Tort Law

Aa¨vq 11
UU© Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î `vqe×Zv †_‡K gyw³ (extinction of

liability in tort);
UU© Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î `vqe×Zv wb‡¤œi †h †Kv‡bv cš’vq wbt‡kl n‡Z cv‡i A_ev gy³
n‡Z cv‡i;
1. `xN© w`b e¨vcx m¤§wZ A_ev Avcbvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi A¯^xK…wZ (

Acquiescence)
2. AwaKvi cwiZ¨vM Kiv ( waiver)
3. mš‘wó Ges ¶wZc~iY jvf Kiv ( accord and satisfaction)
4. iv‡qi welqe¯‘ hLb AwaKvi wn‡m‡e c~‡e© jvf Kiv nq Ges †im
RywWKvUv( wePvh© welq e¯‘ hLb c~‡e© Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g wb®úwË nq)
( Judgement recovered and res judicata)
5. Zvgvw` AvBb ( Statute of limitation)
6. g„Zy¨ ( Death)
1| `xN© w`b e¨vcx m¤§wZ A_ev Avcbvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi A¯^xK…wZ

(Acquiescence);
AwaKvi cwiZ¨vM Kivi A_© n‡”Q hLb GKwU AwaKvi jsNb Kiv nq Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb KZ©„c¶ AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯úó A_ev A¯úófv‡e AwaKvi j•N‡bi
weiæ‡× AvBbMZ c`‡¶c †_‡K hLb wb‡R‡K weiZ ivLvi welqwU Bw½Z Kiv nq |
Ggb welqwU msMwVZ nq hLb †Kvb e¨w³ AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zvi AwaKvi jsNb K‡i
Ab¨ e¨w³‡K Ggb Bw½Z cÖ`vb K‡ib †h wZwb Zvi Ggb jswNZ AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM
Kivi wPšÍvfvebv Z¨vM K‡i‡Qb A_ev Zvi AwaKvi Z¨vM K‡i‡Qb | ZvB, hLb
†Kvb c¶‡K cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e Pyw³‡Z Ave× nIqvi Rb¨ DØy× Kiv nq ev
cÖwZwôZ Kiv nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z Ggb c¶ cÖZviYvi welqwU Rvb‡Z cvi‡jI
cÖZviYvi Rb¨ A‡bK ermi hver †Kvb ai‡bi AvBwb c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwb ZLb †m
Zvi Ggb AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g g~jZ Aciv‡ai weiæ‡× AvBbMZ c`‡¶c msµvšÍ AwaKvi
†_‡K ewÂZ n‡eb | Z‡e Ggb hyw³‡Z ‡Kvb e¨w³‡K Zvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM †_‡K
weiZ ivL‡Z n‡j Aek¨B ev`x KZ…©K cÖgvbwbZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Ggb Aci e¨w³
AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM A_ev AvBbMZ AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM †_‡K `xN© w`b ch©šÍ weiZ
i‡q‡Qb Ges Zvi cvkvcvwk Ggb welq wb‡q NvUvNvwU bv Kivi gb¯ÍvwË¡K
welqwU AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e/ cÖgvwbZ Ki‡Z n‡e |
1. AwaKvi cwiZ¨vM Kiv ( waiver);
hLb GKRb e¨w³ AvBbMZ cÖ`Ë cÖwZKvi¸‡jv cwiZ¨vM K‡ib A_ev cÖ‡qvM bv
K‡ib ZLb MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q wZwb Zvi AwaKvi jsN‡bi d‡j gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi
Z¨vM K‡i‡Qb | GgbwK wZwb Zvi Ggb cÖwZKvi cwie‡Z© Ab¨ AwaKZi
MÖnY‡hvM¨ cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ ìLv¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges hw` Ggb K‡ib Zvn‡j Zvi
tort msµvšÍ AwaKvi wejyß n‡q hv‡e | Gfv‡e c‡Yï †¶‡Î hLb GKRb e¨w³ †Kvb
cY¨ †K MÖnY K‡ib Ges wewµ K‡ib Ges †h †¶‡Î GgbwU Kivi AwaKvi _v‡Kbv
ZLb D³ †µZv Zvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges GgbwK A_©FY gvgjvi
gva¨‡g D³ AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Ggwbfv‡e, hw` †Kvb e¨w³ Ab¨vq fv‡e
GKwU wej‡K iƒcvšÍi K‡ib Ges D³ we‡ji UvKv MÖnY K‡ib, ZLb D³ we‡ji
gvwjK nq‡Zv cÖZvibvi Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ,Z‡e GLv‡b cÖZvibvKvix Zvi
eënvi Kiv Li‡Pi Rb¨ UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb Dfq cÖwZKvi jvf Ki‡Z
cv‡ib bv | evievi GwU ejv n‡q‡Q wZwb GKmv‡_ G‡cÖvwcÖ‡qU Ges
wi‡cÖvwc‡qU Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| wZwb GKmv‡_ VvÛv cvwb Ges Mig cvwb
cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv |
‡h mg¯Í cwiw¯’wZ‡Z, Ggb AwaKvi Z¨v‡Mi welq `vqe× ‡_‡K gy³ K‡i †m mg¯Í
cwiw¯’wZ ¸‡jv mvaviYZ BDbvB‡UW A‡÷ªwjqv wjwg‡UW gvgjv‡Z Lord Atkin
msw¶ß AvKv‡i wb‡¤œ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb;
Ôhw` †Kvb e¨w³ ci¯úi `ywU wecixZ AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU AwaKvi jvf K‡i,
Ges AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ hLb GKwU AwaKvi wbe©vPb K‡i cÖ‡qvM K‡i ZLb Zvi
Rb¨ Ab¨ AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv | KviY Gi `ywU AwaKvi
ci¯úi wecixZ, ZvB GKwU AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM ev AbymiY Ki‡j Ab¨ AwaKvi
cÖ‡qvM ev AbymiY Kiv hv‡e bv |
ZvB hLb gvwj‡Ki wb‡`©kbv µ‡g †Kvb KvR Kiv nq Ges Ggb gvwjK KZ©„K D³
KvR‡K hLb cybivq Aby‡gv`b †Ìqv nq ZLb wZwb Ggb KvRwU Zvi
KZ©„Z¡ e¨wZ‡i‡K Kiv n‡q‡Q G ai‡bi hyw³ `vwLj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv |
wKš‘ hLb GKwU c‡Yï †µZv D³ c‡Yï we‡µZvi wbKU †_‡K cÖZviYvi wkKvi
nb wKš‘ welqwU Rvbvi ciI wZwb cY¨wU wb‡R eënvi K‡ib ZLb wZwb
cY¨wUi ÎæwUi Rb¨ cybivq n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| KviY wZwb cb¨wU
cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e MÖnY Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z hLb GwU‡K cybivq eënvi K‡ib ZLb
wZwb cÖZviYvg~jK Aciv‡a gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi †_‡K wb‡R‡K ewÂZ K‡ib|
Aa¨vq- 12
e¨w³i cÖwZ UU Aciva ( torts to person);
(1) AvNvZ Kiv ( battery);
msÁv ( DEFINITION);
e¨vUvwi kãwUi A_© AvNvZ Kiv| wKš‘ U‡Ui †¶‡Î ïaygvÎ AvNvZ Kiv bq| Bnv
MwVZ nq †Rvic~e©K wKsev †eAvBwbfv‡e Ab¨‡K AvNvZ Kivi gva¨‡g|
msiw¶Z ¯^v_© (INTEREST PROTECTED);
AvµgY Kivi gva¨‡g ïaygvÎ ˆ`wnK AvNvZ †_‡K myi¶v AwaKvi jsNb nq bv eis
e¨w³MZ n¯Í‡¶‡ci Kvi‡Y AvNvZ †_‡K myi¶v MZ AwaKvi †_‡K I ewÂZ nq| Bnv
cÖvYxi gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-KzKzi‡K †Kvb e¨w³i wcQ‡b †jwj‡q †Ìqv A_ev
emvi ¯’vb Gi †Pqvi miv‡bv Øviv| GKRb e¨w³i cwiwnZ Rvgv †K‡o †bIqv I GK
cÖKv‡ii e¨vUvwi g~jK Aciva|
ev`xi kixi AvNv‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| †Kvb e¯‘‡K ¯úk© Ki‡j, ev`xi kixi ¯úk© n‡j
Zvnv h‡_ó †hgb- RvgvKvco ¯úk© Kiv, gB miv‡bv, AviwnZ †Nvov‡K AvNv‡Zi
d‡j ev`x wb‡P c‡o hvIqv| AbygwZ e¨ZxZ bvix‡K Zjøvwk Kiv I GK cÖKv‡ii
e¨vUvwi g~jK Aciva|
AcÖZ¨¶ AvNvZ e¨vUvwi bq ( INDIRECT HARM IS NOT BATTERY):
‡h‡nZy Ab¨vb¨ Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î wKQyUv cÖZ¨vkv Acwinvh© | ev`xi Zvr¶wYK

AvNvZ n‡e| ZvB hLb G, we Gi †Nvov‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j D³ we †Nvov †_‡K c‡o
hvq |GLv‡b we D³ G Gi wbKU †_‡K ¶wZc~iY `vexi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
welwµqv ( POISONING): welwµqv eÜviB Aciva n‡e wKbv Zv wbwðZ bq| hyw³
†`Lv‡bv nq †h welwµqv mivmwi cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j Ggb Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv
DwPZ| †hgb- B‡”QK…Zfv‡e Amy¯’ †ivMxi Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g welwµqv
Kiv‡bv, B”QvK…Zfv‡e Lvev‡ii mv‡_ wgkv‡bv hvnv ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Ab¨ e¨w³
cvb Ki‡e, Zvc, Av¸b, Av¸‡bi ¯úk© †Ìqv|
Zvc, Av¸b ¯úk© ( INFLICTION OF LIGHT AND HEAT):
Bnv cÖ¯ÍvweZ nq †h Av‡jv, Zvc, we`y¨r, M¨vm, `yM©Ü Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ggb
mgRvZxq e¯‘i AvNvZ A_ev e¨w³MZ Amyweavi Rb¨ Ggb ch©v‡q cÖ‡qvM Kiv
n‡j Bnv e¨vUvwi g~jK Aciva MY¨ n‡e|
ïaygvÎ evav ( MERE PASSIVE OBSTRUCTION):
ïaygvÎ evav e¨vUvwi bq| innes vs. wylie gvgjv‡Z weev`x K¨v‡j‡Wvwbqvb
†mvmvBwU Ad jÛ‡bi m`më„›` wQ‡jb, ev`x‡K cÖ‡e‡k evav cÖ`v‡bi cywjk‡K
wb‡`©kbv †`b, hv‡K D³ †mvmvBwU †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq| ZviciI ev`x cÖ‡e‡ki
†Póv Ki‡j cywjk Zv‡Z evav †`b| Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h ev`x‡K Ab¨vq fv‡e evav †Ìqv
n‡q‡Q Z‡e cywjk Kg©KZ©vi c¶ †_‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv wQj bv |
g‡bvfve ( INTENTION):
e¨vUvwi GK wU B”QvK…Z UU| ejcÖ‡qvM A_ev ¯úk© Kiv Aek¨B B‡”QMZ

n‡e wKš‘ wKQy gvgjvi ivq †gvZv‡eK `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK e¨vUvwi Aciva|
m‡e©vËg gZvgZ njhLb KvRwU ïaygvÎ `vhw ় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK ZLb h_v_©
cÖwZKvi n‡jv `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv|
hw` kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv B‡”QMZ nq Zvn‡j Bnv fyj wek¦vm wek¦vm Kiv n‡q‡Q
we‡eP¨ bq| hurst vs. picture theatre ltd gvgjv‡Z ev`x wUwKU µq K‡ib Ges
mwVKfv‡eB wm‡bgv n‡j wm‡U e‡mb| g¨v‡bRvi Zv‡K wUwKU µq K‡ib wb
wek¦vm K‡i evB‡i wb‡q hvb| Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h ev`x ¶wZc~iY cv‡eb| hLb GKRb
e¨w³ A †K AvNvZ Ki‡Z wM‡q B †K AvNvZ K‡ib fyj AvMv‡Z A_ev b †K a g‡b
K‡i Zvn‡j wZwb a Gi wbKU ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
hLb kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †Kvb g‡bvfve Abygvb Kiv hv‡ebv; ZLb e¨vUvwi gyjK
Aciv‡ai `vq e×Zv _vK‡e bv| †hgb n¨vÛ‡kK Kiv A_ev ïaygvÎ GKRb e¨w³i
g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv e¨vUvwi g~jK Aciva bq n‡e ïaygvÎ ¯úk© Kiv e¨vUvwi
n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ e¨¯Í iv¯Ívq A_ev wPKb iv¯Ívq nvjKv av°v †Ìqv c~e©cwiKwíZ
e¨vUvwi bq|
Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³i g‡bvMZ Ae¯’vb Ges Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mv‡_ Zvi m¤úK©
AcÖvmw½K KviY Bnv Zvi As‡k m¤§wZ e¨³ K‡i| hw` e¨w³M‡Yi g‡a¨
mym¤úK© bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Aciva g~jK bq Ggb ¯úk© I Acivag~jK n‡e wecixZµ‡g
Acivag~jK ¯úk© mnbxq n‡e hLb e¨w³MY wbKUvZ¥xq Ges Nwbô eÜyZ¡c~|©
nvwm-VvÆv K‡i ¯úk© Kiv mvaviYZ gvgjv †hvM¨ bq| wKš‘ G¸‡jv mnbxq gvÎv
AwZµg Ki‡j e¨vUvwi g~j¨ Aciva n‡e| †hgb wb‡ew`Z †cÖwgK KZ©„K mvov
†`bwb Ggb gwnjv‡K †cÖg cÖ`k©b Kiv AZ¨šÍ AcivaRbK |
‡h †Kvb gvgjv‡Z hLb cÖKvk¨ A_ev †Mvcbxq m¤§wZ _v‡K †m †¶‡Î e¨vUvwi
g~j¨ n‡e bv| taylor vs. mc. Gillvroy gvgjv‡Z GKRb Wv³vi 16 eQ‡ii †ivMxi mv‡_
†hŠb m¤úK© K‡ib| Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h e¨vUvix g~jK Aciva nqwb KviY †hŠb
m¤ú‡K©i mgq ci¯úi m¤§wZ wQj| Z‡e mvgšÍZvwš¿K KZ©‡e¨ Ae‡njv Kivi
Kvi‡b †ivMx‡K 50 nvRvi Wjvi ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv nq| c¶všÍ‡i norberg vs. wynrib
gvgjv‡Z GKRb Wv³vi gv`Kvm³ †ivMx‡K WªvMm †`b Ges Zv‡K nZ¨v Kivi †Póv
K‡ib d‡j AvµgYg~jK †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡a wZwb †`vlx mve¨¯Í nb|
AvµgY ( ASSAULT):
A_© ( MEANING): AvµgY kã‡K mvaviYfv‡e eënvi Kiv nq e¨vcK A‡_©

e¨vUvwi †K AšÍf©y³ Kivi Rb¨| wKš‘ Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î Avµgb k‡ãi mxwgZ A‡_©
eënvi Kiv nq GB A‡_© AvµgY n‡jv Ggb Kv‡Ri cÖwZ Zvr¶wYK e¨vUvwi
cÖ‡qv‡Mi AvZs‡Ki KviY|
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb ( ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS); (I) KvR (ACT); AvµgY

Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î weev`x c¶ †_‡K ˆ`wnK AvNvZ g~jK BwZevPK KvR _vK‡e| ¯úk©
e¨ZxZ ïaygvÎ e³e¨‡K AvµgY Aciva MY¨ Kiv n‡e bv Z_vwc AvµgYg~jK Aciva
MY¨ n‡e bv|
Zvr¶wYK e¨vUvwii fq (REASONABLE APPREHENSION OF IMMEDIATE
BATTERY):
GgbwK mKj ûgwK m~PK e³e¨ AvµgY bq hw` G¸‡jv hyw³K m‡›`n ˆZwi bv K‡i
†h weev`x Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Zvi weiæ‡× kw³ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb| hw` GKRb e¨w³i
eive‡i nv‡Z jvwV mn †`Š‡o hvb Zvn‡j AvµgYg~jK Aciva n‡e|
wKš‘ hLb GKRb e¨w³ Lvwj nv‡Z A_ev A¶g, Avwg †Zvgv‡K †g‡i †dje ej‡Z
AvµgY nb Zvn‡j AvµgYg~jK Aciva n‡e bv KviY GKRb †hŠw³K gvb‡ei g‡b fq
ˆZwi Ki‡e bv|
Blake vs. barnard gvgjv‡Z weev`x hvnvi K¨v‡Þb wQ‡jb| Zvi †Kwe‡b hvb Ges Zvi
wc¯Íj wb‡q ev`x gv_vq wc¯Íj †i‡L e‡jb ev`x bxie bv n‡j Zvn‡j Zv‡K ¸wj K‡i
nZ¨v Ki‡eb| Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h weev`x `vqx n‡eb wKš‘ hw` ¸wj Kivi ûgwK `vZv
Ggb `~iZ¡ _v‡Kb †h D³ ey‡jU †cuŠQv‡e bv Zvn‡j AvµgY n‡ebv|
Zvr¶wYK Ges Awek¨¤¢vex ( IMMEDIACY AND IMMINENCE);
Zvr¶wYKfv‡e AvKv‡i kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv Avµg‡Yi Aciva| D³ gvgjv‡Z GKRb

MÖvg¨ gywÝ f~wg ivR¯^ Av`vq Kv‡j fv‡`ª wbKU †_‡K cwil` `vexi K‡ib wZwb
e‡jb hw` wZwb Zvr¶wYK cwil` bv Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j wZwb Zvi Kv‡bi wis Qyu‡o
†dj‡Zb| Av`vjZ ivq w`j GLv‡b kw³cÖ‡qvM ûgwK cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb
AvµgYg~jK Aciva Kiv nqwb|
wKš‘ GKevi hw` ev`xi g‡b †hŠw³K Zvr¶wYK Avµg‡Yi fq ˆZwi nq Ges Zvn‡j
m„ó Aciv‡ai weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡j cÖwZeÜK n‡e bv|
Stipens vs. myers gvgjv‡Z ev`x †Qwik wgwUs‡qi †Q‡owQ‡jb| weev`x GK
†Uwe‡j emvi wgwUs-G nÆ‡Mv‡ji Kvi‡Y Zv‡K ewn®‹v‡ii wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|
Gici gywóe× n‡q wZwb †Z‡o Av‡mb ev`xi eive‡i| weev`x‡K AvµgYg~jK
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq|
(iv) mwZ¨Kv‡ii g‡bvfve A_ev m¶gZv AcÖvmw½K ( actual intention or capacity

immeterial):
cÖ‡qvRb †bB †h mwZ¨Kv‡ii AvNvZ Ki‡Z Pvb A_ev Zvi Avµg‡Yi m¶gZv
i‡q‡Q| mwZ¨Kv‡ii cix¶v nj Avµg‡Yi hyw³ev`xi m¶gZv wKsev B‡”Q bq| hLb
GKRb Ab¨Rb‡K wc¯Íj ZvK Kiv bq eis Zv‡K fq jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Z_vwc AvµgY
n‡e| hw` D³ e¨w³i Rvbv bv _v‡K †h wZwb ¸wj Ki‡eb bv Zvn‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB
Zvi Avµg‡Yi fq _vK‡e bv| weev`xi g‡b wK _v‡K Zv we‡eP¨ bq we‡eP¨ welq
n‡jv Zvi KvR Kv‡Ri d‡j †hŠw³K gvb‡ei g‡b wK ˆZwi nq|
Herbert vs. misugra weev`x mvB‡Kj-Av‡ivnx ev`xi w`‡K UªvK Pvjvb Zv‡K fq
jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡K AvNvZ Kivi Rb¨ bq| Av`vjZ ivq w`‡q‡Q weiæ×vPiY Avµgb
Aciva MY¨ n‡e|
G †¶‡Î KL‡bv KL‡bv m‡›`n cÖKvk Kiv nq Lvwj AvµgY n‡e wKbv Ggb gvgjv‡Z
hLb Zvi ¸wj Kivi ¶gZv †bB| wKš‘ Zywg hw` GB mgm¨v‡K cix¶v K‡iv Zvn‡j DËi
n‡e †h D³ Aciva AvµgYg~jK Aciva hw` bv Rv‡bb †h mg_©‡b ch©vß m¶gZv
†bB|
(v) g‡bvfve †bwZevPK kãvejx ( words negativing the intention):
KL‡bv KvR Kiv nq Ggb kãvejx Øviv hvnvi gva¨‡g m„ó g‡bvfve‡K †bwZevPK
K‡i| †hgb GKRb e¨w³ evj‡Ki w`‡K †jvW Kiv wc¯Íj ZvK K‡i ej‡jb †h Zywg
Avgvi †Q‡j bv n‡j Avwg †Zvgv‡K nZ¨v KiZvg| GLv‡b Ggb kãwU‡Z A¯¿ZvK
Kiv‡bv AvµgY n‡e hvnv AvµgYg~jK Aciva m„wói Rb¨ ch©vß n‡e| wKš‘ kã¸wj
e¨³ K‡i †h wZwb nZ¨v Ki‡eb bv Zvi †Q‡j n‡j nZ¨v Ki‡Zb Zvi †Q‡j bb| GB
c‡q‡›U cyivZb gvgjv i‡q‡Q mvaviYZ hvi D×„wZ †Ìqv nq, hvnv kuber bili
vs.seven gvgjv bv‡g cwiwPZ| weev`x Zvi nv‡Z Z‡ivqvj †i‡L e‡j †h D³ Z‡ivqvj
†Zvjvi Rb¨ Zvi kw³ †bB| Av`vjZ ivq w`j GLv‡b AvµgYg~jK Aciva nqwb|
AvµgY Ges e¨vUvwii ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ ( distinction between assault and battery):
B‡Zvg‡a¨B eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h RbwcÖq A‡_© AvµgY kã‡K eënvi Kiv nq D³
†h‡Kvb A_ev GKwU UU© Aciva eY©bv Kivi Rb¨| wKš‘ UU© AvB‡bi D³
cv_©K¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AvµgY ïaygvÎ GKwU D‡`¨vM A_ev e¨vUvwi Aciva Kivi
ûgwK Ges KL‡bv ¶y`ª AvµgY Aciva ejv n... wecixZµ‡g e¨vUvwi‡K KL‡bv
KL‡bv †idvi Kiv nq AwaK…Z AvµgY wn‡m‡e| Avµg‡Yi Dcv`vb nj kw³
cÖ‡qv‡Mi ûgwK Ab¨w`‡K e¨vUvwi nj mwZ¨Kv‡ii cÖ‡qvM|
e¨w³i w`‡K GKwU cv_i cvwb A_ev †h †Kvb e¯‘ wb‡¶c Kiv AvµgY g~jK Aciva
n‡e| wKš‘ Bnv Zvi kixi‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j Bnv e¨vUvwi g~jK Aciva MY¨ n‡e|
GKRb e¨w³ eive‡i A¯¿ ZvK Kiv‡bv AvµgY n‡e wKš‘ ey‡jU wbN©Z Ki‡jB n‡e|
Abyiƒcfv‡e GKRb e¨w³i emvi †Pqvi miv‡bv AvµgY n‡Z cv‡i hw` Zvi gvwU‡Z
c‡o hvIqvi SyuwK _v‡K wKš‘ †hB gyû‡Z© wZwb gvwU‡Z c‡ob Zvnv Aciva
n‡e|
Aciva wK me©`v AvµgY n‡e ? ( does battery always include assault)
D³ e¨vL¨v¸‡jv A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i †h GKwU e¨vUvwi me©`v AvµgYmn

A_ev KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨vUvwi Avµgb‡K AšÍf©y³ K‡i| m‡›`nvZxZfv‡eB
AwaKvsk gvgjv‡Z Ggb nq wKš‘ Awbevh© bq| A‡bK gvgjv _vK‡Z cv‡i †hLv‡b
AvµgY e¨ZxZ e¨vUvwi n‡Z cv...
Av`vj‡Zi ivq ( judgement of the criminal court): gvgjvi †¶‡Î Av`vj‡Z †`vlx
mve¨¯Í Kivi †¶‡Î c~‡e©v³ ivq n‡e m¤ú~Y© AcÖvmw½K|
ZvQvov AvµgY n‡jv Ggb Aciva wKbv Zv wba©vi‡Y we‡eP¨ welq bq †Ìqvbx
Av`vj‡Zi DwPZ n‡e GKB NUbvi Dc‡i cÖfvweZ bv nq NUbvi Z`šÍ Kiv|
¶wZc~iY ( damages):
AvµgY Ges e¨vUvwii †¶‡Î wb‡¤œv³ wk‡ivbv‡g ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv hv‡e (1)
e¨w³MZ †fvMvwšÍi Rb¨, (2) Rxeb Dc‡fvM (3) ev`xi Avw_©K ¶wZKi
mwZ¨Kv‡ii , (4) †hŠw³K Av‡ivwcZ LiP (5) hw` wZwb †ckv eëmv A_ev Ab¨vb¨
†ckvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ nb Zv‡K Aek¨B m¤¢ve¨ fwel¨r ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e Zvi Kv‡Ri
d‡j hLb Ab¨vq B‡”QK…Z cÖZ¨vwkZ nq ZLb `„óvšÍg~jK kvw¯Í †Ìqv nq|
gvbwmK `y`©kv A_ev m¤§vbnvwbi †¶‡Î ¶wZi Rb¨ mvaviY ¶wZc~iY `vexi Kiv
hv‡e Ges c„_K fv‡e `vexi ìKvi †bB|
ev`xi Dci Zvi gvgjv cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ Zv‡K m„ó cwiw¯’wZ msµvšÍ cÖgvY
†`Lv‡Z n‡e Ges Av`vjZ mvgwMÖK †iKW©fy³ cÖgvYvw` we‡ePbv Ki‡Z eva¨|
cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q D³ AvµgY mgš^qKvix cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e
¯úófv‡e hyw³ bv †`Lv‡bv n‡j `„óvšÍg~jK ¶wZc~iYmn A‡_©i g~j¨vqb Kiv hv‡e
bv|
G¸‡jv‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi we‡kl wk‡ivbv‡g `vexi Kiv hv‡ebv| wKš‘ G¸‡jv‡K mvavib
¶wZc~i‡Yi ch©vqfy³ Ki‡Z n‡e Bnv Ab¨Zg cwiw¯’wZ †hLv‡b Av`vjZ wnmve
MÖn‡Yi AwaKvix n‡eb we‡kl K‡i hLb ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib| kvw¯Íi
Rb¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb D³ cÖkœ Av‡m Av`vj‡Z Zyj‡Z cvi‡eb bv
(3) Ab¨vq g~jK AvUK ( WRONGFULL CONFINEMENT):
Ab¨vq g~jK AvUK kã¸wj‡K cÖvPxb KvivMvi bv‡g cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
KviY Bnv weåvwšÍKi KviY wg_¨v Ges KvivMvi `ywU k‡ãi e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q
A¯^fvweK A_© enb Kivi Rb¨| wg‡_¨ kãwU A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q Ggb Kvivevm
A_© m¤ú~Y© Pjv‡div Ave× K...
wRI `Ðwewai †jLKMY †dŠR`vwi `vq e×Zv wg‡_¨ Kvivevm k‡ãi cwie‡Z© Ab¨vq
AvUK kã †K eënvi K‡ib AMÖvwaKvi †`q|
GLv‡b Avgv‡ì mgwš^Z UU© AvBb †bB †mLv‡b fyj kã AbyKiY Gi cÖ‡qvRb
†bB|
¯^v_© msiw¶Z (iNTEREST protected): AÎ AvBb ˆZwii D‡Ïk¨ nj gvgjvi gva¨‡g

¯^vaxbZv MZ ¯^v_© i¶v Kiv| hvnv G‡ZvUvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h Avgv‡ì
msweav‡bi Z„Zxq As‡k †gŠwjK AwaKvi ch©vqfy³ Kiv nq| msweav‡bi cÖwZ
mb¥vb Kiv hv‡eb| Pjv‡divi AwaKvi j•N‡bi Rb¨ iv‡óªi weiæ‡× mvsweavwbK
cÖwZKvi cÖ‡hvR¨ KviY Pjv‡divi †gŠwjK AwaKvi ïaygvÎ ivóªxq †¶‡Î mxgve×
e¨w³MZ ch©v‡qi Dci bq Ges msweav‡bi Aax‡b cÖwZKvi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q
Pjv‡divi mxgve×Zv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv Ges ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv bq hwÌ mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j
mywcÖg‡KvU© ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
msÁv ( definition):
DBbwdì msÁvhw় Z K‡i‡Qb Ab¨vq KvivMvi ˆ`wnK evav cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvnv ¯úó
A_ev AšÍwb©wnZ AvKv‡i| hvnv AvBb Aby‡gvw`Z bq |D³ msÁv cÖv_wgKfv‡e
Ach©vß KviY Bnv mvigg© mxgve×Zv Bw½Z K‡i|
AwaKZi mwVK msÁv w`‡q‡Qb clerk vs. lindsel... Zv‡ì g‡Z Bnv n‡jv †h
†Kv‡bv mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úbœKiY m½Z KviY e¨ZxZ|||
fviZxq `Ðwewa‡Z msÁv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †hB e¨w³ Ab¨vq fv‡e †Kvb e¨w³‡K AvUK
K‡i‡Q Zv‡K wKQy mxgve×Zv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Zv‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e AvUK ivLv
n‡q‡Q ejv n‡e|
D³ wewea m½vewj we‡ePbv K‡i Ab¨vq AvUK †K msÁvwqZ Kiv hv‡e †h mg‡qi
Rb¨B †nvK GKRb e¨w³‡K Zvi Pjv‡divi e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc
Kiv| Abyiƒcfv‡e wb‡¤œv³ kZ©vejx c~iY n‡Z n‡e GKRb weev`x‡K Ab¨vq Kivi
c~‡e© Aek¨B Pjv‡div ¯^vaxbZvi c~Y©v½ mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc K‡i GLv‡b
AvBbMZ hyw³ _vK‡e bv|
AvU‡Ki cš’v ( modes of confinement): AvUK me©`v KvivMv‡ii Pvi †`qv‡ji g‡a¨
nq bv| Bnv wb¤œweË wewfbœ cš’vq n‡Z cv‡i|
‰`wnK evav Øviv (by means of physical barriers): evav n‡Z cv‡i `yB c‡¶i ìRv
eÜ Kiv †hLv‡b Ab¨ e¨w³ NygšÍ A_ev Nygvb| †hLv‡b Ab¨ e¨w³ Rvbvjv w`‡q
†ewi‡q Avm‡Z m¶g nb A_ev †¶‡Î Zv‡K †ei bv nIqvi Rb¨ evav †Ìqv nq|
(2) kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi ûgwK Øviv ( by threat of force): AvUK n‡Z cv‡i ïaygvÎ kw³
cÖ‡qv‡Mi ûgwK Øviv| hw` GKRb e¨w³ Avgv‡K e‡jb bovPov Ki‡j †Zvgv‡K ¸wj
Ki‡ev GLv‡b AvUK Aciva n‡q‡Q |Ges †hŠw³K n‡Z n‡e A_©vr Zvr¶wYK kw³
cÖ‡qv‡Mi ûgwK †hŠw³K wek¦vm Ki‡eb|
ûgwK K…Z e¨w³ Aek¨B †hŠw³K wek¦vm Ki‡eb †h ûgwK`vZv e¨w³i Aek¨B
ûgwK ev¯Íevq‡bi ¶gZv i‡q‡Q|
AvBbMZ KZ©„Z¡ `vexi Øviv ( by assertion of legal authority):
hLb GKRb e¨w³i †MÖßvi Kivi ¶gZv i‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡K cywjk †ndvR‡Z wb‡j D³
†MÖßvi c~Y© n‡e Ges hw` D³ KZ©„Z¡Kvix e¨w³ Zv‡K ¯úk© bv K‡ib| hw` †KD
Zvi †gvUiKv‡ii nvBI‡q AwZµg K‡ib Ges UªvwdK cywjk Zv‡K _vg‡Z e‡jb Ges
e‡jb Zv‡K †MÖßvi Kiv n‡jv hw` KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib Zvn‡jB
n‡e| hw` AvZ¥mgc©Y bv K‡ib Zvn‡j †Kvb AvUK n‡e|
Av‡gwiKvb gyLcv‡Îi g‡Z, Ab¨fve `vwLjK…Z KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU hyw³, Ab¨

Abycw¯’wZ AvUK bq| D³ avivi appendix wb¤œ³;
A †Uwj‡dvb K‡ib B †K †h Zvi wbKU b Gi †MÖßvi Iqv‡i›U i‡q‡Q Ges wZwb b

†K †MÖßvi K‡ib, d‡j b DËi †`b meB mwVK| Avgv‡K wK Ki‡Z n‡e? A DËi
w`‡jv †Zvgv‡K wba©vwiZ mg‡q g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU nvwRi n‡Z n‡e| a D³ b †K
†ndvR‡Z †bb wb|
wKš‘ Bnv A-Rw³K n‡e, hw` a cywjk †÷k‡b e‡m b †K †dvb K‡i e‡jb Ges e‡jb
Zywg †Zvgvi K_v Z¨vM Ki‡e bv Avwg †Zvgv‡K †MÖßvi Ki‡Z Avm‡ZwQ Ges
D³ KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib|
AvBbMZ cÖwµqv eënvi Øviv ( by use of legal process): Ab¨vb¨ tort Aciv‡ai gZB
cÖ‡qvRbxq bq †h †h †¶‡Î Ab¨vq AvUK nq †h D³ weev`x KZ©„K e¨w³MZ fv‡e
n‡e| Bnv n‡Z cv‡i Ab¨ e¨w³i G‡RwÝ `vivI| GKRb e¨w³i Rb¨ cywjk‡K weåvwšÍ
K‡i Ah_v_© †MÖßvi Kiv m¤¢e hw` cywjk Kg‡ewk weev`xi wgwbw÷ªqvj G‡R›U
wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
Gouri prasad dey vs. chartered bank of india gvgjv‡Z GKRb weev`x e¨vs‡Ki
Kg©Pvix cywjk KZ©„K †MÖdZvi nb e¨vs‡Ki Aby‡gvw`Z G‡R›U ev`x‡K
†dŠR`vwi Aciv‡ai Pv‡R© †jUvi ¯^v¶‡ii ci| D³ †MÖßvi wPwV‡Z ¯^v¶i mivmwi
Kj K‡ib| e¨vsK wg‡_¨ Kvivev‡mi Rb¨ `vqx nb|
LvwiR Kiv AvUK bq (exclusion is not confinement):
LvwiR Kiv AvUK bq, †¶‡Î we¯Í„Z n‡Z cv‡i Ges †÷kb †K›`ªxK cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
hw` GKRb e¨w³‡K †Kvb we‡kl GjvKv cÖ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨vq fv‡e AvUK ivLv nq
Zvn‡jB n‡e| wKš‘ hLb wZwb †Kvb we‡kl GjvKv cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ cvb; Bnv n‡e
LvwiR Kib| Ges Ab¨vq AvUK bq| hwÌ GKv‡_© Zv‡K ejv hvq c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨
evm‡hvM¨ As‡k AvUK Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AvUK msµvšÍ Ávb ( knowledge of confinement): AvUKK…Z e¨w³i AvUK

msµvšÍ Ávb Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡b Riæwi kZ© wKbv A_ev KiwZZe c~Y©fv‡e
Bsj¨v‡Û A_ev AÎ †`‡k cÖwZwôZ wKbv|
Herring vs. boyle ( 1834) gvgjv‡Z G·‡PKvi Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h AvUK msµvšÍ Ávb
g„Z‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq| D³ gvgjvi ev`x‡K Zvi gv weev`x ¯‹y‡j fwZ© Kivb| wZwb
weev`xi wbKU QywUi w`‡b ev`x wb‡q hvq †h‡Z Zvi gv Zv‡K mšÍvb wb‡Z
A¯^xKvi K‡ib | wg‡_¨ gvgjv Kivi ci m¤§wZµ‡g ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b †Kvb
Kvivevm wQj bv KviY Zvi gv Zviv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv wQj bv †h Zv‡K ev`x hvIqvi
AbygwZ †Ìqv DwPZ Ges ¯‹yj gv÷vi A¯^xKvi K‡ib|
Bolland b anderson b gourney b; cÖ`Ë hyw³mg~n n‡jv AmsL¨ gvgjv i‡q‡Q

