (PEMFC), 1472
solubility in brine, 599 solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), 1472
Filtration,444,587, 1057,1475 Fugacity (see activity), 779, 1022
backwash, 590, 602 Future developments, 1463
bed filters, 589
brine,587, 1099,1235
cake compressibility, 597 G
cake filtration, 594
cake removal, 602 Galvanic cell, 89
cake washing, 602 Galvanic corrosion, 1313
candle filters, 588, 592 Gas absorption, 1067
cartridge filters, 588 penetration theory, 1068
caustic,965 two-film theory, 1068
ceramic filters, 594 Gas diffusion e1ectrodes, 1467
leaf filters, 588, 592, 594 Gas-liquid interface, 1067
medium, 588 Gas-phase adsorption, 1075
rnixed-media filters, 589 Gas turbines in cogeneration, 1174
polishing filters, 592, 601 Gas void fraction in cells, 201, 1483
primary filtration, 588 Gate tum-off thyristor, 1477
sand filters, 588 General corrosion, 1313
Finger-type cells, 23, 405 Gibbs-Duhem equation, 840, 1082
First law ofthermodynarnics, 1014 approximate so1utions, 840
Fixed bed/continuous Gibbs free energy, 77, 1021
operation, 1079 Gibbs-He1mholtz equation, 1021
Flade potential, 141, 1308 Glanor® ceH, 27, 405
Flat plate cells, 388 Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate decahydrate),
Flernion®, 34, 360 647,997
Flocculating agents, 561 Global warrning potential, 70
Flotation of KCl ores, 489 Glossary, 1458
Flow patterns Glycerin, 56
gaslliquid rnixture, 1055 Grain boundary, 1318
pipe, 1049 Graphite anodes, 24, 211
Fluid dynamics, 1048 Graphite packings, 386
Fluid flow Greenhouse gas, 72
compressible fluid, 1052 Griesheim Elektron cell, 18
flow patterns, 1049, 1055 Grosvenor-Miller process, 1359
noncompressible fluid, 1052
Fluorocarbons, 835, 1350
FM21-SP® cell, 433 H
475°C embrittlement of alloys, 1340
Free energy, 75, 1020, 1297 Hagen-Poiseulle flow theory, 274
Gibbs free energy, 1021 Hardy-Schu1ze rule, 1179
INDEX 1571
Hargreaves-Bird cell, 19 oxidation, 1324

Hazards, 755, 1402, 1419 sulfidation, 1324
cell room, 755 vanadium attack, 1324
chemical, 761 History of chlor-alkali industry, 17, 28, 31
electrica!, 755 Hooker cell, 23, 26
electromagnetic, 758 Horiuti-Heyrovsky mechanism, 99
explosion, 761,909,912,925 Hydecat® reactor, 688
hydrogen, 943 Hydration energy, 1558
materials, 1402 Hydraulic length, 277
mechanical, 1402 Hydraulic radius/diameter, 275, 1053
process, 1419 Hydrazine, 1173, 1344
Hazard analysis, 1428 Hydrina® process, 1394
hazard and operability study (HAZOP), 1430, Hydrochloric acid, 886, 909, 1350,
1443 1407, 1546
fault tree analysis, 1431 azeotropic mixtures (HCI + H20), 1551
Hazard protection and mitigation, 1421 byproduct, 1350
chlorine release, 1438 conductivity, 1551
hazard analysis, 1428 electrolysis (see HCI electrolysis), 1361
inherent safety, 1423 enthalpy, 1547
mechanical integrity, 1426 freezing point, 1550
process design, 1423 from tai! gas
process safety management (PSM), 1423 synthesis of HCI, 886
Responsible Care®, 1436 heat effects in absorption, 888
safety equipment, 1421 hazards, 1407
safety-oriented programs, 1422 heat capacity, 1546, 1547
training, 1437 partial pressure, 1549
Hazard rating, 1403 solubility, 1548
Heat -affected zone, 1319 specific heat, 1549
Heat capacity surface tension, 1550
hydrochloric acid, 1546, 1547 viscosity, 1548
hydrogen, 1541 Hydrochloric acid electrolysis, 1361
H2, N2, 02, 1541, 1542 aqueous solution electrolysis, 1361
sodium chloride solution, 1506 indirect electrolysis, 1365
Heat content (see enthalpy), 75, 1016 Kyoto process, 1367
Heat of dilution (NaOH), 1517 Uhde process, 1362
Heat of solution (NaOH), 1517 vapor phase electrolysis, 1365
Heat/power ratio in cogeneration, 1175 Westvaco process, 1367
Heat transfer, 1063 Hydrochloric acid oxidation process, 1352
chlorine cooler, 771 Catalytic Carrier Process, 1357, 1360
conduction, 1063 Deacon process, 1352
convection, 1064 Kel-Chlor process, 1353
evaporation, 1066 MT Chior process, 1355
in brine, 1027 regenerative oxidation, 1352
Newton's law, 1064 Weldon process, 1352
radiation, 1065 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), 836
Heat transfer duty curves Hydrodynamics, 1048
chlorine cooler, 773, 787 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), 836
hydrogen cooler, 938 Hydrogen electrode reaction, 83, 97, 99,
Height of transfer unit (see chlorine cooler), 107,261
380, 780 Hydrogen header control, 1135
Henry's law, 681, 1067 atmospheric pressure operation, 1135
Hess's law, 1021 positive pressure operation, 1138
High-performance membranes, 355 safety systems, 1140
High-temperature corrosion, 1323 Hydrogen peroxide
liquid metal corrosion, 1324 as decolorizing agent, 986
molten salt corrosion, 1324 handling of, 683
nitriding, 1324 in dechlorination, 682
1572 INDEX
Hydrogen purge, 1140 Incompressible fluid flow, 1052

