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Systems and their Properties

Daniel Navarro Gevers 08.09.2020

1.Systems and their properties

This presentation is only meant for internal use for the students in the current
semester. Do not share this presentation with third parties.

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 1.Systems and their properties

Targets of the chapter:

- Analyze different system and their properties

- Understand stability and instability

- Understand positive and negative Feedback

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1.Systems and their properties

Sources for the pictures

Picture 1.02 : https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1327356 (2020)

Picture 1.03: Julian Herzog, wikipedia under Eurofighter (2020)
Picture 1.04: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phugoid (2020)
Picture 1.05 : Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Prof. h.c. Torsten Bertram. TU Dortmunt.
Vorlesungspräsentation (2020)
Picture 1.06 : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost (2020)
Picture 1.08 : https://news.usc.edu/40390/usc-professor-named-among-the-
worlds-top-innovators/ (2020)
Pictures 1.09: http://software.imdea.org/projects/averist/ (2020)
1.Systems and their properties

Sources for the pictures

Picture 1.10 : https://www.hs-

bremen.de/internet/hsb/struktur/.../manual_rotorblatt.pdf (2020)
Picture 1.12: : Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Prof. h.c. Torsten Bertram. TU Dortmund.
Vorlesungspräsentation (2020)
1.Systems and their properties

1 System Definition
2 Examples for Systems
3 System properties definition
4 Mathematical representation

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 1.Systems and their properties

Definition of System:
A system is an interdependent group of items forming a unified whole. It has
spatial and temporal boundaries. It is surrounded and influenced by its
environment. It can be described by its function.

input u(t) output y(t)

-technical systems System
y(t)=f(u(t))
-biological systems
-economical systems
Picture 1.01: System as a block representation
-sociological systems

The inputs to the systems are the causes for the effects (outputs)

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1.Systems and their properties

Definition of System:
The block representation has the following properties
- clear directional behavior (Cause-effect)
- direction pointed by an arrow
- at least one input and one output
- The output is not coupled to the input

input u(t) output y(t)

System
y(t)=f(u(t))

Picture 1.01: System as a Block representation

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1.Systems and their properties

1 System Definition
2 Examples for Systems
3 System properties definition
4 Mathematical representation

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1.Systems and their properties
Examples of systems: Aeronautics

Aeronautics:
Passenger aircraft

Specifications:
Picture 1.02: aircraft
Medium speed
comfortable
Stable to atmospheric changes

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1.Systems and their properties
Examples of systems: Aeronautics

Aeronautics:
Jet Fighter

Specifications:
Picture 1.03: Eurofighter Typhoon EF2000
Fast reaction
High speed
Fast change of direction

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1.Systems and their properties
Examples of systems: Aeronautics

Aeronautics : Phugoid movement of an aircraft

Picture 1.04: Phugoid movement

Mathematical representation of the longitudinal movement of an aircraft

12 Source: Brockhaus: Flugregelung
1.Systems and their properties
Examples of systems: Aeronautics

Stable system

Unstable system

Picture 1.05: Stable and Unstable systems

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1.Systems and their properties
Examples of systems: Aeronautics

Picture 1.03: Eurofighter Typhoon EF2000

In order to better fulfill the specification the Eurofighter is built aerodynamically

unstable.

The computers (up to 83!) act continuously on the actuators in order to stabilize

the unstable system.

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1.Systems and their Properties
Examples of Systems: Global Warming
Global warming and permafrost: Positive Feedback

Permafrost melts

Temperature rises
Greenhaus gases
methane and carbon
dioxide are released.
Picture 1.06: Permafrost

Greenhaus effect
increases
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1.Systems and their Properties
Examples of systems: Operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier: Positive and Negative Feedback

R2 R2
Vin R1 Vin R1
Vout Vout
Gnd Gnd
Picture 1.07 Operational Amplifier with positive and negative Feedback

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑉𝑉+ − 𝑉𝑉− )