†hLv‡b †`Lv hvq †h Kvivevm MV‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³i Kv‡Q nvZ ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
wKš‘ †Kvb gvgjv‡ZB †Kvb AvPiY‡KB Kvi Ave× n‡eb Ggb c¶ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ c¶‡K
Kvivevm MY¨ Kiv n‡e bv| GKRb Awdmvi Awdmvi †MÖdZviK…Z e¨w³i Kuv‡a
nvZ ivLv QvovB †MÖßvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ eZ©gvb gvgjv‡Z Avwg hZ`~i Rvwb
fv‡jv _vK‡Z AvMÖnx wQ‡jb Zv‡K AvUK ivLv n‡q‡Q g‡g© cÖgvY †bB| Avwg
g‡b Kwi †h Avgiv evj‡Ki Abycw¯’wZi A¯^xK…wZi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie bv| Zvi
†Kvb evav Dcjwä bv nIqvq Zv‡K ejv hv‡e bv hv Zvi B‡”Qi weiæ‡× Kvive...
AZGe Avgiv g‡Z D³ iæj Aek¨B wb®úwË n‡e|
Alderson. B; †Kvb cÖgvY wQj bv †h Zvi gv‡qi cÖZ¨vkv †m Rvb‡Zv †h Zv‡K
evwo hvIqvi Rb¨ AbygwZ †Ìqv DwPZ wQj ev`x Ges weev`x Gi ga¨Kvi wKQyB
AwZµvšÍ nqwb|
Meering vs. graham white aviation co. ltd. gvgjv‡Z Bs‡iwR Avwcj Av`vjZ ivq w`j
†h wg‡_¨ Kvivevm g~jK Aciva n‡Z cv‡i GgbwK hw` ev`x Rvb‡Zb bv †h Zv‡K
AvUK ivLv n‡q‡Q| AÎ gvgjvi ev`x‡K m‡›`n Kiv nq Zvi gvwj‡Ki IqvKmc †_‡K
evwb©k †K Pywi K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡K `yRb cywjk Kg©KZ©v‡ì mv‡_ cywjk Awd‡m
†h‡Z e‡jb| †cuŠQv‡bvi ci Zv‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡Z ejv nq Avevi GLv‡b _vKvKv‡j
cywjk Kg©KZ©vMY evB‡i _v‡Kb| hLb wg‡_¨ AvU‡Ki Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv nq ZLb
weev`x `vex K‡ib †mLv‡b †h‡Z cv‡ib Ges wZwb evB‡i hvIqvi cÖZ¨vkv K‡ibwb
Av`vjZ D³ `vexmg~n cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i weev`x‡K Øvqx K‡iY|
Lord atkin Zvi gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë hyw³ n‡jv AvUKK…Z e¨w³ evB‡i †cvw÷s
Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h evw` Kviv e× wQ‡jb| Ggb hyw³ gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î cÖvmw½K
wKš‘ wg‡_¨ Kvivev‡mi Rb¨ bq| wKš‘ Zvi g‡Z D³ ivq mwVK n‡Z cv‡i GB Kvi‡Y
†h e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZvi ci mxgve×Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| †d¬wgs Gi g‡Z gvgjv‡Z
e¨³ wm×všÍ AwaKZi fvj KviY wg_¨v KvivMvi ïaygvÎ GKRb e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv bq
eis Zvi ¸bvewj †KI cÖfvweZ K‡i Ab¨w`‡K n¨vwim AMÖvwaKvi †`b|
Av‡gwiKvi AbymiY Kiv nqwb Ges AvUK msµvšÍ AeMwZ `vqe×Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq
kZ©|
AvUKK…Z e¨w³ Zviv AvUK m¤ú‡K© AeMZ bv n‡j `vqe×Zv †bB| Z‡e Av`vjZ
ivq w`j †h Ggb AeMwZ cÖ‡qvRb †bB hLb AvUKK…Z e¨w³ Zvi Db¥v`bv wKsev
A¶gZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvq evav Abyave‡b A¶g nb Ggb †¶Îmg~n AvU‡Ki
Rb¨ AvBbMZ gvgjvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
‡h‡nZy fviZxq Av`vjZ Gi D³ iæ‡ji h_v_©Zv cix¶v Kiv ìKvi herring vs. boyle
gvgjvi iæj wb‡¤œv³ KviYmg~‡n AwaKZi †hŠw³K;
(1) Herring gvgjvi ivq me©m¤§Z wKš‘ merrign gvgjvi ivq me©m¤§Z bq (2)
merring gvgjv‡Z herring vs boyle gvgjvi Av‡`Š †i‡d‡i‡Â †Ìqv nqwb| herring
gvgjv‡Z e¨³ gZvgZ cix¶v Kiv n‡j DËg nZ|
(3) Lord Atkin - merring gvgjvi hyw³ mg~n nj †hB ew³ Zv‡K AvUK Kij wZwb
evB‡i `vex Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h Zv‡K Kvivevm †Ìqv nj D³ hyw³ cÖvmw½Kfv‡e
gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î hLb AvNvZ Kiv nq mybv‡gi wKš‘ Ab¨vq AvUK g~j
Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î bq| m‡›`nvZxZfv‡eB Ab¨v‡qi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY cwigvc wba©viY †¶‡Î
ïbvwbi welq we‡ePbv Kiv nq wKš‘ G‡K `vqe×Zvi hyw³ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv
hv‡e bv| Ab¨w`‡K, meering gvgjvi hyw³ AwaKZi m‡šÍvlRbK| D³ gvgjvi
¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †h D³ AvUK Aek¨B ev`xi B‡”Qi weiæ‡× n‡e Ggb gvgjv‡Z
Bnv ïaygvÎ m¤¢e †h AvUKK…Z e¨w³ Aek¨B Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡eb|
AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡j Bnv m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i †h wZwb GLv‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z
GZUv AvMÖnx n‡eb †h GgbwK Zv‡K D³ ¯’vb Z¨vM Ki‡Z ejv n‡jI wZwb †h‡Z
A¯^xKvi Ki‡eb G‡¶‡Î D³ AvU‡K Ab¨vq ejv nvm¨Ki n‡e|
( 4) Winfield Gi cÖ¯Ívebv †h D³ ivq †K cÖwZnZ wecixZ hyw³ †`Lv‡bv hv‡e GB

Kvi‡Y †h e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq |Z‡e hLb Ab¨vq n‡e ZLb
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡e ïaygvÎ hLb ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ †Ìqvbx gvgjv Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
weK…wZi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv|
hLb †Kv‡bv evav Abyfe K‡ib bv ZLb wZwb †Kv‡bv †fvMvwšÍ‡Z c‡ob bv hw`
†Kv‡bv cÖwZKvi _v... Zvnv †dŠR`vwi AvB‡bi Aax‡b n‡e KviY Ggb AvUK
kvwšÍf‡½i KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
( 5) Groinger vs. hill gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ivq w`j †h wg_¨v Kvivev‡mi Rb¨ gvgjv
MÖnY‡hvM¨ wQj hwÌ AvUKK…Z e¨w³iv Pjvi Rb¨ Av‡`Š `vqx bb| wKš‘ Bnv
AZ¨šÍ wfbœ welq KviY wZwb Zvi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ges AwaKv‡ii
evavq Zvi g‡bi Ici BwZevPK cÖfve i‡q‡Q|
mvgwMÖK Ges AvIwkK evav (total and partial restraint); ïaygvÎ AmyweavRbK
gvgjv †hvM¨ bq gvgjv nj bird vs. jones weev`x Mb Ab¨vq fv‡e weª‡Ri GKvsk eÜ
K‡i‡Q Gi g‡a¨ b`x †`Lvi Rb¨ wmU emvb Ges D³ †eóbxi g‡a¨ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨
wUwKU iv‡Lb| ev`x Kv‡Vi dzUcv‡Zi Ask w`‡q Pjvi Rb¨ †Póv K‡ib Ges PvR©
cwi‡kva QvovB †eóbxi Dci w`‡q D‡Vb| weev`x Zv‡K †h‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq
Ges e‡jb †h wZwb K¨vwi‡qi Gwm hv‡eb Ges B‡”Q Ki‡j Ab¨ cv‡k n‡eb evwo
†h‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb Ges †mLv‡b GK N›Uv _v‡Kb| ev`x GLv‡b `vqx nbwb
KviY evav c~Y©v½ wQj bv|
cjvqb iv¯Ív Aek¨B wbivc` n‡Z n‡e Ges nq ev`xi Rvbv _vK‡e A_ev Zvi Rvbv
†hŠw³K n‡e| hw` GKwU weªR m¤ú~Y© eÜ nq Zvn‡jI ev`x KZ©„K b`x muvZvi
†K‡U cvi nIqvi Rb¨ ARynvZ n‡Z n‡e bv GgbwK hw` wZwb muvZvi Rv‡bb
Z_vwcI gva¨g Ges wZwb nüv Abymi‡Y eva¨ bb| gvgjv K‡ib †_‡K cÖwZ‡iva
Ki‡e bv iæ‡g AvUKK…Z e¨w³ †fw›U‡jUi w`‡q cjvqb K‡ib Bnv ARynvZ n‡Z
cv‡i bv †hLv‡b †hŠw³K c`‡¶c hviv Rv‡bb bv wKš‘ hLb GKRb e¨w³ K‡¶i wfZi
Ges Ab¨Rb ìRv eÜ Kivi Awfbq K‡i mvwebv ivg Zvn‡j ev`x D”PK¶ eÜ wKbv Zv
bv †`L‡j D³ NUbvi †cÖw¶‡Z gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv|
hw` gva¨gmg~n wbivc` nq Ges †hŠw³K Aciva A_ev mZZvi `„wó‡Z Aciva g~jK
bq Zvn‡j †Kvb †hŠw³K gvbexK nvjKv Amyweavi Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv eënvi A¯^xK…
wZ Rvbv‡Z cvi‡e bv|
(1) h_v_© AvBbm¤§Z †MÖßvi (LAWFUL ARREST):
hLb †MÖßvi AvBbm¤§Z nq ZLb †MÖßvi wfwË‡Z †Kv‡bv gvgjv Kiv hv‡ebv |
†MÖdZvi AvBb m¤§Z wKbv Zvnv `ywU wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i| (1) cÖ_gZ D³
e¨w³i ¶gZv i‡q‡Q KxYv (2) D³ ¶gZv AvBbm¤§Z fv‡e cvwjZ nj wKbv| Kiv
hv‡ebv KZ©„Z¡ †_‡K jvf Kiv hv‡e A_ev we‡kl gvgjv cÖ‡hvR¨ we‡kl ¶gZv
†_‡K Ggb KZ©„Z¡ ev GKwU Avi jvf Ki‡e|
Grene mr .-associated provincial pictur houses ltd vs. wednesbury corporation

gvgjv‡Z ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †MÖßvi Kivi ¶gZv hv‡K †Ìqv nq Zv‡K Zv Aek¨B
AvBbMZ D‡Ï‡k¨ cvj‡bi Rb¨ mwØk¦vm Gi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| wZwb Aek¨B
avivi fyj e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb bv wZwb Aek¨B cÖvmw½K welq we‡ePbv Ki‡eb
AcÖvmw½K welq Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡eb bv|
Holgate mohammad vs. duke gvgjv‡Z ev`x GKwU M„‡ni jRvi wQ‡jb †hLv‡b
†_‡K wKQy ¯^Y©vjsKvi Pywi nq| wKQy gvm ci ¯^Y©Kvi ¸ß AjsKvi †`vKv‡b
wPb‡Z cv‡ib D³ Ry‡qjvwi nvievRvb gvwj‡Ki †`vKv‡b| GLv‡b cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e,
wZwb GKwU Awf‡hvM `v‡qi K‡ib Z`šÍKvix Kg©KZ©vi ev`x‡K m‡›`n Kivi
†hŠw³K KviY i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib ev`x‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í K‡i Ry‡qjvm© ch©vß bq
wKš‘ wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h Zv‡K †MÖßvi cÖkœ Kiv n‡j wZwb ¯^xKvi
Ki‡Zb| AZGe Kb‡÷ej Zv‡K †MÖßvi K‡i cywjk †÷k‡b wb‡q hvb †hLv‡b Zv‡K
wRÁvmvev` Kiv nq †h‡nZy †Kvb cÖgvY msMÖn Kiv hvqwb, ZvB Zv‡K Qq
NÈv ci gy³ Kiv nq| Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h D³ Awfhy³ Kb‡÷ej m`mïv Aciva K‡ib wb
Ges AvBbMZ cwµqv mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb|
‡h cywjk Awdmvi GKRb e¨w³‡K †MÖßvi K‡ib Aek¨B Zv‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i
†MÖdZv‡ii KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq wZwb wg‡_¨ Kvivev‡mi Rb¨ `vqx
n‡eb|
Bsj¨v‡Ûi nvDm Ae jW©m chriti vs. leachinky gvgjv‡Z e¨³ Kiv nq wmAviwcwm
1973 503 Ges 75 aviv †gvZv‡eK|
(1) cÖ‡Z¨K cywjk Awdmvi A_ev Ab¨vb¨ Iqv‡i›U e¨ZxZ †MÖßviK…Z‡ì

c~Y©v½ eY©bv w`‡eb hvi Rb¨ wZwb †MÖdZvi nb A_ev Ab¨vb¨ KviYmg~n|
(2) hLb A- Avgjx Aciv‡a †`vlx e¨w³‡K Ab¨ e¨w³ Iqv‡i›U e¨ZxZ †MÖdZvi K‡ib
ZLb wZwb †MÖdZviK…Z e¨w³‡K Rvbv‡eb Ges wZwb Rvwg‡b gyw³ cv‡eb Ges
wZwb Zvi c¶ †_‡K wmwKDwiwU eë¯’v Ki‡eb cywjk Awdmvi A_ev Ab¨vb¨
RvixKviK e¨w³ †MÖdZviK…Z e¨w³‡K †MÖdZv‡ii welqe¯‘ Rvbv‡eb Ges
cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡K †`Lv‡eb|
‡MÖdZviK…Z e¨w³ Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ cywjk KZ©„K AvUK _vK‡eb bv A_ev

Zv‡K †MÖßvi K‡i †emiKvwi e¨w³ KZ©„K hLb GKRb †emiKvwi e¨w³ GKRb
m‡›`nfvRb Avmvwg †MÖdZvi K‡ib ZLb wZwb Zvr¶wYK D³ †MÖdZviK…Z
e¨w³‡K cywj‡ki wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡eb A_ev Zv‡ì wbKUeZ©x _vbvq wb‡q hv‡eb|
GKRb cywjk Awdmvi g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui AbywgZ e¨ZxZ 24 N›Uvi †ewk
†MÖdZviK…Z e¨w³‡K AvUK ivL‡Z cvi‡eb bv
RywWwkqvj Awdmvi i¶vq RywWwkqvj i¶vq 1850 Gi aviv †gvZv‡eK †Kvb

wePviK magistrate-collector A_ev Ab¨vb¨ wePvi weev`xi weiæ‡× Zvi K…
ZK‡g©i Rb¨ †Ìqvbx Av`vj‡Z gvgjv Kiv n‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡e †h ZvB †nvK
wKsev bv †nvK D³ mg‡q wZwb mwØk¦vm KvR m¤úv`b K‡i‡Qb|
D³ weav‡b cÖ`Ë myi¶v P~ovšÍ bq hLb GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU †eAvBwb

we‡ØlcÖm~Z A_ev †MÖdZv‡ii †¶‡Î Gw³qvi ewnf©~Z KvR K‡ib ZLb wZwb
wg_¨v Kvivev‡mi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨ n‡eb|
S. pande vs. s.c. gupta gvgjv‡Z weev`x GKRb mve-wWwfkbvj g¨vwR‡÷ªU b

mve-wWwfk‡bi D³ wefv‡M †KvU© wewìs bv _vKvq weev`x‡K s Gi mve
wWwfk‡bi †KvU© iæg eënvi AbygwZ †Ìqv nq| †KvU© PZ¡‡i ùvov‡bv ev`x
mve wWwfk‡bi g¨vwR‡÷ªU ¯^xKvi Kiv nq Av`vjZ rs. 1000 iæwc UvKv weev`xi
weiæ‡× ¶wZc~iY †`b| GB Kvi‡Y †h ev`x‡K †MÖßvi eëüZ ¶gZv wbe©vnx ¶gZv
Ges g¨vwR‡÷ªU we‡ØlcÖm~Z KvR K‡ib, ev`x‡K mb` e‡Kqv Av`v‡q Pvc w`‡q|
ev`xi Dci †KvY mgb Rvwi Kiv nqwb| mgb AkweŸKv‡ii Kvi‡b G‡i÷ Iqv‡i›U
†Ìqv nqwb| g~jZ GLv‡b †MÖdZv‡ii †Kv‡bv KviY wQj bv | D³ gvgjv Ab¨vq
RbK|
A¨v‡i÷ Iqviv›U Rvix Kvix wgwbw÷ªqvj Awdmvi‡ì myi¶v (PROTECTION OF

MINISTRIAL OFFICERS EXECUTING WARRANT OF ARREST):
hw` GKRb wgwb÷vi Awdmvi AvBb-Av`vj‡Zi AvBbMZ Iqv‡i›U Rvwi K‡ib

Av`vjZ _vKzK bv _vKzK D³ wgwbw÷ªqvj Awdmvi †h †Kvb `vqe×Zv †_‡K
myi¶v cv‡eb| fviZxq `Ðwewai aviv †gvZv‡eK D³ Awdmvi Aek¨B wek¦vm Ki‡eb
hv‡Z i‡q‡Q fvi‡Z †Ìqvbx gvgjvi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv KviY †bB GKRb myi¶v cv‡eb bv
hw` D³ g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vj‡Zi m¤úvw`Z bv nq|
(II) †hŠw³K kZ©vejx ( REASONABEL CONDITIONS): hLb GKRb e¨w³ †Kvb

¯’v‡b cÖ‡ek K‡ib ZLb wZwb wb‡R‡K †hŠw³K kZ©vejxi Aax‡b wb‡R‡K `vqe×
K‡ib| AšÍf©y³ n‡e gvwjK KZ©„K D³ ¯’vb †ei nIqvi kZ©mg~n fv‡jvfv‡e e¨³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
Robinson vs. balmain new ferry co. gvgjv‡Z ev`x I weev`x cv‡K© hvb b`xi Dci
cv‡k †bŠKv hvIqvi Rb¨ wZwb cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ GK †cwb cwi‡kva K‡ib| Z‡e ev`x
Avi gb cwieZ©b K‡ib Ges wd‡i †h‡Z B‡”Q e¨³ K‡ib| †ei nIqvi iæj †gvZv‡eK
Zv‡K †ei nIqvi Rb¨ GK cvDÛ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e hvnv wZwb cwi‡kva Ki‡Z
A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| weev`x Zv‡K †ei nIqvi ciB †Zv †h‡Z †`bwb|
ev`x D³ weev`xi weiæ‡× AvµgY Aciva Ges AvU‡Ki Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib|
Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h, weev`x D³ PvR© K…Z wd Gi Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv|
Herd vs. weardale steel coke gvgjv‡Z GKRb Lwbi Kg©KZ©v wb‡P hvb KvR
Ki‡Z wKš‘ wKQy f‡qi Kvi‡Y wZwb Zv‡K Dcwifv‡M wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva
K‡ib| PvKzixi kZ© †gvZv‡eK wZwb we‡Kj PviUvq evB‡i †h‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvi
gvwjK Zv‡K †òUvi mgq Gi c~‡e© wjdU eënv‡i A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| hwÌ D³
wjf gvbyl‡K Dcwifv‡M wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ 1 t10 wgwb‡U †_‡K Pvjy _v‡K| Z_vwc
Zv‡K 20 wgwbU AvUK ivLvi Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib| GLv‡b Av`vjZ gvgjvwU LvwiR
K‡i †`q|
wg‡_¨ AvUK Aciv‡a ¶wZc~iY gvgjv;
wg‡_¨ Kvivevm Aciv‡a A_ev Ab¨vq AvUK msµvšÍ gvgjvi ev`x ¯^vaxbZvI mgq
AcPq Gi Kvi‡b mvavib ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvi gvbwmK †fvMvwšÍ
gvbnvwb I mvgvwRK gh©v`v nv‡ii Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wZwb ¯^vaxbZv
wdwi‡q Avbv DcvR©b nviv‡bv ¶wZc~iY `vexi Ki‡Z cvi... ¶wZc~iY wba©vi‡Yi
mgq Ges ¯’vb we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e wePviK I D³ wfwË‡Z ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY
wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ (BURDEN OF PROOF): Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨

gvgjvi †¶‡Î hLb gvbwmK I kvixwiK †fvMvwšÍ Ges mybvg ¶wZi Rb¨ mvaviY
¶wZc~iY `vexi Kiv nq ZLb ev`x‡K cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h Zv‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e
AvUK ivLv n‡q‡Q Ges D³ weev`xi gva¨‡g n‡q‡Q D³ NUbv ewj GKevi cÖgvwYZ
n‡j ev`xi gvgjv c~Y©v½ n‡e Ges weev`xi KZ©e¨ n‡e Gi mg_©b Kiv|
Ab¨vq cÖwZ‡iva g~jK AvU‡Ki gvgjvi ev`x Zvi gvbnvwbi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY `vex
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gvbyl cÖgvY Ki‡e †h AvUK g~jK AW©vi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e ïaygvÎ
†eAvBwb Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î Ges D³ AvUKK…Z e¨w³i mybvg ¶ybœ n‡e|
Z‡e we‡kl ¶wZc~iY `vexi †¶‡Î Ab¨vb¨ gvgjvi gZB cÖgv‡Yi `vhw ় Z¡ ev`x‡K
AvUK Ges wZwb we‡kl ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb g‡g© cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
(4) Ab¨vb¨ B‡”Q K…Z ˆ`wnK ¶Z (OTHER INTENTIOAL PHYSICAl harm):
e¨w³i cÖwZ ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i Ab¨vb¨ cš’vq AvµgY mn Ab¨vb¨ Aciva n‡Z cv‡i hw`
Ggb ¶wZ nq `vhw় Z¡nxbZvi d‡j Zvn‡jB nvi mvaviY `vhw় Z¡nxbZvi ch©vqfy³
n‡e| Z‡e, hLb D³ ¶wZ B‡”QK…Z nq ZLb D³ ¶wZ †_‡K myi¶vi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó
†Kv‡bv mxgv e¨³ Kiv nqwb| Z‡e, Wilkinson vs. dowton gvgjv‡Z GB g‡g©
mvaviY bxwZgvjv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvb †mev Kiv nq †h GKRb e¨w³ B”QvK…
Zfv‡e ev`xi ¶wZ K‡ib ZLb e¨w³MZ wbivcËv msµvšÍ AwaKvi jsNb nq|
D³ gvgjvi Ave„wË Kivi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Kiv nq wKš‘ Av`vjZ hyw³ LvwiR K‡i †`b
Ges `vex envj iv‡Lb GB Kvi‡Y †h weev`x B”QvK…Zfv‡e Ggb KvR K‡ib| Zv‡ì
Rb¨ ¶wZi KviY Ges Zv‡ì ¶wZ K‡i| D³ bxwZgvjv mg~n Aby‡gvw`Z nq janvier
vs. sweeney gvgjv‡Z weev`x GKwU e¨w³MZ wW‡UKwUf G‡RwÝ
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib ev`x‡K cÖZvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ wKQy wPwV †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨
wZwb e‡jb Avwg ¯‹Uj¨vÛ †_‡K G‡mwQ Avgiv Avcbv‡K LyR‡ZwQ Avcwb
Rvg©vb ¯úvB Gi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Qb Dcvq `vhw ় Z¡iZ Kg©KZ©vMY
cwiw¯’wZ AZ¨šÍ fq cvq Ges A¶g nb weev`x‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv nq Ges KviY
Zv‡K fq †`Lv‡bvi g‡bvfve wQj|
D³ Dfq gvgjvmg~n ¶wZ nq bvf©vm AvZ‡¼i gva¨‡g D³ e³e¨ Zv‡ì wbKU

B‡”QK…Zfv‡e Zv‡K mZK© Kivi Rb¨ D”PviY Kiv nq|
Bunyan vs. jordan gvgjv‡Z weev`x wZwb Zv‡ì Kg©Pvix evwoUv‡K wifjevi
n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z †`‡Lb Ges gv`Kvm³ Ae¯’vq ej‡Z ï‡bwQ wZwb AvZ¥nZ¨v A_ev
wb‡R‡K ¸wj Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb Ges Zvici GKwU ¸wji kã ïb‡Z cvb Zv‡K AvNv‡Zi
Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nqwb KviY A¯¿ gvgjvq eëüZ k‡ãi D”PviY Kiv nqwb Ges Zvi ci
†_‡K wbM©Z nq cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hv‡e bv|
Evatt.j. ZvivB wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡ib hLb GKRb e¨w³i we‡ØlcÖm~Z D‡Ï‡k¨ AvZ¥
cÖ`k©bx B‡”QK…Z mZK© †eAvBwbfv‡e Kvh©vejx K‡i AvZ¥nZ¨vi ûgwK †`b
Ges D³ mZ©KZv A_ev f‡qi Ae¯’vb Amy¯’Zvi KviY n‡e weev`xi Rb¨ Ggb gvgjvi
DËi n‡e bv cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ †h wZwb wb‡R‡K nZ¨v A_ev AvNv‡Zi Rb¨
ûgwK w`‡”Qb Ab¨ e¨w³ Zvi cÖwZKvi Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb A‡bK e¨w³eM©
A_ev AwaKvsk e¨w³MY A_ev we‡kl wbwl× e¨w³eM© D³ Kvh©µ‡gi ¯^vfvweK

gvbe †Mvôx fq †c‡Zb bv GKwU KvbvWvi gvgjv‡ZI B”QvK…Zfv‡e ev`xi gv‡qi
wbKU wg‡_¨ Z_¨ w`‡jb gvbwmK AvNvZ Av`vjZ|
Wilkinson vs. downton gvgjvi Abymi‡Y ev`x‡K `vqx Kiv nq hw` D³ Dc¯’vcbv
Zv‡ì wbKU Kiv nqwb|
hw` e³e¨ mivmwi Zuvi wbKU bv Kiv nq A_ev Zvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z bv Kiv nq
Zvn‡j GKRb e¨w³ cÖwZKvi A¯^xK…wZi †Kvb KviY _vK‡e bv Z‡e kZ© n‡jv
D³ e³e¨ B‡”QK…Zfv‡e ev`xi ¶wZi Rb¨ Kiv n‡e|
Wilkinson vs. downton gvgjvq cÖYxZ iæ‡ji mwVK cwimxgv gvgjvmg~n †_‡K
¯úó bq| wKš‘ Bnv mvaviYZ M„nxZ nq †h D³ †ivj gvbwmK AvNvZ msµvšÍ
gvgjvi †¶‡Î mxgve× bq A_ev e³‡eï gva¨‡g m„ó AvNv‡Zi †¶‡Î mxwgZ bq hw`
†Kvb KvR A_ev e³e¨ B‡”QK…Zfv‡e m¤úvw`Z nq †Kvb e¨w³i Rb¨ Ges
mwZ¨Kvifv‡eB ¶wZ n‡j D³ Kvh©m¤úv`b wK ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e|
Aa¨vq -13
A¯’vei m¤úwËi †¶‡Î tort Aciva ( Torts to immovable

property);
Rwg‡Z A‰ea cÖ‡ek ( tresspass to land):
¯^v_© iw¶Z (interest protected);
A‰ea cÖ‡ek weiæ‡× gvgjvi gva¨‡g iw¶Z AwaKvi D³ m¤úwËi `Lj`vi e¨w³
KZ©„K ˆ`wnK n¯Í‡¶c e¨ZxZ P~ovšÍ `Ljx ¯^Z¡| A‰ea cÖ‡ek‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv
hv‡e A‰eafv‡e GKRb e¨w³ KZ©„K Ab¨ e¨w³i `L‡j _vKv m¤úwËi Dci A
‰eafv‡e n¯Í‡¶c Kiv| Bnv AšÍify³ Ki‡e B‡”QK…Z A_ev `vhw ় ‡Z¡ wnb fv‡e (1)
A‡bï Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv, (2) evwn¨K e¯‘‡K Rwg‡Z Avbv, (3) D³ Rwg‡Z
AbygwZwenxb AvKv‡i †Kvb e¯‘ ivLv|
Rwgi `LjmË (possession of property)t
A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki weiæ‡× gvgjvi Rb¨ cÖ_g Dcv`vb nj ev`xi Aek¨B mwZ¨Kv‡ii
A_ev KvíwbK m¤úwËi `Lj ¯^Z¡ _vK‡e| Zv‡K Aek¨B Rwgi `Lj _vK‡Z n‡e A_ev
Zvr¶wYKfv‡e `Lj MZ AwaKvi _vK‡e| A‰ea cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ UU Aciva Rwg‡Z
n¯Í‡¶‡ci gva¨‡g wbwnZ i‡q‡Q| AZGe Gi cÖ‡qvRb †bB †h ev`x‡K Rwgi gvwjK
n‡Z n‡e|
Rwgi `Lj ¯^Z¡ A‰ea cÖ‡ek weiæ‡× gvgjv `vwL‡ji Rb¨ ch©vß n‡e| `L‡j †bB Ggb
Rwgi gvwjK A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| wiwfkbAvi gvgjv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb hw` D³ A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ggb nq †h wenvi Zvi DËivwaKvi MZ AwaKvi
†K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
`L‡j _vKv Askx`vi gvwjK A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, Ab¨vb¨
Askx`vi gvwjK‡ì mv‡_ mgš^q e¨ZxZ A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Jus tertii ( AwaKvi Z„Zxq e¨w³i wbKU wbwnZ):
hyw³i Av¶wiK A_© AwaKvi Z„Zxq e¨w³i wbKU| Ggb hyw³ mvaviYZ `vwLj Kiv
nq Rwg A_ev cY¨ BZ¨vwì †¶‡Î A‰ea cÖ‡ek gvgjv‡Z A‰ea ev †Rvic~e©K
cÖ‡ek gvgjvi †¶‡Î| GKwU A‰ea cÖ‡ek gvgjvi weev`x hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib bv †h
Ggb hyw³ KviY hwÌ mwZ¨Kv‡ii `Ë Ab¨vq A‰ea cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ gvgjv `vwL‡ji
Rb¨ ch©vß n‡e| D³ mvaviYZ iæ‡ji wb¤œ³ e¨wZµgx i‡q‡Q;
(1) GK Rb weev`x mdjfv‡e jus tertii hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib hLb wZwb wb‡Ri Rwgi
AvBbMZ gvwjK A_ev AvBbMZ DËivwaKv‡ii AbygwZ msµvšÍ Aciva K‡i‡QY|
(2) hLb ev`xi mwZ¨Kv‡ii `Lj ¯^Z¡ †bB eis ïaygvÎ `Lj ¯^Z¡ Gi Ici wbf©i K‡ib hv
mvavibZ `Lj ¯^Z¡ D×vi g~jK gvgjv G‡¶‡Î fv‡jv AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ n‡Z cv‡i|
A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva m¤úv`‡bi wewfbœ cš’v (various ways of committing

trespass);
(1) Ab¨vqg~jK e¨w³MZ A‰ea cÖ‡ek; Rwg‡Z A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki me‡P Kgb cš’v nj
A‡bœi Rwg‡Z AbygwZwenxb cÖ‡ek Kiv | Bnv cÖ‡qvRb †bB †h, weev`x‡K
mwZ¨Kvifv‡eB mxgvbv jsNb Ki‡Z n‡e| ev`xi Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e evwoi
Rwg‡Z evwn¨K cÖ‡ek n‡j ch©vß n‡e| Enticek vs. carrington gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z
ivq w`j †h cÖ‡Z¨K †Rvic~e©K cÖ‡ek A‰ea cÖ‡ek n‡e, †Kvb cÖKvi ¶wZ
c~i‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
hw` cÖ‡ek nq B‡”QK…Z Zvn‡j hyw³ †`Lv‡bv hv‡e bv †h, D³ cÖ‡ek wQj Rwg
wU Zvi g‡g© wg‡_¨ wek¦vm †_‡K|
Z‡e hLb cÖ‡ek B”QvK…Z bq eis `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK, Zvn‡j AvBbMZ
KZ©„Z¡ i‡q‡Q †h D³ weev`x `vqx n‡eb| hwÌ ev¯Í‡e D³ Aciva `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv
g~jK n‡j gvgjv Kiv n‡e `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv Aciv‡ai Rb¨ A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ bq|
ïaygvÎ `yN©Ubv g~jK fv‡e D‡Ïk¨ A_ev `vhw় Z¡nxb fv‡e cÖ‡ek Kiv n‡j D³
Aciv‡ai weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv|
(2) Rwg‡Z Ae¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g A‰ea cÖ‡ek;
GgbwK hLb GKRb e¨w³ AvBbMZ fv‡e Ab¨ e¨w³i Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib hw` D³
¯’v‡b Ae¯’v‡bi †gqv` †k‡l wZwb Ae¯’vb K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb A‰ea
AbycÖ‡ekKvix n‡eY| ZvB hLb GKRb e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³i Rwg‡Z jvB‡mÝ
†gvZv‡eK cÖ‡ek Kivb Ges D³ jvB‡m‡Ýi †gqv` †k‡l Ae¯’vb Ki‡j wZwb A‰ea
cÖ‡ekKvix n‡eb| Rwg A_ev hvbevnb †_‡K A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡bvi AwaKvi
e¨ZxZ A‰ea cÖ‡ek n‡e|
Wood vs. lead bitter gvgjv‡Z ev`x MwZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨
wUwKU µq K‡ib| D³ †i‡mi mg‡q Zuv‡K Z¨vM Ki‡Z AW©vi †Ìqv nq Ges
Z¨vM Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡j Zv‡K †Rvic~e©K D‡”Q` Kiv nq| wZwb
¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib wKš‘ Zvi gvgjvq GB Kvi‡Y evwZj n‡q‡Q Zvi
jvB‡mÝ cÖZ¨vnv‡ii ci Ges †im‡Kvm© ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g A‰ea cÖ‡ek
K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡K D‡”Q` Kiv nq|
Hurst vs. picture theatres gvgjv‡Z ev`x-weev`xi w_‡qUv‡i Amsiw¶Z wm‡Ui Rb¨
wUwKU Kv‡Ub| Qwe †kl nIqvi c~‡e© wZwb wUwK‡Ui g~j¨ fyj aviYv †_‡K
Zv‡K †Rvic~e©K mviv‡bv nq| ev`x‡K A‰ea cÖ‡ek Kwi MY¨ Kiv nqwb Ges
Zv‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi AwaKvix g‡g© ivq †Ìqv nq| cÖ_g gvgjvi ivq LvwiR Kiv n...
Dfq gvgjv‡ZB jvB‡mÝ †gqv` †kl nq D‡Ïk¨ mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ
Rvbvb †kl nIqvi ci Zvn‡j wZwb m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e A‰ea cÖ‡ek Kwi wKš‘ Ggb
D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi c~‡e© Zv‡K Z¨vM Kivi A¯^xK…wZ Zv‡K A‰ea cÖ‡ek K‡i
evbv‡Z ïaygvÎ hLb jvB‡mÝcÖvß cÖËvnvi †hvM¨| wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î bq|
(3) e¯‘ wb‡L‡ci gva¨‡g A‰ea cÖ‡ekt wb‡¶‡ci gva¨‡g A‰ea cÖ‡ek cix¶vi
gva¨‡g| Rwgi Dci cvwb A_ev Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘ wb‡¶c A‰ea cÖ‡ek n‡e| e¯‘ `„k¨gvb
nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb b... Bnv n‡Z cv‡i M¨vm cÖ_g RvZxq e¯‘| Bnv cÖ‡qvRb †bB †h
D‡Ïk¨ Aek¨B mxgvjsNb Ki‡e| hLb †`qv‡j gqjv-AveR©bv ivLv nq ZLbB nvi
Rwg‡Z A‰ea cÖ‡ek MY¨ n‡e Abyiƒcfv‡e †`qv‡j †njvb †Ìqv n‡e|
(4) cÖvwbi gva¨‡g A‰ea cÖ‡ek; A‡bï Rwg‡Z A‰ea cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ we¯ÍvwiZ
eY©bv Kiv n‡e|
‡hŠ_ gvwjK KZ©„K A‰ea cÖ‡ek (trespass by joint owners); GKRb Rwgi
gvwjK‡K A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hv‡e ïaygvÎ hLb wZwb †hŠ_ gvwj‡Ki
AwaKvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K wKQy K‡ib| ZvB, hLb GKwU ¶wYK m¤úwËi gvwjK
nb ZLb cÖ‡Z¨‡KB D³ m¤úwË‡Z AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Ges Zvi AvbycvwZK nv‡i
m¤úwË jvf Ki‡eb|
Rwgi Dc‡i A_ev Mfxi A‰ea cÖ‡ek (tress pass above or beneath the land);
‡h e¨w³i Rwgi Dcwifv‡Mi AwaKvi iv‡Lb Ges wZwb f~wgKv iv‡Lb hZB Mfxi
†nvK A_ev Rwgi Dc‡i hZ ivZ n‡e GgbwK A‡bï Rwg‡Z feb wbg©vY A_ev
weÁvcb wej‡evW© jvMv‡bv A‰ea cÖ‡ek g~jK Aciva n‡e|
Bnv ¯§iY ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, A‡bï Rwgi Dcwifv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨K n¯Í‡¶‡ci Kvi‡Y
gvgjv Kiv hv‡ebv| salmond g‡b K‡ib A‡bï Rwg‡Z Nywo Dov‡bv A_ev ¸wj Kiv
Aciva n‡e| ¯’vqx cÖK…wZi AwaKvi Ges A¯’vqx cÖK…wZi AwaKvi †hgb
evZvm AwaKv‡i n¯Í‡¶c Gi †¶‡Î Aciva n‡e|
êgvwbK hvbevnb (air crafts):
G‡iv‡cøb d¬vBU Gi †¶‡Î Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ gnvk~b¨ msµvšÍ AvBb †KvqvwjdvB Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †hŠw³K D”PZv Rwgi Dci w`‡q cvBjU Gi †¶‡Î †Kvb `vqe×Zv †bB|
cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek (tresspass ab initio):
hLb AvBb Aby‡gv`b †`q, ZLb †h e¨w³ Ab¨vq K‡i Gi Aceënvi K‡‌© Zv‡K
cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ekKvix MY¨ Kiv nq| Ggb gvgjvmg~n we‡ivax Aciva Ges A
‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb| Aceënv‡ii d‡j Drcbœ n‡e cieZ©x AvBb Øviv
D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Ki... ZvB Ggb hLb GKRb e¨w³ †nv‡U‡j cÖ‡ek Kivb Ges wKQy
Pywi K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek K‡i we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e|
D³ iæ‡ji Kvib nj KZ©„Z¡/ ¶gZv Aceënvi †¶‡Î Kgb mZK© wQj Ges Rvnvb
bvMwiK‡ì wbcxob m„wó Ki‡e|
iæ‡ji e¨wZµgx mg~n (exceptions to the rule);
(1) hLb weev`x KZ©„K AvBbMZ fv‡e Zv‡ì Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ibwb eis ev`x
cÖ`Ë KZ©„Z¡ †gvZv‡eK ZLb cieZ©x A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ki‡e bv ev hyw³ev`xi
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wKš‘ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ bq KviY Bnv Zvi
AbygwZ wQj|
(2) D³ iæj cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e ïaygvÎ hLb weev`x KZ©„K wKQy BwZevPK KvR
m¤úv`b Kiv nq Bnv ïaygvÎ ÎæwUi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| Zvi GKwU Bb G cÖ‡ek
K‡ib Ges Zviv GKmv‡_ g` cvb K‡ib Ges wKQy iæwU hvi Rb¨ Zviv cwi‡kva
Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| wePvh© cÖkœ wQj Zv‡ì‡K cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek
Kwi MY¨ Kiv n‡e wKbv RvZxq cwil` Ges cÖ‡e‡ki †¶‡Î cÖ‡ekKvix MY¨ ...
Av`vjZ ivq w`‡q‡Q Zviv cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek Kvwi bb, KviY GLv‡b ïaygvÎ
cwiwPwZ g~jK KvR wQj Ges BwZevPK wQj bv|
(3) GKwU AvBb m¤§Z A‰ea cÖ‡ek cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek n‡ebv hw` D³
Aceënvi cÖ‡e‡ki mvgwMÖK hyw³ evwZj bv K‡i| hw` cÖ‡e‡ki †¶‡Î
¯^Zš¿ KviY _v‡K Zvn‡j cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv|
Brojendra kishore roy vs. m.a. Luffeman gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ivq w`‡jv †h, hLb
GKRb cywjk Awdmvi AvBbm¤§Z Zjøvwk cvjbKvj&‌ D³ ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vbKvix
KvD‡K AvµgY K‡ib Zvn‡j Gi gva¨‡g Zuvi cÖ‡ek †eqvBbx n‡e bv | Abyiƒcfv‡e,
hLb cywjk Kg©KZ©vMY D³ ¯’v‡b cÖ‡ek K‡ib GKRb e¨w³‡K AvBbMZ fv‡e
†MÖdZvi K‡ib Ges †eAvBwbfv‡e wKQy cY¨ Ges `wjjcÎ K‡ib ZLb wZwb c‡Yï
Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb wKš‘ ZviciI †eqvBbx n‡e bv
mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ iæj wKQy wePv‡ii m¤§yLxb