Hydrogen purification, 939 Indoor vs outdoor cell rooms, 706
removal of mercury, 939 Industrial hygiene, 1401
as calomel, 941 INEOS cells, 433
by activated carbon, 939 Inhibitors (see corrosion inhibition), 1309
removal of oxygen, 942 Instrument air, 1199
Hydrogen systems, 909, 927, 1134 Instrumentation commissioning, 1232
combustion, 930 Instrumentation system design, 1089
commissioning, 1243 design coordination, 1091
compression, 934, 1143 nomenclature, 1090
control se1ection of control systems, 1092
compressed hydrogen distribution, 1146 Insulated gate bipolar thyristor, 1477
compressor discharge pressure, 1145 Integrated gate commuted thyristor, 1477
diaphragm celi systems, 1147 Integrated production of EDC, 1478
cooling, 936 Interface, control systems, 1100
energy economy, 929 Intergranular corrosion, 1318, 1320
explosion hazard, 943 Interna! energy, 75
fuel cell, 931 International Commission on Non-Ionizing
hazards,909,943, 1407 Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), 760
embrittlement of stee1, 943, 1322 Ion exchange, 606, 1080, 1236
explosion, 909, 943 basic principles, 606
fire, 944 breakthrough curve, 610
physica1 properties, 1539 brine,606, 1236
processing, 40, 451 capacity, 312, 607
so1ubility, 1540 chemical ana1ysis, 625
uses, 928 commissioning, 1236
Hydrogen damage, 244, 1324 effects of operating variables, 611
Hydro1ysis constant (see ch1orine), 1501 ion exchange system control, 1102
Hydrostatic test (see precommissioning), 1227 mechanical details, 618
Hydroxide precipitates, 542 column internals, 618
Hypochlorites, 1372, 1403, 1451 delivery of regenerants, 622
analyses, 1386 materials of construction, 619
calcium hypoch1orite, 1389 number of beds, 620
chemical production, 1378 merry-go-round operation, 622
decomposition, 1380 recontamination of brine, 623
electrochemical production, 1373 regeneration effluent, 617, 1450
electrode processes, 1376 regeneration sequence, 616
membrane cell process, 1374 required bed volume for multiple species, 614
on-site production, 1373 simultaneous removal of two species, 613
undivided cells, 1375 space velocity, 612
filtration, 1385 Ion-exchange membranes, 306, 355,421, 1445,
hazards, 1403 1473
materials of construction, 1383 Aci plex®, 307
miscellaneous applications, 1388 anion transport, 333
reduction (see dechlorination), 118 bilayered membrane, 307, 355
safety, 1388 blistering, 348, 350, 359
specifications, 1386 brine quality, 353
wastes, 1451 conductivity, 316
damage to, 343, 350
diffusivity in, 320
e1ectroosmosis, 332
1 equivalent weight (EW), 308, 312
Flemion®, 307
Impedance spectroscopy, 147 handling, 1247
Impingement attack, 1320 high-performance membranes, 355
Impurity effects, membrane cells, 538 impurity effects, 337, 341, 354
Impurity-resistant membranes, 1474 impurity-resistant membranes, 1474
INDEX 1573
installation, 1249 Length of transfer zone, 676

ion exchange capacity, 312 LeSueur diaphragm cell, 20
leakage test, 1253 Lime-soda process, 35
Nafion®, 307 Limiting current density, 105
network model, 309 Linear polarization method, 1307
operating conditions, 1273 Liquefaction (see chlorine processing)
osmotic pressure, 332 Liquid-phase adsorption, 1078
perftuorinated membranes, 306 Liquid-ring compressor control, 1121
perftuorocarboxylate, 307, 355 Liquid-ring pump, 818, 1203
perftuorosulfonate, 307, 355 Liquid wastes, 1448
performance, 341 caustic, 1449
pH/NaOH concentration profile, 342 hypochlorite, 1451
physicochemical properties, 31 O ion exchange regenerants, 1450
reinforcement, 358, 362 process condensate, 1448
selectivity, 313 refrigerant, 1451
structure, 308, 355 su1furic acid, 1448
tears, 350 utility system blowdown, 1450
water content/uptake, 31 O, 317 Local measurements in cell rooms, 1116
water transport, 333 Localized corrosion, 1296, 1314
Ion-exchange resin bed Logarithmic mean sectional area, 1064
length of transfer zone, 608 Low-pressure storage of chlorine, 853
multi-bed system, 620 Lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL),
Ion hydration energy/waters of 1409
hydration, 1558 Luggin-Haber probe, 132
Iron losses (see transformers), 715
Isentropic expansion and compression, 809,
1058, 1206 M
Isocyanates, 1350
Isothermal change, 1017
MacMullin number, 156, 205, 277, 286, 301
Isotherrnal compression, 1060
Magnesium chloride electrolysis, 1370
Dow process, 1370
Norsk Hydro process, 1371
K Magnetic field, 734, 758
Maintenance manual, 1225
Kel-Chlor process, 1353 Makeup water control in brine system, 1095
Kellner, K., 30 Marsh cell, 23
k-factor/vo1t-ampere curve, 206, 725, 1465 Mass balance
Kinetics/reaction kinetics, 95, 1303 membrane cells, 453
Kinetic parameters anode side, 456
chlorine electrode process, 111, 120, 201 cathode side, 456
hydrogen electrode process, 201, 247 reactor, 168, 1013
oxygen electrode process, 120, 124, 201 Mass transfer
Kirchoff's law, 395 diaphragm, 279
Krebskosmo cell, 403 membrane, 323
modeling, 281
Mass transfer coefficient, 779, 1068
Mass transfer controlled process, 104
L Material hazards, 1402
asbestos, 1413
Laboratory control analyses, 1287 caustic soda and potash, 1407
Laminar ftow, 1050 chlorine and hypochlorites, 1403
Langmuir adsorption isotherrn, 107, 1075 hydrochloric acid, 1407
Laplace equation, 396, 1032 hydrogen, 1407
Latent heat, 1016, 1060 mercury, 1408
Leakage test for membranes, 1253 miscellaneous materials, 1416
Leakage current (see parasi tic current) nitrogen trich1oride, 1415
LeBlanc process, 17 sulfuric acid, 1408
1574 INDEX
Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 1402 medical surveillance, 1411