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1.Systems and their properties
Examples of systems: Individual Temperature Control

Picture 1.08 Temperature behaviour in an Office

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1.Systems and their Properties
Examples of systems:

Picture 1.09 Visual Conception of Stability

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1.Systems and their properties

1 System Definition
2 Examples for Systems
3 System properties definition
4 Mathematical representation

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1.Systems and their properties
System properties

Static System

A static system does not have any storage of energy, information or material. The relation
between input and output is given by an algebraic equation.
Examples: Circuit with a pure resistance, ideal temperature sensor, ideal speed sensor…

Dynamic System

A dynamic system has a storage for mass, energy or information. They are characterized by
means of differential equations.
Examples: Circuit R-L, Spring mass system

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1.Systems and their properties
System Properties

Concentrated Parameters

Definition of the system ideal elements: Spring as one spring constant. Electrical resistance of a 10 km
cable expressed in 1 value.

Ditributed Parameters

The parameters depend on other variables like the geometrical distribution of the system. Normally defined
by partial differential equations. The finite Element Method is a standard method to analyse these systems.

Picture 1.10 : Blade analysis by finite elements

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1.Systems and their properties
Time Amplitude
System Properties

Discrete vs Continuous System

continuous continuous

Q1 Classify the following signals according

continuous discrete
to the classification right:
- The heating level set in a hot plate
- Grade given in System Analysis Control
discrete continuous
- Position of the accelerator in a car

discrete discrete

Picture 1.11 : Time and Amplitude Signal Classification

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1.Systems and their properties
System Properties
Deterministic vs Stochastic

Deterministic is a system which is characterized by a mathematical model

Stochastic is a system which may be characterized by stochastic functions and variables,

like variance and average.

Q2 Classify the following signals according

to the classification:
- Weather prediction
- Current in a given RC circuit with given initial conditions and known parameters
- Grade at SAC
- Values of a dice which is thrown
- Wind speed at nacelle height of a wind turbine

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1.Systems and their properties
System properties

Linear System:

A System y = f (x) is linear if it fulfills:

1) f (x1) + f (x2) = f (x1 + x2)

2) K·f (x) = f (K·x)

We will normally work linear differential equations.

Q3 Indicate if the following functions are linear.

1) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏
𝑘𝑘
3) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 −𝑎𝑎

Example of a spring in linear range and non linear range.

If a given equation is not linear the normal approach is to linearise it in a range close to a given working
point.
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1.Systems and their properties
System properties

Causality
All physical system is causal, which means that the output of a system at a given t =
t0 only depends on the input on this system by a time t < t0.

Time invariant
A system is time invariant if the properties of the system do not change through the
time. An equal input applied to different time causes the same output. The output
y(t+t0) to an equal signal u(t+t0) does not depend on t0.

Concentrated parameters
A system will have concentrated parameters if the parameters do not depend on
any variable (like position).

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1.Systems and their Properties
System properties

Stability
A system is stable if every bounded input yields a bounded output. (BIBO)
definition of stability. A linear time-invariant system is unstable if the natural
responses grows without bound as time increases.

Picture 1.12 : Response in Stable and Unstable Systems

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1.Systems and their properties
System properties

Negative Feedback:
Negative feedback occurs in a system when the output of a system is fed back in a
way that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, caused by changes in the
input or by disturbances.

Positive Feedback:
Positive feedback occurs in a system when the output of a system is fed back in a
way that tends to increase the fluctuations in the output, caused by changes in the
input or by disturbances.

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1.Systems and their properties
System properties

Q4 Classify the following systems with the definitions given above:

1) Travel back in time

2) Mechanical rotational system with wear
3) Equivalent circuit of a generator with internal inductance and resistance by running at a nominal power
4) Finite Element Analysis of a Wind Turbine Blade
5) Dynammic motion of a car based on a combustion engine

Q5 Discuss if it is a great restriction to consider the systems linear, causal, time invariant and with
concentrated parameters

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