nh&‌ wKš‘ Z_vwc nvi we`¨gvb| Bsj¨v‡Û distress for rent act, 1737 wejyß Kiv
n‡q‡Q LvRbv gvgjvi †¶‡Î D³ AvBb ˆZwi K‡i|
Pjgvb A‰ea cÖ‡ek (continuing trespass): hLb, GKRb e¨w³ Ab¨vq fv‡e A‡bï
Rwg‡Z wKQy iv‡Lb A_ev †mLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡ib AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY K‡ib D³
AeKvVv‡gv Ae¯’vb bv Ki‡j e¯‘ ivLv ch©šÍ wZwb Pjgvb A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨
`vqx n‡eb| Ggb gvgjvmg~n D³ e¯‘ Rwg‡Z _vKv ch©šÍ bZyb gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi
Rb¥ †bq|
Holmes vs. wilson DBjmb gvgjv‡Z UªvwdK ivBWvi UªvwdK Avgv‡ì Rwg‡Z
mg_©‡bi Rb¨ wbg©vY K‡ib| D³ euva wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki gvgjv K‡ib
Ges Zvi c~Y©v½ mš‘wó `vex †gvZv‡eK c~Y©v½ UvKv Av`vj‡Z Rgv †`b|
Av`vjZ ivq w`‡q‡Q, UvKv MÖnY Kiv gvgjvi †¶‡Î evav n‡e bv cÖ_‡g ¶wZc~iY
Av`vq Kiv AvNvZ Pjgvb ivLvi Rb¨ AwaKvi wn‡m‡e f~wgKv Kvh©Kix n‡e bv|
g~j A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki cwiYwZ, Aek¨B Pjgvb A‰ea cÖ‡ek †_‡K c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e
KviY cieZ©x gvgjvi †¶Î&‌ cÖZ¨n bZyb gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi Rb¥ †bq Ab¨w`‡K
c~‡e©v³ gvgjv‡Z ¶wZc~iY `vwe Kiv nq GKevi| hLb †Kvb e¯‘ A‡bï Rwg‡Z
ivLv nq ZLb D³ e¯‘ bv miv‡bv ch©šÍ Pjgvb A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a wKš‘ hLb A
‰ea cÖ‡ek K‡ib ZLb wZwb g~j A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ges ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
AbygvbK…Z A‰ea cÖ‡ek (apprehended trepass); ev`x mwVK cÖwZKvi jvf

Ki‡eb GgbwK hLb A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a Aciva Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q| hLb Ram babu
vs. har prasad gvgjv‡Z, evwoi DËi †`qv‡ji ìRv †Lvjv nq Rvnv‡Ri Rwgi mv‡_
DËi w`K cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ mshy³| Av`vjZ ivq w`‡q‡Q †h ìRv †Lvjv Zvi Rwg‡Z
cieZ©x A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki cÖ_g c`‡¶c ìRv †Lvjv A_ev eënv‡i weiZ _vKvi Rb¨
wb‡lavÁv cv‡eb|
m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g A‰ea cÖ‡ek (trespass by relation);
AvBbMZ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Zv‡K MY¨ Kiv n‡e, D³ Rwg cÖ‡e‡ki ci jvf K‡i‡Qb
g‡g© MY¨ Kiv n‡e| Zv‡K `‡ji evB‡i _vKv Ae¯’vq K…Z Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv bv
Ki‡Y m¶g Ki‡e| AÎ AvBwb cÖev` cÖ‡qvRbxq KviY ¶gZv `Lj m‡Zï AwaKv‡ii
Kvi‡Y, `Lj kZ©wenxb GKRb gvwj‡Ki D³ Rwg‡Z A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki weiæ‡×
†Kv‡bv cÖwZKvi wQj bv| Ggb fv‡eB Kvgiæj `L‡j †bB Ggb e¨w³i cÖwZKvi jvf
†_‡K ewÂZ K‡i| m¤úK© aviv A‰ea cÖ‡ek cÎ †gvZv‡eK wZwb Ggb A‰ea
cÖ‡e‡ki weiæ‡× cÖwZKvi cve...
h_v_©Zv (justification);
(1) Aby‡gv`b A_ev jvB‡mÝ; hLb GKRb e¨w³‡K ev`x KZ©„K Aby‡gv`b A_ev
jvB‡mÝ †Ìqv nq Rwg‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ ZLb wZwb Zvi weiæ‡× A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki
Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| A_ev jvB‡mÝ cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K Aek¨B ¯úó
Aby‡gv`b cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev Ggb cwiw¯’wZ mg~n cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b
_v‡K Aby‡gv`b mwVKfv‡e AšÍwb©wnZ n‡e| †hgb- hLb GKRb e¨w³ K‡ib Zv‡ì
Rb¨ ZLb wZwb m¤ú~Y© Qwe †`Lvi Rb¨ D³ w_‡qUvi Ges Ae¯’vb Kivi AwaKvi
iv‡Lb| wZwb mwVKfv‡e AvPiY Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j jvB‡mÝ wd cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hv‡e
bv|
fviZxq BR‡g›U AvB‡bi 25 †_‡K 64 aviv †gvZv‡eK D³ aviv ¸‡jv‡Z jvB‡mÝ

msµvšÍ weavb we`¨gvb| weavb †gvZv‡eK GKwU jvB‡mÝ cÖZ¨vnvi n‡q‡Q
g‡g© MY¨ Kiv n‡e-
(a) hLb gvgjvi Kvh©µg †_‡K Aby‡gv`b `vZv jvB‡mÝ m¤ú„³ m¤úwË‡Z
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡eb|
(b) hLb jvB‡mÝ wd cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib A_ev †Mvcbxqfv‡e jvB‡mÝ A_ev Zvi
cÖwZwbwai wbKU|
(c) hLb Bnv mxwgZ D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq ZLb GB k‡Z© AR©b K‡ib †h Bnv
cvjb A_ev e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Y evwZj n‡e, Ges D³ mg‡q wejyß n‡e A_ev kZ© c~iY
n‡e|
(d) hLb jvB‡mÝ m¤ú„³ m¤úwË webó nq A_ev EaŸ©Zb kw³ Øviv GZUvB
¯’vqxfv‡e cwiewZ©Z K‡i †h jvB‡mÝ MÖnxZv Avi Zvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb bv|
(e) hLb jvB‡mÝ MÖnxZv D³ m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv jvf K‡ib;

(f) hLb jvB‡mÝ mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges D‡Ïk¨ A_ev Am¤¢e nq
hLb jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb Kiv nq †Kvb `vhw় Z¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ A_ev A_ev wejyß n‡e|
(g) jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb Kiv nq †Kvb `vhw় Z¡ / PvKzwi cvj‡bi Rb¨ D³ PvKzwi
A_ev c` wejyß n‡e|
(h) hLb jvB‡mÝ m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB 20 eQi eëüZ nq Ges Aejyß jvB‡mÝ Ges Gi
ga¨Kvi Pyw³ †gvZv‡eK bq|
(i) cÖ‡ek AwaKvi g~jK jvB‡mÝ Gi †¶‡Î hLb cÖ‡ek AwaKvi g~jK AwaKvi
wejyß nq |
eY©bv (prescription); †h †Kvb e¨w³ hLb Ab¨vq fv‡e `Lj AR©b K‡ib, ZLb
miKvwi m¤úwËi †¶‡Î 20 eQi A_ev 30 eQi kvwšÍc~Y© f‡Mi ci eY©bv /AviwR
`vwLj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| eY©bv/ AwaKvi msµvšÍ we¯ÍvwiZ AwaKvi weavb Indian
easement act, 1882 Gi 15 aviv G cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| Ges Zvgvw` AvB‡bi 28 aviv
eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(3) AvBbMZ ¶gZv; hLb GKRb e¨w³ A‡bœi Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib AvBb
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ ZLb wZwb A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv Zvi Rb¨ KZ
cÖ‡qvRb D³ D‡Ï‡k¨ ¶gZvcÖvß Awdmv‡ii `vhw় Z¡ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Semaynes gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ivq w`j †h, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki evwo Zvi wbKU `yM©vcyi
cwiMwYZ| wKš‘ hLb †m †h‡Kv‡bv evwoi g~j `Lj D×vi gvgjv K‡ib, ZLb †kwid
AwaKvix c¶‡K D³ `Lj n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Ggb mKj gvgjv †Z hLb ivRv c¶fy³
ZLb ev`x c‡¶i evwo †f‡O Zv‡K †MÖdZvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb A_ev Ab¨vb¨ cÖwµqv
Rvwi Ki‡eb|
wmAviwcwmt 174 aviv †gvZv‡eK cywjk †h‡Kv‡bv evwo‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
hLb wZwb GKRb e¨w³i Dcw¯’wZ m‡›`n K‡ib whwb †Kvb Aciv‡a †MÖßvi n‡eb
Ggb evwo A_ev feb †MÖdZvi n‡eb Ggb e¨w³ n‡Z cv‡i A_ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb e¨w³i
n‡Z cv‡i| Abyiƒcfv‡e 94 avivq Zjøvwk m¤ú‡K© Aby‡gv`b †`q|
(4) Rwg‡Z cybivq cÖ‡ek A_ev Avevw` cïi cvj;
‡h e¨w³ †K Zvi Rwg †_‡K D‡”Q` Kiv nq ZLb D³ e¨w³ kw³ cÖ‡qvM e¨ZxZ
kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GgbwK hw` wZwb kw³ cÖ‡qvM
K‡i cÖ‡ek K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb A‰ea cÖ‡ekKvwi n‡eb bv| wKš‘ A‰eafv‡e Rwg
AwaMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv | tort Aciv‡a `vqx n‡eb bv Ges cybivq MÖn‡Y kw³
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
(5) e¨w³MZ AvZ¥i¶v Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq KviRvewjt A‡bï Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek mwVK
n‡Z cv‡i hLb Bnv e¨w³ A_ev m¤úwË i¶vi Rb¨ nq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î nq| AÎ
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³mg~n we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ †`Lyb Aa¨vqwUi mvaviY
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ bvgK Aa¨v‡q| AvBbMZ m¶gZv Ges mnvqZv A‡bï Rwg‡Z
cÖ‡ek I h_v_© n‡Z cv‡i|
(6) Mb Dc`ª‡e mnvqZv; A‡bï Rwg‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki AviI h_v_©Zv n‡Z cv‡i Mb
Dc`ª‡e mnvqZv/cÖ‡ivPbv| Bnv Aa¨vq 10-G cÖwZKvi Aa¨vq Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
cÖwZKvi (remedies);
A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki †¶‡Î mwVK cÖwZKvi n‡jv wb‡lavÁv Ges ¶wZc~iY gvgjv| hLb
Av`vj‡Zi wbKU cÖZxqgvb nq †h ch©vß ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv hv‡e bv Zvn‡j Bnv
wb‡k_vÁv wWwµ †Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡eb| GgbwK hLb mwZ¨ Kvi ¶wZ nq wb
ZLb I ev`x wb‡lavÁv g~jK ¶wZc~iY cv‡eb|
¶wZc~iY cwigvc (measure of damages):
hLbB A‰ea cÖ‡ek g~jK gvgjv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nqwb ZLb fv‡e wb‡lavÁv
w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb mwZ¨Kv‡ii ¶wZc~iY cv‡eb ïaygvÎ gva¨‡g cwi‡kva
Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nb bxwZgvjv cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e hLb A‡bï Rwg‡Z weÁvcb
wej‡evW© UvOv‡bv nq hLb mwZ¨Kvi ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv hv‡e Rwgi ¶wZc~iY
wba©viY
gvgjvi ¶wZ c~i‡Yi cwigvb n‡e D³ Rwg ¶wZi cwigvY Gi evRvi weµq g~j¨-+
| wKš‘ D³ Rwg †givg‡Zi UvKv bq| hLb A‰ea cÖ‡ekKvixiv Rwg‡Z Kqjvi Lwb‡Z
KvR K‡ib| ZLb D³ ¶wZi cwigvY n‡e Kqjv †K D‡Ëvjb Kiv ch©šÍ hveZxq LiP|
hLb A‰ea cÖ‡ekKvix B‡”QK…Z A_ev `vhw় Z¡nxb fv‡e KvR K‡ib ZLb Kqjvi
LiP †_‡K Kqjv D‡Ëvj‡bi LiP ev` hv‡e|
Rwgi mwZ¨Kv‡ii ¶wZ n‡j nj wKbv , hw` A‰ea cÖ‡ek Kvix AwaKvi we‡ePbv
bv K‡i KvR K‡ib A_ev wek„•Ljv K‡ib Ges ev`xi mv‡_ A¯^vfvweK AvPib K‡ib;
Zvn‡j ev`x welqe¯‘MZ ¶wZc~iY cv‡eb, A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ Ges Zvi Abyf~wZ‡Z
AvNv‡Zi Rb¨ I ¶wZc~iY cv‡eb |
`LjPywZ (dispossession)
`Lj Daav‡i Rb¨ gvgjvi Kvh©µg (proceedings for recovery of possession); hLb
ev`x‡K Zvi Rwg †_‡K D‡”Q` Kiv nq ZLb Zvi wZbwU cÖwZKvi i‡q‡Q|
(1) wZwb Rwg D×vi A_ev D‡”Q` gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB cÖwZKvi Gi A™¢yZ
BwZnvm i‡q‡Q| g~jZ Rwg‡Z A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y gvgjvi kvLv fy³ Ges jxR
†nvìvi †ì myweavi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨K…Z hvi wbKU cÖwZKvi mg~n mPivPi, KviY Zvi
ïaygvÎ Rwgi `Lj ¯^Z¡ i‡q‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z, cÖev` eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Bnv gy³ †nvìviMY
KZ©„K I eëüZ n‡”Q| ev`x‡K Zvi `Lj Py¨wZi 12 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z n‡e|
(2) wZwb SR AvB‡bi 6 avivq gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| AÎ gvgjv `Lj Py¨wZi Qq gv‡mi
g‡a¨B Ki‡Z n‡e| AÎ gvgjv‡Z, ev`x‡K gvwjKvbv cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e bv| `Lj
Py¨wZi ZLb mgq wZwb GKK Ges P~ovšÍ `L‡j wQ‡jb g‡g© mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ
Ki‡jB Bnv ch©vß n‡e|
(3) wZwb wmAviwcwm Gi 145 avivq gvgjvi Kvh©µg Pvjy Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| AÎ aviv
†gvZv‡eK, hw` g¨vwR‡÷ªU mš‘ó nb †h, `Lj lZ¡ welqK †h‡Kvb weZK© kvwšÍ
f‡½i KviY n‡Z cv‡i ZLb Zvi AW©vi Zvwi‡L `L‡j _vKv e¨w³i wbKU `Lj
cybiæ×vi Ki‡eb| Z‡e, kZ© n‡jv hw` Ab¨ e¨w³ gvgjvi ZvwiL Gi 02 gvm c~‡e©
`Lj Py¨wZi Z_¨ Rv‡bb, Zvn‡j wZwb D³ e¨w³i wbKU `Lj cybiæ×vi Ki‡eb| Bnv
status quo envj ivLvi Rb¨ msw¶ß cÖwZKvi Ges kvwšÍf½ cwinv‡ii Rb¨| †hB c¶ D³
gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g e¨_© n‡e D³ c¶ 2 wU cÖwZKvi wb‡Z cv‡ib | ( 1) D‡”Q‡ì Rb¨
gvgjv, (2) SR AvB‡bi 6 aviv G gvgjv| Ges AvBb †gvZv‡eK welq Gi wb®úwË
Ki‡eb|
`LjPy¨Z A_© (meaning of dispossession);
`LjPy¨Z kãwU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e ïaygvÎ Ggb gvgjvmg~n hLb Rwgi gvwjK Ab¨ e¨w³i
Kvh©µg Øviv Zvi Rwg †_‡K wb‡RB ewÂZ n‡q‡Qb A_ev Gi gybvdv MÖnY
†_‡K ewÂZ n‡q‡Qb |
†K D‡”Q‡ì Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib (who can sue for ejectment?);
A‰ea cÖ‡ek gvgjvi †¶Îmg~‡n, `L‡j _vKv e¨w³ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wKš‘ `Lj
Py¨wZi †¶‡Î, gZvg‡Zi cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q †h, ev`x `Lj D‡”Q` gvgjv‡Z mdj n‡eb
wKbv hLb c~‡e©v³ _v‡K gvwjKvbv cÖgvwbZ bq |‡ev‡¤^, Avjøvnvev&‌ gv`ªvR,
cvUbv Ges iv½ywbqvq nvB‡KvU© Gi GB gZvgZ †h, †hB e¨w³‡K `LjPy¨Z Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zvi mK‡ji weiæ‡× `Lj cybiæ×vi MZ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Ggb `Lj
mË¡ Ggb n‡e hvnv gvwjKvbv Abygvb MVb Ki‡e| hw` ev`xi gvwjKvbv A-
cÖgvwYZ nq Zvn‡j wZwb c~‡e©v³ `Lj m‡Zï Rb¨ gvgjv‡Z mdj n‡eb bv| GB
gZvgZ Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi mgRvZxq|
Ab¨w`‡K KjKvZv nvB‡KvU© , wfbœ gZvgZ †`b Av`vj‡Zi g‡Z, ïaygvÎ c~‡e©v³
`Lj mË¡ ev`x‡K `Lj cybiæ×vi wWwµ jv‡fi AwaKvix Ki‡e bv| Z‡e, SR AvB‡bi
09 avivi Aax‡b gvgjv e¨ZxZ| wcÖwf KvDwÂj wePvwiK KwgwZ KZ¸‡jv gvgjv‡Z
ivq w`j †h, D‡”Q‡ì gvgjv‡Z mdj nIqvi Rb¨ ev`x‡K Aek¨B `„p fv‡e Zvi
gvwjKvbv cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ SR AvB‡bi Aax‡b gvgjvi †¶‡Î, Rwgi
AvBbMZ `Lj mË¡ D³ Rwg‡Z gvwjKvbv †bB Ggb e¨w³i weiæ‡× gvwjKvbvi
AwaKvi MZ ch©vß cÖgvY| Ges wRwb ïaygvÎ GKRb A‰ea cÖ‡ekKvix|
D³ ivq ¸‡jvi wfwË‡Z, wm×všÍ †bIqv hvq †h, ïaygvÎ SR AvB‡bi 06 avivq gvgjvi
†¶‡Î ev`x‡K `Lj D×v‡ii Rb¨ Aek¨B Zvi gvwjKvbv cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
AvZ¥i¶v (defences); D‡”Q‡ì Rb¨ A_ev `Lj cybiæ×vi gvgjvi †¶‡Î AvZ¥i¶vg~jK
hyw³mg~n wb‡¤œv³;
(1) weev`xi D³ ev`xi Zyjbvq DËg gvwjKvbv wQj| (2) weev`x eY©bv †gvZv‡eK
AvwaKvi K‡i‡Qb| (3) wZwb Ò Jus tertii GB gZvgZ Gi AbyK‚‡j ch©vß ivq
i‡q‡Q †h, ev`x Zvi gvwjKvbv kw³ e‡j `Lj D×vi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| hw` gvwjKvbv
cÖgvwYZ nq Z„Zxq e¨w³i wbKU, Zvn‡j weev`x‡K Kxfv‡e ev`xi wbKU `Lj
n¯ÍvšÍ‡i ZvwM` †Ìqv hv‡e| GgbwK Abygvb K‡i †h, D³ AvZ¥i¶vi hyw³ cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡e Zvn‡j Bnv e¨wZµg e¨wZµgx ch©vqfy³ n‡e hLb exev`x ev`xi wbKU †_‡K
fvovwUqv wn‡m‡e `Lj lZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡eb| ZLb wZwb JUS TERTI hyw³ `vwLj
†_‡K evwiZ n‡eb| Bnv SR AvB‡bi 06 avivq gvgjv K‡ib Gi wfwË n‡ebv|
AšÍe©i&ZxKvjxb gybvdv (mesne profits);
`Lj E×vi PvovI ev`x AšÍe©i&ZxKvjxb gybvdv cv‡eb hvnv wecixZ `Lj`vi Aek¨B
D³ `L‡j _vKv Ae¯’vq DcvR©b K‡i‡Qb|
(3) BR‡g›U AwaKv‡i n¯Í‡¶c (disturbance of right of easements);
BR‡g›U Ggb AwaKvi hvnv Rwgi gvwjK Zvi Rwgi myweav g~jK Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨
jvf K‡ib| †hLv‡b Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Aciva/Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek A‰ea cÖ‡ek †_‡K
evwiZ Kiv nq| Ggb AwaKvi Dc‡fv‡M hLb ev`x‡K cÖwZnZ Kiv nq, ZLb Aciva
n‡e| iv¯Ívi AwaKvi, Av‡jv evZvm cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi AwaKvi, feb wbg©v‡Yi
AwaKvi AwaKvi AvBbMZ fv‡eB AR©b Kiv nq ZLb Bnv m¤úwËi Dci AwaKvi
fy³ n‡e Ges D³ AwaKvi jsN‡bi †¶‡Î AvB‡b ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡lavÁv g~jK
gvgjvi weavb i‡q‡Q|
DËivwaKvi ¯^v_© Gi †¶‡Î AvNvZ (injuries to reversionary interest and waste);
A_© ( meaning);
DËivwaKvi KZ ¯^v_© A_© GKRb `vZvi cÖ`Ë ev †i‡L †Ìqv fwel¨r ¯^v_© A_ev
Zuvi DËivwaKvix‡ì wbKU †i‡L †Ìqv ¯^v_©| †hgb- DËivwaKvi AwaKvi fwel¨r
I eZ©gvb `L‡ji ci m¤úwËi `Lj Ges ¯^v‡_© AvNvZ Kiv nq AcwiwPZ A_ev
fvovwUqv KZ©„K Kiv n‡j G‡K AveR©bv g~jK Aciva ejv n‡e|
KLb DËivwaKvix gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ( when can reversionary sue)? mvaviYZ,
`L‡j _vKv e¨w³ ¯’vei-A¯’vei m¤úwËi Dci m„ó ¶wZi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wKš‘ hLb ¶wZc~iY DËivwaKvi MZ ¯^v_©‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e ZLb DËivwaKvix
Acivaxi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †hgb- hLb iv¯Ív, evZv, Av‡jv, cvwb A_ev
Ab¨vb¨ †h‡Kvb MY Dc`ªe ¯’vqx cÖK…wZi nq A_ev m¤úwË webó nq; ZLb
DËivwaKvix Acivaxi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ hLb AvNvZ A¯’vqx
cÖK…wZi ¶wZ e¨ZxZ ïaygvÎ A‰ea cÖ‡ek g~jK nq A_ev m¤úwËi g~j¨ nªvm K‡i
ZLb m¤úwËi `Lj ¯^‡Z¡i Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖwZKvit DËivwaKvix MZ AwaKvi j•Nb Ges AveR©bvi †¶‡Î mwVK cÖwZKvi

n‡e ¶wZc~iY Ges wb‡k_vÁv|
Aa¨vq-14
A¯’vei m¤úwËi cÖwZ UU Aciva (TORTS TO

IMMVABEL PROPERTY);
‡Nvovi cvj m¤úwË msµvšÍ AvwaKvi i¶vi Dci 4 cÖKvi UU Aciva i‡q‡Q| †hgb-
(1) GK A‰ea cÖ‡ek, (2) AvUK, (3) iƒcvšÍi, (4) wiwcøwfb| hLb m¤úwË webó nq
A_ev `Lj ¯^Z¡ †_‡K †bIqv nq, ZLb A‰ea cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ gvgjv n‡e| hLb Bnv
Ab¨vqfv‡e GKRb e¨w³ KZ©„K AvUK ivLv nq, ZLb wZwb Ab¨vq AvUKK…Z
e¨w³ gvgjvi gva¨‡g cÖwZKvi wb‡Z n‡e| hLb m¤úwË A‡bœi wbKU m¤ú~Y©
webó nq, Ges Acivax Gi aŸsm A_ev AvZœmvZ K‡ib, ZLb Bnv iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡a
cwiYZ nq| †hLv‡b cY¨ Ab¨vqfv‡e MÖn‡Yi ci gvgjv Pjgvb _vKv Ae¯’vq Ae¯’v G
c‡Yï `Lj mË¡ D×vi Kiv n‡e|
(2) c‡Yï Ici A‰ea cÖ‡ek (trespass to land);
msÁv (definition);
c‡Yï Ici A‰ea cÖ‡ek c‡Yï Ici Rã Kib A_ev cY¨ †K mwi‡q D³ c‡Yï `Lj m‡Zï
n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv, c‡Yï ¶wZKi mivmwi Kv‡Ri aviv|
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb (essential elements); D³ msÁv †_‡K ¯úó †h, c‡Yï †¶‡Î, UU
Aciva cÖgvwYZ Kivi Rb¨-(1) ev`x‡K Aek¨B c‡Yï `L‡j _vK‡Z n‡e| (2) c‡Yï
`L‡j mivmwi n¯Í‡¶c Kiv n‡e, (3) n¯Í‡¶c Aek¨B B‡”QK…Z A_ev
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK, (4) n¯Í‡¶c Aek¨B †e-AvBwb n‡e|
c‡Yï `Lj mË¡ (possession of goods);
A‰ea cÖ‡ek `Lj ¯^Z¡ Gi †¶‡Î GKwU Aiva mavibZ, †hB e¨w³i m¤úwËi `Lj
¯^Z¡ i‡q‡Q Zvi A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †h e¨w³i
Zvr¶wYK `Lj ¯^Z¡ _v‡K wZwb KwZcq †¶‡Î gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Kanhiya lal vs. badrilal gvgjv‡Z ev`x AvwcjKvix rs.6000 iæwc ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e
Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv K‡iY weev`xi weiæ‡×| Awf‡hvM K‡ib †h weev`x ganpal I
bhura Gi weiæ‡× wWwµ jvf K‡i‡Qb Ges D³ wWwµ Rvwii †¶‡Î, Zviv KwZcq
Mevw`cï jvf K‡ib| D³ Mevw` cï ¸‡jv‡K Piv‡bvi Rb¨ n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq| GgbwK Jla
LvIqv‡bv mieivn Kiv nq|
‡µvK Gi ci D³ cï¸‡jv‡K ev`x‡K mycyi`vi wn‡m‡e Zvi †ndvR‡Z ivLv nq| Av`vjZ
†`Lj †h, mKj Mevw` cï weev`x c‡¶i `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv QvovB ¯^vfvweK g„Zy¨
nq| cÖkœ Av‡m, ev`x A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wK bv| weev`x c¶
†_‡K hyw³ †`Lv‡bv nq †h D³ cï¸‡jv‡K bhura Ges ganpat Gi `Lj †_‡K Rã Kiv nq,
ev`xi `Lj †_‡K bq| Av`vj‡Z gvgjvi NUbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ivq w`j †h, bhura Ges ganpat
ev`xi c¶ wn‡m‡e Mevw` cï aviY Ki‡Qb| G¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi AwaKvi AR©b
QvovB| ev`x A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, wZwb D³ cïi Zvr¶wYK `L‡j
bv _vKv m‡Z¡I|
mvaviYZ, GKRb Rvwgb`v‡ii `Lj ¯^Z¡ _vK‡e bv Ges AZGe, ïaygvÎ Rvwgb
MÖnxZv A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ Rvwgb msµvšÍ mKj
gvgjv‡Z, wba©vi‡Yi welq nj, gvwjK KZ©„K Zvi Kg©Pvix †ndvR‡Z _vKv
Mevw`cïi `Lj A_ev Rgv `v‡bi gva¨‡g Mevw`cïi mvaviY Rvwg‡bi †¶‡Î,
wR¤§v`v‡ii MÖnY Ki‡eb| wR¤§v`v‡ii mwËKvi `Lj mË¡ i‡q‡Q Ges wR¤§v `vZvi
`Ljx AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †h †KDB Z„Zxq c‡¶i Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× gvgjv
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
`Lj Gi evB‡i _vKv Uªvw÷ A_ev GKRb m¤úwËi wbe©vwn A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡iY| Abyiƒcfv‡e, GKRb e¨w³i d«vÃvBR AwaKvi _vK‡j wZwb
c‡Yï n¯Í‡¶c Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, GgbwK wZwb `Lj ¯^Z¡ AR©‡bi c~‡e©|
GKRb c‡Yï gvwj‡Ki hLb `LjmË _v‡Kbv, A_ev AwaKvix bb, wZwb A‰ea
cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| wZwb A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb ïaygvÎ hLb c‡Yï ¯’vqx ¶wZ nq|
Ab¨w`‡K ,`L‡j _vKv GKRb e¨w³ A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, hw`
wZwb Ab¨vq fv‡e `Lj AR©b K‡ib| wKš‘, Mevw`cïi Ab¨vq `L‡j _vKv e¨w³
gvwj‡Ki weiæ‡× A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
Khan mohammed vs. state of rajasthan gvgjv‡Z ev`x‡K eb †_‡K cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨
Pyw³ Aby‡gv`b †Ìqv nq| Pyw³ †k‡l, ev`x cybivq Kuv_v cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib hvnv
ivóªKZ©„K Rã Kiv nq Ges hw` ev`x Kuv_vi evRvi g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡ib Zvn‡jB
Bnv Aegyw³ †Ìqvi Rb¨ m¤§Z nb| ev`xc¶ hyw³ †`Lvb †h, ivóª m¤úwË Rã Ki‡Z
cvi‡ebv, †h‡nZy gvgjvi Kvh©µg mewar forest Act Gi weavb †gvZv‡eK MÖnY
Kiv nqwb| Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h, hwÌ D³ AvBb †gvZv‡eK gvgjvi Kvh©µg Avbv
nqwb Z_vwc ev`x GKRb A‰ea cÖ‡ekKvix nvIqvq mZ¨ gvwj‡Ki weiæ‡× katha
wfwËK m¤úwË `vwe Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
(2) c‡Yï `Lj ¯^Z¡ n¯Í‡¶c (interference with the possession of goods);
A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î, c‡Yï mv‡_ mivmwi n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Z n‡e| Bnv wb‡¤œv³
AvKvi aviY Ki‡e|
(K) ev`xi `Lj †_‡K e¯‘ A_ev Mevw`cï MÖnY Kiv n‡e|Bnv Amr D‡Ï‡k n‡j Pywi
Ges †Rvic~e©K Kiv n‡j WvKvwZ n‡e|
(L) mivmwi kw³cÖ‡qvM; †hgb-cÖvwb‡K AvNvZ A_ev nZ¨v Kiv, Avmeve cÎ

aŸsm Kiv| GgbwK Mevw`cïi `L‡j _vKv e¨w³‡K Zvi B‡”Qi weiæ‡× nvjKv
¯ú‡k©i †¶‡Î A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva n‡e| Ggb wK GKwU †Nvov‡K fq †`Lv‡bv A
‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva n‡e|
(M) Ab¨vq †µvK ( wrongful attachement);
m¤úwËi Ab¨vq †µvK A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva n‡e| Ges ev`x‡K we‡kl ¶wZ A_ev
we‡Øl cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡ebv| wKš‘, ïaygvÎ wWwµ DBj †µvK Kiv, A‰ea cÖ‡ek
Aciva n‡e bv| KviY Bnv ïaygvÎ ivq †`bv`vi‡K wecixZ `vweKviK †K cwi‡kv‡ai
†¶‡Î wbwl× K‡i|
(3) n¯Í‡Lc Aek¨B B‡”QK…Z A_ev `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK n‡e; hw` mw³
cÖ‡qvM mivmwi nq Zvn‡j Bnv A‰ea cÖek Aciva n‡e| Ggb wK hw` Bnv
`vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK I nq| †hgb- `ywU hvbevn‡bi ga¨Kvi msNl©|
(4) n¯Í‡¶c Aek¨B †e- AvBwb n‡e ( interference must be unlawful);