Material specifications in .cell room, 1276 monitoring, 1411
brine purity, 1276 protective equipment, 1412
demineralized water, 1277 Merry-go-round system (see ion exchange), 622
hydrochloric acid, 1277 Metal catalysts in dech1orination, 687
Materials of construction Migration ofions (see mass transfer), 281, 333
brine, 527, 619, 1329 Mist elimination (see chlorine), 1120
brine evaporator, 486 Mist elimination (see su1furic acid), 805
calcium chloride, 524 Mist ftow (see ftow patterns), 1055
caustic system, 948, 1336 Mitigation of chlorine release, 1404, 1438
cell components, 1329 Mixed gases
cells, 1329 explosive 1imits, 1541
cell room, 1331 heat capacity, 1541, 1542
chlor-alkali plant, 1346 thermal conductivity, 1542
chlorine system, 767, 814, 858, 1333 Mixed potential, 1301, 1305, 1306
hydrochloric acid, 633 Modeling (see bypass current), 394
hydrogen peroxide, 683 Modified asbestos diaphragm, 26, 290
hypochlorite system, 1383 Mo1ten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), 1472
potassium chloride, 492 Molten salt electrolysis, 1368
steels in hydrogen service, 943 production of magnesium, 1370
sulfuric acid, 801, 802 production of sodium, 1368
McCabe-Thiele diagram, 674, 1084 Monitoring of plant operation, 1286
Mechanical factors/corrosion, 1297 analytical program, 1287
Mechanical integrity, 1426 current efficiency determination, 1288
Mechanical pressure relief (see chlorine), 899 operating data, 1286
Mechanical vapor recompression, 484 voltage monitoring, 1290
steam economy, 485 Monopolar cells, 33, 388
Membranes (see ion-exchange membranes), MT Chior process, 1355
421, 1445, 1473 Multiple-effect evaporation, 481
Membrane cells/processes, 31, 39,413,426,448 steam economy, 482
Asahi Glass cells, 432 Multistage ejectors, 1208
Asahi Kasei cells, 428
caustic system, 946, 1152
Chlorine Engineers cells, 429
current efficiency, 176 N
decomposition voltage, 196
ELTECH cells, 432 Nafion® membranes, 33, 307, 362, 364
hydrogen system control, 1135 Nanofiltration (see sulfate control), 639, 1475
INEOS cells, 433 operating resu1ts, 640
Uhde cells, 436 module construction, 641
Membrane filtration, 604 National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Mercury cells, 28, 38, 398, 447 Health (NIOSH), 1407
caustic system, 945, 1149 Navier-Stokes equation, 1054
control, 1149 Nelson diagram (see hydrogen damage), 943
in tandem with membrane cells, 945 Nernst equation, 78, 1302
current deficiency, 182 Nernst-Planck equation, 333
decommissioning, 1290 Network model (see perfluorinated membrane),
decomposition voltage, 198 309
hydrogen system control, 1135 Neumann boundary conditions, 1032
Mercury-containing waste, 1452 New Desulfation System (NDS), 638
air emissions, 1454 Newton's equationlheat transfer, 1064
solids, 1454 Nickel in caustic service, 949, 950, 1343
waste water, 1456 Nitrogen, 1201, 1215
Mercury rocking cell, 31 Nitrogen trichloride, 826, 912, 1415
Mercury toxicology, 1408 accumulation, 826, 913, 920
hygiene, 1412 avoidance, 915
mechanisms, 1409 decomposition in vaporizers, 923
INDEX 1575
decomposition rate, 917 Oxygen cathodes, 122,933, 1027, 1466