Aek¨B n¯Í‡¶c Gi Rb¨ AvBbMZ mg_©b _vK‡ebv| hLb n¯Í‡¶c AvBb Abygw`Z nq
Ges cywjk KiwZK AvBb m¤§Z Zjøvwk Ges RãKib| GLv‡b A‰ea cÖek
msµvZœ cÖwZKvi _vwK‡ebv|
gvgjv Kib †hvM¨ A‰ea cÖ‡ek (trespass in actionable PER SE);
cY¨ A_ev Rwgi †¶Z‡i A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva exiæ‡a gvgjv Kiv hv‡e| A_©vr ev`x‡K
A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva cÖgvwYZ Kivi Rb¨ mwZ¨ Kvi webóZv cÖgv‡Yi †`viKvi
†bB|
cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva (TRESPASS AB INITIO);
‡hB e¨w³ AvBb MZ ¶gZv gy‡j †Kvb cï cvj MÖnY K‡ib wKš‘ AZci Aceënvi
K‡ib A_ev Bnv AcPq K‡ib D³ ew³ cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva G `vqx n‡eb|
cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva wel‡q BwZg‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ò Rwg‡Z
A‰ea cÖ‡ekÓ bvgK wk‡ivbvg Aa¨vq|
(2) wiwcøwfb (Replivin );
Bs‡iwR AvBb †gvZv‡eK wiwcøwfb Gi eënvi mxwgZ| KviY Bnv gvwjKvbv

wfwËK Mevw`cïi Zvr¶wYK Ges mvgwqK `LjmË welqK gvgjv Pjgvb _vKv
Ae¯’vq Kiv nq| D³ cÖwZKvi mvgwqK Ges Bnv AZ¨šÍ Kg bq| Mevw`cï A
‰eafv‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡j Bnv cÖ`vb‡hvM¨| Av‡gwiKv‡Z Bnv AvUK †¶‡Î
mPivPi eënvi Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, Bsj¨vÛ G cwimxgv g~jZ webóZv g~jK gvgjvi
†¶‡Î mxgve× _v‡K| wKš‘, KvDw›U †KvU© A¨v± 1959 †gvZv‡eK Bnv
mvaviYfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| ev`x KvDw›U Av`vj‡Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi Rb¨
wmwKDwiwU cÖ`vb K‡ib| D³ wmwKDwiwU Rã Kiv n‡e hw` cÖgvwYZ nq
AvBbm¤§Z| wiwcøwfb gvgjv cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e ïaygvÎ A‰ea cÖ‡ek gvgjvi †¶‡Î|
AZGe, hLb cY¨ BwZg‡a¨B weev`xi `vL‡j _v‡K ZLb gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv| †hgb-
hw` GKRb wR¤§v`vi e¨w³ cY¨ AvUK iv‡Lb ZLb cY¨ AvUK Gi Aciv‡a gvgjv
Kiv hv‡e| wiwcøwfb Aciv‡a bq| UU AvB‡bi 4 aviv †gvZv‡eK Uªvqvj PjvKv‡j
AšÍe©i&ZxKvjxb †ndvR‡Zi Rb¨ cÖwµqv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AvUK A_ev Ab¨vq AvUK (detinue or wrongful detention);
msÁv Ges D‡Ïk¨ (definition and purpose);
AvUK Aciva Mevw` cïi cÖwZ `„ó Aciv‡ai cÖvPxbZg cÖZxKvi| Bnv weev`x
KiwZK ev`xi Mevw` cïi Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki g‡a¨ wbwnZ, ev`x hLb n¯ÍvšÍ‡i
A¯^xK…wZ msµvšÍ cÖgvb _vK‡e| ZvB, hLb GKRb wR¤§v`vi cY¨ †diZ w`‡Z
AvwmwµZ Rvbvb wR¤§v`v‡ii wbKU; wR¤§v`vwiË D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi ci wZwb
AvU‡Ki Aciv‡a †`vlx mve¨¯Í n‡eb Ges Zvi weiæ‡Ï AvUK msµvšÍ gvgjv Kiv n‡e|
eZ©gv‡b AvUK Kvwii `ywU D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q (1) hLY iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ m¤úwËi
mywbw`©ó cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi cÖv_©bv K‡iY, ¶wZc~iY bq; ZLb gvgjv mwVK n‡e|
(2) weev`x hLb AvBÝ¤§Z fv‡e Mevw` cï AvwaMÖnb K‡ib Ges wZwb †Kvb
gvwjKvbv `vwe cÖwZôv K‡ibwb, wZwb A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a `vqx n‡eb bv|
ev`xi AvUK mO&µvšÍ gvjv‡Z cÖZxKvi i‡q‡Q |
g~jZ, AvUK msµvšÍ gvgjv wR¤§v`vix cÖwZwôZ wQj, cieZ©x‡Z Bnv cÖvcK
gvgjvi †¶‡Î AšÍf©y³ nq wKš‘ Gi A‡bK cÖwµqvMZ Ac-eënvi i‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q
ÎæwU wQj †h weev`x Zvi AvBbMZ AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| AZGe, Bnv
trover gvgjv Øviv AwZµg Kiv n‡q‡Q hvnv iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖwZKvi wQj Ges hvnv
eZ©gv‡b iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ gvgjv bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1883 mv‡j weev`x Zvi gRywi
AwaKvi nvivY Ges 1852 mv‡j cÖvPxb gvgjvi aib wejyß nq| 1854 mv‡j, ev`x
AvUKK…Z c‡Yï mywbw`©ó n¯ÍvšÍi jvf K‡ib| ZLb †_‡KB Ab¨vq AvUK Ges
iƒcvšÍ‡ii AvaywbK gvgjvi aib DbœZ nq| D³ bvg Av‡m cÖvwPb AvUK Ges Ges
iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai gvgjvi †_‡K|
hvnv Aek¨B cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e (what must be proved); AvUK msµvšÍ gvgjvi
†¶‡Î, ev`x‡K Aek¨B cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e-(1) ev`xi cï dv‡j weev`x `L‡j wQ‡jb| (2)
ev`x Zvr¶wYK `vLj mË¡ jvf Ki‡eb| (3) wZwb G¸‡jv‡K AvUK K‡i iv‡Lb Ges
`vex †gvZv‡eK †Q‡o w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb|
gvwjKvbv e¨ZxZ A‡bï c‡Yï `vLv‡j _vKvi Kvi‡b Bnv †Kv‡bv cÖKvi UU Aciva
n‡e bv| hw` GKRb wR¤§v`vi ïaygvÎ aviY K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb Pyw³ j•N‡bi Rb¨
`vqx n‡eb, UU Aciv‡a bq| AvUK wecixZ n‡q‡Q g‡g© ¯^vfvweK cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨
cÖgvY †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, eev`x Mevw`cï n¯ÍvšÍi `vwe K‡i‡Qb Ges weev`x D³ `vex
A¯^xK…Z Rvbvb A_ev c~i‡Y Ae‡njv K‡ib|
Gauri sankar surajmal and others vs. mool chand panna lal and others gvgjv‡Z
ev`x iæ¯Íg Lvb †K UvKv avi †`b whwb Pvi‡Kvj wbg©vY K‡ib| cÖvmw½K
mg‡q Zvi wbKU weev`x‡K wewµi Rb¨ 800 e¨M Pvi‡Kvj wQj hviv wQ‡jb
Avavwiqv |wZwb ev`xi wbKU D³ 800 e¨M PviKj Rs.1,840.50 iæwc g~j¨ G µq
K‡ib| hvnv wZwb Zv‡ì wbKU cÖvc¨ wQ‡jb| weev`x‡K `vex †gvZv‡eK cY¨
n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ AW©vi wj‡Lb| ev`x D³ weev`xi wbKU hvb Ges cY¨ `vwe K‡ib
wKš‘ Zviv A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb GB Kvi‡Y †h cY¨ ¸‡jv Zv‡ì wbKU †jv‡Yi Rb¨
eÜ ivLv n‡q‡Q| hvnv iæ¯Íg Lvb Zvi wbKU †_‡K MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi eY©bv wg‡_¨
cÖgvwYZ nq Ges Zv‡K AvU‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq|
hw` weev`xi `Lj ¯^Z¡ _vK‡Zv, Zvn‡j Zvi weiæ‡× AvUK Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv n‡e,
GgbwK hw` wZwb Ab¨vq fv‡e Bnvi Z¨vM K‡ib| †hgb- hLb GKRb Rvwgb
MÖnxZv fyj e¨w³i wbKU cY¨ †diZ †`b| dhain singh vs. union of india gvgjv‡Z
Avwcj Kvix weev`xi Rb¨ `ywU UªvK fvov K‡ib|
wgwjUvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì Rb¨ wUDkb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z| 1942 mv‡ji 29 Ryb,

weev`xMY cÖ_g AMv÷ †_‡K Pyw³ evwZ‡ji Rb¨ †bvwUk †`b| AZtci Avwcj
Kvix KgvwÛs Awdmv‡ii wbKU cÖ_g AMvó 1942 Zvwi‡L hvb Uª¨vK miv‡bvi
Rb¨ wKš‘ G¸‡jv Zv‡ì wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nqwb| weev`x hyw³ †`Lvb †h, D³ Uª¨vK
¸‡jv myiRb wms Gi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq hv‡K Awf‡hvM Kiv nq Avcxj Kvix
cvU©bvi wn‡m‡e wKš‘ AvwcjKvix D³ Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡ib Ges Ab¨vq
AvU‡Ki Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib ev`x wmwcwm Gi 80 aviv †gvZv‡eK Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki
Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib|
AvwcjKvix `vwe K‡ib †h (1) 31 RyjvB ch©šÍ UvKv fvov Ki‡eb ( Pyw³ evwZ‡ji
ZvwiL) 6 cv‡m©›U nv‡i my` mn|
(2) R.s. 17.00 UvKv nv‡i cÖËn ¶wZc~iY, hvnv 1/8/1942 ZvwiL †_‡K UªvK
n¯ÍvšÍi ch©šÍ; Ges
(3) Uª¨vK n¯ÍvšÍi Ges weKí wn‡m‡e R.s. 3500 G¸‡jvi g~j¨ wn‡m‡e|
weev`x hyw³ †`Lvb †h, m‡e©v”P Bnv wQj iƒcvšÍi MZ Aciva| KviY D³ UªvK Ab¨
e¨w³i wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq| Ges G¸‡jv Zv‡ì `L‡j wQj bv| Bnv Av‡iv hyw³ †`Lvb
†h, Ab¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ Bnv m‡e©v”P ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨ _vK‡eY| 1/8/1942
Uªv‡Ki g~j¨ Ges cøvm 6% my` mn|
mywcÖg †KvU© ivq w`‡jv †h, weev`x Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx wQ‡jb Ges
wb¤œvKv‡i Zv‡K ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv nq; (1) R.S. 3500 Uªv‡Ki g~j¨ wn‡m‡e ivq
cÖ`v‡bi ZvwiL ch©šÍ Ges AviGm 3500 UvKvi Dc‡i 6 kZvsk my`, iv‡qi ZvwiL
†_‡K|
(2) Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ AwZwi³ ¶wZc~iY R.S. 6457 UvKv|
(3) Uªvqvj †KvU© LiP nvB‡KvU© Ges mywcÖg †KvU© LiP|

(4) mvgwMÖK cwigvYmn iv‡qi ZvwiL †_‡K cwil` ZvwiL ch©šÍ 6% nv‡i my`
enb Ki‡e|
Av`vjZ ivq w`‡jv †h, hLb Rvwgb MÖnxZv cY¨ Z¨vM K‡ib, ZLb Rvwgb`vi `vZv
Zvi cÖwZKvi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges iƒcvšÍi A_ev †e-AvBwb AvU‡Ki Rb¨
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hw` Ggb gvgjv‡Z Rvwgb `vZv Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib
Zvn‡j Rvwgb MÖnxZvi Rb¨ DËi †Ìqvi my‡hvM †bB †h wZwb Ab¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii
Rb¨ `vqx wQ‡jb, c~‡e©v³ ZvwiL, †hB Ab¨vq iƒcvšÍi NUbv D³ mg‡q ev`xi Rvbv
wQj| Ges AZGe, wZwb ev`xi wbKU cY¨ Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv|
wR¤§v`vi Zvi wbR ÎæwUi my‡hvM †Ìqvi AbygwZ †Ìqv hv‡e bv|
A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ges AvU‡Ki ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ (distinction between trespass and
detention);
hLb GKRb e¨w³ A‡bï m¤úwË Ab¨vq fv‡e MÖnY K‡ib Ges Ab¨‡K Zvi `Lj
¯^Z¡ †_‡K ewÂZ K‡ib Ges eënvi Ki‡jB Bnv †e-AvBwb cÖ‡ek n‡e| wKš‘, hLb
A‡bï m¤úwË `L‡j _vKv Ae¯’vq G‡K †diZ †`bwb Ges Bnv Zvi mv‡_ Ab¨vq fv‡e
AvUK iv‡Lb; ZLb Ab¨vq AvUK Aciva n‡e| ZvB, A‰ea cÖ‡ek ïiæ †_‡K Aciva|
Ab¨w`‡K AvUK gvgjvi †¶‡Î `Lj mwVKfv‡e AR©b Kiv nq wKš‘ Ab¨vq fv‡e
AvUK ivLv nq|
Jus tertii AvUK msµvšÍ gvgjvi Rb¨ AvZ¥i¶v hyw³ n‡e wKbv?
weev`x GKRb Rvwgb MÖnxZv wKbv, wZwb Rvwgb`vi Zvi gvwjKvbv P¨v‡jÄ
†_‡K evwiZ n‡eb wKbv Ges AZGe Rv÷ Aviwk wb‡¤œv³ gvgjv e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨
†¶‡Î AvZ¥i¶v hyw³ bq;
(1) hLb Rvwgb MÖnxZv mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvwjK KZ©„K `vLj Py¨Z nb| (2) hLb
wR¤§v`vi gvgjv P¨v‡jÄ K‡iY mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvwj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K Ges KwZ©Z
†gvZv‡eK|
hLb cY¨ weev`xi wbKU Av‡m Rvwgb MÖwnZv e¨ZxZ ZLb Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki †¶‡Î
jus tertii AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ n‡e, KviY Ggb gvgjvmg~n ev`xi KZ©e¨ n‡e Zvi
gvwjKvbv cÖgvwYZ Kiv|
¶wZc~iY (damages);
Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ gvgjvi †¶‡Î ev`x Zvi Mevw`cï cybivq n¯ÍvšÍi AwaKvix n‡eb|
A_ev Zvwi‡L Gi g~j¨; †h‡nZy cïcvj †diZ A_ev g~j¨ cwi‡kva ch©šÍ Pjgvb _vK‡e|
cïcvj †diZ A_ev g~j¨ cwi‡kva ch©šÍ cÖLvšÍ‡i evwÌ D³ Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨
¶wZc~iY `vwe Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Bnv ev`xi ¶wZi cwigvY †K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡e,
KviY wZwb Zvi cïcvj †diZ cv‡eb bv|
‡hgb- hLb UªvK AvUK ivLv nq ZLb ev`x‡K cÖZ¨n Rs 17 UvKv nv‡i UªvK
AvUK ivLvi AbygwZ †Ìqv nq| wZwb wWwµK…Z UvKvi Dci my` cv‡eb,
wWwµi ZvwiL †_‡K evrmwiK 6% nv‡i|
Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi AvUK Aciva wejywß (abolition of detinue in English law); UU

AvB‡bi 21 aviv †gvZv‡eK,AvUK e¨w³i UU Aciva msµvšÍ weavb wejyß Kiv nq|
Ges 2(2) aviv †gvZv‡eK iƒcvšÍi g~jK UU ewa©Z Kiv nq| †hLv‡b Rvwgb `vZvi
KZ©e¨ cvjb jsNb †_‡K c‡Yï DcÖ m„ó ¶wZi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY †Ìqv nq| fvi‡Z Ggb
†Kvb weavb †bB| Ab¨w`‡K SR AvB‡bi 7,8 avivq mywbw`©ó m¤úwË D×v‡ii
weavb i‡q‡Q|
(4) iƒcvšÍi (conversion);
iƒcvšÍii Aciv‡ai BwZnvm (history of conversion);

wZbwU gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g Zyjbv Ki‡Y Mevw` cïi n¯Í‡¶‡ci Rb¨ gvgjvi cÖwZKvi
mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi, me‡P‡q cyivZb dg© nj Ab¨vq AvUK| AvUK Aciv‡ai
AšÍwb©wnZ ÎæwUi d‡j tover A_ev Kbfvk©b Aciv‡ai Rb¨| Ab¨vq AvUK 2 cÖKvi
(1) detinue sur bailment, (2) detinue sur trover| cÖ_gwU mwVK cÖwZKvi wQj
†hLv‡b Ab¨ weev`xi wbKU Av‡m A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z cY¨¸‡jv‡Z
gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ Pyw³ e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ cš’vq|
Ab¨vq AvUK Aciva msµvšÍ weavb mPivPi n‡e †hLv‡b cY¨¸‡jv AvUK ivLv nq|
AvUK wQj mvie¯‘ A_ev gvgjv AvUKK…Z e¨w³ †Kvb cÖwZKvi cv‡eb bv hLb
cY¨ ¸‡jv webó Ae¯’vq Aceënvi A_ev aŸsm Kiv nq| KviY D³ gvgjvq weev`x
KZ©„K cY¨ AvUK ivLv nqwb KviY A‰ea cÖ‡ek `Lj m‡Ë¡i †¶‡Î Aciva Ges `Lj
Kivi AwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î bq| †iwcøwfb m‡e©vcwi Ab¨vq Ges `y`©kvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³|
Aceënvi †¶Î mg~n ch©vqfy³ Kivi Rb¨ aŸsm A_ev webó BZ¨vw` Aciva|
Uªfv‡ii †¶‡Î /gvgjv‡Z weavb detinue sur trover wfwË‡Z DbœZ nq| detinue sur
trover †¶‡Î ¯^vfvweK Awf‡hvM mg~n n‡jv;
(1) ev`x c‡bï `L‡j wQ‡jb, (2) wZwb g~jZ Zv‡ì‡K nvivb (3) weev`x G¸‡jv‡K
cvb, (4) wZwb ev`xi Aby‡iva G¸‡jv‡K n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| bZyb
gvgjvi †¶‡Î Uªfvi gvgjvi †¶‡Î AwZwi³ Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q weev`x Zvi wbR
eënv‡ii Rb¨ cY¨ iƒcvšÍi K‡ib| ¶wZi Awf‡hvM Ges dvBw›`s A-cwieZ©b‡hvM¨|
†hgb- G‡K A-cÖgvwbZ Ki‡bi Aby‡gv`b †Ìqv hv‡e bv| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b G¸‡jv
ïaygvÎ cÖev‡` cwiYZ nq|
gvgjvi Awf‡hvM †h weev`x D³ ev`xi Abyi‡a` n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb|

Zvnv AvUK gvgjvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq| A_ev AvUK wQj gvgjvi mvigg©| ïiæi w`‡K
Av`vjvZ trovar gvgjvi †¶‡Î AvBbMZ cÖwµqv eënv‡ii Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`b, †hLv‡b
Ab¨vq AvUK Aciva mPivPi wQj GB Kvi‡Y/ mvaviY bxwZgvjvi Kvi‡Y †h Ab¨
cÖKvi wiU Kiv n‡j gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv|
‡hLv‡b cÖwZKvi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ mwVK cÖwµqv gRywi msµvšÍ
AvB‡bi cÖwµqvMZ Aceënv‡ii Kvi‡Y RbwcÖq nxb nq Ges Ab¨vq AvU‡K wbR
†¶‡Î AMÖvwaKvi Rb¨ trovar Aciv‡ai Aby‡gv`b †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| A‰ea cÖ‡ek
Amyweav A_ev gRywi AvBb Gi kZ©vaxb bq| ZviciI trovar Aciv‡a AMÖvwaKvi
†Ìqv nq A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡ai Dci| Kvib gvgjvKvix Mb fvj cÖZxKvi Pvb|
Abygvb Gi gZ Bnv wiwcøwfb Aciva‡K Qvwo‡q hvq| eZ©gv‡b iæàvšÍi Aciva 3
cÖKvi aib †K AšÍf©y³ K‡i †hLv‡b A‡b‡K Zvi cY¨ †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Z cv‡ib|
AvUK MÖnb Ges Rvgv`vb Kiv AÎ HwZn¨ AvMÖvm‡bi dj|ZvB, trovar Aciv‡ai
UU BwZnvm hvnv eZ©gv‡b iæcvšÍi Aciva bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Zvnv Pyw³ AvB‡bi Abygv‡bi mgRvwZI, hwÌ Bnv cÖvPxb A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva
†K AšÍf©y³ K‡i bv| AvUK Ges wiwcøwfb Abygvb MZ wn‡m‡e cyivZb FY| Ges
kZ© gvgjv‡K mycviwm` K‡i‡Q| GK ¯Í‡i Bnv cÖZxqgvb wQj †h, m¤úwËi
cÖ‡Z¨K Ask iæcvšÍi n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Avgb gvgjvi Kvh©µg `ªæZ wejyß nq|
Fouldes vs. willoughby gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h, GKwU cïcv‡ji AwaKZi
eënvi Abygvb e¨ZxZ Bnv‡K mvaviY RãKib, G‡K AwaKZi eënvi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨ZxZ;
Bnv n‡Z cv‡i A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a gvgjvi wfwË|
iæcvšÍi msÁv (definition of conversion);
iæcvšÍi Aciva‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv hv‡e Ab¨ e¨w³i AwaKvi Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bq Ggb
cš’vq AvBbMZ h_v_©Zv e¨ZxZ B”PwµZ Kiv; hvi gva¨‡g wZwb D³ m¤úwËi
`Lj MÖnY Ges eënvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡eb| common law †Z iƒcvšÍi msµvšÍ
cÖwZKvi wQj ¶wZc~i‡Yi trovar gvgjv, Ab¨w`‡K Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ gvgjv wQj
A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva weiæ‡× gvgjv A_ev Ab¨vq fv‡e Mevw` cï AvU‡Ki Rb¨
¶wZc~iYmn g~j¨ cwi‡kva|
iƒcvšÍi UU Aciva m¤úv`‡bY wewfbœ aib;

Dc‡iv³ eY©bv †gvZv‡eK iƒcvšÍi Aciva wb‡¤œv³ †h‡Kvb Dcv‡q n‡Z cv‡i| (1)
MÖnY Øviv; hw` GKRb e¨w³ A‡bï Aby‡gv`b e¨ZxZ Zvi cY¨ Avwac‡Ëi Rb¨
MÖnY K‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb iƒcvšÍig~jK Aciva K‡i‡Qb| hw` Avwg †Zvgvi wbKU
†_‡K eënv‡ii Rb¨ eB MÖnY Kwi Ges wewµi Rb¨ MÖnY Ki‡j Avwg Aby‡iva
Kie hLb GKRb eÜy ¶gZv _v‡K wZwb e¨wZZ Zvi wb‡Ri GKvD‡›U †µwWU Rgv
†`b Zvn‡j wZwb iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
Z‡e KZ©„Z¡ /AvwacZ¨ cÖ‡qv‡M B‡”Q e¨ZxZ ïaygvÎ †Kvb e¯‘ MÖn‡Yi B‡”Q
iƒcvšÍi Aciva MY¨ n‡ebv| fouldes vs. wiloughby gv¤øv‡Z-weevw` GKwU †dixi
g‡bRvi Ges ev`x †ev‡W© D‡Vb| weev`xi †dix †ev‡W© Gi mv‡_ evn‡bi Rb¨
`ywU †Nvov i‡q‡Q; hvi Rb¨ wZwb ¯^vfvweK evnY LiP †`b| wKš‘, †bŠKv‡Z
ev`x KiwZK Aceënv‡ii d‡j, weev`x e‡jb †h, wZwb D³ †bŠKv‡Z K‡i cvwb enb
Ki‡eb bv| Ges ev`xi wbKU †_‡K Ae¨vnwZi Rb¨ †NvivNywj‡K wZ‡i iv‡Lb| Z‡e
ev`x †bŠKv Z¨vM Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb Ges Zv‡K Ab¨ w`‡K wb‡q hvIqv nq|
ev`x-weev`xi weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡ib †Nvov¸‡jv iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨| lord abinger ivq w`j †h
GKwU cïcvj †K AwaK eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ e¨ZxZ mvaviY MÖnb Kiv; iƒcvšÍwiZ
Aciva cÖgvwbZ Ki‡b ch©vß bq| Bnv n‡Z cv‡i A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva|
(2) AvUK Øviv (by detention); me©`v iæcvšÍi Aciva nq ev`xi `L‡j _vKv
B‡Zvg‡a¨ m¤úwËi Ab¨vq AvUK Øviv| hLb GKRb Rvwgb MÖnxZv Rvwgb`vi
cY¨ †diZ w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb wR¤§v`vwiZ wba©vi‡Yi ci, ZLb Zv‡K
Ab¨vq AvUK A_ev iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡a `vqx Kiv hv‡e| Rvwgb `vZv †Kvb gvgjv
Ki‡eb Zvnv Zvi wbR cP‡›ì e¨vcvi|
GKwU `vex Ges A¯^xK…Z iæcvšÍi Aciv‡ai cÖgvY| iæcvšÍi Aciva Ki‡bi Rb¨
A¯^xK…wZ mwVK n‡e A_ev Ryw³K kZ© Av‡ivc Kiv n‡j Bnv iæcvšÍi Aciva
msµvšÍ cÖgvY n‡ebv|
cwiZ¨vM Kivi gva¨‡g (by parting away with);

hw` GKRb e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³i `L‡j _vKv Ae¯’vq D³ c‡Yï gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ e¨ZxZ
cY¨¸‡jv‡K Ab¨ Z„Zxq e¨w³i wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai
`vqx n‡eb| hLb GKRb Rvwgb MÖnxZv Rvwgb K…Z cY¨ †diZ e¨ZxZ Ab¨
†Kv‡bv e¨w³i wbKU D³ Rvwgb K…Z cY¨ †diZ †`b Zvn‡j wZwb Rvwgb`vi
wbKU iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡a `vqx n‡eb| Ggb gvgjv mgy‡n `vZv Ges MÖwnZv Dfq B
†hŠ_ U U Acivwa nb| Ges gvwjK †h‡Kv‡bv Rb A_ev GKR‡bi weiæ‡× gvgjv
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
A-¯^Ztù~Z© Rvwgb MÖwnZv (involuntary bailees); †h e¨w³

¯^Ztù~Z©nxbfv‡eB A‡bï cY¨ MÖnb K‡ib Zv‡K A-¯^Ztù~Z© Rvwgb MÖnxZv
ejv nq| †hgb- hLb GKRb †Pvi A‡bœi cY¨ Zvi Rwg‡Z iv‡Lb ZLb D³ A-¯^Ztù~Z©
MÖnY Kiv iƒcvšÍi Aciva bq Ges hw` GKRb evnK A_ev Rvwgb MÖnxZv
mvaviYZ c‡Yï fyj n¯ÍvšÍi‡ii Rb¨ `vqx nb|GgbwK wb‡`©vl fyj Øviv ZLb Ggb
`„p iæj A-¯^Ztù~Z© Rvwgb MÖwnZvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| Ggb A-¯^Ztù~Z©
Rvwgb MÖwnZvi `vqx mO&µvšÍ iæj ¸j‡K wb¤œvKv‡i e³ Kiv hv‡e|
(1) hw` wZwb cY¨ Ggb e¨w³i wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ib whwb †hŠw³Kfv‡e D³ cY¨
MÖnY Ki‡eb| (2) wZwb `vqx n‡eb hw` wZwb D³ cY¨ B”QvK…Z webó K‡ib|
(3)wZwb cY¨ webóZvi †¶‡Î `vqx n‡eb bv KviY wZwb hZœ †bIqv A_ev fiY‡cvlY
MÖn‡Y A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| †hgb- b¯ÍRvZ cY¨ MÖnb| wZwb Zvi wbKU ivLv
c‡Yï hveZxq LiP en‡b `vqx bb|
(4) hLb cY¨ webó nq wbivc` †ndvR‡Z _vKv Ae¯’vq `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y
A_ev `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii d‡j|
Howard vs. harris iv‡Z Av`vjZ iæj w`j †h, wZwb `vqx n‡e bv | wKš‘ KwZcq
gvgjvi †¶‡Î Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †h wZwb wbivc` †ndvR‡Z msµvšÍ
†hŠw³K c`‡¶c wb‡Z eva¨|
(5) by sale (wewµi gva¨‡g); hLb GKRb e¨w³ A‡bï c‡bï `L‡j _vKvi ci D³
cY¨¸‡jv‡K webv AbygwZ‡Z wewµ K‡ib, ZLb wZwb iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai `v‡q n‡eY|
Abyiƒcfv‡e, hLb cY¨¸‡jv †eAvBwbfv‡e Rã Kiv nq Ges wewµ Kiv nq ZLb iƒcvšÍi
Aciva m¤úvw`Z n‡e carrit and co. vs. manmathanath mukherji gvgjv‡Z s Ab¨vq
fv‡e ev`x‡K Zvi Pv evMvb †_‡K D‡”Q` K‡ib Ges Pv cvZv webó K‡iY| weev`x
GKRb Pv †eªvKvi †Kv¤úvwb, wZwb D³ s Gi c¶ †_‡K Pv wewµ K‡ib| ev`x gyj
Av`vq `vwe K‡ib| ivq- weev`xMY iæcvbZi Aciv‡a `vqx n‡eb|
hLb cY¨¸‡jv Ab¨vq fv‡e weK…Z nq ZLb †µZv I iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai `vqx n‡eb,
wZwb hZB wb‡`©vl nb| ZvB, GKwU gvgjv‡Z hLb GKRb e¨w³ †mjvB †gwkb
fvov K‡ib µq Kivi m‡Z© Ges µq Kivi c~‡e© wZwb weev`xi wbKU D³ †gwkb
wewµ K‡ib| ZLb wZwb iæcvšÍi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb| hwÌ wZwb mr wek¦v‡m
KvR K‡i‡Qb| Abyiƒcfv‡e, †hB wbjvg `vZv A‡bï cY¨ wewµ K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb
`vqx n‡eb, GgbwK mr wek¦v‡m †h wewµi Aby‡gv`b `vZv e¨w³i c‡Yï gvwjKvbv
i‡q‡Q|
(6) Mevw`cï webó Øviv (BY DESTRUCTION OF CHATTEL); iƒcvšÍi Aciva n‡Z
cv‡i Mevw`cï webó `viv| tiruveri amuthu pillai vs. municipal council shencotta
gvgjv‡Z, K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Kg©PvixMY †e-AvBwbfv‡e ev`xi KzKzi †K nZ¨v K‡ib|
Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h, D³ K‡c©v‡ikb `vqx n‡eb| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ aŸsm AšÍf©y³ Ki‡e
Ae¯’vb iƒcvšÍi Kiv Rv‡Z Mevw` †cvl~i cwiPq cwieZ©b nq| ZvB gvwb‡Ki
KZ©„Z¡ e¨ZxZ mynv †K LÛb wef³ Kiv iƒcvšÍi Aciva n‡e|
(6) AwaKvi Z¨vM Kiv (by denial of right); †h e¨w³i Kvh©µg P~ovšÍ A¯^xK…wZ
g~jK Aciva A_ev ev`xi gvwjKvbv A-¯^xK…wZ g~jK| D³ e¨w³ iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai
`vqx n‡eb GgbwK hw` wZwb KL‡bv `Lj ¯^‡Z¡ bvI _v‡Kb|
Okkey vs. lyster gvgjv‡Z AvwcjKvix Rwg µq K‡ib †hLv‡b weev`x wKQy
cÖgvYvw` iv‡Lb| weev`xi cÖRv¯^Z¡ m¤ú„³ mg‡q evwZj nqwb| Z‡e, AvwcjKvix
`vwe K‡ib †h wZwb Rwg µq K‡i‡Qb, Ges D³ Rwgi mewKQy Ges weev`x‡K D³
cÖgvYvw` weµq A_ev miv‡bvi Aby‡gv`b †`bwb| Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h, D³ weev`x
Avcxj Kvix iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
(7) G¯Í‡c‡ji †¶‡Î iƒcvšÍi (conversion by estoppel);
gv‡S gv‡S GKRb e¨w³, wRwb g~jZ iƒcvšÍi Aciva K‡ib, wZwb G¯Í‡cj Øviv
iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai `vqx n‡eb| ZvB GKRb Rvwgb MÖnxZv evwiZ n‡e&b Rvwgb
`vZvi gvwjKvbv A¯^xK…wZ †_‡K cY¨ n¯ÍvšÍi A¯^xK…wZi iæcvšÍi n‡Z cv‡i
GgbwK hw` Rvwgb `vZvi †KvY gvwjKvbv bv _v‡K|
Rvwgb`vi gvwjKvbv Rvbv bv _v‡K G iæcvšÍi Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib iƒcvšÍi
Kiv A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a Aciva ïaygvÎ †h e¨w³i mwZ¨Kv‡ii _v‡K A_ev
Zvr¶wYKfv‡e iwaKvi _v‡K ZLb wZwb iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
bv GgbwK hw` Rvwgb `vZvi †Kvb gvwjKvbv bv _v‡K
‡K iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib (who can sue for conversion); iƒcvšÍi Aciva
A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡ai gZB g~jZ `Lj m‡Ëi †¶‡Î Aciva| ïaygvÎ †h e¨w³i mwZ¨Kv‡ii
`Lj _v‡K A_ev Zvr¶wYK `L‡ji AwaKvi _v‡K ZLb wZwb iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai Rb¨
gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv GgbwK hw` wZwb cïdv‡ji gvwjK nb| hLb GKRb Rwgi
gvwjK AvmevecÎmn eë¯’vcbv wejyß nq ZLb fvovwUqvi (gvwjK bb) AwaKvi
i‡q‡Q dvwb©Pvi iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z| Abyiƒcfv‡e, hLb Rvwgb wba©vwiZ
mg‡qi Rb¨ ZLb Rvwgb MÖnxZv iƒcvšÍi Aciva Kivi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Permand mohanty vs. bir vehra gvgjv‡Z ev`x GKwU e¨vs‡Ki FY MÖnxZv, MÖvg
cÂv‡qZ †_‡K wZb eQi wjR †bb| weev`x Zvi jxR mO&µvšÍ weZK© †Zv‡jb Ges
wm wc wm Gi 145 aviv GKwU ìLv¯Í Kiv nq| g¨vwR‡÷ªU 144 aviv gy‡j †µvK
AW©vi †`b| gvgjvi Kvh©µg me©‡k‡l, jxR †gqv` †k‡li 1 w`b c~‡e© ev`xi
AbyK‚‡j †kl nq| Ges ev`x‡K `Lj ¯^Z¡ †NvlYv Kiv nq| jxR †gqv` †k‡l weev`x
cyKzi †_‡K gvQ a‡ib| ev`x iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb| Ab¨vq AvUK Ges gvQ
miv‡bvi Aciv‡a|
cïcvj cvß e¨w³ (finder chattel);
GKRb cïcvj cÖvc‡Ki g~j gvwjK e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mevi weiæ‡× fv‡jv gvwjKvbv i‡q‡Q|
GB c‡q‡›U D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvgjv nj armory vs. delamirie| D³ gvgjv‡Z GKRb wPg‡b
myBcvi evjK GKLÐ ¯^Y© cvb Ges Bnv weev`xi †`vKv‡b †bb| wZwb Bnv cix¶vi
Rb¨ cvVvb ¯^‡Y©i wbLyuZ cix¶vi Rb¨| D³ cix¶K Bnv‡K cwigvc Kivi Awfbq K‡i
cv_iLÐ wb‡q hvb| Ges Bnv Zv‡K ¯^Y© ivLvi m¶g K‡i| wKš‘ mwVK gvwjK
e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mevi weiæ‡×| Gi iæj cieZ©x gvgjvmg~n G AbymiY Kiv nq|
Bridges vs. hawkesworth gvgjv‡Z evw` †`vKv‡bi cvewjK As‡k wKQy †bvU cvb|
Av`vjZ ivq w`‡q‡Q Zvi †`vKvb`v‡ii †Ìqv †P‡qI †ewk DËg gvwjKvbv i‡q‡Q|
Hanna vs. peel gvgjv‡Z GKB iæj AbymiY Kiv nq| GLv‡b GKRb ˆmb¨
AwaMÖnYK…Z ev`x‡Z GK UyK‡iv ¯^Y© cvb hvnv Zvi `L‡j wQj bv| Av`vjZ
ivq w`‡q‡Q wZwb D³ ¯^Y© LÐ jvf Ki‡eb gvwjK bq |
Z‡e, D³ mvaviY iæ‡ji e¨wZµgx cÖwZôBZ †hLv‡b cÖvß e¯‘ fy- M‡e©i mv‡_
m¤ú„³| Ggb gvgjvmg~n G `Lj`vi `Lj ¯^Z¡ jvf Ki‡eY, cÖvcK bb|
Elwes vs. brigg gas co. gvgjv‡Z weev`x M¨vm †Kv¤úvwb, wRwb ev`xi Rwgi
jxwR MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb gvwUi 6 dzU wb‡P HwZnvwmK †bŠKv cvb| M¨v‡mi
Rb¨ Lbb Kvh©µ‡g| Av`vjZ ivq w`j D³ †bŠKv jxR `vZvi m¤úwË, Ges D³ jxR `vZv
welqwU bv Rvb‡jI Bnv jxR MÖwnZvi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi n‡e bv
London corporation vs. appple yard gvgjv‡Z, `yRb Kg©Pvix hviv feb fv‡½b,
Zviv †eBR‡g›U Iqv‡j †mK e¨vsK †bvU cvb| Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h fe‡bi jxR
MÖwnZvi DËg gvwjKvbv i‡q‡Q, kªwg‡Ki bq|
M„ncvwjZ cïi gvwjK ( owners of domestic animal);
M„ncvwjZ cïi gvwjKMY, †hgb- weovj, KzKzi, Zv‡ì P~ovšÍ gvwjKvbv _v‡K Ges
Zviv trovar gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gvwjKMY Zv‡ì wbKU m¤úwË wQj GgbwK Zviv
m¤úwË hw` nvivb|
DËivwaKv‡ii ¯^v‡_© AvNvZ (injuris to reversionary interest);
Common law Gi iæj wQj †UKwbK¨vj Ges B‡Zvg‡a¨B †`Lv hvq mwZ¨Kv‡ii `Lj
e¨ZxZ GKRb gvwjK A_ev Zvr¶wYK `Lj AwaKvix iæcvšÍi Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb bv| iƒcvšÍi/ n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Aciva mKj †¶‡Î DËivwaKvix ¯^v_©‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡ibv| Bs‡iwR AvBb †gvZv‡eK, cÖwZKvi n¯ÍvšÍi Aciva bq, eis gvgjv Ki‡bi
gva¨g|
fvi‡Z, Av`vjZ ivq w`‡q‡Q †h, GKRb DËivwaKvix n¯ÍvšÍi Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| Bsj¨v‡Ûi AvaywbK gZvgZ Ggb we‡kl gvgjv Ki‡bi weiæ‡×|
A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ges iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (distinction between trespass and
conversion);
A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ges iæcvšÍi Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î gvgjv `Lj mË¡ wfwËK, gvwjKvbv
wfwËK bq| GB G‡¶‡Î Dfq B ci¯úi mv`„k¨c~Y© wKš‘ G¸j wb‡¤œv³ †¶Îmg~n G
wfbœ nq;
(1) A‰ea cÖ‡ek cïcv‡ji `L‡j n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv, wKš‘ iƒcvšÍi Aciva †¶‡Î, cï cv‡ji `L‡j
n¯Í‡¶c| D‡Ïk¨ nj D³ m¤úwËi Dci gvwjKvbv `vex Kiv| †hgb- hw` Avwg †Zvgvi
Kvc wQwb‡q wb‡q Ges Bnv Ab¨ e¨w³i wbKU wb‡¶c K‡i Zvn‡jB Bnv A‰ea
cÖ‡ek Aciva †nv‡e| wKš‘, hw` Avwg †Zvgvi e¨vM †K‡o †bB Pywii D‡Ï‡k¨
Zvn‡j Bnv A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ges iƒcvšÍi Aciva n‡e|
(2) A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡ai †¶Z‡i , gvgjvi mvie¯‘ mivmwi AvNvZ wKš‘, n¯ÍvšÍi
Icov‡Xo †¶Z‡i, Bnv nj eënvi †_‡K ewÂZ nIqv| Ges Bnv m¤úwËi evwn¨K n¯Í‡¶c
m¤ú„³ bq| GgbwK gvwjKvbv `wj‡ji mZ¨vhw় Z Kiv iƒcvšÍi Aciva n‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K ïaygvÎ dmj miv‡bv AvwacZ¨ cÖ‡qvMmn A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva n‡e,
iƒcvšÍi Aciva bq|
(3) A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ggb Aciva hvnv g~jZ mwZ¨Kv‡ii `Lj m‡Zï n¯Í‡¶c Kiv nq,
myZivs Bnv `L‡j _vKv e¨w³ Øviv m¤úv`b Kiv m¤¢e bh|Ab¨w`‡K iæcvšÍi Aciva
Ggb Aciva hv GKRb e¨w³ hLb Zvr¶wYK `Lj ¯^Z¡MZ AwaKvi _v‡K Ges AZGe
mwZ¨Kv‡ii `L‡j _vKv e¨w³ Øviv Ggb Aciva m¤úvw`Z nq|
(4) KwZcq cwiw¯’wZ‡Z, A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ges iƒcvšÍi Aciva GKmv‡_ n‡Z cv‡i |
†hgb hLb G we‡qi cY¨ MÖnb K‡ib Pywi Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ ZLbB nv A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ges
iƒcvšÍi Aciva n‡e|
iƒcvšÍi Aciva Ges A‰ea AvUK Aciv‡ai cv_©K¨;
iƒcvšÍi Aciva‡K AcüZ AvUK †_‡K wb‡¤œv³ †¶Îmg~‡n c„_K Kiv hv‡e;
1. iƒcvšÍi Aciva ev`xi `Lj m‡Zï mv‡_ n¯Í‡¶c A_ev `Lj Kivi AwaKvi †hLv‡b
D³ cïcvjb AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii g‡bvfve e¨³ nq| Ab¨w`‡K GKRb AcüZ AvUKK…Z
e¨w³ Aciv‡a †`vlx mve¨¯Í nb hLb wZwb D³ cY¨¸‡jv‡K A‰eafv‡e `Lj K‡ib|
2. A‰ea AvUK g~jK gvgjvi mvigg© n‡jv weev`x KZ©„K cY¨¸‡jv‡K A

‰eafv‡e AvUK ivLv. Ab¨w`‡K iƒcvšÍig~jK Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î gvgjvi mvigg© nj ¯‘i
†h‡Kv‡bvfv‡e AvBbMZ AwaKvi †_‡K eënvi ewÂZ nIqv|
3. A‰ea AvU‡Ki †¶‡Î ev`x KZ©„K cÖwZKvi nj m¤úwËi mywbw`©ó †diZ,

wKš‘ iæcvšÍi Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î cÖwZKvi nj ¶wZc~iY|
‡h‡nZy iæcvšÍi Aciva ev n¯ÍvšÍi Aciva Ggb †¶Î †hLv‡b A‰ea AvUK ev A‰ea
cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ †¶Îmg~n AšÍf©y³| †hgb hLb GKRb Rvwgb MÖnxZv Zvi cY¨‡K
Rvwgb`vi Zvi wbKU e¨ZxZ Ab¨ Kv‡iv wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ib Ges Rvwgb `vZv
KZ©„K D³ cY¨ †diZ w`‡Z e¨_© nb ZLb n¯ÍvšÍi Acivax `vqx n‡eb|
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³;
iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai gvgjvi †¶‡Î wb‡¤œv³ hyw³¸‡jv AviwR wn‡m‡e `vwLj Kiv hv‡e;
1. wj‡qb -hw` mvgwMÖK g~j¨ cwi‡kvwaZ bv nq Zvn‡j Acwi‡kvwaZ

we‡µZv cÖwZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z D³ m¤úwËi `Lj ¯^Z¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb hZ¶Y
ch©šÍ D³ g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv bv n‡e|
2. nZvkv hLb GKwU cY¨‡K nZvkv ev wewµ Rb¥MÖnY Kiv nq Zvnv

†KŠZy‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mwVK n‡Z cv‡i|
3. ‡jb‡`‡b evav- cY¨ weµq AvBb Gi 50 †_‡K 52 aviv †gvZv‡eK hLb GKRb
c‡Yï †µZv †`Dwjqv nb ZLb Acwi‡kvwaZ we‡µZv wZwb D³ cybe¨©³ K‡i‡Qb
Zvi D³ c‡Yï †jb‡`b eÜ Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q. A_©vr wZwb D³ a‡i ivL‡Z cvi‡eb
Ges D‡Ëvjb eÜ ivL‡Z cvi‡eb| wZwb D³ cY¨¸‡jv‡K g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv ch©šÍ
AvUK ivL‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. Rv÷ Aviwm- hLb GKRb ev`xi mwZ¨Kv‡ii `Lj kZ© _v‡Kbv iƒcvšÍi Aciv‡ai
†¶‡Î ZLb Zvi hLb Rv¯‹vi wkgyj AwaKvi _v‡K ZLbB fv‡jv AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³
n‡Z cv‡i| hLb GKRb e¨w³ m¤úwËi mwZ¨Kv‡ii `L‡j _v‡K ZLb wZwb Acivaxi
weiæ‡× AwaKvi iv‡Lb| In jeffries vs. G.W. rly co. gvgjv‡Z †bvU K¨vb‡mj
ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib †h Avwg g‡b Kwi AvBb n‡”Q GKRb e¨w³ hLb c‡Yï AwaKvi `Lj
K‡ib Zvi cY¨ wn‡m‡e ZLb D³ c‡Yï Dci Zvi gvwjKvbv _v‡K Z„Zxq e¨w³i Rb¨
A_©vr cÖK…Z gvwjK e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mKj we‡ivwaZvi mwVK gvwjKvbv _v‡K|
wZwb wb‡R AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ `vwLj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv †h Z„Zxq e¨w³i
wbZ¨c‡Yï gvwjKvbv i‡q‡Q KviY GKRb Acivaxi weiæ‡× `Lj ¯^Z¡ gvwjKvbv|
¶wZc~iY cwigvc;
hLb cY¨ ¸‡jv †diZ †Ìqv nq Ges evwR D³ cY¨¸‡jv‡K ev `vqe×Zv †K MÖn‡Yi Rb¨
m¤§wZ †`b Zvi mš‘ówP‡Ë| hLb cY¨¸‡jv webó nq wb eis cY¨¸‡jvi g~j¨ ivk cvq
ZLb ev`x G¸‡jv‡K MÖnY Ki‡e| wZwb Avw_©K ¶wZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv. ev`x Avw_©K ¶wZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Pvc m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡eb hLb D³
cY¨ webó nq A_ev D³ c‡Yï g~j¨ ivk cvq|
¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi cÖ_vMZ iæj n‡jv c‡Yï gv‡K©U gv‡K©U g~j¨
hvnv DËiY bvUK iƒcvšÍi A_ev n¯ÍvšÍi Aciv‡ai Zvwi‡L cÖhyw³c‡Yï evRvi g~j¨|
eZ©gv‡bi mycÖwZwôZ AvBwb weavb †h †h †¶‡Î weev`xi Zvi `Lj m‡Zï Ici
cÖ`Ë AwaKvi i‡q‡Q wKš‘ D³ cY¨ Zv‡ì wbKU †diZ †`b bv wZwb ivq cÖ`v‡bi
Zvwi‡L D³ Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× A‰ea Ges n¯ÍvšÍi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î n¯ÍvšÍi Aciva msµvšÍ AvBwb weavb ¯úó bq| hw` cÖ_vMZ iæj
¸‡jv‡K mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq G¸‡jv Ab¨vq m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i KviY c‡Yï
evRvi g~j¨ me©`v cwiewZ©Z nq|
mycÖwZwôZ †h ev· cÖwZôv‡b bxwZgvjv‡K c‡Yï evRvi g~j¨ QvovI ev`x D³
c‡Yï ¶wZi Rb¨ we‡kl ¶wZi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib †hgb hLb GKRb
Kv‡c©›Uvi Zvi Pyj¸‡jv‡K iƒcvšÍi K‡i Ges G‡¶‡Î D³ hš¿cvwZi ¶wZi Rb¨ wZwb
¶wZc~iY `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b KwZcq AvBwb bxwZgvjv evovq i‡q‡Q we‡kl
¶wZc~i‡Yi iæj weavb c‡Yï evRvi g~j¨ DVvb Avgvi Dc‡i wbf©i K‡i| hw` c‡Yï
evRvi g~j¨ ivBU Zvwi‡L e„w× cvq Zvn‡j D³ c‡Yï ì cv_©K¨‡K we‡kl ¶wZc~iY
wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e Ges hw` c‡Yï g~j¨ ivk cvq Zvn‡j ev`x‡K D³ cY¨g~‡jï
D”P g~j¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
hLb cïi cvj Gi g~j¨ e„w× cvq weev`xi †Kvb Kv‡Ri Kvi‡Y A_©vr evRvig~j¨
iƒcvšÍ‡ii Kvi‡Y bq ZLb ev`x D³ ewa©Z c‡Yï g~j¨ Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e| ZvB hLb
GKRb c~Y© iƒcvšÍiKvix w`‡b GKwU †`vKv‡bi A‡a©K wbg©vY K‡ib wZwb
D³ †`vKv‡bi Dci Zvi †cÖwiZ wbg©vY LiP Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ivqnvb m¤úwË
gyw³i Rb¨ †h LiP cÖ`vb Kiv nq G¸‡jv e¨vsK Aek¨B j¤^v gyw³i ci D³ m¤úwËi LiP
LiP Av`vq Ki‡eb| hLb c‡Yï g~j¨ e„w× cvq weev`xi Kv‡Ri Øviv bq eis ev`xi
Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g ZLb Aek¨B ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e D³ †fvU w`Z evRvig~‡jï Rb¨|
Aa¨vq 15
e¨w³ Ges m¤úwËi cÖwZ UU Aciva
1. `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv (Negligent)
m~Pbv (introduction):
c~‡e©Kvi hy‡M common law Gi mvaviY wbqg wQj †h GKRb e¨w³ Ggb ¶wZi
Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb whwb D³ Lywk Ab¨ e¨w³i wbKU K‡i‡Qb. hw` wZwb Ggb KvR
K‡ib hvnv D‡Ïk¨ hvB †nvK ¯^xK…Z AvBb Abyhvqx gvgjv Kivi †hvM¨.
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv aviYv wewa‡i KwZcq cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ¯^xK…wZ cvq. KZ¸‡jv
`vhw় Z¡cvjbiZ e¨w³ †hgb wd«g¨vb mvR©b Ges Rvwgb MÖnxZv BZ¨vw`
e¨w³eM© MÖ‡š’i 14 kZvãx‡Z Zv‡ì `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq. GB
mvavib `vhw় Z¡¸‡jv QvovI MYZš¿ Ges A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ AvBwb cÖwZKvi
¸‡jv `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK weav‡bi Dci cÖwZwôZ.
c„_K Aciva wn‡m‡e `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva nvRvi AvUk cuwPk mv‡ji c‡ii
cieZ©x‡Z DbœZ nq, hwÌ Avgiv 1762 mv‡j WvB‡R÷ bvgK eB‡q Ggb gvgjv
Ki‡bi cÖgvY cvq.
Ggb mg„w×i wcQ‡b KviY wQj iæ‡Zv wkívqb `ªæZ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Ges
cwiYwZ g~jKfv‡e `yN©Ubvi msL¨v e„w×. PiU Ad wn‡m‡e `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv
†Kb w¯úKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z Zv g~jZ D‡Ïk¨MZ bq eis Bnv hyw³i Dci
cÖwZwôZ Ges myweavRbK †kªYx wefvR‡bi Dci cÖwZwôZ.
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Z‡Ë¡i welqe¯‘ KiZ Ges D‡Ïk¨MZ ZË¡;( subjective and
objective theories of negligence);
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi kã msµvšÍ wel‡q `ywU cÖwZ‡hvwMZv evwo i‡q‡Q GKwU
ZË¡ Abyhvqx GKUy Ae‡njv nj Ggb gvbwmK D`vmxbZv ev Kg©Kv‡Ði
†cŠibxwZi cÖwZ D`vmxbZv. mvjgvb GB Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb cÖwZôvZv Iqvëb ÷ªxU
Ges DBbwdì GB ZË¡‡K mg_©b K‡ib GB gZvg‡Zi g¨vwiW i‡q‡Q D‡Ïk¨ Ges
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv KiZ aviYvi cv_©K¨ Kivi gva¨‡g GKRb B‡”QK…Z Acivax Ggb
cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib †hLv‡b A_©vr Awb”QvK…Z Acivax Zvi K…Z K‡g©i gva¨‡g
m„ó Aciva cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib Ab¨w`‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Acivax Ggb ¶wZKi
c~i‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib bv GB Z_¨wU welqe¯‘MZ theory wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ.
wØZxq cvZv †gvRvnvi `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi D‡Ïk¨MZ Z_¨ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ D³ Z_¨
Abyhvqx `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv gvbwmK Ae¯’vi bv eis Ggb AvPiY hvnv AvBb
ewY©Z Ab¨‡ì ¶wZ myi¶vi †hŠw³K gvb`Ð j•Nb Kivi †¶‡Î AwaKvi i¶v Kivi
weavb Kiv nq. Bnv mvaviYfv‡e evK me©m¤§Zfv‡e M„nxZ gZvgZ GB gZvg‡Zi
mg_©K iv n‡jb terry, edgerton,bevan,holmes, pollock. cj‡Ki g‡Z
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jZ KZ©e¨ civqb I Zvi wecixZ †Kvb e¨w³ B `vhw ় ‡Z¡ cov‡bv
Zv‡K gvbwmK Ae¯’vb ej‡Z cv‡ib bv. `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv nj GKRb †hŠw³K gvb‡ei
D‡Ïk¨MZ gvb`Û AR©‡b e¨_©Zv. hw` GKRb weev`x D³ gvb`Û AR©‡b e¨_© nq
Ges A‡bï ¶wZ K‡ib Zvn‡j †Kvb AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³i `vwLj Kiv hv‡ebv †h
wZwb D³ m„ó ¶wZ cÖwZ D`vmxb wQ‡jb Ges wZwb m‡e©v”P mZK©Zv Aej¤^b
K‡i‡Qb. iv‡Zi †ejvq Mvwoi jvBU eÜ K‡i A_ev RbvKxY© GKRb gvby‡li
cwic~Y© iv¯Ívi Dci w`‡q Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi d‡j mwVK †eªK AbymiY bv K‡i
Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi d‡j m„ó `yN©Ubv‡K Av`‡k©i `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g‡b Ki‡jv Kiv
n‡e.
AvPiY ZË¡ wb‡¤œv³ KviY mg~‡ni mwVK;
1. gvbwmK Ae¯’vb cÖgv‡Yi †P‡q AvPiY cÖgvY Kivi mnR
2. ¶wZKi Kuv‡`v ¶wZ K‡i g~jZ AvPiY ev Kg©KvÐ gvby‡li Ae¯’vb bq hw`
GKRb e¨w³i AvPiY A¯^vev`x K fv‡e ¶wZKi nq Zvn‡j wZwb Zvi D³ Kv‡Ri
gva¨‡g m„ó Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx gyw³ cv‡eb bv.
3. gvbwmK cix¶v Ggb DcKvi we‡ivax n‡e Avevi GZUv nvjKv n‡e †h hv
Lywk Ki KvR ev Qov wba©vi‡Yi m¤¢e n‡e bv.
Dfq gZvg‡Zi mgš^q Kiv Am¤¢e bq `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva Gi `ywU A_©
i‡q‡Q Ges Bnv †Kvb A‡_© eëüZ n‡e Zvnv †cÖ¶vc‡Ui Dci wbf©i K‡i. hLb Bnv
Aciv‡ai wecix‡Z eënvi Kiv nq ZLbB AvgvbweK Ae¯’vb‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iv A‡bK
†¶‡Î Bnv wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb n‡q‡Q GKwU we‡kl KvR Acivax gb wb‡q
AmZK©Zvq cvjb Kiv n‡jv wKbv g‡b Kiæb wU †Uwe‡ji Dc‡i 20 n‡q‡Q hvnv
Ab¨ †`L‡Z cvb K‡ib A_ev GKwU d¨v±i †Lvjv ivLv n‡q‡Q hvi ga¨ w`‡q Ab¨ e¨w³
c‡o †M‡jb Ggb mKj †¶Îmg~n GKB AvPib wewfbœ †cŠibxwZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i,
hw` wZwb Ggb Aciva K‡ib GB D‡Ï‡k¨ †h Zvi kÎæMY D³ wel †L‡q gviv hv‡eb
A_ev DËi w`‡q c‡o hv‡eb Zvn‡j wZwb B‡”QK…Z Ges D‡Ïk¨ K…Z Aciv‡ai Rb¨
`vqx n‡eb. Zvi kÎæi ¶wZ Kivi B”Qv e¨ZxZ Ggb 20 †`‡L hvb A_ev ìRv †Lvjv
iv‡Lb Ges ¶wZ n‡j G‡¶‡Î wZwb `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e.
Dfq †¶‡Î AvPi‡Y wKš‘ D³ Kg©KvÛ¸‡jv `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK wKbv A_ev
gvbwmK wKbv Zv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ gvbwmK Ae¯’vb wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e.
Ab¨w`‡K hLb `vhw় Z¡ Avgj g~jK Aciva‡K Awbevh© `yN©Ubvi mv‡_ mv`„k¨
Kiv nq hLb mvaviY gvb`Û n‡jv D‡Ïk¨ MZ hw` Zvi AvPiY †hŠw³K gvb`‡Ði
wb‡P nq Zvn‡j wZwb `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e Ges hw` nv D³ †hŠw³K
gvb`Ð AbymiY K‡i Zvn‡j wZwb `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv eis wZwb
`vqe×Zv †_‡K gyw³ cv‡e.
ev¯ÍeZv Ggb nj †h D‡Ï‡k¨ A_ev `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jZ gvbwmK Ae¯’vb‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i wKš‘ GKRb gvby‡li g‡b wK i‡q‡Q Zv mvaviYZ wba©viY Kiv m¤
¢e bq ZvB D³ gvbwmK Ae¯’vb‡K Zvi evwn¨K AvPiY Øviv wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e.
GKRb e¨w³ hLb Ab¨ KvD‡K ¸wj K‡i ZLb Ggb ejv hv‡e bv †h Zvi DËi e¨w³‡K
nZ¨v Kivi D‡Ïk¨ †bB GB bxwZgvjv ¯^vev`x K MVbv ev cwiw¯’wZi Dci
wbf©ikxj GKRb e¨w³‡K mvaviYZ Zvi Kvh©µ‡gi ¯^vev`x K cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ n‡Z n‡e `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î Ggb cÖwµqv wKQyUv DbœZ
n‡q‡Q KZ¸‡jv †Zvi K_v g‡b nq KviY Gi Kgb gvb`Û Ges e¨w³MZ mgZvi
wfwË‡Z `vqe×Zv cwinv‡ii Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡bi Rb¨. GgbwK hLb Avgiv
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva‡K gvbwmK Ae¯’vb e‡j MY¨ Kwi †Zvi Aciva
wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Zvn‡j ejv hv‡ebv †hgb gvb`Û m¤ú~Y©fv‡e welqe¯‘MZ. AvBb
gvbwmK Ae¯’vb‡K ev g‡bvMZ welq‡K evwn¨K AvPiY Øviv wePvi K‡i wKš‘
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~j Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î gvb`Û n‡jv D‡Ïk¨ KZ Bnv cÖwZôvi
bxwZgvjv †h GKRb e¨w³ `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e Zvi †hŠw³K †h
mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv bv Kivi Kvi‡Y B‡”QK…Zfv‡e hLb
A‡bï ¶wZ Kiv.
Z‡e D³ `y'wU Z‡Ë¡i cix¶v cÖZxqgvb nq †h weZK© wePvi wel‡q AvbyôvwbK.
me©‡kl we‡køl‡Y `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv Aciva g~jZ A_ev GKRb e¨w³i m„ó
Kg©Kv‡Ûi cwiYwZi Dc‡i D`vmxbZv.
hLb cwibwZ mg~n †hŠw³Kfv‡e Abygvb Kivi †hvM¨ wKš‘ Ggb e¨w³ D³ hyw³
c`‡¶c wb‡Z e¨_© nb ZLb cÖwmwKDkb D³ `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv D`vmxbZv Rb¨
Abygvb Ki‡eb. GKwU ZË¡ mwZ¨Kv‡ii `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv ev D`vmxbZvi cÖwZ
¸iæZ¡ †`q Ges Ab¨ ZË¡wU Abygvb g~jK ev `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv ev D`vmxbZvi
cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i.
¯^Zš¿ UU© Aciva wn‡m‡e `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai msÁv Ges Dcv`vb (
Definition and elements of negligence as an independent tort);
¯^Zš¿ Aciva wn‡m‡e A_ev ¯^Zš¿ Aciva wn‡m‡e `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva
A_© AvBwb KZ©e¨fvi mZ©KZv Aej¤^b K‡i weev`x KZ©„K Zv‡ì cÖwZ Zvi
AwaKvi jsNb K‡i m„ó ¶wZ.Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Acivagy³ AvBb
KZ©e¨ Z_v wbKUZg cvj‡bi d‡j ¶wZ `vqe×Zv D³ Aciva¸‡jvi †¶‡Î wb‡¤œv³
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi m¤ú„³ ;
1. GKRb e¨w³i cÖwZ Ab¨ e¨w³i AvBbMZ KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi mZ©KZv Aej¤^b
MZ AvBwW KZ©e¨.
2. Z¡K KZ©‡eï jsNb.
3. Ggb KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi j•N‡bi d‡j D³ e¨w³i ¶wZ.

1.mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Gi AvBbMZ KZ©e¨; (a) KZ©e¨ cvjb Aw¯ÍZ¡ msµvšÍ †U÷(
test of existence of duty);
GKwU `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva gvgjvi †¶‡Î cÖ_g cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e D³
weev`x KZ©„K ev`x cÖwZ Zvi AvBbMZ KZ©e¨.
GKRb gvbyl `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai `vqx n‡eb bv hw` wZwb Ab¨vb¨
we‡k¦i mgMÖ e¨vcx Kv‡iv cÖwZ `vhw় Z¡ I AwaKvi Gi Rb¨ `vqx bv nq Z‡e Ggb
AwaKvi I KZ©‡eï Dcw¯’wZ wba©viY Kiv mnR KvR bq. hwÌ KZ©e¨ KZ
Av‡jvPbv A‡bK c~‡e©v³ gvgjvq cÖZxqgvb nq Z_vwc cÖ_g GmsµvšÍ mvaviY
cÖYqb Kiv nq 1883 mv‡j heaven vs. pender gvgjv‡Z, Zvi g‡Z hLbB GKRb e¨w³
cvwicvwk¦©KZvi Kvi‡Y Ggb Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K †h GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe aviYv
Ki‡eb D³ e¨w³ †hŠw³K c`‡¶c ev KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡j wZwb `¶Zvi mv‡_ Ab¨ e¨w³i
cÖwZ m„ó ¶wZ †_‡K cwinvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb.
jW© atkin , donoghue vs. stevenson gvgjv‡Z ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib †h;
Ò GB iæj †h †Zvgv‡K †Zvgvi cÖwZ‡ekxi cÖwZ `vhw ় Z¡ cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e Bnv
AvBbMZ cÖ`vb Zywg Aek¨B †Zvgvi cÖwZ‡ekxi ¶wZ Ki‡Z cviev bv, Ges
AvBbRxexi cÖkœ n‡jv †K cÖwZ‡ekx ?hvnv mxgve× DËi MÖnY K‡i †Zvgv‡K
Aek¨B †hŠw³K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e Kvh©µg A_ev ÎæwU cwinvi Kivi Rb¨
hvnv GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe `~i`k©b eD Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡e A_ev Zvi cÖwZ‡ekxi
¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j AvBb Abyhvqx Avgvi cÖwZ‡ekx Kviv ?
DËi n‡Z cv‡i cÖwZ‡ekx Zviv hviv Avgvi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Av‡kcv‡k KZ¸‡jv
AwaKvi iv‡Lb Avcbvi Zv‡ì cÖwZ Avgvi KZ¸‡jv AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Ges Avgvi
cÖwZ hv‡ì KZ¸‡jv KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q.
AÎ gvgjvwU AvwcjKvix wRbRvi weqvi †evZj cvb K‡ib hvnv Zvi eÜy KZ©„K
GKwU wi‡UBj †`vKvb †_‡K µq Kiv nq. D³ †evZjwU Gi g‡a¨ cÖPvi wSbyK Gi
†Lvmv wQj. †h‡nZy †evZj Gi gyL †Lvjv wQj ZvB D³ wSby‡Ki †Lvmv wPwýZ
Kiv hvqwb. AvwcjKvix D³ †evZj A¯úó nIqv ev †Nvjv‡U nIqvi Kvi‡Y
AvwcjKvix D³ †evZ‡ji A‡bK¸‡jv cvbxq cvb Kivi ci GB¸‡jv `~wlZ i‡q‡Q g‡b
Ki‡Z cv‡ib. wZwb ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib weev`xi weiæ‡× whwb D³ ginger
beer Gi Drcv`K wQ‡jb. Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q wZwb gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvNvZ cvq
Ges Zvi †c‡U cÖPyi cwigv‡Y M¨vm nq. Av`vjZ D³ weevw`‡K `vqx K‡ib Lord
atkin G‡¶‡Î ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib †h;
GKRb c~Y© Drcv`K whwb Ggb d‡g© wewµ K‡ib cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ †h wZwb D³
cY¨¸‡jv‡K me©‡k‡l †fv³vi wbKU †cuŠQv‡Z Pvc Ggb d‡g© †hLv‡b D³
cY¨¸‡jv‡K AšÍe©i&ZxKvjxb cix¶v Kivi †Kvb †hŠw³K m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv Ges
GB g‡g© Abyave‡bi gva¨‡g †h D³ cY¨¸‡jvi †hŠw³K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Afv‡ei
A_ev DËi cY¨¸‡jv‡K ivLvi d‡j Zv‡ì Rxeb ev m¤úwËi ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i G‡¶‡Î D³
c‡Yï Drcv`K †K Aek¨B †fv³vi ¯^v_© myi¶vi Rb¨ ev †fv³vi AwaKvi i¶vi Rb¨
†hŠw³K c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e.
Ggb AvBbMZ bxwZgvjvi Rb¨ wZwb wbf©i K‡ib Mac pherson vs. Buick motor
co..
gvgjvwU Ggb cÖ¯Ívebvi Rb¨ bxwZgvjv †h GKRb Drcv`‡Ki KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q hyw³i
¯^Zš¿ QvovI Zvi cY¨¸‡jv eënv‡ii †¶‡Î †hŠw³K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv. wKš‘ jW©
Av‡°j KZ©„K cÖYxZ mvaviY bxwZgvjv ¸‡jv Av`vjZ KZ©„K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q
A‡bK¸‡jv common-law AvBbMZ c×wZ‡Z, ZvQvov fviZxq Ggb bxwZgvjv
M„nxZ n‡q‡Q `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK mKj gvgjvi †¶‡Î cix¶v cvm Kivi Rb¨ D³
KZ©e¨ GKRb cÖwZ‡ekxi AwaKvi †K AvNvZ Kivi Rb¨ bq cÖwZ‡ekx kãwU
AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ msÁvhw় Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi gZb Zvi msÁv Abyhvqx
cÖwZ‡ekx kãwU evwn¨K wbKUeZ©x Zv‡K eySvq bv eis Ggb e¨w³‡ì‡K eySv
hv‡ì cÖwZ GKRb cÖwZ‡ekx †hŠw³Kfv‡e Ab¨ cÖwZ‡ekx ev wbKUeZ©x e¨w³i
cÖwZ `vhw় Z¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡b eva¨ _v‡K.
D`vnib (illustration)-
hLb B‡jKwUªK we‡ji ¸‡jv ¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb GKwU KZ©e¨ Dc¯’vwcZ nq
B‡jw±ªwmwU †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K †h Zviv mZK©Zvi mwnZ Z`šÍ Ki‡e †h †Kvb
wdjvi A_ev Zvi Gi g‡a¨ QywU _vK‡e bv. Rajasthan electricity board vs. shiv
charan lal gvgjv‡Z weev`x Gi mvo wQj hvnv g~jZ B‡jKwUªwmwU †Kv¤úvwbi
Zv‡ii mv‡_ Kv‡i›U ¯ú‡k© gviv hvq. wb¤œ Av`vjZ rs. 1200 iæwc ¶wZc~iY
wn‡m‡e ivq cÖ`vb K‡i. nvB‡KvU© D³ wWwµ envj †i‡L ivq w`‡jv †h D³
†ev‡W©i KZ©e¨ n‡e gvby‡li wbivcËvi Rb¨ h‡_ó wbivcËv c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡e
hv‡Z K‡i †Kvb e¨w³ B‡jKwUªK Zv‡ii ¯^v‡_©B ¯ú‡k© gviv bv hvb. Av`vjZ
ch©‡e¶Y Kij †h hw` cï cvj D³ ¯^vev`x K fv‡e cvjb Kiv nq D³ ¯^vev`x K iv¯Ívi
Dci w`‡q nv‡U Zvn‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡e †h †cv÷¸‡jv myi¶vi Rb¨ ê`y¨wZK Zv‡ii
myi¶v eë¯’v _vK‡e.
hLb B‡jKwUªK we‡ji ¸‡jv ¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb GKwU KZ©e¨ Dc¯’vwcZ nq
B‡jw±ªwmwU †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K †h Zviv mZK©Zvi mwnZ Z`šÍ Ki‡e †h †Kvb
wdjvi A_ev Zvi Gi g‡a¨ QywU _vK‡e bv. Rajasthan electricity board vs. shiv
charan lal gvgjv‡Z 11 wU kvU© Rvnv weev`x wQj DËiwU g~jZ B‡jKwUªwmwU
†Kv¤úvwbi Zv‡ii mv‡_ Kv‡i›U ¯ú‡k© gviv hvq. wb¤œ Av`vjZ rs. 1200 iæwc
¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e ivq cÖ`vb K‡i. nvB‡KvU© DËiw`‡K envj †i‡L ivq w`‡jv †h
D³ †ev‡W©i KZ©e¨ n‡e gvby‡li wbivcËvi Rb¨ h‡_ó wbivcËv c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡e
hv‡Z K‡i †Kvb e¨w³ B‡jKwUªK Zv‡ii ¯^v‡_©B ¯ú‡k© gviv bv hvb. Av`vjZ
ch©‡e¶Y Kij †h hw` cï cvj D³ ¯^vev`x K fv‡e cvjb Kiv nq D³ ¯^vev`x K iv¯Ívi
Dci w`‡q nv‡U Zvn‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡e †h †cv÷¸‡jv myi¶vi Rb¨ ê`y¨wZK Zv‡ii
myi¶v eë¯’v _vK‡e.
S.c.m. (uk) Ltd vs. w.j. Withal and son ltd ev`x wQ‡jb GKRb UvBcivBUvi Ges
†gwkb Kwd Drcv`K. weev`x whwb wewìs wVKv`v‡ii KvR K‡ib Px‡b
wVKv`v‡ii KvR wbKUeZ©x ¯’v‡b cvjb Ki‡Q †Zv `vhw় Z¡cvjbKv‡j Zviv
Avevwì d¨v±wii AZ¨šÍ nvB‡fv‡ëR †Kej Zv‡i ÎæwU m„wó K‡i d‡j Av`vjZ D³
weev`x‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx K‡i Ges euvw`‡K gvgjvi ¶wZc~iY
wn‡m‡e D³ weev`x‡K K¨vej Zv‡ii g~j¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avbylvw½K ¶wZc~iY
cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i.
gvgjv‡Z wefvw` GKwU Pyw³ MÖnY K‡ib cvBcjvBb wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ Ges GB
D‡Ï‡k¨ weev`x iv¯Ívi cvk w`‡q miKvwi nvmcvZv‡ji cv‡k MZ© Lbb. iv¯Ívi
cv‡ki MZ©¸‡jv Pvicv‡k ZviKvUv w`‡q †eov †Ìqv nqwb Ges light w`‡q
Av‡jvwKZ Kiv nqwb. †cU MfxiZv AZ¨šÍ AÜKvi wQj wn›`y cvwK¯Ívb hy‡×i
Kvi‡Y. Avw`Z¨ M‡Z©i cv‡ki Zvi KvUvi c‡i c‡i Rvbv‡ev Zvi †`‡n A‡bK¸‡jv
AvNvZcÖvß nb. ev`x gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í nb. Aj Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h weev`xi
cÖwZ AvBbMZ KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q D³ M‡Z©i Pvicv‡k ZviKvUv A_ev Av‡jv w`‡q
myi¶v cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨. †h‡nZy weev`x D³ ev`xi cÖwZ Zvi KZ©e¨ cvj‡b e¨_© n‡q‡Q
ZvB AvBbMZfv‡e D³ ev`x ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb.
Abyiƒcfv‡e hLb GKwU UªvwdK AvBj¨vÛ Gi †¶‡Î iv¯Ívq `yN©Ubv nq Av`vjZ