destruction,917,923 Oxygen content in cell gas, 186, 188, 923
detection, 916 Oxygen evolution processes, 116, 186, 191
fractionation, 919 Ozone depletion potential (ODP), 70, 836
sources, 913
vapor pressure, 920
Nonasbestos diapbragms, 25, 293 p
Nonmetallic materials, 1325
Non-Random Two-Liquid Model (NRTL), 840
Packaged instrumentation, 1159
Nonsteady state technique, 142
Packed column/gas absorption, 1071
(see electrochemical techniques)
Parasitic current, 391, 738, 1332
Norsk Hydro process for magnesium
measurement, 397
production, 13 71
minimization, 398
Number of transfer units (NTU), 380
modeling/equivalent circuit, 395
air stripper, 676
Paris Marine Commission (PARCOM), 60
chlorine cooler, 780
Particle size distribution (PSD), 491, 496
gas absorption, 1071
Passivation, 1308
Nyquist plot (see AC impedance method), 149
Peclet number, 302
Penetration theory of gas
absorption, 1068
o Perfiuorinated membranes, 306, 355
(see ion-exchange membranes)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Performance
(OSHA), 1413 anode,224,235
Ohmic drop, 201 cathode, 244, 265
Olin mercury cells, 403 electrolyzers, 399, 413, 415
On-line analyzers, 1287 membranes, 341
On-the-job training, 1221 Permeability of porous media, 278
Operating conditions in membrane cells, 346, Personal protective equipment, 1402, 1421
1273 Pesticides, 56, 68
brine concentration, 1274, 1283 pH control in brine system, 1103
brine pH, 1276 pH profile in membranes, 342
caustic concentration, 1274, 1283 Phase angle/power factor, 150,720,
current density, 1283 735,741,744 (see electric power
electrolyzer feed rates, 1284 management)
recording, 1286 Phase diagrams
temperatures, 1275, 1284, 1285 FeCl3-H20 system, 770
Operating manual, 1223 Na2C03-H20 system, 555
Operating parameters, recording of, 1286 NaC1-HzO system, 500
Operating specifications, cell room, 1271 NaCl-NazS04-H20 system, 647
Operating variables (membrane cells), 458 NaOH-H20 system, 1521
Operation under pressure, 1480 Phosgene,68
advantages and disadvantages, 1481 Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), 1472
cell operation, 1482 Physical properties
chlorine compression and liquefaction, 1486 barium salts
chlorine cooling, 1483 solubility, 1556
chlorine drying, 1485 bleach
Operator analyses, 1287 specific gravity, 1552
Organic inhibitors, 1311 calcium chloride
Organic materials of construction, 1325 specific gravity of solutions, 1560
Osmotic pressure, 332 calcium sulfate
Outhenin-Chalandre cell, 20 solubility, 1557, 1558
Overview of chlor-alkali industry, 37 chlorine
Overvoltage (overpotential), 97 density, 1499, 1535, 1536
Oxidation states of chlorine, 81, 1349 general properties, 1532
Oxide-coated anodes (see coated anodes ), 212 latent heat of vaporization, 1537
Oxychlorination, 1358 solubility, 1534, 1535
1576 INDEX
Physical properties Contd. sodium carbonate solutions

chlorine Contd. specific gravity, 1553
specific heat, 1500, 1538 viscosity, 1553
thermal conductivity, 1500, 1539 sodium chloride
thermodynamic properties, 1533 activity coefficient, 1504
vapor pressure, 1499, 1537 angle of repose, 494
viscosity, 1500, 1536 boiling point, 1507
hydrochloric acid conductivity, 1509
azeotropic mixtures ofHCl + H20, 1551 density, 1497
conductivity, 1551 density (NaCI + NaOH), 1501
enthalpy, 1547 Diihring diagram, 1507
freezing point, 1550 enthalpy, 1497, 1508
heat capacity, 1546, 1547 equivalent conductance, 1509
partial pressure, 1549 freezing point, 1508
solubility, 1548 general properties, 496
specific heat, 1549 heat capacity, 1506
surface tension, 1550 osmotic pressure, 1504
viscosity, 1548 specific heat, 1503
hydrogen solubility, 490, 509, 1496, 1497
explosive limits, 1541 solubility (NaCI + NaOH), 1518
generalproperties, 1539 specific gravity, 1502, 1505
heat capacity, 1541 surface tension, 1503
solubility, 1540 thermal conductivity, 1509
thermal conductivity, 1542 uniformity coefficient, 496
viscosity, 1542 vapor pressure, 1497, 1506
nitrogen trichloride viscosity, 1505
general properties, 1415 sodium hydroxide
vapor pressure, 920 activity coefficient, 1524
potassium carbonate solutions boiling point, 1521
specific gravity, 1553 conductivity, 1523
viscosity, 1553 density, 1498
potassium chloride solutions Diihring diagram, 1522
activity coefficient, 1515 enthalpy, 1522
boiling point, 1514 generalproperties, 1516
conductivity, 1515 heat of dilution, 1517
density, 1498, 1510 heat of solution, 1517
freezing point, 1514 phase diagram, 1521
heat capacity, 1512 solubility (NaCI + NaOH), 1518
solubility, 490, 1510 specific gravity, 1516
specific heat, 1498 specific heat, 1519
vapor pressure, 1513 surface tension, 1523
viscosity, 1511 thermal conductivity, 1524
potassium hydroxide solutions vapor pressure, 152
activity coefficient, 1531 viscosity, 1518
boiling point, 1527, 1528 sodium sulfate
conductivity, 1530 solubility, 647
freezing point, 1528, 1529 water
heat capacity, 1526 pH, 1554
heat of solution, 1529 vapor pressure, 1554
specific gravity, 1525 Piping materials
specific heat, 1499 brine system, 748
thermal conductivity, 1524, 1525 catholyte system, 749
vapor pressure, 1527 chlorine system, 745
viscosity, 1526 FRP laminates, 746
sodium amalgam hydrogen system, 747
activity coefficient, 86 Pitting corrosion, 1317
equilibrium potentials, 199 Planck's constant, 95
INDEX 1577
Plant air, 1196 vapor pressure, 1527