ZLb we‡ePbv K‡i †h ¯’vbxq KZ©„c‡¶i Z_v †cŠimfvi KZ©e¨ n‡e iv¯Ívq
`yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ AvBj¨vÛ ¸‡jvi ms¯‹vi eë¯’v Kiv. fvi‡Zi
mywcÖg‡KvU© BDwbqb Ad BwÛqv ebvg †Nvl gvgjv‡Z ivq cÖ`vb Ki‡jv †h
GLv‡b †j‡fj µwms Ges we‡kl K‡i hLb †j‡fjµwms ch©vq _v‡K GLv‡b
cÖwZ‡ekMZ KZ©e¨ AvBbMZ KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q †j‡fj µwms Gi gva¨‡g iv¯Ívi
KZ¸‡jv cvewjK UªvÝ‡cvU© AwaKvi i¶v Kiv. Av‡iKwU cvewjK †ijI‡q
†Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡Î hLb D³ †Kv¤úvwb hvÎx‡ì Rb¨ †MU eÜ iv‡Lb Zvn‡j G‡¶‡Î D³
hvÎx‡ì AwaKvi jsNb nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K. Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z †hLv‡b my‡eva
†Nvl bvgK GKRb e¨w³ †ijI‡q jvBb Kivi mgq Zuvi Mvox Gig‡a¨ †ijI‡q †Uªb K‡i
d‡j Zvi MvwowU †f‡½ Pyigvi n‡q‡Q Ges wZwb ¸iæZi fv‡e AvNvZ cÖvß nb
Av`vjZ D³ BDwbqb Ad BwÛqv Z_v †cŠimfvi KZ©„c¶‡K `vqx K‡i.
Lord Atkin †U÷ Gi MÖnY †hvM¨Zv;

hwÌ D³ cix¶v e¨vcKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q KZ©e¨ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨, Av`vjZ
KZ©„K KZ¸‡jv e¨wZµgx weavb ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q. wb‡¤œv³ cwiw¯’wZ mg~n D³
†U÷ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e bv;
AvBbMZ AwaKv‡ii AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM- hLb GKRb e¨w³ Zvi AvBbMZ AwaKvi
AvBbMZ cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM K‡i ZLb wZwb Ab¨ e¨w³‡K m„ó ¶wZi Rb¨ D³ e¨w³i
cÖwZ `vqe× _vK‡eb bv hLb Zvi AwaKvi AvBbMZ fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq. ej hLb
GKRb eëmvqx Zvi †iU Kgv‡bv ZLb wZwb cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì wbKU †_‡K
¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb bv.Abyiƒcfv‡e hLb GKRb e¨w³ GKwU cÖwZ‡hvMx we`¨vjq
ZLb wZwb D³ we`¨vj‡qi †Lvjvi Kvi‡Y Ab¨vb¨ cvk¦©eZ©x we`¨vj‡qi ¶wZi Rb¨
`vqx n‡eb bv. gi‡Z cv‡i Ggb wK hLb D³ AwaKvi Aceënvi Kiv nq Ges D³
AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM we‡ØlcÖm~Z D‡Ïk¨ Øviv eënvi Kiv nq.
2. BwZevPK Kv‡Ri wecix‡Z ÎæwU; c‡Yï Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ BwZevPK KvR Kivi
†Kvb mvavib KZ©e¨ †bB hLb Zywg †`L‡e GKRb e¨w³ ¶yavq gviv hvb wKš‘
Zv‡K Zvi Rxeb i¶vi Rb¨ †Kvb Lv`¨ bv `vI A_ev hLb GKRb e¨w³ cvwb‡Z Wy‡e
gi‡Q Zv‡K Zywg i¶v KiQ bv muvZvi KvU‡Z Rv‡bv Zvn‡j D³ e¨w³ †ì †K i¶vi
Rb¨ Zywg mvaviYZ AvBbMZfv‡e †Kv‡bv `vqe× n‡e bv. A‡bK wKQy Kivi Rb¨
ÎæwU hvnv AvBb cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡i bv Zvnv m¤úv`bv Kivi Kvi‡Y UU msµvšÍ
Aciva n‡e bv .
3. AvBbMZ KZ©e¨; hLb GKwU KZ©e¨ m„wó nq AvBb Øviv ZLb D³ KZ©e¨ Ges
`vhw় Z¡ Zvi e¨w³ Ges Gi jsNb mvaviYZ AvBbMZ weavb Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq.
4. `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK fyj Dc¯’vcbv; Headley bryne and co. vs. Heller and
partnes ltd gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ivq w`‡q‡Q ïaygvÎ A‡bï cÖwZ AvNvZ ev ¶wZi
`~i`k©b D³ e¨w³i `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv
hv‡e bv. AÎ gvgjvwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e gvÎ gvgjvi iæwjs cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e hLb
gvgjvi c¶‡ì ga¨Kvi we‡kl m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K.
5. gnvmo‡K dmj Pov‡bv; hw` M„ncvwjZ cï ¸‡jv wec`RbK g‡g© gvwj‡Ki wbKU
cÖZxqgvb bv nq Zvn‡j D³ cï¸‡jv‡K gnvmo‡K Pvjv‡bvi †¶‡Î cÖwZ‡iva Kiv cïcvj
gvwjK ¸‡jvi KZ©e¨ bq ev cïcvj gvwjK‡ì d‡j gnvmo‡K m„wói Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv.
6. we‡kl my‡hvM-myweav Ges `vqgyw³; D³ iæj cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv hLb GKwU

KvR m¤úv`b Kiv nq Ggb e¨w³i Øviv †R‡b we‡kl my‡hvM evavq gyw³jvf K‡ib
†hgb iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg KZ©„c¶ KZ©„K †Kvb ¶gZvi cÖ‡qvM.
(d) Scope of duty ( KZ©‡eï cwimxgv); GgbwK hLb KZ©e¨ we`gvb _v‡K , ZLb
Gi cwiwmgv wba©vi‡Y wb¤œ³ c‡q›U mg~n we‡eP¨t
1| ev`x AekB `yi`kœ †hvM¨ n‡eb; AvBb mvavivšÍ AvKvk †¶‡Î AwaKAvi ¯^xK…
wZ †`qbv |
D³ KZ©e¨ _vK‡e Ggb e¨w³i cÖwZw`‡bi †hŠw³K gvbyl wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ Aek¨
Ggb e¨w³ n‡eb whwb Zvi D³ K…Z K‡g©i Øviv AvNvZcÖvß nIqvi m¤¢vebv
i‡q‡Q Ggb †hŠw³K †hŠw³K Abygvb Ki‡eb GgbwK hw` D³ K…ZKg© mZ©KZv
nxb nq hw` ev`x †hŠw³K `~`©i&lY m¤úbœ e¨w³ bv nq Zvn‡j Zvi DËi K…
ZK‡g©i Rb¨ wZwb `vqx n‡ebv|
Palsgraf vs. long island railroad co. gvgjv‡Z KvW© GKRb hvÎx‡K †Uª‡b
DVv‡bvi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ Kivi mgq c‡o hvb. c‡o hvIqvi d‡j †mLv‡b enb Kiv wKQy
we‡ùviK `ªe¨ cøvUd‡g© c‡o Ges G‡ZB we‡ùvwiZ n‡q ev`x AvNvZcÖvß nq
†Kv¤úvwb‡K GLv‡b `vqe× Kiv nq KviY evwoi cÖwZDËi AvNv‡Zi m¤¢vebv
†Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ Aek¨B hyw³ MÖnY‡hvM¨ K¤úvwb Aek¨B †hŠw³Kfv‡e Ggb m¤
¢vebv aviYv ivLv DwPZ.
¶wZ Aek¨B `~`©i&lY †hvM¨ n‡e; Bnv eZ©gv‡b mycÖwZwôZ AvBb

bxwZgvjv wagon mound case Av`vjZ iæj Rvwi K‡i †h evwe KZ©„K †h ¶wZ nq
Zv Aek¨B weev`x †hŠw³Kfv‡e `~i`k©b †hvM¨ n‡e hw` D³ ¶wZi cÖK…wZ
`~i`k©b †hvM¨ nq Zvn‡j D³ ¶wZi †cÖ¶vcU ev ¶wZ msMwVZ nIqvi c×wZ
we‡eP¨ bq.
Z„Zxq c‡¶i `k©b‡hvM¨ KvR; mvaviY bxwZgvjv n‡jv Zvi wbR K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨
`vqx n‡e Ges evU hLb Zvi K…ZK‡g©i ùvovevi Z„Zxq e¨w³i Øviv ¶wZMÖ¯Í
n‡eb ZLb Ggb Dw³ g~jK KvR hw` wefvwì Rb¨ `~`©i&lY bv nq Zvn‡j Z„Zxq
e¨w³i ¯¿xi cÖwZ g~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv. ZvB fviZxq mywcÖg †KvU©
M½vmvMvi K‡c©v‡ikb wjwg‡UW gvgjvi ivq w`j †h GKwU wRc Mvwoi PvjK
whwb M½v myMvi K‡c©v‡ikb wjwg‡UW wjwg‡U‡Wi gvwjK wZwb D³
Mvwo‡K GKwU iv¯Ívi cv‡k †i‡L hvb. `vwo †i‡L wZwb _vbvq hvIqvi gZ c‡_
GKRb e¨w³ D³ Mvwo‡K wRc Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi gva¨‡g myL bvgK GKRb e¨w³‡K
AvNvZ K‡i Ges G‡Z Av`vjZ D³ †Kv¤úvbxi `vqx K‡ibwb eis Z„Zxq e¨w³‡K
`yN©Ubvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq.
¯^Ztù~Z© AcivaxMb: hLb GKwU wec` m„wó nq Ges D³ wec‡ì wcQ‡b

ev‡MinvU _vKvi Zv‡ì f~wgKv _v‡K Zvn‡j D³ †¶Îmg~‡n hLb ev`x Zvi
cÖwZkªæwZ ev ¶wZi m¤¢vebv Zvi Rb¨ `~i`k©b †hvM¨ evDj AvwgI ZLb wZwb
D³ SyuwKi cÖwZ D`vmxb _vK‡e wZwb Aek¨B Ae`vb m~PK `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv
g~jZ `vqx n‡eb A_©vr weev`x GLv‡b wKQyUv `vq gyw³ cv‡eb wKš‘ hLb
Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ¶wZ m„wó K‡i Ges Zvr¶wYK ¶wZMÖ¯Í e¨w³‡K i¶vi Rb¨ wRwbm
†Póv Ki‡e Ges Ggb †Póvi d‡j ¶wZi wkKvi n‡j ev AvNvZcÖvß n‡j D³
AvNvZcÖvß e¨w³ ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb.
A¯^vev`x K evwe; hviv gvbwmKfv‡e kvixwiKfv‡e A¶g Zv‡ì m¶gZv Ges

A¶gZv wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ mwVK cwigvc Avb›` n‡e D³ K…ZK‡g©i d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯’
nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q Ggb e¨w³ D³ ev`xi gvbwmK ev kvixwiK A¶gZv m¤ú‡K©
Rv‡bb wKbv Zv we‡ePbvi Dci. Haley vs. london electricity board gvgjv‡Z
weev`x jÛ‡b iv¯Ívi cv‡k cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ †Wªb Lbb Ki‡j Ges weev`xi
Kg©PvixMY D³ †Wª‡b hv‡Z †Kvb e¨w³ bv cvq Zvi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡ivax wn‡m‡e
KZ¸‡jv †jŠn nvgvi iv¯Ívi cv‡k ivLj hv‡Z gvbyl cy‡o bv hvq Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z
AvwcjKvix GKRb AÜ wQ‡jb wZwb D³ iv¯Ívi cvk w`‡q hvIqvi mgq MZ© K‡i
hvb Ges wZwb cwic~Y©fv‡e Zvi e„wó I kªeYkw³ nviv . Av`vjZ GLv‡b D³ ev`xi
evwZj Kivi `vwe LvwiR K‡i †`q KviY weev`x †Kv¤úvwb D³ ¶wZi Rb¨ `vqx bb.
Z‡e D³ gvgjvi Avwcj ch©v‡q jovB 29 A‡±vei ev †Kv¤úvwb n‡e KviY D³

†Kv¤úvbxi A_©e‡l© †hŠw³Kfv‡e D³ iv¯Ívi cvk w`‡q ev M‡Z©i cvk w`‡q hvIqv
AÜ e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ wbivcËv eë¯’v wbwðZ Kiv KZ©‡eï cwigvY wbf©i Ki‡e ev
`~`©i&lY wbf©i Ki‡e GKRb †hŠw³K gvb‡ei G‡¶‡Î KZUyKz `~`©i&lY ¶gZv
_vK‡e. Avgiv mvaviYZ †`wL AÜ e¨w³MY iv¯Ívi cvk w`‡q wm©wU
GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z nv‡Z jvwV wb‡q Pjv‡div Kiv .
ZvB hLb GKRb AÜ A_ev ewai e¨w³ iv¯Ív cvivcv‡ii mgq GKRb `vhw ় Z¡evb
ev®úc~Y© `yN©Ubvi wkKvi nb Ges PvjK hw` D³ e¨w³i kvixwiK ev gvbwmK
m¶gZv m¤ú‡K© bv Rv‡bb Zvn‡j Ggb mZ©KZv c~Y© `vhw ় Z¡evb PvjK‡K
Aek¨B †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv hv‡e bv
Abyiƒcfv‡e GKRb Rwgi ìKvi Aek¨B cÖvß eq¯‹‡ì †P‡q wkï‡ì Rb¨ AZ¨waK
†ewk wbivcËv eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e. Mvm‡Mv K‡c©v‡ikb ebvg †UBjvi
gvgjv‡Z GKwU wkï whwb GKwU †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i wKQy
AvKl©Yxq dj †L‡q welv³ n‡q gviv hvb A_©vr welwµqv n‡q gviv hvb GLv‡b D³
wkïi AwffveK Av`vjZ ¶wZc~ªY †`qv Ges Av`vjZ g‡b K‡ib †h D³ †evUvwbK¨vj
Mv‡W©b gvwj‡Ki DwPZ wQj wkï‡ì Rb¨ myi¶v wn‡m‡e †evUvwbK¨vj
Mv‡W©b Gi Pvicv‡k ZviKvUv w`‡q K‡i ivLv hv‡Z wkïiv †mLv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i
†Kvb wKQy ev †Kvb dj †L‡q g„Zy¨ wkKvi bv nq|
Abyiƒcfv‡e Ab¨ GKwU gvgjv‡Z GKwU we‡bv`b †K‡›`ª Mv‡W©i

`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi d‡j wkïi GKwU †Q‡ji mv‡_ AvNvZcÖvß n‡q ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq D³
wZb evi †jvnvi wkKi `vhw় Z¡evb Mv‡W©i DwPZ wQj ivLv Av`vjZ GLv‡b D³
¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx K‡i|
2| `vhw় Z¡ MZ jsNb Ges mZ©KZv MZ gvb`Û; hLb GKevi cÖgvwYZ nq †h
KZ©e¨ we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q ZLb cÖkœ Av‡m †h †Kvb gvb`‡Ûi mZ©KZv Aej¤^b
Ki‡Z n‡e| D³ mZK©Zvg~jK gvb`Ð AbymiY Kiv bv n‡j g~jZ KZ©e¨
j•N‡bi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e|
(a) ‡hŠw³K gvbe aviYv ; eZ©gv‡bi cÖwZôv‡b bxwZgvjv †h mZK©Zvi

gvb`Û `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv gyjK Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î GKRb †hŠw³K gvb‡ei gvb`Ð mgvb|
f¨vU AvB‡b wewfbœ †kªYxi gvgjvi †¶‡Î D³ mZK©Zvi gvb`Ð evi wWwMÖ wfbœ
wfbœ AbymiY K‡i bv GKgvÎ gvb`Û AmZK©Zvi gvb`Ð n‡e cÖgvY †`Lv‡Z n‡e
†h D³ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe Aek¨B hyw³ mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Zb
Ges †Zvi `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njvi KviY n‡”Q D³ †hŠw³K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kivi e¨_©Zv
D³ mZK©Zvi cwigvY wbf©i Ki‡e gvgjvi wfbœ wfbœ cwiw¯’wZi Ici wfwË K‡i
wfbœ wfbœ gvb`‡Ði Zviv GKRb †hŠw³K gvb‡ei GKwU QvZv n¨v‡Ûwjs Gi †¶‡Î
Ges GKwU Av‡Mœqv¯¿ n¨v‡Ûwjs Gi †¶‡Î `yB ai‡bi mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡eb|
cÖZ¨vkv K‡i GKRb e¨w³ wWbvgvBU n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î evwZj Kivi †¶‡Î AZ¨šÍ
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡eb cvDÛ A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡Î we‡eP¨ cÖkœ n‡jv GKRb
†hŠw³K gvbe weev`xi f~wgKvq `vhw় Z¡ cvjb Ki‡j Zvi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx `~`©i&lY
†hvM¨ n‡e wKbv ev`x wb Ggb SyuwK Abygvb Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb wKbv D³ SyuwK
cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ wZwb †hŠw³K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Qb wKbv|
blyth vs. birmingham waterworks gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ch©‡e¶Y Kij †h

`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva n‡”Q GKRb †hŠw³K gvb‡ei Rb¨ †Kvb we‡eP¨
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z hvnv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Zvnv Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv, K_vUv Ggb Kvh©
m¤úv`b Kiv hvq GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe D³ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z m¤úv`b †_‡K weiZ
_vK‡Zb|
Hazell vs. b.t.c.gvgjv‡Z ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva m„wó nq
hLb GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z D³ K…ZKg© cvjb †_‡K weiZ
_vK‡Z A_ev Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †hŠw³K gvbe `vhw় Z¡ cvjb †_‡K weiZ _vKvi c‡i
¶wZ m„wó n‡e Zv Abygvb †hvM¨. GZ RwUj cÖkœ n‡jv †K GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe
?
Hall vs. brooklands autoracing club gvgjv‡Z †hŠw³K gvbe k‡ãi msÁvhw ় Z Kivi
†¶‡Î ejv n‡q‡Q wZwb Ggb e¨w³ whwb iv¯Ívq w`‡q Pjv‡div Kiv whwb
g¨vMvwRb ev cÖwZwbqZ cÎcwÎKv c‡o whwb bgbxq cÖK…wZ whwb GKwU
KwgDwbwU Gfv‡iR e¨w³‡ì mv‡_ m¤ú„³ KwgDwbwUi mv‡_ ¯^vev`x K Rxeb
hvcb K‡ib|
Glasgow corporation vs. muir gvgjv‡Z g¨vKwgjvb e‡jb †h;
wKQy gvbyl mevi cÖK…Zfv‡e g‡b K‡i iv¯Ívq cÖ‡Z¨K iv¯Ív‡ZB evav i‡q‡Q ev
wmsn i‡q‡Q ¯^xKvi Kivi Rb¨| wKQy cÖK…wZi gvbyl i‡q‡Q hviv m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZ
`~`©i&lY Ki‡Z A¶g †hŠw³K gvbe Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q wZwb AwZwi³
AvZ¥wek¦vmx bb Avevi AwZwi³ m‡›`nfvRb e¨w³ bq
‡hŠw³K gvbe kãwU g~jZ wefvw` wejs K‡i bv Ggb e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ Gfv‡iR Mo
K¨vUvMwi †hgb †hLv‡b cÖkœ nj weev`x Wv³vi Gi wPÎKg© `vhw ় Z¡ Ae‡njv
g~jK wKbv Zv wbf©i Ki‡e Mo Wv³vi‡ì †h gvb`Û wZwb Zv AbymiY Ki‡jb
wKbv| GLv‡b weL¨vZ Wv³vi A_ev Ni gvb`‡Ði wb‡Pi Wv³v‡ii mZ©KZv Aej¤^b
g~jK gvb`Û AbymiYxq bq|
Abyiƒcfv‡e hLb GKwU `yN©Ubv N‡U iv¯Ívi cv‡k Mvwoi msN‡l©i mv‡_ ZLb
Pvj‡Ki gvb`Ð n‡e Me©v Gfv‡iR Pvj‡Ki gvb`‡Ði Dci wfwË K‡i Zvi
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv nj wKbv Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡e| GKRb PvjK †K AZ¨šÍ AwfÁ
nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB Avevi AZ¨šÍ †evKv nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wkï‡ì †¶‡Î D³
gvb`Ð cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì †¶‡Î gvb`‡Ði mgvb n‡e bv Zv‡ì †¶‡Î gvb`Ð n‡e †Zv eq¯‹
wkï‡ì Mvb gvb`‡Ði mgvb Abyiƒcfv‡e D³ gvb`Û AÜ e¨w³i †¶‡Î A¶g e¨w³‡ì †¶‡Î
mgvb n‡ebv|
cÖ‡Z¨K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK gvgjvi †¶‡Î †U÷ n‡jv D³ e¨w³ †Kvb we‡kl
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zvi Rb¨ hyw³ AbymiYxq c`‡¶‡c wbev mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡jb
wKbv mZK©Zvi gvb`Û Ges †hŠw³K gvby‡li †¶‡Î wbf©i Ki‡e A‡bK¸‡jv wel‡qi
Dci hv c~‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ gvb`Û _vK‡e bv
KviY `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva P~ovšÍ kã bq eis Bnv m¤ú„³ kã bv g~jK kã|
GKwU gvgjv `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e Zv Ab¨ gvgjvi
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv n‡e bv|
mvaviYZ N›Uvq 20 †_‡K 25 wK‡jvwgUvi †e‡M Mvwo Pvjv‡bv

`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva bq wKš‘ e¨¯Í iv¯Ívi †¶‡Î N›Uvq 20 †_‡K 25
wK‡jvwgUvi †e‡M Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv K‡i hLb GKwU †U¤úy
AZ¨šÍ w¯ú‡W Pvjv‡bv nq bvBU e¨ZxZ ZLb Ggb `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Mvwo
Pvjv‡bvi d‡j m„ó `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ DËi †U¤úy gvwbK KZ©„c¶‡K
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Aciv‡ai `vqx Kiv n‡e|
Babu singh vs. champa devi gvgjv‡Z GKwU UªvK 20 †_‡K 25 wK‡jvwgUvi
†e‡M 12 wdU iv¯Ív w`‡q Pjv‡div K‡i hwÌ D³ Uªv‡Ki m¤§y‡L UªvwdK †gvo
wQj. DËi UªvK GKwU Miæi Mvwo Kv †Nvov Ges GKwU MÖæ‡c †g‡i †d‡j hvi
d‡j Av`vjZ DËi UªvK WªvBfvi‡K `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ ZvB K‡i Ab¨w`‡K
gvB‡mvi †÷U †ivW UªvÝ‡cvU© K‡c©v‡ikb ebvg gvgjv‡Z GKRb evm PvjK
GKwU UªvK Miæi Mvwo †K AwZµg Ki‡Z wM‡q iv¯Ívi cv‡k c‡o hvq Ges
Uªv‡Ki PvKv iv¯Ívi evB‡i c‡i hvIqvi c‡i Uªv‡Ki g‡a¨ _vKv PvjK Ab¨vb¨ hvÎx‡ì
¸iæZi AvNvZcÖvß nq. Av`vjZ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i †hLv‡b UªvK WvBfvi Gi Rb¨
†hŠw³Kfv‡e Aby‡gq wQj †h‡nZy iv¯Ívi cv‡k 12 dxU cÖ¯’ Ask wQj †mUyKz
†Zv Miæi Mvwo‡Z AwZµg K‡i mvg‡b hvIqv GKRb Pvj‡Ki Rb¨ †hŠw³K myZivs
Ggb `yN©Ubvi d‡j m„ó ¶wZi Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv |
Safdar hossain vs. union of india gvgjv‡Z †ijI‡q GKRb cÖavb eywKs Kg©KZ©v
wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui cÖavb M¨vm †¶Î
bM` K¨vk UvKv GKwU †jvnvi L‡Ûi g‡a¨ iv‡L fv‡jv iv‡L Ggb D‡ËvjK Avi †K
wZwb Zvjv †g‡i †`b| c‡ii w`b Zvi wbKU cÖZxqgvb nq †h D³ †jvnvi †jvnvi
†bŠKv †f‡½ bM` K¨vk UvKv wb‡q hvIqv nq Av`vjZ GLv‡b D³ Kg©KZ©v‡K
`vqgyw³ K‡i KviY GLv‡b Zvi c¶ †_‡K †Kv‡bv `vhw ় Z¡ Ae‡njv nqwb eis GLv‡b
jKvi †f‡O UvKv¸‡jv Pywi Kiv nq|
Shivkor vs. ram naresh gvgjv‡Z GKwU ¯‹y‡ji `yRb wk¶K GKRb wkï‡K GKwU
wcKwbK ¯ú‡U wb‡q hvq Zviv wkï¸‡jv‡K b`xi cv‡k bv hvIqvi Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv †`b
wKš‘ wZbRb wkï b`xi cv‡k wM‡q cvwb‡Z Wy‡e gviv hvq.
`yRb wkï‡K †R‡j KZ©„K D×vi Kiv nq wKš‘ GKRb gviv hvq.
Av`vjZ GLv‡b gvgjvi NUbv e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i †`L‡jv †h †hŠw³K wcZv-gvZvi
gvb`Ð ev †U÷ cix¶v K‡i ev †U÷ cÖ‡hvR¨ K‡i Av`vj‡Zi wbKU cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q
D³ `yN©Ubv nq hLb wk¶KMY `ycyi †ejvq Lvevi MÖnY Kiv DwPZ wQj wkï‡ì
mv‡_ GKmv‡_ e‡m `ycy‡ii Lvevi MÖnY Kiv Ges D³ mZK©Zvi Afv‡e Avgb
`yN©Ubv nq Ges wkïiv cvwb‡Z Wy‡e gviv hvq myZivs ¯‹yj KZ©„c¶ wk¶KMY
Ggb `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
(b) mZ©KZv Aej¤^b wba©viYx ev cÖK…wZ wba©viY welqmg~n;

mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Gi gvÎv wbf©i K‡i gvgjvi cwiw¯’wZi Ici nvgjvi cÖwZev‡`
wfbœZi nq †Kvb mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e GKRb †hŠw³K gvb‡ei Rb¨ Zv
we‡ePbvi †¶‡Î gvgjvi wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
(i) ¶wZi m¤¢ve¨Zv- mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kivi KZ©e¨ wbf©i K‡i wekvj fv‡e DËi
¶wZi m¤¢ve¨Zvi Dci | fardon vs. harcourt rivington gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z †h gvbyl‡K
Aek¨B mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e †hŠw³K m¤¢ve¨Zv †¶‡Î wKš‘ Zviv A¯^vev`x K ev
†c›Uvw÷K m¤¢ve¨Zv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ mZK© _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB. hLb GKwU
NUbv msNwUZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv wbwðZ bq eis Amxg ZLb GKRb †hŠw³K gvb‡ei
Rb¨ D³ wel‡q AMÖvn¨ Kiv ¯^vev`x K |GKRb e¨w³‡K `vqx Kiv n‡e Ges m¤¢ve¨
cwiYwZ mg~n mvaviYZ Ggb m¤¢ve¨Zv cvebv n‡Z cv‡i G †¶‡Î mZ©KZv Aej¤^b
msµvšÍ KZ©e¨ me©`v m¤ú„³ SyuwKi mgvbycvwZK nv‡i MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
(ii) SyuwKi MfxiZv wK cwigvb ev KZUyKz mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e Zv

wbf©i K‡i DËi †Pv‡Li MfxiZv DËi m¤¢ve¨Zvi GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe D³ A¯^vev`x
K m¤ú~Y© AMÖvn¨ K‡i mwVK n‡e Ggb cwiw¯’wZ mg~‡n hLb D³ SyuwK
AZ¨šÍ gvivZ¥K bq| overseas tankship (U.K.) gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ivq w`j †h hLb
SyuwK ev¯Íe Ges welqe¯‘MZ nq hwÌ D³ RywK msMwVZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv AZ¨šÍ
Kg ZLb wefvwì KZ©e¨ _v‡K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv. D³ gvgjv‡Z AwMœ
msMwVZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv `yj©f hw` cÖgvwYZ nq †h D³ wefv‡Mi Rb¨ AwMœ
msNwUZ nIqvi `~i`k©b †hvM¨Zvi Rb¨ †hŠw³K Abygvb‡hvM¨ GLv‡b D³
weev`x‡K `vqx Kiv nq.
(iii) K…ZK‡g©i Dc‡hvwMZv; mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Gi wèvbv wbf©i K‡i D³

wefv‡Mi Kvh©µg Gi Dc‡hvwMZv hLb Av¸b msNwUZ nq †Kvb GjvKv‡Z mg¯Í
cy‡o hvq ZLb dvqvi weª‡MÖW AwMœwbe©vcK Kg©KZ©v‡ì Rb¨ ¯^vev`x K
MwZ‡Z Mvwo Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q AwaK MwZ‡Z Mvwo Pvjv‡bv ev NUbvi ¯’vb
Dcw¯’Z nIqv AZ¨šÍ †hŠw³K Ges ¯^vev`x K. n‡e eëmvhw ় K Dc‡hvwMZv †K
mvgvwRK Dc‡hvwMZv †_‡K c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e. Daborn gvgjv‡Z GKwU c¶
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Acivax Acivax wKbv Zv wba©vi‡bi Rb¨ †hŠw³K gvb`Û
n‡”Q Ggb hvnv GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i G‡¶‡Î
we‡ePbvi Rb¨ cÖvmw½K welq n‡Z cv‡i weev`xi D³ K…ZK‡g©i Zvi eënv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| hw` Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mg¯Í †Uªb †K N›Uvq 5 wK‡jvwgUvi †e‡M
Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ eë¯’v Kiv nq Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡k `yN©Ubvi msL¨v K‡g hv‡e
wKš‘ Avgv‡ì gvby‡li ev RbRxeb Amnbxq fv‡e axi w¯’i n‡q hv‡e| †h D‡Ïk¨ c~iY
Kiv n‡e Zv hw` ch©vß fv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nq Zvn‡j A¯^vev`x K SyuwK Abygvb
mwVK n‡e|
(iv) ¶wZ cwinvi Kivi LiP cÖ‡Z¨K gvgjvi †¶‡Î `~`©i&lY wKQy wK n‡jv SyuwK
†K cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶‡ci mv‡_ e¨v‡jÝ Kiv| IqvMb gvD›U gvgjv‡Z wcÖwf
KvDwÝ‡ji RywWwkqvj KwgwUi Av‡qvR‡b †h hLb D³ hyw³ mwZ¨Kv‡ii Ges
welqe¯‘MZ nq ZLb GKRb e¨w³ D³ SywK AMÖvn¨ K‡i mwVK n‡eb hw`
mZ©KZv Aej¤^b bv Kivi Zvi †Kv‡bv †hŠw³K KviY _v‡K|
(v) Riæix †¶Îmg~n hLb †Kvb e¯‘ msNwUZ nq AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ fv‡e, `ªæZ gvgjv
wb®úwËi †¶‡Î cÖ`Ë ivq‡K `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~j¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hv‡e bv. hLb
e¨w³MZ wK GZUvB Zvr¶wYK †h Riæwi cwiw¯’wZ m„wó K‡i ZLb D³ e¨w³‡K
`vqe×Zv †_‡K Aegy³ Kiv hv‡e Zvi DËi K…ZKg© †_‡K m„ó cÖPyi Rb¨ AvZ¥i¶v
Ges Kv‡iv Rxeb i¶v‡_© †kªô †Kvb hyw³ c`‡¶‡ci †¶‡Î wZwb Zvi K…ZK‡g©i
Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv fvi‡Zi mywcÖg †KvU BwÛqvb GqvijvBÝ K‡c©v‡ikb gvgjv‡Z
ivq w`‡q‡Q †hLv‡b GKwU gg©vwšÍK `yN©Ubv msNwUZ nq Ges GLv‡b
D³ wegvb `yN©Ubvi d‡j g„Z e¨w³‡ì AvBbMZ Ges IqvwikMb ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨
gvgjv K‡ib Gqvi BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg hy³ wQj wbqg
AbymiY bv K‡i `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva K‡i‡Qb hvi d‡j D³ `yN©Ubv nq
Zvr¶wYK Riæwi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKR‡bi Rb¨ Ggb c`‡¶c †bIqv m¤¢e bq ev
Zvr¶wYK SyuwK ev`x ci †_‡K Zv‡K D×vi Ki‡Z cvi‡e GLv‡b cvBjU Gi c¶
†_‡K †Kvb `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva nqwb eis wegv‡bi ÎæwUi d‡j D³
dvB‡Ui Rb¨ `~`©i&lY †hvM¨ bq Ggb `yN©Ubvi d‡j D³ A_ev g„Zy¨ msNwUZ nq
Gmg¯Í ¶wZi Rb¨ `vqx bq|
3.¶wZc~iY; `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK d‡Uv gvgjv‡hvM¨ bvI mwZ¨Kv‡ii ¶wZ
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡a †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨Zg kZ© hw` cÖPvi‡Ki
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jZ K‡g©i d‡j `ywU Mvwoi msNl© `yN©Ubvq Zvn‡j hvÎx‡ì
Rb¨ D³ Mvwo PvjK `vqx n‡eb|
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡:
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv Aciv‡ai gvgjvi †¶‡Î euvw`‡K cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h 1. weev`xi
D³ ev`xi cÖwZ cÖwZ AvBbMZ KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q 2. D³ KZ©‡eï jsNb Kiv n‡q‡Q. 3.
D³ KZ j•N‡bi d‡j wZwb ¶wZi wkKvi nb. hw` wZwb D³ †h †Kvb wZbwU GKwU
Dcv`vb ev cÖgvY cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z e¨_© nb Zvn‡j gvgjvwU LvwiR n‡q hv‡e D³
cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ wb®úwË Kiv hv‡e m¤¢ve¨Zvi gvÎv wb‡`©k K‡i.
‡im Bcmv †jvKzBZyi Av¶wiK A‡_© †h `yN©UbvwU wb‡RB K_v ej‡e| Lord
shaw, ballard vs. north british railway co. gvgjv‡Z ivq w`j †h KLbI KLbI GKwU
e¯‘ wb‡RB NUbv eY©bv K‡i| hw` `yiNUbv Ggb †h weevw` c‡¶i
`vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv bv n‡j `yiNUbv nZ bv , Ggb `yN©Ubv Abygvb m„wó Ki‡e †h
weev`x c¶ †_‡K `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv wQj| Z‡e, weev`x c¶ wecwiZ cÖgvb `vwLj K‡i
D³ Abygvb LÐb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| hw` wZwb Ggb Abygvb LÐb Ki‡Z bv cv‡ib Zvn‡j
wZwb `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
Z‡Ë¡i DrcwË; †im Bcmv †jvKzBZyi Z‡Ë¡i DrcwË nq byrne vs. boadly Avjøvni
gva¨‡g D³ gvgjv‡Z ev`x iv¯Ívq nvUvi mgq AvNvZ cÖvß nb|weev`xi N‡ii Rvbvjv
†_‡K GKwU †jvnvi UyKiv Zvi Mv‡q c‡o Ges ev`x AvNvZcÖvß nb Z‡e ev`x
GLv‡b DËivLÐ wKfv‡e Zvi Mv‡q cÖgvY Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q wefvMxq †Kvb
cÖgvY `vwLj K‡ibwb GLv‡b c‡q›U AvDU Kiv n‡q‡Q ev`x cÖv_wgKfv‡e
gvgjvi cÖv_wgK cÖgvYvw` cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Z_vwc Av`vjZ D³
wefvw`‡K `vqx K‡i Av`vjZ g‡b K‡i KwZcq gvgjv i‡q‡Q †m †¶‡Î ejv hvq †h
DË‡ii Bcmv †jvKzBZyi ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e we‡kl K‡i `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK
Aciva gvgjvi †¶‡Î
e¨vL¨v g~jK gvgjv mg~n; skinner vs. london, briton, and south coast rly.gvgjv‡Z
GKRb Kv÷g Awdmvi weev`xi ¸`vg N‡ii cvk w`‡q hvIqvi mgq 63 wPwbi e¯Ív Zvi
Ic‡i c‡o Ges D³ Kv÷g Awdmvi AvNvZcÖvß nb. gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ivq †`b †h
GLv‡b D³ ZË¡wU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e. fviZxq D³ bxwZgvjv ev Avwbiæj AmsL¨
gvgjv‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq fvi‡Z wgDwbwmcvj K‡c©v‡ikb w`wjø ebvg ïf gvgjv‡Z
†Zv ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq KviY D³ UvIqviwU wQj K‡c©v‡ik‡bi GKK wbqš¿Y
Ges eë¯’vcbvi Aax‡b AeKvVv‡gvi ¯^vev`x K 40 †_‡K 45 eQi Ab¨w`‡K DËiwU
wQj 80 eQ‡ii cyivZb| weev`x cÖgvY †`Lv‡Z cv‡ibwb †h GLv‡b †Kvb ai‡bi
cÖvK…wZK `yN©Ubv †Kgb ai‡bi f~wgK¤ú n‡q‡Q eis DËi UvIqviwU †f‡½ c‡o
¯^vev`x K cÖwµqvq| cwiw¯’wZ mg~n fvi‡Zi mywcÖg †KvU© ivq w`‡q‡Q †Zvi
UvIqviwU †f‡O covi NUbv wb‡RB we¯ÍvwiZ NUbv eY©bv Ki‡Q †hLv‡b
weev`x c¶ †_‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva i‡q„
Ab¨ GKwU gvgjv‡Z †÷U Ad cvÄve ebvg gWvb© cultivator's †hLv‡b D³ ev`xc¶
we‡ivax ivóªc‡¶i weiæ‡× gvgjv `vwLj K‡ib Zv‡ì `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi d‡j cvwb
cøvweZ n‡q Zviv ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq Av`vjZ D³ cÖev`wU cÖ‡qvM Kivi gva¨‡g|
Av`vjZ g‡b K‡i hw` GLv‡b D³ Lvj Lb‡bi †¶‡Î `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva
n‡Zv Zvn‡j GLv‡b evw` ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡Zb bv A_©vr cvwb Øviv GLv‡b cøvweZ
n‡Zv bv myZivs GLv‡b D³ weev`xc¶ `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx
n‡eb|
Scott vs. London and st Catherine docs co. mvgjv‡Z wb‡¤œv³ kZ©vejx mg~n
cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b DËi ZË¡wU cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e
1. D³ `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ `vqx e¯‘mg~n welqmg~n Aek¨B GKK wbqš¿Y

eë¯’vcbvi Aax‡b n‡e weev`x c‡¶i|
2. hLb weev`xi wbqš¿Y Ges eë¯’vcbv w`b GKwU `yN©Ubv msNwUZ nq

hvi ¯^vev`x K cÖwµqv `yN©Ubv n‡Zv bv eo `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai
Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q ZLb|
3. weev`x hLb †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z A¶g nb
1| wefvwì P~ovšÍ Ges GKK KZ©„Z¡ eë¯’vcbv;
‡Zv ZË¡wU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq hLb †hB welqmg~‡ni Kvi‡Y D³ wec` msNwUZ nq
D³ wel‡q NUbvejx wefv‡Mi GKK wbqš¿Y eë¯’vcbv w`b nj| hLb ê`y¨wZK Zvi
mg~n iv¯Ívi cv‡k B‡jKwUªwmwU †Kv¤úvwb KZ©„K ¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb D³
Kvh©µg¸‡jv B‡jKwUªK Kvh©µg ¸iæZ¡ †Kv¤úvwbi GKK KZ©„Z¡ Ges wbqš¿Y
_v‡K|‡÷U Ad cvÄve ebvg P¤úv gvgjv‡Z GKwU B‡jKwUªK †Kv¤úvwb iv¯Ívi
cv‡k ê`y¨wZK Zvi ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi mgq GKRb †`vKvb`vi ê`y¨wZK Zv‡ii
ms¯ú‡k© g„ZyëiY Ki...Av`vj‡Z ev`x c¶ ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡j Av`vjZ D³
weev`x †Kv¤úvwb B‡jKwUªK †Kv¤úvwb †K `vqx K‡i|
Ab¨ GKwU gvgjv‡Z GKwU fvov Kiv fe‡bi g‡a¨ hLb we‡ùviY †hvM¨ ev cyiv hvq
Ggb AvmevecÎ ivLv nq weev`x †Kv¤úvwbi GKK wbqš¿Y Ges eë¯’vcbvi Aax‡b|
D³ †Kv¤úvbxi Kg©Pvixi `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi d‡j Zvi a~gcvb †_‡K m„ó Av¸‡bi c‡i
AwMœKv‡Ûi m„wó nq|mvjvZ ivqM‡Ä hLb Ggb AwMœKv‡Ûi Rb¨ e¯‘i wb‡RB
`vqx bq ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM _v‡Kbv ZLb Ggb AwMœKvÐ g~jK
MV‡bi Rb¨ weev`x c¶ †K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv n‡e |
2| `yN©Ubv Ges Aek¨B Ggb n‡e hvnvi `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva bv Kiv n‡j
msNwUZ n‡Zv bv; hLb GKwU hvÎxevnx Mvwo ev cvm AZ¨šÍ gvj enb K‡i Ges
hvÎx enb K‡i iv¯Ívi cv‡k c‡o hvq nbygvb m„wó K‡i †h PvjK Gi c¶ †_‡K
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv n‡q‡Q KviY hw` PvjK mZK©Zvi mwnZ Mvwo Pvjv‡bv
Pvjv‡Zb Zvn‡j GLv‡b `yN©Ubv|
hLb e¨w³MZ Mvwoi `yN©Ubv nq ZLb hw` DËi `yN©Ubv Mvwoi Uvqvi ÎæwUi
d‡j nq Zvn‡j Aek¨B Mvwoi gvwjK `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡e
Z‡e G‡¶‡Î D³ Mvwoi gvwjK cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb †h Zvi c¶ †_‡K †Kv‡bv ÎæwU
wQj bv eis m„ó `yN©UbvwU Awbevh© wQj|
Abyiƒcfv‡e GKRb Amy¯’ †ivMx hLb GKwU nvmcvZv‡j K¤úvD‡Û Zvi mvB‡Kj
ivLvi mgq `yN©Ubvi m„wó n‡q gviv hvb ZLb Av`vjZ Aek¨B D³ nvmcvZvj
KZ©„c¶‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx Ki‡eb|
ZLb GKwU `yN©Ubv g~jK ev `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva nq wKš‘ †Kvb
weev`x Gi Rb¨ `vqx Zv wbw`©ó Kiv m¤¢e nq bv ZLb Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡e †h D³
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
`ylgvb wgÎ ebvg Gg wc Gm Avi wU K‡c©v‡ikb gvgjv‡Z evwe GKwU ev‡m

Av‡ivnb Kiv Ae¯’vq D³ evmPvjK GKwU UªvK‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z wM‡q
`yN©Ubvi wkKvi nb| GLv‡b ejv evûj¨ †h D³ ev‡mi Rb¨ D³ UªvK AwZµg Kivi
Rb¨ iv¯Ívi cv‡k ch©vß RvqMv wQj wKš‘ evmPvj‡Ki `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi d‡j D³
`yN©Ubv g~jK Aciva ev `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva m„wó nq d‡j Av`vjZ evm
PvjK Ges UªvK PvjK Dfq‡KB `vqx K‡ib|
Nirmala vs. t.n. Electricity board gvgjv‡Z ev`xc‡¶i ¯^vgx Zv‡ì Miæi Lvgv‡i
ê`y¨wZK Zvi ¯úk© K‡i Miæ gviv hvIqvi NUbvi d‡j evw` ev`x c‡¶i ¯^vgx
NUbv¯’‡j Dcw¯’Z n‡j ê`y¨wZK Zv‡ii ms‡hvM ¯ú‡k© Zvi g„Zy¨ nq |G‡¶‡Î
Av`vjZ ch©‡e¶Y Kij †h ê`y¨wZK weavb Abyhvqx cÖ‡Z¨KwU Zv‡ii mv‡_
Aek¨B i¶K wn‡m‡e ev ê`y¨wZK kK †_‡K gvbyl‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Bbmy‡jwUs
g¨v‡Uwiqvj Aek¨B mv‡_ ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †h‡nZy GLv‡b ê`y¨wZK
†Kv¤úvwbi c¶ †_‡K Avgvi Bbmy‡jwUs g¨v‡Uwiqvj ms‡hvM Kiv nqwb ev
mieivn Kiv nqwb ZvB D³ ê`y¨wZK †Kv¤úvwbi c¶ †_‡K `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK
Aciva n‡q„
Oriental fire and gen. Insurance co. ltd vs. narayni bai gvgjv‡Z GKwU UªvK
iv¯Ívi cv‡k c‡o hvq Ges GKwU Mv‡Qi mv‡_ AvNvZ K‡i Ges c‡Yï ev Uªv‡Ki
Dci gvjevnx gv‡i †K nZ¨v K‡i. D³ `yN©Ubvi mgq g~jZ cÖPyi cwigv‡Y e„wócvZ
nq Ges Ggb †Kv‡bv cÖgvY wQj bv †h iv¯Ívi Ici †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †ewi‡KU ev evav
wQj eis GLv‡b Pvj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K †Kvb `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva nqwb Av`vjZ
Abygvb K‡i †h D³ Mvwo Pvj‡Ki wbqš¿Y Ges eë¯’vcbvi Aaxb wQj bv.
3) c¶ †_‡K †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb; wePvicwZi g‡Z KL‡bv KL‡bv
GKwU e¯‘ Zvi wbR¯^ NUbv eY©bv K‡i hwÌ c~Y©v½ NUbv bq|Acivax e¨w³ D³
Abygvb LÛb Ki‡Z cv‡ib wKš‘ hw` Acivax e¨w³ Ggb Abygvb LÛb Ki‡Z e¨_© nq
Zvn‡j D³ Z_¨wU cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e| weev`x c¶ Zvi c¶ †_‡K DËi `yN©Ubv
msNwUZ nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib ev whwb `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Acivax
n‡eb bv Zvn‡j Z_¨wU cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e ...| D³ `yN©UbvwU weev`xc‡¶i `vhw ় ‡Z¡
Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y msNwUZ n‡q‡Q g‡g© cÖgv‡Yi `vhw ় Z¡ GLv‡b
weev`xc‡¶i cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ bq †h wZwb `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Acivax wQ‡jb
bv| Zvi e¨vL¨v ïaygvÎ cÖ¯Ívebv w`‡e †h D³ `yN©Ubv msNwUZ nIqvi Rb¨ Zvi
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njvi mv‡_ Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ m¤¢ve¨ KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Collector of ghanjam vs. chandrama das gvgjv‡Z nvmcvZv‡j bZyb wbwg©Z Kfvi
d‡Uv GKRb †ivMxi Dc‡i c‡o Ges Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i wZwb Zvi mvB‡Kj cvwK©s
Ki‡Z wQ‡jb |miKvic¶ wKfv‡e GKwU bZyb wbwg©Z feb †f‡½ ci‡jv Dci Zvnvi
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q G Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z ivóªc‡¶ Z_v †gwW‡Kj KZ©„c¶‡K
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx K‡ib|
Union of india vs. rajendra mills gvgjv‡Z †ijI‡q KZ©„c‡¶i SyuwKi Dci wfwË K‡i
cY¨¸‡jv‡K Kbdvg© Kiv nq Ges D³ cY¨¸‡jv Av¸‡b webó nq|‡ijI‡q KZ©„c¶ cÖgvY
`vwLj Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb †h Zv‡ì c¶ †_‡K mKj m¤¢ve¨ mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q
GLv‡b Av`vjZ D³ cÖev`wU cÖ‡qvM K‡i ZË¡wU cÖ‡qvM K‡i †ijI‡q KZ©„c¶‡K
`vqx K‡i|
Kannu rowther vs. s.r.t. Corporation c¨vKwU evm †÷k‡b evm ivLv nq Ges D³
ivLv evm `yN©Ubvi wkKvi nq GLv‡b evm PvjK Ges KÛvKUi †KDB D³
`yN©Ubv wKfv‡e msNwUZ n‡q‡Q GB g‡g© e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb Av`vjZ ivq
w`‡q‡Q Ggb cwiw¯’wZ mg~n †hŠw³K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b bv Kivi d‡j D³ evm
PvjK c¶ †_‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva nq wb|
AvBbMZ cÖkœ DËi MVb ¸wji cÖ‡qvM;
GKwU we‡kl gvgjvi †¶‡Î D³ MVbvewj ev ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM n‡e wKbv Zvnv weMZ
cÖkœ AZGe Bnv‡K mywbw`©ófv‡e AviwRi AšÍf©y³ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
ZË¡wUi ev¯Íe djvdj; hLb weev`x †Kvb cÖgvY `vwLj Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb Zvn‡j
Av`vjZ Aek¨B Zv‡K `vqe× Ki‡eb| weev`x c¶ cÖgvY `vwLj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ZLb
wePviK Ges †jLKMY KZ©„K `ywU gZvgZ e¨³ n‡q‡Q| GK c‡¶i g‡a¨ D³ cÖgv‡Yi
`vhw় Z¡ weev`xi Dci Awc©Z n‡q‡Q BwZevPKfv‡e †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ †h D³ ev`xc¶
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Acivax bq| wØZxq c‡¶i g‡Z D³ cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ ev`xi
Dci eZ©v‡e weev`x‡K †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v w`‡Z n‡e †h D³ `yN©UbvwU Zvi c¶
†_‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~j Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y nqwb|
hw` cÖ_g gZvgZwU M„nxZ nq Zvn‡j Gi djvdj n‡e †h e¨v‡jÝ K…Z cÖgv‡Yi
†¶‡Î weev`x gvgjvq civwRZ n‡eb bv wKš‘ hw` wØZxq gZvgZwU M„nxZ nq
Zvn‡j ev`xi gvgjvwU e¨_© n‡e †hLv‡b cÖgvY e¨v‡jÝ Kiv nq|
fvi‡Z Bnv nvB‡Kv‡U©i gZvgZ †Rev A‡bKevi gZvgZ w`‡q‡Q †h Ggb †Kvb
AvB‡b Abygvb †bB †h-
GgbwK †Kvb AvB‡b Abygvb †bB `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î hLb
DËiwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq | hw` weev‡` hyw³K e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i Z_vwc evwRi Ic‡i
cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ b¨¯Í nq †h BwZevPKfv‡e D³ weev`x `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx Ges Zvi d‡j ¶wZi m„wó nq|
cÖev`wUi ïaygvÎ cÖgvY msµvšÍ iæj hvnv `vhw় Z¡ †K cÖev`x Z K‡i| Bnv
mvaviY iæj †K cwieZ©b K‡i bv †h `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv msµvšÍ cÖgvY ev`xi Dci
b¨¯Í nq|weev`x‡K D³ Aciva wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q Zvi mwVK KviY ev c×wZ cÖgvY
Ki‡Z n‡e bv cig Zvi e¨vL¨v Aek¨B Zvi c¶ †_‡K `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva
LÛ‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß n‡e| Avwgbv †eMg ebvg ivg cÖKvk gvgjv‡Z evw` ivgcÖKvk
Zvi †`vKv‡bi mvg‡b emv wQ‡jb hLb wefvwì evm Zv‡K AvNvZ K‡i| Zvi †`‡n
AmsL¨ AvNvZ ev weev`x c¶ †_‡K hyw³ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q D³ `yN©Ubv msNwUZ
n‡q‡Q Mvwoi AšÍwb©wnZ ÎæwUi d‡j GLv‡b we‡ivax c‡¶i †Kv‡bv ÎæwU wQj
bv|
Av`vjZ ivq w`‡q‡Q A¯¿ gvgjvi weev`x `vqe× n‡eb KviY wZwb ïaygvÎ Mvwoi
g‡a¨ AšÍwb©wnZ ÎæwU wQj g‡g© hyw³ †`wL‡q Zvi weiæ‡× Aciva msµvšÍ
cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv Mvwoi w÷qvwis PvKv eÜ n‡q hvIqvi Kvh©Ki nIqvi
wcQ‡b D³ Pvj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K Mvwoi QywU QywU cix¶vmsµvšÍ `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi
d‡j m„wó n‡q‡Q|
Ae`vb m~PK `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv ( contributory negligence) ;
Ae`vb kxl©K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva gvgjvi
†¶‡Î GKwU AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ | hLb `yN©Ubv msNwUZ nq weev`x c‡¶i
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y Ges AvswkKfv‡e ev`xc‡¶i ¯^vev`x K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b
e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Y ZLb cvwe c‡¶i `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv G Ae‡njv ejv nq KviY Bnv D³
`yN©Ubv m„wói wcQ‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Ggb Ae`vb m~PK `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv
g~jK hyw³ e¨_© n‡e hw` evwoi c¶ †_‡K †hŠw³K c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ibwb g‡g©
†Kvb cÖgvY bv _v‡K| jaunpur municipality vs. brahm kishore gvgjv‡Z ev`x hLb
K¬ve †_‡K 6:15 we‡K‡j wd‡i AvmwQ‡jb wZwb GKwU M‡Z© c‡o hvb hvI
†Kwe‡bU ˆZwi Kiv nq| Bnv wQj kx‡Zi mÜ¨v †ejv Ges mwVKfv‡e D³ mgq
A‡bK AÜKvi wQj| D³ wgDwbwmcvj KZ©„c¶‡K Av`vjZ WvqgÛ K‡i Z‡e
wgDwbwmcvj KZ©„c‡¶i hyw³ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b ev`x c¶ †_‡K
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva msNwUZ n‡q‡Q KviY Zvi evBmvB‡Kj ch©vß
jvB‡Ui eë¯’v ivLv nqwb| Av`vjZ Ges hyw³ LvwiR K‡i †`b Av`vjZ g‡b K‡ib †h
mvaviYZ evBmvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx †K‡ivwmb eënvi K‡i| ZvivevwZ mvaviYZ D³
K¬v‡e wbqwgZ Avmv-hvIqv K‡ib wZwb Abygvb Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv †h GLv‡b
†Kvb ai‡bi Z_¨ i‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡K AwZwi³ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n...|
Bhagwant sarup vs. himlaya gas co. †Z GKwU M¨vm KbwRDgvi ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨
gvgjv Kiv D³ Awf‡hvM Kiv nq †h M¨vm wmwjÛvi †_‡K M¨vm wjK n‡q
AwMœcv‡Zi NUbv nq |
Av`vjZ c¶ †_‡K hyw³ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q A_©vr weev`xc¶ hyw³ †`b GLv‡b ev`xc‡¶i
Ae`vbkZK `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv i‡q‡Q KviY ev`xc¶ †Wwjfvwi g¨vb †K w`‡qwQ‡jb
hvi d‡j D³ nvgvi w`‡q AvNvZ Kivi d‡j AwMœKv‡Ûi m„wó nq|
Av`vjZ Ggb hyw³ LvwiR K‡i †`b Av`vjZ g‡b K‡ib †h Av‡jvP¨ gvgjvi ev`x Ges
Zuvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨MY AbwfÁ e¨w³ Zv‡ì M¨vm wmwjÛvi †K nvgvi w`‡q
AvNvZ Kivi cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb aviYv †bB GKRb AwfÁ †Wwjfvwi g¨vb
hLb Zv‡ì wbKU Avgvi myZivs Zv‡ì c¶ †_‡K GLv‡b †Kvb `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv
g~jK Aciva nqwb eis †Wwjfvwi g¨vb c¶ †_‡K `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva
n‡q‡Q|
Kgb bvDb Gi Aax‡b Ae`vb kxl©K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva GKwU
c~Y©v½ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ nq hLb Bnv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q weev`x c‡¶i m„wói
†¶‡Î ev`xc‡¶i I f~wgKv i‡q‡Q A_©vr ev`x Ges weev`x DfqB D³ m„wói Rb¨ `vqx
wQ‡jb|
Butterfield vs. forrester gvgjv‡Z weev`x Ab¨vq fv‡e iv¯Ívi Ici GKwU †cŠi
wbg©vY K‡ib ev †ewi‡KU wbg©vY K‡ib hvnv 100 GKi `~i †_‡K `„k¨gvb wQj|
wKš‘ evw`c‡¶i `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi d‡j wZwb `ªæZ Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi d‡j D³
e¨vwi‡KW mv‡_ AvNvZcÖvß n‡q gvivZ¥Kfv‡e RLg cÖvß nq Av`vj‡Z weev`xc¶
†K `vqx K‡ibwb|
GLb K‡ib †h hw` D³ ev`x Zvi ¯^vev`x K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j Aek¨B
wZwb D³ †ewi‡KU †`L‡Z †c‡Zb Ges D³ `yN©Ubv †_‡K wZwb wb‡R‡K i¶v
Ki‡Z cviZ GLv‡b `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ wZwb wb‡RB `vqx ev Zvi wb‡Ri c¶ †_‡K
ÎæwU wQj| Av‡iv ch©‡e¶Y Kij †h GKRb e¨w³ ÎæwUi g‡a¨ _vK‡j wZwb A‡bï
¯^vev`x K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv m‡Z¡I Ab¨‡K †`vlv‡ivc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
A¯¿ gvgjv‡K mdj n‡Z n‡j euvw`‡K `ywU wel‡q cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv 1
iv¯Ívi Dc‡i ev weev`x c¶ Ab¨vq g~jK fv‡e †ewi‡KU wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb Ges 2 D³
evwoi c¶ †_‡K mZK©Zvt †hŠw³K mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
iæ‡ji h_v_©Zv t ( justification for the rule) :
D³ †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡iva Kiv nq ev ZiæY †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Kiv nq wb‡¤œv³ hyw³

mg~‡ni gva¨‡g;
1| Av`vjZ mvaviYZ `yRb Acivaxi ga¨Kvi ¶wZc~iY wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î Abxnv

cÖKvk K‡i|
2| Bnv Ggb bxwZgvjvi Kvi‡Y mwVK †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K gvgjvKvix‡K whwb Zvi
AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb Zv‡K Aek¨B Av`vj‡Z `ynv‡Z A_ev mwØk¦vm G †h‡Z
n‡e|
3| e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© ˆZixi †¶‡Î cwjwm nj c¶‡ì mZZv Ges weP¶YZvi Ici ZvQvov
hw` wb‡RB `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx Zvi cÖwZKvi wK A¯^xKvi Kiv nq|
4| Bnv †K mg_©b Kiv nq Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K©i Ici wfwË K‡i| ev`x hLb Zvi
wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri aviv Kvh©KviY MZ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib wefv‡Mi
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njvi mv‡_ A_©vr hLb evwoi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ wefvwì
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK KvR m¤ú‡K© ZLb GB bxwZgvjv Kiv nq|
Av`vjZ KZ©„K RwUjZv `~ixKiY ( mitigation of harshness by courts):
DËivev` Gi cÖZxK RwUjZv m„wó K‡i hLb wZwb gvivZ¥K AvNvZ cÖvß nb
hwÌ Zvi cÖwZ `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ cÖavb KviY bq ZvQvovI †h †¶‡Î weev`x
mnRfv‡e cÖwZ D³ ¶wZ cwinvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb ev `yN©Ubvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
AvaywbK UªvÝ‡cvU© Ges †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Ges wkívq‡bi DbœwZi d‡j
eZ©gv‡b `yN©Ubvi msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges RwUjZv Av`vj‡Z Abyfe K‡i Ges
Av`vjZ Abyaveb K‡iB bZyb GKwU iæj Avwe®‹vi K‡i hvnv me©‡kl my‡hvM
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Giæj †gvZv‡eK ev`x Ae`vb m~PK f~wgKv Ae`vb m~PK `vhw ় ‡Z¡
Ae‡njv _vKv m‡Z¡I Zvi c¶ †_‡K wZwb wefv‡Mi wbKU †_‡K wKQy ¶wZc~iY
jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib| davies vs. mannD‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvgjv †hLv‡b evwe
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK fv‡e Mvav‡K iv¯Ívi Dc‡i †Q‡o †`b Ab¨w`‡K weev`x
Zvici Avi Mvwoi mv‡_ D³ Mvavi msNl© n‡j Mvav gvivZ¥Kfv‡e RLg cÖvß nq
gviv hvq GLv‡b Av`vjZ D³ wewae× K‡i hwÌ evwoi c¶ †_‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv
wQj Z_vwc Av`vjZ D³ weev`x c¶ †K ¶wZi Rb¨ `vqe× K‡i|
Constructive last opportunity ( MVb g~jK me©‡kl my‡hvM ZË¡);
Ae`vb m~PK `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv msµvšÍ AvZ¥i¶vq hyw³i cwimxgv B‡Zvg‡a¨B
msKxY© Kiv n‡q‡Q me©‡kl my‡hvM iæb cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g hvnv, davies vs.
mann gvgjvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ nq| Bnv AwaKZi msKxY© Kiv nq D³ me©‡kl
myRb‡K Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨³ Kivi gva¨‡g †hLv‡b wefvw` mwZ¨Kvifv‡e D³
`yN©Ubv cwinvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv eis wZwb Zuvi c¶ †_‡K ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y Ggb
my‡hvM nvivb| G †¶‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvgjv nj british columbia electric rly vs.
loach.A¯¿ gvgjv †Z AviwR `vwLj Kiv nq †ijI‡q †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡×
A¯¿ gvgjv‡K †ijI‡q †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× gvgjv `vwLj Kiv nq GKRb wbe©vnx
Kg©KZ©v KZ©„K whwb †ijµwms‡qi mgq B‡jKwUªK AvNvZ cÖvß nb Ges
gviv hvq| g„Z e¨w³ `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx KviY wZwb D³ †ijjvB‡bi As‡k
cÖ‡ek Gi c~‡e© mZK© _vKv DwPZ wQj Ges GLv‡b weev`x †Kv¤úvwb
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ ZvB †h‡nZy Zv‡ì PvjK B‡jKwUªK Mvwo Pvjvb Zv‡K
AZ¨šÍ `ªæZfv‡e B‡jKwUªK wWfvBm ev ÎæwUc~b© Mvwo ev †eªK e¨ZxZ
Pvjv‡bv DwPZ wQj bv| D³ PvjK 420 `~i †_‡K †Nvov¸‡jv‡K †`L‡jb Ges †eªK
ai‡jb hw` †eªK ¸‡jv fv‡jv cwRk‡b _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j MvwowUi 300 wdU ¯’v‡bB
_vgZ| †ijI‡q †Kv¤úvwb‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq KviY
D³ WªvBfvi PvjK `yN©Ubv cwinv‡ii Rb¨ me©‡kl my‡hvM AbymiY K‡ib bv|
e¨w³ me©‡kl my‡hvM _v‡K `yN©Ubv cwinv‡ii Rb¨ ZLb D³ e¨w³ Ggb my‡hvM
MÖnY bv Ki‡j Ges ev`x c¶ †_‡K cÖwZ _vKv m‡Z¡I wZwb MVbg~jK me©‡kl
my‡hvM msµvšÍ iæ‡j `vqe× n‡eb|
Ae`vb m~PK `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv iæ‡ji AvBbMZ ms‡kvab ( statutory modifications
of the rule of contributory negligence);
‡gwiUvBg Kb‡fbkb AvBb 1911 Gi weavb †gvZv‡eK;

hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Rvnv‡Ri ÎæwUi d‡j ¶wZ m„wó nq GK ev GKvwaK
Rvnv‡Ri cÖwZ ZLb Zv‡ì Kv‡M©v A_ev d¬vBU A_ev †h †Kvb m¤úwË D³
m¤úwËi ev c‡Yï ¶wZi Rb¨ AvbycvwZK nv‡i ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡b eva¨ _vK‡e| G
†¶‡Î ¶wZi AbycvZ n‡e †hB RvnvR †h cwigvY ¶wZi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e IB AbycvZ
Abyhvqx ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡b eva¨ _vK‡e Z‡e kZ© n‡jv D³ gvgjvi mvgwMÖK
cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i hw` `vqe×Zv AbycvZ wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bv nq Zvn‡j
Av`vjZ mvgwóK `vqe×Zv wba©viY Ki‡e|
Law reform ( contributory negligence) ACT, 1945 ( AvBb ms‡kvab, Ae`vb

m~PK, AvBb, 1945);
‡gwiUvBg ev mvgyw`ªK AvB‡bi c‡i D³ me©‡kl my‡hvM msµvšÍ iæj Gi A‡bK

mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq| ADMIRALTY COMMISSIONER VS. S.S. VOLUTE
gvgjv‡Z nvDR Ae jW©m ivq w`‡q‡Q GKwU †gwiUvBg msNl© GgbwK hLb
weev`xi `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva _v‡K Zvnv ev`xi `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi
cwiewZ©Z n‡j ev`xi `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva ZviciI Ae`vb m~PK Acivagy³
`yN©Ubvi Rb¨ Ae`vb m~PK Acivax wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
COMMON LAW msµvšÍ iæj me©‡k‡l, LAW REFORMS ( CONTRIBUTORY

NEGLIGENCE) ACT, 1945, Øviv ms‡kvwaZ nq †hLv‡b weavb cÖYqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q ¶wZc~i‡Yi AvbycvwZK nvi wba©viY Kivi Rb¨| D³ AvB‡bi aviv
†gvZv‡eK hLb †h †Kvb e¨w³ ¶wZi wkKvi nb AvswkKfv‡e Zvi wb‡Ri fy‡ji Rb¨
Ges AvswkKfv‡e A‡bï fy‡ji Rb¨ ZLb †h e¨w³eM© ¶wZc~iY `vex Ki‡eb Zv‡ì
¶wZ ev ¶wZc~iY `vex e¨_© n‡e bv GB Kvi‡Y †h Zviv wb‡RivB D³ ¶wZi Rb¨
`vqx| G‡¶‡Î Av`vjZ Aek¨B wba©viY Ki‡eb D³ c¶ Zv‡ì `vqe×Zv Abyhvqx ¶wZi
hZUyKz AvbycvwZK nv‡i `vqx _vK‡eb ZZUyKz AvbycvwZK nv‡i ev` †Ìqv
n‡e Ges Aewkó Ask ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Kiv n...| Pvi avivi gva¨‡g ¶wZc~iY ej‡Z
AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq Rxeb A_ev e¨w³MZ AvNvZ †K|
JUDICIAL DECISIONS IN INDIA ( fvi‡Zi wePviK ivq mg~n):

fvi‡Z Ae`vb m~PK `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK AvBb 1945 Gi mgvb †Kv‡bv
AvBbMZ weavb †bB | Z_vwc fvi‡Z Av`vjZ BKzBwU Ges b¨vq wePvi we‡ePbv
K‡i D³ Ae`vb kÎæi nvRvi 945 mv‡ji AvB‡bi Av‡jv‡K AbymiY Kij| VIDYA
DEVI VS. M.P.S.R.T. CORPORATION gvgjv‡Z we`¨v †èxi ¯^vgx GKwU moK
`yN©Ubvq gviv hvb Ges weev`x †Kv¤úvwbi wQj
‡Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY wba©viY Kiv bvm© 32400 iæwc wKš‘ †h‡nZy GLv‡b
g„Z e¨w³i c¶ †_‡KI `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva wQj `yB Z„wZqvsk ZvB D³
¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY nªvm K‡i rs.10000 wba©viY Kiv nq.
RURAL TRANSFORT SERVICE VS. BEZLUM BIBI gvgjv‡Z evm GZUvB

c~Y© wQj †h K›UvKUvi hvÎx‡ì‡K ev‡mi Qv‡` wb‡q hvY| Wvb cvk w`‡q
AwZevwnZ nw”Qj Ges D³ evm Wvb cvk w`‡q AwZevwnZ nIqvi mgq GKwU
†Nvovi Mvwoi mv‡_ AvNvZcÖvß nq hvi d‡j ev`xi †Q‡j D³ ev”Pv‡ì _vKv
Ae¯’vq Mv‡Qi Wv‡ji mv‡_ AvNvZcÖvß nq gvwU‡Z c‡o hvq Ges ¸iæZi
AvNvZcÖvß n‡q †m gviv hvq| fvi‡Zi mywcÖg †KvU© Avi Gm 16 nvRvi iæwc
¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e wba©viY K‡i wKš‘ †h‡nZy GLv‡b hvÎx‡ì c¶ †_‡K `vhw ় ‡Z¡
Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva wQj ZvB 50 kZvsk ¶wZc~iY ivm Kiv nq|
MANJIT KAUR VS. GURMAIL SINGH gvgjv‡ZI GKwU ¯‹yUvi GKwU Uªv‡Ki
mv‡_ AvNvZcÖvß nq Ges GKwU ¯‹yUvi Gi wcQ‡b emv hvÎx gviv hvK Av`vjZ
¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e AviGm 48 nvRvi iæwc wba©viY K‡ib wKš‘ †h‡nZy GLv‡b
¯‹yUvi PvjK Gi c¶ †_‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv wQj ZvB Av`vjZ D³ ¶wZc~i‡Yi
cwigvY †_‡K 75 cv‡m©›U ¶wZc~iY Kg wba©viY K‡ib|
STATE OF PUNJAB VS. GURANWANTI gvgjv‡Z GKwU evm GKwU Ifvi

weªR w`‡q cvi nw”Qj GKwU wiKkv‡K AwZµg Kivi Rb¨ evmwUi mvg‡b
GwM‡q hvq Ges evmwU D‡ë wM‡q Wvb cv‡k c‡o hvq| evmwU D³ Ifviweª‡Ri
iwjs Gi mv‡_ SyuwKc~Y© evm R¡jšÍ Ae¯’vq _vKvi Kvi‡Y hvÎx‡ì evû‡Z
AvNvZcÖvß nq Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb Kij †h D³ ev‡mi PvjK `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx| †jv‡Ki DwPZ wQj D³ wiKkv‡K AwZevwnZ nIqvi Rb¨
my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i †Ìqv `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva c‡q‡›U Av`vjZ KZ©„K
ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Bnv hvÎx‡ì Rb¨ A¯^vev`x K bq †h Zviv Rvbvjvi w`‡K SyuwK
MÖnY Ki‡eb A_ev Rvbvjv w`‡q †ei nIqvi †Póv Ki‡eb|
SUSHMA MITRA VS. M.P.S.R.T. CORPORATION gvgjv‡Z GKRb ev‡mi hvÎx

Rvbvjvi w`‡K ZvKvw”Q‡jb GKwU Uªv‡K AwZµg Kivi mgq Zvi evû‡Z
AvNvZcÖvß nq Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h `yN©Ubv msNwUZ n‡q‡Q evmPvjK Ges
hvÎxi `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b Av`vjZ `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y
¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY Kwg‡q mvgÄm¨ ˆZwi K‡i|
CHATURJI AMARJI VS. AHMED RAHIM BUX gvgjv‡ZI GKRb ¶wZc~iY