Plant operation, 1263 viscosity, 1526
brine acidification, 1263 Potential sweep method, 142
initial startup, 1256 Pourbaix diagrams, 1301
electrolyzer startup and Power factor/phase angle, 741
shutdown, 1264, 1267 improvement with capacitors, 742
load changes, 1262 Power measurement, 735
normal operation, 1261 PPG/DeNora Glanor® cell, 405
Plant performance test, 1268 Prandtl number, 776
Plug ftow (see ftow patterns ), 1055 Precipitation of brine impurities, 545, 1058 (see
Pneumatic test (see precommissioning), 1228 clarification and thickening)
Polarization curve, 128, 137, 1305 calcium carbonate, 548
Polarization measurements, 128, 137 chemicals supply, 552
galvanostatic, 137 concentrations of precipitants, 557
potentiostatic, 137 effects of Ca:Mg ratio, 558
Polarization resistance method, 1307 magnesium hydroxide, 546
Polycarbonate, 56 postprecipitation, 550, 560
Polyramix® diaphragms, 26, 293, 294,410 simultaneous precipitation of Ca and Mg, 550
Polytropic compression, 1060 sulfate-calcium, 551
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 49, 55 sources of barium ion, 551
Porosity of diaphragms, 205, 275, 276 calcium vs barium, 552
Positive materials identification), 1428 use of co2 gas, 562
Postprecipitation (see precipitation) Precipitation patterns of hydroxides, 542
Potassium carbonate solutions, 1553 Precoat (see filtration)
specific gravity, 1553 Precommissioning (see commissioning), 1226
viscosity, 1553 control systems, 1230
Potassium chloride, 487, 1498, 1510 ftushing and cleaning, 1226
activity coefficient, 1515 packaged equipment, 1230
beneficiation, 489 pressure testing, 1227
boiling point, 1514 punch lists, 1229
caking, 499 Preparation
conductivity, 1515 coated anodes, 212
crystallization, 490 deposited diaphragms, 295
density, 1498, 151 O Pressure drop
ftotation, 489 compressible ftow, 1052
freezing point, 1514 noncompressible ftow, 1052
beat capacity, 1512 Pressurized electrolysis, 1481
materials of construction, 492 Pressurized storage (see chlorine storage), 852
partide size distribution, 491, 496 Primary dechlorination (see dech1orination), 670
solubility, 490, 1510 Primary filtration (see filtration), 588
sources, 487 Primary current distribution, 1031
specific beat, 1498 Process control, 459, 749
storage, 492 brine clarifier, 1098
sylvinite, 488 brine concentration, 1094
vapor pressure, 1513 brine feed to cells, 1104
viscosity, 1511 brine filters, 1099
Potassium hydroxide solutions, 15, brine pump tank level, 1096
1499, 1525 brine purge, 1106, 1109, 1111
activity coefficient, 1531 brine saturation system, 1093
boiling point, 1527, 1528 brine system inventory, 1094
conductivity, 1530 brine treatrnent tanks, 1097
freezing point, 1528, 1529 cell room, 749, 1111, 1114
beat of solution, 1529 control and measuring devices, 749
beat capacity, 1526 effects of magnetic field, 752
specific gravity, 1525 header pressure control and safety systems,
specific beat, 1499 1114
thermal conductivity, 1524, 1525 chlorine compressor, 821, 1125
1578 INDEX
Process control Contd. Recovery of chlorine (see dechlorination), 670

chlorine drying, 798, 1118 Rectifier/transformer, 717, 1247, 1477
dechlorination system, 1109 arrangement, 719,723
evaporator production rate, 1159 control, 718
hydrogen discharge pressure, 1135, 1138, design considerations, 719
1145 diode rectifiers, 717
ion exchange process, 1101 distortion, 722
makeup water to brine system, 1095 electrica! efficiency, 736
pH control in brine system, 1103 harmonics, 720
Process hazards, 1419 alleviation, 721
Process safety management (PSM), 1423 interference with communications, 722
Process/utility connections, 1212 multi-pulse system, 721
Product quality operation in parallel, 724
chlorate in caustic, 191, 985, 989 semiconductor rectifiers, 717
diaphragm cell caustic, 41, 983,986 thyristor rectifiers, 717
membrane cell caustic, 339, 986 uncontrolled diode plus DC chopper, 1477
oxygen in chlorine, 186,923 Reference electrodes, 92, 129
Product recovery calomel electrode, 92, 130
caustic soda, 451 copper-cupric sulfate electrode, 132
chlorine, 449 hydrogen electrode, 92, 129
hydrogen,451 mercury-based electrodes, 130
Production capacity/demand, 47, 52 silver-silver chloride electrode, 93, 132
Programmable logic controller (PLC), 1092 Refrigerants, 835, 1451
Propylene chorohydrin, 67 ammonia, 837
Protection potential, 1318 chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), 835
Protective equipment, 1405, 1421 (also see chlorohydrofluorocarbons (HCFC), 836
under relevant hazards) flarnmability in chlorine, 836
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), 836
1472 Regeneration (see ion exchange), 615, 1450
Pseudocapacitance, 143 Relative volatility, 1082
Purification of products Resaturation (see salt dissolving), 509,511,513
caustic,983 Resistivity (see conductivity)
hydrogen,939 Responsible Care®, 67, 874, 1431, 1436
Purified air, 1198 Retired brine caverns, 1452
Purified water, 1191 Reverse osmosis, 472, 1475
boiler feedwater, 1194 Reversible potentials, 81
deaeration, 1195 amalgam electrode, 200
demineralized water, 1191 chlorine electrode, 197
evaporator condensate, 1192 hydrogen electrode, 197
oxygen scavengers, 1196 Reynolds number, 115, 141,275, 1052
soft water, 1191 Risk analysis, 1443
Rotating electrodes, 141
Rupture/breakdown potential, 1318
R
Radiation, 1065 s
Rake (see clarifier)
Raney nickel cathode, 252 Safety devices in chlorine lines, 895
Raoult's law, 1081 mechanical relief, 899
Rapid dissolving (see selective dissolving, pressure/vacuum seal, 897
short-contact dissolver) water seal, 895
Rate constant, 95 Safety equipment, 1402, 1421
Rate-controlling step, 101, 110 Safety management, 1256, 1402
Reaction kinetics, 95, 1303 Safety-oriented programs, 1422
Reaction rate/current density, 95 Salt (see sodium chloride)
Rebuilding of cells - see cell renewal brine, 466
Record of operating parameters, 1286 byproduct salt, 47 6
INDEX 1579
caking, 492, 499 Selective dissolving, 519

crystallization, 470, 487 common-ion effect, 523
dissolving, 509,511,513 supply of CaCI2, 524
evaporator salt (CP salt), 995 control of process, 519
freezing, 500 short-contact dissolver, 520
halite, 488 solubility inhibitors, 521
handling, 495 Selective leaching/dealloying, 1319
inland sources, 475 Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA),
mining, mechanical, 466, 467 1406
mining, solution, 515 Sensible heat, 1016, 1060
from domes, 515 Shunt current/parasitic current, 391, 738, 1332
from stratified deposits, 516 Shutdown
partide size distribution effect on anodes, 228, 231
(PSD), 496 effect on cathodes, 248, 263
refining, 478 effect on diaphragms, 300
rock salt, 466 effect on membranes, 351
selective dissolving, 519 effect on product quality, 251, 336
sources, 465 for maintenance, 1267
solar salt, 469 in emergency, 1266
solubility, 509, 1496, 1497 normal, 1264
storage, 492 Sigma embrîttlement, 1340
transfer, 501 Silica (see brîne impurities), 651
vacuum pan salt, 475 Silver-silver chlorîde electrode, 93
vacuum purîfied, 480 Similar exposure groups (SEG), 1405, 1411
washing, 478 Simultaneous precipitation of Ca and Mg, 550
Salt dissolvers, 512 Slug flow (see flow patterns), 1055
Salt domes, 467 Soda ash, causticization of, 1389
Salt mine engineering, 469 Sodium, production of, 1368
Salt splitting, 1392 Sodium amalgam (see amalgam)
Salt transport Sodium chlorîde, 1496, 1502
belt conveyors, 501 activity coefficient, 1504
bucket elevators, 503 angle of repose, 494
conveyor drîve systems, 507 boiling point, 1507
feeders, 507 conductivity, 1509
pneumatic conveyors, 508 density, 1497
screw conveyors, 504 density (NaCI + NaOH), 1501
slurry transfer, 508 Diihring diagram, 1507
Sand filter, 588 entha1py, 1497, 1508
Scanning tunneling microscopy, 150 equivalent conductance, 1509
Scheele, C.W., 2 freezing point, 1508
Schmidt number, 777 heat capacity, 1506
Schwartz-Chrîstoffel transformation, 1035 osmotic pressure, 1504
Screen sizes, 498 physical properties, 496
Scrubbers/chlorîne, 901 solubility, 490, 509, 1496, 1497
administrative control, 905 solubility (NaCI + NaOH), 1518
apparatus, 902 specific gravity, 1502, 1505
chemistry, 901 specific heat, 1503
collection systems, 903 surface tension, 1503
mass transfer in, 906 thermal conductivity, 1509
Sea salt (see solar salt) uniformity coefficient, 496
Seawater (see brîne) vapor pressure, 1497, 1506
composition of, 470 viscosity, 1505
electrodialysis of, 478 wet storage, 512
Secondary current distribution, 1036 Sodium hydroxide, 1516
Secondary dechlorînation (see dechlorînation), activity coefficient, 1524
678 boiling point, 1521
Sedimentation (see precipitation), 566, 1057 conducitivity, 1523
1580 INDEX
Sodium bydroxide Contd. bydrogen, 1540

density, 1498 sulfur compounds, 678
Diihring diagram, 1522 various salts, 1559
enthalpy, 1522 Solubility inhibitor, 521
beat of di1ution, 1517 Solubility products, 650
beat of so1ution, 1517 Solvay process, 17
pbase diagram, 1521 Specific beat, 1016, 1060, 1498, 1499, 1500,
pbysical properties, 1516 1503, 1519, 1538, 1544, 1549
so1ubi1ity (NaCl + NaOH), 1518 Spray flow (see flow patterns ), 1055
specific gravity, 1516 Specific gravity
specific beat, 1519 bleacb, 1552
surface tension, 1523 calcium cbloride solution, 1560
thermal conductivity, 1524 bydrocbloric acid, 1552
vapor pressure, 1520 sodium cbloride, 1502, 1505
viscosity, 1518 sodium bydroxide, 1516
Sodium bypocblorite Specific beat
(see bypocblorites), 1378 cblorine, 1500, 1538
Sodium sulfate (Glauber's bydrocbloric acid, 1549
salt), 647, 997 sodium bydroxide, 1519
Sodium sulfate electrolysis, 1393 Standard electrode potential, 79, 1300
Solar salt, 469 Standard bydrogen electrode (SHE), 83, 92
energy efficiency in Star connection in transformers, 715
production,475 Startup, 1256, 1267
evaporation of seawater, 473 Steam cycle in cogeneration, 1174
fractional crystallization of, 4 71 Steam jets, 1203
inland sources, 475 Steam systems, 1171
percolation ofbrine, 474 steam, 1171
pond management, 471 steam condensate, 1173
seawater intake, 472 treatment cbemicals, 1173
structure of particle, 478 Steam turbines, 1174
Solid waste, 1445 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 1066
asbestos, 1445 Stoicbiometric coefficient (number), 77, 107
brine sludges, 1446 Storage and berthing of
filter solids, 1447 membrane cells, 1254
membranes, 1445 Storage of solid raw materials
miscellaneous solids, 1447 potassium chloride, 492
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), 1472 soda ash, 553
Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), 1467 sodium chloride, 492
Solid caustic, production of, 987 Storage policy, brine, 525
Solid removal, 1057 Stratified flow (see flow patterns ), 1055
Solubility Stray current (see parasitic Cl!rrent)
BaS04, 645 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 1320 (see
CaS04,644, 1557,1558 materials of construction, corrosion
crystalline forms of, 643 prevention)
HCI, 629, 1548 Sulfate control, 634
KCl, 490, 1498 crystallization, 64 7
NaCl,490, 1496,1497 Glauber's salt, 647
Na2S04, 647 low-sulfate salt, 634
NaCl + NaOH mixed solutions, 1518 chemically pure (CP), 635
NaCl-BaS04-H20 system, 645 vacuum-purified, 634
NaCl-CaS04-H20 system, 644 New Desulfation System (NDS), 638
NaCl-Na2S04-H20 system, 1559 removal from brine
barium salts, 1556 ion exchange, 638
cblorine,208,665,671, 1534,1535 nanofiltration, 639
in acid solution, 669 precipitation, 642
in brine, 669, 671 purge,636
in water, 665 removal from salt, 636
INDEX 1581
Sulfate ratio, 177 Townsend cell, 22

Sulfur compounds (see dechlorination), 678 Training of personnel, 1220, 1427
Sulfuric acid, 1118, 1408, 1448, 1543 Transfer hoses for liquid chlorine, 869
density, 1543 Transformers, 713, 1247
enthalpy, 1545 commissioning, 1247
freezing point, 1545 copper losses, 715
hazards, 1408, 1448 iron losses, 715
heat generation, 1546 phase voltage, 716
specific heat, 1544 principle of operation, 714
vapor pressure, 1544 star connection, 715
viscosity, 1543 Y-L'. configuration, 715
Supplied-air respirator, 1406 Transgranular corrosion, 1320
Surface analysis, 150 Transpassivation, 1308
Surface coverage, 97 Transport number, 106
Surface ten sion Trihalomethanes, 57
hydrochloric acid, 1550 Trona, 1391
sodium chloride, 1503 Turbulent flow, 1052, 1055
sodium hydroxide, 1523 Two-film theory of mass transfer, 1068
Symmetry factor, 96 Two-metal corrosion, 1313
Two-phase flow, 1055
T u
Tafel equation and Tafel slope, 98
Uhde cells
Tafel step, 99
membrane cells, 436
Tai! gas from chlorine liquefaction, 884
mercury cells, 402
recovery of chlorine, 884
Ultrafiltration, 147 5
as bleach, 890
Uniform general corrosion, 1313
as ferric chloride, 892
Uniformity coefficient, 496
by absorption/desorption, 885
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 1092
by synthesis of HCI, 886
Universal constants, 1491
miscellaneous processes, 894
Universal Quasi-Chemical Activity Coefficient
Temkin adsorption isotherm, 100 Model (UNIQUAC), 840
Tephram® diaphragms, 26, 294
U.S. chlor-alkali industry, 52
Tertiary current distribution, 1039 Utility piping systems, 1211
Theoretical plate/distillation, 1083 breathing air, 1214
Thermal conductivity dry air and nitrogen, 1215
H2, N2, 02, 1542 steam, 1214
chlorine, 1500, 1539 utility/process connections, 1212
sodium chloride, 1509 water, 1212, 1214
sodium hydroxide, 1524 Utility-process connections, 1212
Thermal vapor recompression, 486 Utility systems, 1169
Therrnobalance vo1tage, 1027 backup systems, 1201
Thermodynamic properties/chlorine, 1533 Utility system blowdown, 1450
Thermodynamics, 75, 1014, 1297
first law, 1014
Therrnoneutral voltage, 1023
Thickening (see clarification) V
Threshold limiting vall}eS (TLV), 1402,
1405, 1458 (see under relevant Vacuum systems, 1201
materials) hybrid systems, 1208
Thyristors (see rectifiers), 1477 liquid-ring pumps, 1203
Time-to-failure of membranes, 343 process control, 1210
Toxic gas release modeling, 1435 sources, 1202
Tortuosity, 157,276 stream jets, 1204
Total chlorine free (TCF) bleaching, 57 vapor condensers, 1208
1582 INDEX
Vapor release from process, 1438 Voltage balance, 1013, 1025

Vapor phase electrolysis of Voltage monitoring, 1290
HCI, 1365
Vapor phase inhibitors, 1311
Vapor pressure w
chlorine, 1499, 1536
ferric chloride hydrates, 769
Wagner number, 1038
potassium chloride, 1498
Waste disposal, 518, 1445
sodium chloride, 1497, 1506
Water balance in membrane cells, 444
sodium hydroxide, 1520
Water systems, 1177
Vapor recompression
chilled water, 1188
evaporation, 484
cooling water, 1180
Vaporization of chlorine, 881
purified water, 1191
Ventilation, 712
sources and their quality, 1177
Vertical electrolyzers, 1040
treatment, 1179
View factor/radiation, 1066
Water transport in membranes, 333
Viny1 ch1oride monomer
Water transport coefficient, 460
(VCM), 4, 67
Wave flow (see flow pattems), 1055
Vinylidene chloride, 56
Weld decay, 1319
Viscosity
Westvaco process, 1367
chlorine, 1499, 1536
Wheatstone bridge, 153
hydrochloric acid, 1548
sodium chloride, 1505
sodium hydroxide, 1518
Volatility, 1082
y
Volcano p1ots, 109
Volmer step, 99 Y-~ configuration, 715

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Appendix

Avogadro's constant NA 6.022 x 1023 moi- 1

1 100 1000 39.37 3.281

1 1 X 104 1.550 X 103 10.76 2.471 x 10-4

1 are = 100 m2, 1 hectare = 100 ares.

1000 35.31 264.2

1 British galion= 1.201 US gallons, 1 ft3 = 1728in. 3;

kg g lb metric ton US ton UKton

1 X 103 2.205 1 x 10- 3 1.102 x 10- 3 9.824 x w- 4

gcm- 3 kgm- 3 = gL -! Ib n- 3 lb/US gal

1000 62.43 8.345

kW kgms- 1 lbfts- 1 HP kcalhc 1 BTUhr- 1

1 1.02 X 102 7.376 X 102 1.341 8.604 X 102 3.415 X 103

Joule kgr m lbr ft kWhr HPhr Latm kcal BTU

0.102 0.7376 2.778 x w- 7 3.725 x w- 7 9.869 x w- 3 2.390 x w- 4 9.486 x w-•

1 2.778 x 10- 3 0.672 5.600 x 10- 2

1.02 14.5 0.9869 0.75 10.21 100

1 bar= 1 megadynecm- 2, 1 megadyne = 106 dyne, 1 mmHg = 1 Torr.

100 0.1 360 6.720 x 1o-2 2.419 X 102

Heat transfer coefficient

2.778 x 10- 5 0.2048

mAcm- 2 Adm- 2 kAm- 2 Ain- 2 Aft- 2

0.1 0.01 0.00694 0.9294

Wt% = 26.2516- o.ooi235t + 4.8755 x w- 5t 2

2. Solubility ofNaCl in NaOH

S = 0.009c2 - 0.895c + 0.0003125t 2 + 22.95

20°C: y = 0.4718x + 0.01714x 2

H = 111.3611 + 0.274305c- 0.0076797c 2

+ 0.999216t- 0.013J122ct + 1.77404 X 10- 4 c2 t

Specific Gravity = Q + Re+ Sc 2

s = 27.8054 + 0.30925t - 0.00211584t 2

2. Vapor pressure lowering

p = 1.0016- 3.525 x w- 4 t - 1.625 x w- 6 t 2 + 5.833 x w- 3 P

Specific Gravity = Q +Re+ Sc 2 + Tc 3

Specific heat at 18°C = 1- 1.648 X w- 3c + 5.1574 X w- 6 c2 - 8.5826 X w- 9c 3

log P = 31.9142- 1811.8011/ T - 10.989096log T + 0.00732037T

Vapor pressure (kPa) = (100.403898- 0.07629155t- 0.0009227t 2 )

3. Density of liquid chlorine

p = 573 + l060.6083Y- 160.418Y 2 + 837.08192Y 3 - 247.20716Y 4

4. Viscosity of liquid chlorine

5. Therma1 conductivity of liquid ch1orine

k = 0.2458-3.094 x 10-4 T- 4.053 x 10- 7 T 2

Cp = 0.605770219-4.6076698 x 10- 5 T- 41.8722507 /T

1nk = -2.7230- 1004.4/(T + 202.68)

9. Dissociation constant ofhypoch1orous acid

K = 3.7508 x w- 6 exp ( -1450.6)

10. Hydrolysis constant of chlorine

Cl2(aq) + H20 = HOCl + HCl

Ch(aq) + Cl- = Cl_3

K = 6.4498 X w- 3 exp ( 1030.87)

NaOH + NaCl solutions

p = 1.00686 + 0.01147527CNaOH- 0.1722033 X 10- 4 C~aOH

TABLE Fl. Specific Gravity ofNaCl Solutions

Be Specific NaCl Solution NaCl H20

2.0 1.01405 1.938 1013.167 19.635 993.532

(With permission from Japan Soda lndustry Association)

TABLEF2. Specific Heat of NaCI Solutions

% -10°C 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C