`vwe KviK GKwU ev‡mi wcQ‡bi wm‡U emv wQ‡jb iv¯Ívq wQj 12 dzU cÖk¯Í
wZwb Zvi evû‡K Rvbvjvi cv‡k ivLjvg DËi cvk w`‡q GKwU UªvK AwZevwnZ nj
Ges wcQb w`‡q AvNvZ Kivi c‡i D³ hvÎx ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq Zvi nv‡Z ¸iæZi AvNvZ
Av`vjZ GLv‡b Aciva msNwUZ nqwb GLv‡b `yN©Ubv msNwUZ n‡q‡Q g~jZ
PvjK Gi c¶ †_‡K `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y|
G.S.R.t. ahmedabad vs. keshaval gvgjv‡Z `vweKviK wQ‡jb GKRb ev‡mi hvÎx|
wcZvi nv‡Zi KbyB ev‡mi evwn‡i Rvbvjvi g‡a¨ 6 BwÂ `~‡i iv‡Lb| GKwU UªvK
AwZµg Kivi mgq wecixZ w`K †_‡K Avmvi mgq Zvi nv‡Z AvNvZ K‡i Ges
wZwb ¸iæZi AvNvZcÖvß nq UªvBeybvj cÖ_‡g Zv‡K Ae`vbkZK
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z nvB‡KvU© ivq w`‡q‡Q GLv‡b
ev`xi c¶ †_‡K †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Ae`vb m~PK `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva nqwb|
iv¯ÍvwU wQj 25 cÖk¯Í Ges evm wQj iv¯Ívi ga¨Lv‡b| pepsu road transport
corporation vs. qimat jain gvgjv‡ZI `yRb hvÎx Rvbvjvi cv‡k Zv‡ì nv‡Zi K‡i
iv‡Lb D³ ev wecixZ w`K †_‡K Avmv Uªv‡Ki mv‡_ msNl© nIqvi ci Zv‡ì nvZ
`ywU †K‡U hvq Av`vjZ ivq w`j †hLv‡b evm PvjK Ges UªvK PvjK
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx AwfhvÎx Gi Rb¨ 50 nvRvi iæwc
¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv n...|
Abyiƒcfv‡e hLb GKwU †ijI‡q jvBb GKwU e¨¯Í iv¯Ív µm K‡i ZLb D³ `„k¨gvb nq
bv hZ¶Y ch©šÍ †ckvi †ijI‡q UªvK bv _v‡Kb Ges `yN©Ubvi bv nq ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ
Ae`vb m~PK `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv KZ cÖkœ DV‡e bv|
Krishna goods carriers p. ltd. Vs. union of india gvgjv‡Z GKwU †gvUi UªvK
GKwU †Q‡ji mv‡_ †j‡fj µwms Gi mgq msNl© nq Ges `yN©Ubvi m„wó nq
Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h D³ †Uª‡bi iv¯Ívi †MU †h‡nZy Db¥y³ wQj Bnv euvw`‡K
Avgš¿Y K‡i †h wZwb wbivc` fv‡e †Uª‡bi iv¯Ív cvi n‡eb D³ c_hvÎx Mvb Zviv
c_hvÎx †nvK A_ev †gvUimvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx †nvK bv †Kb A_ev DËi UªvK
WªvBfvi †hB †nvK Zviv GB aviYv Ki‡eb †h‡nZy GLv‡b †Kvb ai‡bi mZK©Zv
Zvwbb †bB myZivs Zviv iv¯Ív †Uªb µwms Gi e¨vcv‡i Abygvb Ki‡eb|
GLv‡b †Kvb Ae`vb m~PK `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva nq wb| AvBbMZ
KZ©e¨ QvovI Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †MU ¸‡jv‡K †ijI‡q KZ©„c‡¶i DwPZ wQj eÜ
K‡i †Ìqv Bnv g~jZ †ijI‡q KZ©„c‡¶i AvBbMZ KZ©e¨ Ges ev`xc‡¶i mZZv
GLv‡b D³ `yN©Ubv m„wói †cQ‡b f~wgKv iv‡Lwb|
GKwU †ijI‡q µwms Gi †MU Db¥y³ wQj Ges ev`xi UªvK mvg‡bi w`K †_‡K
Avmv †Uª‡bi mv‡_ av°v cÖvß n‡q `yN©Ubvi wkKvi nq |D³ ev‡mi g‡a¨ _vKv me
wKQy †Uªb Qy‡o †d‡j †`q Ges NUbv¯’‡j hvÎxMY gviv h„
Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h ¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKRb e¨w³ aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h D³
†j‡fj µwms‡qi †MU Db¥y³ wQj †h‡nZy Db¥y³ wQj †m‡nZy GLv‡b †Kv‡bv
SyuwK nIqvi m¤¢vebv †bB gvbyl Ges Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib D³ †MU mg~n Db¥y³
wQj cÖv_wgKfv‡e cÖgvY †h Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z †ijI‡q cÖkvm‡bi c¶ †_‡K
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva wQj| Bnv ejv hv‡e bv †h D³ Uªv‡Ki PvjK D³ †Uªb
Avm‡Q wKbv Zv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ wZwb mZ©KZv Aej¤^b K‡ibwb eis GLv‡b
†ijI‡q KZ©„c‡¶i `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva wQj|
Prag ice and oil mills vs. union of india cvebv‡Z hLb †ijI‡q iv¯Ív µm Ki‡ZwQ‡jv
ZLb GKRb AcwiwPZ e¨w³ †mLv‡b iv¯Ív cvivcv‡ii mgq ev †Uª‡bi iv¯Ív
cvivcv‡ii mgq `yN©Ubvi wkKvi nb|Uªv±i Pvj‡Ki Uªv±iwU D³ ¯’v‡b †i‡L `ªæZ
P‡j hvb Ges wZwb †Uªb Avmvi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb wmMb¨vj ev mZK© cÖ`vb
K‡ibwb D³ †Uª‡bi PvjK `ªæZ eÜ K‡ib Ges wZwb †Póv K‡ib DËi `yN©Ubv
cwinvi Kivi Rb„
cÖvq `y‡Uv †h GLv‡b D³ evwe m„ó `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ `vqx A_©vr wZwb wb‡RB
D³ `yN©Ubvi †cQ‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib Ges wZwb `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ wb‡RB `vqx
n‡eb wZwb `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb bv|
Joyti prosad dixit vs. bitan devi gvgjv‡Z Avjøvnvev`nvB‡KvU© IivB w`j †h hLb
†Uª‡bi iv¯Ív µwms Kiv nq †Kvb AcwiwPZ e¨w³ KZ©„K ZLb D³ hvbevnb D³
hvbevn‡bi PvjK Gi KZ©e¨ n‡”Q D³ AcwiwPZ e¨w³‡K mZK© Kiv Ges `yN©Ubv
cwinvi Kiv|
Contributory negligence and composit negligence:( Ae‡njv m~PK

`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva Ges mgwš^Z `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva)-
B‡Zvg‡a¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q †h `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva A_© cÖKvk K‡i
GKRb e¨w³ whwb ¶wZi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ges whwb `vhw ় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx A_©vr wZwb wb‡RB Zvi cÖwZ m„ó `yN©Ubv ev ¶wZi Rb¨
`vqx| Ab¨w`‡K mgwš^Z `vhw় Z¡ Aciva ej‡Z Ggb ¶wZ †K eySvq GK ev
GKvwaK e¨w³ KZ©„K m„ó Aciv‡ai gva¨‡g Z„Zxq e¨w³i ¶wZ mvwaZ K‡i| wZwb
Ggb gvgjv‡Z Zv‡ì mevB A_ev †h‡Kv‡bv weiæ‡× ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib Ges wZwb D³ gvgjv‡Z mvgMÖx ¶wZc~iY †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ A_ev †h‡Kvb
R‡bi weiæ‡× Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Ggb gvgjvi †¶‡Î †h Z„Zxq e¨w³ ¶wZc~i‡Yi wkKvi nb ev ¶wZi wkKvi nb wZwb
D³ `yN©Ubvi †¶‡Î Zvi `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njvi gva¨‡gi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib bv| Ggb
gvgjvi †¶‡Î wZwb Zv‡ì mevB A_ev †h‡Kv‡bv †h Kv‡iv weiæ‡× ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges mgMÖ ¶wZc~iY †h‡Kv‡bv GKR‡bi KvQ †_‡K Av`vq
Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³ †Kgb ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv n‡e wZwb Ab¨vb¨ Askx`vi‡ì
wbKU †_‡K ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| G welqwU BwZg‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q mßg Aa¨vq| hLb U¨vw· Avcb GKwU ev‡mi g‡a¨ ci¯úi msNl© nq
`yN©Ubv nq Ges wKQy hvÎx gviv hvq ZLb Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h Bnv mvgwóK
`vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva Ges gvgjvi †¶‡Î we‡eP¨ Drm Ges c„_Kfv‡e `vqe× n„
Balbir singh vs. state of haryana gvgjv‡Z †hLv‡b evm PvjK Ges cÖvB‡fU
mgvbfv‡e `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv gyjK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx nb Ges `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ `vqx
Lvb ZLb Zv‡ì Dfq‡K mvgwóKfv‡e 1000 iæwc ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv
nq|
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ ( burden of proof of
contributory negligence): `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK ev Ae`vbkZK `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv
g~jK gvgjv †¶‡Î cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ Zv‡ì Dci|euvw`‡K Ggb Aciva nqwb g‡g©
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e ...wKš‘ D³ cÖgv‡Yi `vhw ় Z¡ wb®úwËi Rb¨ Rxe‡bi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb †bB †h Ggb wel‡qi Dc‡i wZwb cÖgvY `vwLj Ki‡eb KviY
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jëvb me `vhw় Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva evwZjK…Z
cÖgvYvw` †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hv‡e Ges cÖv_wgK wePvi NUbvejx †_‡K Abygvb
Kiv hv‡ecÖgvY Kiv hv‡e|GKUv Ae‡njv g~jK Avciv‡ai mvaviY wKQy mg~n
G‡¶‡Î Z`‡šÍi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
2| MY Dc`ªe ( Niusance):
¯^v_© msiw¶Z ( interest protected);

hLbB Avq A‰ea cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ AvBb Rwgi P~ovšÍ ZLbB msµvšÍ AwaKvi
msi¶Y K‡i Ges D³ Rwgi kvwšÍc~Y© i¶v K‡i MYZš¿ †_‡K Rwg AwaKvi myi¶v
K‡i |
msÁv ( definition);
Nuire kã †_‡K Mb Dc`ªe kãwUi DrcwË nq bvgK kã †_‡K DrcwË kãwU DrcwË
nq| hvi A_© AvNvZ Kiv A_ev Acivag~jK †Kvb wKQy| mwVKfv‡e msÁvhw ় Z
Kiv m¤¢e bq KviY †Kvb MwVZ n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU ivR
‰bwZK mvgvwRK Ges A_©‰bwZK Ges AvµvšÍ e¨w³i welqe¯‘ welq we‡ePbv
Kiv n‡e bv| Z‡e D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv hv‡e Ggb A‡hŠw³K nq D³ Rwgi AwaKvi hyw³ev`xi
¯^v_©‡K AwaKvi‡K ¶wZMÖ¯’ K‡i|
Essential elements ( cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb) :
GKwU gvgjv cÖwZwôZ Kivi †¶‡Î wb‡¤œv³ Dcv`vbmg~n Aek¨B cÖgvY Ki‡Z
n‡e
1. D³ Rwg eënv‡ii AwaKvi _vK‡e
2. D³ Rwgi eënv‡ii †¶‡Î Aek¨B n¯Í‡¶c Kiv n‡e
3. D³ n¯Í‡¶c Aek¨B A‡hŠw³K n‡e
4. G‡¶‡Î ev`xi cÖwZ ¶wZ m„wó n‡e
Rwg eënvi A_ev Dc‡fv‡Mi AwaKvi ( right to use or enjoyment of land);
MY Dc`ªe Gi Dci gvgjvi †¶‡Î Bnvi cÖ‡qvRbxq †h evwRi Aek¨B D³ wePvh©

Rwgi eënvi Ges Dc‡fv‡Mi AwaKvi _vK‡e |ïaygvÎ D³ m¤úwË eënvi Ges
Dc‡fv‡Mi AwaKvi m¤úwËi AwaKvi e¨ZxZ ïaygvÎ cÖ‡qv‡Mi AwaKvi G †¶‡Î
ch©vß bq †hgb GKRb fvovwUqv A_ev wb‡Ri Dc‡i wfwË K‡i `Lj`vi e¨w³ G‡¶‡Î
Rwgi Aceënv‡ii Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
wKš‘ GKRb e¨w³i D³ Rwgi mwZ¨Kv‡ii `Lj ¯^Z¡ _vK‡j wZwb gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
GgbwK hw` wZwb D³ Rwgi gvwjK bvI nb GKwU gnvmo‡Ki eënviKvixI MY
Dc`ªe Gi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
wgZy MYZš¿ †Kvb Kcvi n‡”Q †Kvb Rwgi gvwjK KZ©„K Zvnv eënv‡i n¯Í‡¶c
Kiv whwb D³ Rwg `L‡j †bB| `L‡j †bB Ggb e¨w³ wb‡¤œv³ †¶Îmg~n e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨
†¶Îmg~n MY Dc`ªe Gi Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
1| hLb DËi MYc~Z© Ggb hvnv m¤úwËi mwZ¨Kv‡ii ¶wZ K‡i †hgb †gwkb h‡š¿i
K¤ú‡bi d‡j GKwU evwo hLb †f‡O c‡o|
2| hLb MY Dc`ªe ¯’vqx cÖK…wZi nq Ges m¤úwËi DËivwaKv‡ii AwaKvi MZ

g~j¨ ivk K‡i
3| MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva Pjgvb _v‡K ZLb D³ Dc`ªe m„wóKvix e¨w³ D³ m¤úwËi
Ici Pjgvb ivLvi Rb¨ †cÖw¯ŒcwUf eY©bvg~jK AwaKvi jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib †hgb
evwoi Rwg‡Z gqjv AveR©bv hy³ cvwb wb‡¶c Kiv|
bvg jvwK D³ †h‡Kvb e¨wZµgx ch©vqfy³ bv nq Zvn‡j gvwjK Aby gvwjK hw` D³
m¤úwË `L‡ji bv _v‡Kb Zvn‡j wZwb MY Dc`ªe Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| ram
prasad jain vs. gopi ram gvgjv‡Z ev`x Ges weev`x `yR‡b `ywU cvk¦©eZ©x evwoi
gvwjK| ev‡ci evwo GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgq ch©šÍ we`¨gvb wQj| evw` `vwe
K‡ib †hweev`xi bZyb K‡i wbwg©Z Uq‡jU MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva m„wó Ki‡Q |
Av`vjZ gvgjvwU LvwiR K‡i †`q|
2| GLv‡b Aek¨B Rwgi eënvi Ges Dc‡fv‡Mi †¶‡Î n¯Í‡¶c Kiv n‡e (there must be
interference with the use and enjoyment of land);
wK Aek¨B cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h Zvi Rwg eënvi Ges Dc‡fv‡Mi †¶‡Î
welqe¯‘MZ n¯Í‡¶c Kiv n‡q‡Q|D³ n¯Í‡¶c wb‡¤œv³ †h‡Kvb Dcv‡q n‡Z cv‡i-
(K) AvMÖvmb gva¨‡g; hLb e¨w³ GKwU Ni wbg©vY K‡ib RviKb bvBm A‡bï
Rwgi cP©v Ges A‡bï Rwg‡Z e„wói cvwb c‡o A_ev hLb Mv‡Qi kvLv A‡bï
Rwg‡Z †cuŠQvq A_ev hLb Mv‡Qi wkKo cÖwZ‡ekxi Rwg‡Z K‡i ZLb MY Dc`ªe
Gi gvgjv Pj‡e A‰ea cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ gvgjv Pj‡e bv|G‡¶‡Î D³ MvQ¸‡jv †ivcb Kiv
n‡jv bvwK wb‡RB DV‡jv Zv we‡eP¨ welq bq|
(L) Rwgi Dci As‡ki ¶wZ Kiv A_ev Rwgi Dc‡i ivLv †Kvb As‡ki ¶wZ Kiv (
causing physical damage to land or something upon it);
MY Dc`ªe n‡Z cv‡i D³ Rwgi Dci cÖwZ‡ekx ¶wZ Kivi gva¨‡g A_ev D³ Rwgi Dci
†Kvb wKQy wbg©vY ev MvQ jvMv‡bvi gva¨‡g| †hgb Lwb‡Z KvR Kiv A_ev
ZvivI wb‡Ri Rwg‡Z MZ© Lbb Kiv Ggb fv‡e hviv Dc‡ii As‡ki ¶wZ K‡i A_ev
Ab¨ cÖwZ‡ekxi Rwgi Dci As‡k ¶wZ K‡i A_ev welv³ M¨vm wbM©Z Kiv hvq
A‡bï Rwg‡Z _vKv MvQMvQvwji ¶wZmvab K‡i|
St. helenÕs smelting co. vs. tipping gvgjv‡Z e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q MY Dc`ªe Gi gvgjv
Ges m¤úwËi we‡bv`b msµvšÍ gvgjv Gi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| gvgjv `vwLj Kiv
nq e¨w³MZ Amyweavi d‡j ev m¤úwË †fvM Amyweavi c‡i| Aek¨B e¨w³ ¯^v‡_©
mvaviYZ D³ Amyweavmg~n Av`vj‡Zi wbKU `vwLj Kiv| Ggb n¯Í‡¶c Gi cÖK…
wZ cÖ‡Z¨K gvgjvi †¶‡Î cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡`Š
Awf‡hvMK…Z welqe¯‘ msNwUZ n‡jv wKbv| alwar chetty vs. madras electric
corporation gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ivq w`j †h hw` f~K¤úb Gi d‡j evwei †`qv‡j dvUj
m„wó nq Zvn‡j evw` gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |gva¨‡g m„ó f~K¤úb Ges
wek„•Ljvwe‡ePbv K‡i Av`vjZ G ivq w`‡jv †h GLv‡b MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciv‡a
gvgjv Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|
(M) causing inconvenience , discomfort or annoyance ( Amyweav Ges Dc`ª‡c

KviY ev m„wó Kiv); †Kvb ¶y`ª †Kgb n‡Z cv‡i hvnv ¶wZ A_© ev AvMÖvmb
†Kvb wKQyB m„wó K‡i bv eis Rxeb‡K Amyweav m‡šÍvlRbK K‡i |‡hgb a~gcvb
Kiv Dc‡`kg~jK cviwdDg eënvi Kiv MÜ ˆZwi Kiv wek„•Ljv ˆZwi Kiv A_ev
fvB‡eªkb ˆZwi Kiv A_ev †Kvb evwo‡Z cwZZve„wËi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv MY Dc`ªe
Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e cÖwZ‡ekx ìRvq A_ev Qv‡ì g‡a¨ gqjv
cvwb wb‡¶c Kiv MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva n‡e|
Jugal kishore vs. ram saran das Av`vjZ ivq †`b †h fvwei †`vKv‡bi mvg‡b weev`x
KZ©„K Uq‡jU wbg©vY Kiv n‡j Zvnvi MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva n‡e|
(3) (interference must be unreasonable)n¯Í‡¶c Aek¨B A‡hŠw³K n‡e ;
cÖ‡Z¨K n¯Í‡¶c MY Dc`ªe †Kvb Aciva bq| †hŠw³KZv I †hvM¨Zv wbf©i K‡i
gvgjvi wePvi NUbvejxi Dci Ges cÖ‡Z¨K gvgjvi c„_K c„_K NUbvi Dci| GKRb
gvbyl n‡Z cv‡ib A¯^vfvweK Abyf~wZ m¤úbœ |AvjKv k‡ãi d‡j wZwb Amy¯’
n‡Z cv‡i| MY Dc`ªe msµvšÍ AvBb Ggb n¯Í‡¶c ¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbv K‡i bv hvnv
Awbevh© A_ev †h mg¯Í Amyweav ¸‡jv †K A‡hŠw³K ejv hv‡e bv| hLb GKRb
e¨w³ Zvi †iwWI eënvi K‡ib ZLb G‡Z wKQyUv wek„sLj kã m„wó nq Ges
cÖwZ‡ekxi AwaKvi Dc‡fvM¨ n¯Í‡¶c nq wKš‘ hw` Ggb kã axiMwZ nq Zvn‡j D³
n¯Í‡¶c A‡hŠw³K n‡e bv Ges cÖwZ‡ekx MY Dc`ªe Gi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY `vwe Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb bv| Ab¨w`‡K hw` wZwb AZ¨šÍ Drm k‡ãi eënvi K‡ib Ges A¯^vfvweK
mgq Ggb ev`¨h‡š¿i eënvi K‡ib Ges evwoi Rwg eënv‡ii †¶‡Î kvwšÍc~Y©
Dc‡fv‡Mi †¶Î n¯Í‡¶c K‡ib Zvn‡jB n‡e A‡hŠw³K n‡e Ges D³ ¶wZMÖ¯Í
cÖwZ‡ekx Aek¨B ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb|
Ushaben vs. bhagyalakshmi chitra mandir gvgjv‡Z hyw³ †`Lv‡bv nq †h Rq

m‡šÍvlx gv kãwU MY Dc`ªe m„wó K‡i| Av`vjZ ch©‡e¶Y Kij †h Ggb †¶‡Î MY
Dc`ªe Acivax nq bv MY Dc`ªe Aciva m„wó nIqvi Rb¨ Ggb cwiw¯’wZ ˆZix n‡Z
n‡e †hLv‡b ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q AwaKZi A¯^w¯ÍKi cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi nq|
RBw³KZv we‡ePbvi †¶‡Î, Av`vjZ AwZwi³ †m‡ÝwZf we‡ePbv K‡ibv| health vs.
brighton gvjv‡Z GKwU Pv‡P©i Uªvwó Mb weev`xi B‡jw±ªK cvIqvi †÷kb †_‡K
wbM©Z kã cÖwZia Ki‡Z wb‡k`vÁv wWwµ ìLv¯Í K‡ib| gvgjv‡Z, Ggb †KvY
cÖgvY wQjbv †h , D³ k‡ã Kv‡iv kvixwiK ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKsev Pv‡P© Dcw¯’Z
e¨w³ †ì g‡bv‡hv‡M mgm¨v Ki‡Qbv| Av`vjZ wb‡lavÁv wWµx cÖ`vb K‡iwb|
Abyiƒcfv‡eB, ROBINSON VS. KILVERT gvgjv‡Z weev`x, †ccvi e· Drcv`K,
GKwU evwoi `L‡j wQ‡jb, hvi Dc‡ii As‡k ev`x _vK‡Zb| weev`xi eemvBK Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ Dò Ges ï¯‹ evZvm cÖ‡qvRb, wZwb GB D‡Ï‡k †Pjvi Mig K‡ib| Gi d‡j, ev`xi
D³ evwoi As‡k ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvq, Ges KvM‡Ri ¶wZ K‡i, hw` D³ KviLvbv †Z
Kg©Pvixi †KvY ¶wZ nqwb Ges mvavib fv‡e KvM‡Ri †KvY ¶wZ K‡iwb|
Av`vjvZ, ivq w`j †h, weev`x GLv‡b `vqx n‡eb bv|
‡U÷ n‡Z n‡e D³ Awf‡hvM K…ZKvR Avevi kix‡ii Rb¨ ¶wZKi n‡e wKbv ev D³
MbDc`ªe gvbe kix‡ii Rb¨ ¶wZKi n‡e wKbvZvnvi wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ DbœZ gvb`Ð
ev kvixwiK ¯^v¯’¨ bxwZ AbymiY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB eis D³ GjvKvq emevmKvix
¯’vbxq e¨w³‡ì gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z wba©viY Kiv n‡e Bnv gvbe kix‡ii Rb¨ ¶wZKi
wKbv| AvevwmK Ges wkí GjvKvi mswgkª‡Y emevmKvix gvbyl D³ ïaygvÎ
AvevwmK GjvKvq emevmKvix gvby‡li g‡Zv my‡hvM myweav `vwe Ki‡Z cvi‡e
bv|
GLb Bfv DËg n‡e Avgiv wb‡¤œi KZ¸‡jv MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciv‡ai d«g m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kie †h¸‡jv mvaviYZ gvgjv Kivi †hvM¨;
1) K¤úb Ges kã ( Noise and vibration);
mvaviYZ fvix hš¿cvwZi †¶‡Î wKQy kã Ges K¤úb Awbevh©, D³ d¨v±wii

Av‡kcv‡k emevmKvix‡ì Rb¨ mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡e wKš‘ hLb Ggb kã `~lY AwZwi³ nq
Ges f~K¤úb A‡bK †ewk nq, Ges †gwkb †f‡½ ev`xi evwo †f‡½ hvq ZLb Av`vjZ
mvaviYZ weev`x‡K `vqx K‡i |
GKwU kã‡K hLb MY Dc`ªe wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq, GKwU kã‡K †hB gvÎvq ev‡R
Nb‡Z¡ mvaviYZ MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq Ggb kã †Kvb
AvBbMZ eëmv cÖwZôvb ev AvBbMZ we‡bv`b‡K›`ª A_ev AvBbm¤§Z ag©xq
Abykxjbx †K›`ª †_‡K Avm‡jv Zv we‡eP¨ bq eis Ggb kã kã `~lY Acivax MY¨ Kiv
n‡e|
Hari vs. vitthal gvgjv‡Z iv‡gk¦i gw›ì wQj |DËg gw›ì g~jZ ¯’vbxq eªvþY‡ì Q...|
Ab¨vb¨ wn›`y MY D³ gw›`‡ii cv‡k 1876 mv‡j †èx gw›ì ¯’vcb K‡i| D³ gw›`‡i
kZel©e¨vcx beiZœ Drme Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| 1899 Kvj †_‡K fRb msMxZ
cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î ¯’vbxq gvbyl‡ì Rb¨ MY Dc`ªe Aciva m„wó K‡i| Av`vjZ
wb‡lavÁv wWMÖx cÖ`vb Kij hvi gva¨‡g wefvw`‡K D³ ¯’vbxq gvbyl‡ì †K MY
Dc`ªe m„wóKvix ev D”P¯^‡i fRb msMxZ cwiPvjbv †_‡K weiZ ivLv nq|
Datta mal chiranjit lal vs. l.ladli prasad gvgjv‡Z weev`xi GKwU B‡jKwUªK wg‡ji
KviLvbv wQj Zv‡ì evwoi cv‡k |D³ wg‡ji KviLvbvi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi c‡o
wek„•Ljv m„wó nq, Ggb kã fvwei evwoi ìRv Rvbvjv Kuvc‡Z _v‡K Ges evwe
kvwšÍ‡Z evwo‡Z Nygv‡Z cv‡ib bv| AvÎvB w`j Ry‡o D³ wgj cwiPvjbv Kivi d‡j
Bnv AkvwšÍ Ges Dc‡`kg~jK Aciva m„wó K‡i| ch©‡e¶Y Kij †h Ggb Amyweav
Ges MY Dc`ªe Aciva †_‡K `vqgyw³i †¶‡Î wbf©i K‡i emevm ev`xi †hvM¨ ¯’v‡bi
Dci| AÎ gvgjv‡Z †h‡nZy ev`x g~l‡i bvgK ¯’v‡b Av³vi hvnv g~jZ AvevwmK
GjvKv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj Ggb ¯’v‡b _vKvi d‡j wZwb kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e
emevm Kivi AwaKvi iv‡Lb ev wZwb Ggb kã `~lY ev MY Dc`ªe Aciva †_‡K
myi¶v cvIqvi AwaKvi iv‡Lb|
Radhe shiam vs. gur prasad saxena gvgjv‡ZI Av`vjZ wb‡lavÁv wWMÖx cÖ`vb
K‡ib †hLv‡b Av`vjZ Avwdj Kvix †K GKwU evwo‡Z †gwkb Pvjv‡bv wb‡lavÁv
cÖ`vb K‡ib †h evwo‡Z wZwb fvovwUqv wn‡m‡e _vK‡Z| Awf‡hvM wQj D³
†gwkb cwiPvjbv Kivi d‡j MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva m„wó nq kã `~lY m„wó nq|
GKwU KvbvWvi gvgjv‡Z weev`x dvg©vi †nwjKÞvi mvnv‡h¨ KxUbvkK †¯úª
K‡ib| Av`vjZ D³ dvigvi Ges †nwjKÞvi †Kv¤úvwb Dci `vqx K‡ib evwoi Rwg‡Z
KxUbvkK Ilya wQUv‡bvi KviY Ges wb¤œ ¯Í‡i †nwjKÞvi cwiPvjbv K‡i kã `~lY
m„wó g~jK Aciva m¤úv`‡bi Kvi‡Y|avivevwnK ev µgvMZ kã `~l‡Yi d‡j m„ó MY
Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv mg~n fvi‡Zi nvB‡KvU© dhannaa lal vs.
thakur chittar singh wb‡¤œ AvKv‡i e¨³ K‡ib;
1)hw` µgvMZ kã`~lY A¯^vfvweK nq Zvn‡j Gi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hv‡e hw` nq
GKRb e¨w³i kvixwiK myweavi †¶‡Î n¯Í‡¶c K‡i|
2 ) e¨w³MZ kvixwiK AkvwšÍ m„wóKvix MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva msµvšÍ

wba©viYx cix¶vg~jK ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q AkvwšÍ m„wói gvb`Û wba©viY Kiv n‡e
ev †U÷ Kiv n‡e Ges G‡¶‡Î †Kvb P~ovšÍ gvb`Û _vK‡e bv|
3) mvaviYZ A¯^vfvweK kã `~lY weev`x Avw½bvq hvnv iv‡Zi †ejvq fvwei

evwo‡Z emevmKvix‡ì Ny‡g AkvwšÍi m„wó K‡i A_ev hvnv GZUvB D”P¯^‡i
w`‡bi †ejvq †Kvb e¨w³ mvaviYfv‡e Ggb kã ïb‡Z cvi‡eb bv ev Ggb k‡ãi mnbxq
gvÎv bq| gb gvÎvi kã hv mvaviYZ ev`xi evwo‡Z Ae¯’vbKvix e¨w³‡ì‡K Zv‡ì
¯^vfvweK Kvh©µg ev eëmvhw় K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z †`q bv eis n¯Í‡¶c
K‡i Ges Zv‡ì kvixwiK AkvwšÍ m„wói Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K|
4) GgbwK GKwU kã `~lY m¤úbœ GjvKvi †¶‡Î hw` kã`~lY QvovI AviI wKQy
welqe¯‘MZ Dc`ªe g~jK welq _v‡K †hgb †gwkb A_ev weev`xi Avw½bvq ev
Rwg‡Z _vKv †gwk‡bi kã evwoi Rwg‡Z evwo‡Z Ae¯’vbKvix Kg©Pvix‡ì
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kivi †¶‡Î kvixwiK AkvwšÍ m„wó K‡i Zvn‡j Bkv MY Dc`ªe
Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
5) hw` kã `~lY MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciv‡ai gvgjvi †hvM¨ nq, Zvn‡j weev`x Zvi
wb‡Ri m¤úwË eënvi Ki‡Qb Ggb AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ Kvh©Ki n‡e bv| GKRb
e¨w³i hLb m¤úwËi eënvi Ggb nq hv Ab¨ e¨w³ ¶wZi KviY nq Zvnv †hŠw³K eënvi
bq |
6) weev`x Zvi eëmvhw় K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡ib Zvi cÖwZ‡ekxi Rb¨ MY

Dc`ªe m„wó K‡i †Kvb cš’vq Zvn‡j wZwb eva¨ weev`x Ggb cÖwZ‡ekxi cÖwZ
†hŠw³Kfv‡e KvR Ki‡Qb e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡e bv| Zv‡K wb‡lavÁvg~jK wWMÖx
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g evwoZ Kiv hv‡e ev cÖwZeÜK Kiv hv‡e hwÌ wZwb Zvi
eëmvhw় K Kvh©µg mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`b Ki‡Qb Ges miKvi Z_v ivóªxq cÖYxZ
bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb eëmvhw় K Kvh©µg| cieZ©x AvZ¥i¶vg~jK
hyw³ MY Dc`ªe Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e wKš‘ e¨w³MZ MY Dc`ªe Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e „
7) hw` wefvwì Rwg‡Z ev Avw½bv‡Z †Kvb Kvh©µg †h‡Kv‡bv gvb`‡Ð ev

mZ©KZv Ges `¶Zvi gvb`‡Ð cÖwZ‡ekx e¨w³MZ Dc`ªe Aciva cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z
m¶g bq Zvn‡j AvNvZ cÖvß e¨w³MY Dc`ªe Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
(2) evZv‡mi gva¨‡g `~lY ( Pollution by air):hw` M¨vm †avqv evZv‡mi wb®úbœ
nIqvi ci Gevi wbM©Z nIqvi d‡j gvbe Rxeb‡K ¶wZMÖ¯Í K‡i Zvn‡j MY Dc`ªe
g~jK Aciv‡a gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv hv‡e | b. Venkatappa vs. b. lovis gvgjv‡Z weev`x
KZ©„K ev`xi evwo‡Z †auvqv wbM©Z nIqvi Rb¨ wPgwb ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Av`vjZ
eva¨Zvg~jK wb‡lavÁv g~jK wWwµ Rvwi K‡i †hLv‡b wefvw` AvwLj Kvix †K
D³ wmg Gi gyL eÜ K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv n... wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv nq hv‡Z
ev`xi evwo‡Z D³ wPgwb †_‡K †auvqv wbM©Z bv nq KviY D³ wbM©Z †auvqv
g~jZ ev`xi kix‡ii Rb¨ ¶wZKi Ges Av‡kcv‡k emevmKvix‡ì kvixwiK ¶wZi KviY
n‡Z cv‡i ZvQvov Bnv MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva ch©vqfy³| `Ûwewai 278 aviv
†gvZv‡eK †h e¨w³ cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ Ggb wKQy m„wó K‡ib ev ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e
cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ Ggb wKQy m„wó K‡ib hvnv Rb¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ ev Rb¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨
¶wZKi Zvnv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva|
( 3) cvwb `~lY ( pollution of water);
GKwU †mªvZ avivi cvwb A_ev AvÛviMÖvDÛ Gi cvwb `~wlZ Kiv Mb Dc`ªe
g~jK Aciva| `~lY wewfbœ fv‡e n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb- ZvcgvÎv e„w×, Zij cvwb †_‡K
ei‡d cwiYZ nIqv, A_ev G‡K gqjv AveR©bv Kiv| ZvB, GKwU ¯’vbxq KiwZc¶
†K †Kvb mªZaviv ev Lvj Gi cvwb `~lY †_K evwiZ K‡i wb‡lavÁv wWwµ cÖavb
Kiv hv‡e| hLb, gvgjv Kiv nq `~lY Aciv‡a, ZLb Ggb AvZ¥i¶v hyw³ †Ìqv Rv‡ebv
†h D³ `~lY Ab¨vb¨ †ì gva¨‡g I n‡q‡Q| GgbwK hLb GLv‡b `~lY msµvšÍ eY©bv
g~jK Aciva _v‡K, Z_vwc, `~lY e„w× Kivi †KvY Aw_Kvi †bB| Ggb `~lY Aek¨B
mvgvb¨ bq eis D‡jøLRÁ|
GKwU mv¤cÖwZK gv`ªvm gvgjv‡Z, MÖvgevmx KiwZK GKwU

cÖwZwbwaZ¡ g~jK gvgjv `vwLj Kiv nq, Rv‡Z miKvwi cyKzi Gi wZ‡i jeb Pvl
†_‡K weiZ _v‡K, Ges Gi gva¨‡g cyKz‡ii cvwb‡K †Mvmj, cvwbI, A_ev Ab¨vb¨
D‡Ï‡k eënvi Dc‡hvMx Kiv| Av`j‡Zi wbKU cÖgvwbZ nq‡h D³ MÖvgevmx M‡bi
D³ cyKz‡ii cvwb eënvi Kivi AwaKvi A‡bK cÖvPxb| Av`vjvZ, ivq w`j †h weev`xi
D³ Kvh©µg Mb Dc`ªe Aiva MY¨ n‡e Ges evw`Mb wb‡lavÁv wWwµ jvf Ki‡eb|
(4) cÖwZ‡ekxi Rwgi †njvb miv‡bv ( removal of support of neighbor land);
GKRb Rwgi gvwjK D³ Rwgi Dci AeKvVv‡gv wbigvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib, A_ev Bnv Lbb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx Gi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv, wKš‘ hLb cÖwZ‡ekxi
Rwg‡Z †Ìqvj A_ev feb _v‡K, Zvn‡j welqwU wfbœ n‡e|, ZvB, hLb ev`xi †Ìqv‡ji
cv‡k weev`x KiwZK MZ© Lb‡bi d‡j, ev`xi †Ìqv‡ji GKsk †f‡½ c‡o, Ges Zvi feb
†f‡½ c‡o, ZLb Av`vjZ KiwZK ivq †Ìqv nq †h, ev`x Ggb gvgjv‡Z Mb Dc`ªe
Aciva cÖgv‡b mdj n‡eb, hw` wZwb cÖgvwbZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h, feb wbg©v‡Yi d‡j
Zvi Rwg‡Z ivLv BU cv_i ¸‡jv †mLv‡b 20 erm‡ii †ekx mgq hveZ wQj|
(5) Av‡jv, evZv‡mi cÖwZeÜK (obstruction to light and air);
Easement act, 1882 Gi 15 aviv †gvZv‡eK, GKwU fe‡b Av‡jv, evZvK AwaKvi
jv‡fi myLvwaKvi AR©b Kiv hv‡e, Ges evZv‡mi AwaKvi Av‡jvi AwaKv‡ii
mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ c~Y©| Ggb Av‡jv, evZvm eënvi AwaKvi Gi n¯Í‡¶c Mb Dc`ªe
Aciva n‡e, hw` Bnv Amyweavi Kvib nq Ges evwo‡K mvavib emevm A_ev
e¨mvqxK Kvh©µ‡gi Dc‡hvMx bv nq| hLb, Bnv Ggb Amyweavi Kvib bv nq Zvn‡j
cÖZxKvi n‡e Mb Dc`ªe Aciva bq, eis BR‡gYU AvB‡bi Aax‡b cÖZxKvi cv‡eb|
(6) RbM‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡e‡k evav (obstruction of public view or access to premises);
campbell vs. peddington borough council gvgjv‡Z ev`x GKwU evwoi gvwjK
wQ‡jb| ev`xi evwoi Rvbvjv †_‡K ˆbmwM©K `„k¨ †`Lv †hZ| D³ evwo fvov
wb‡Z Pyw³ K‡ib mßg GWIqvW© Gi ¶gZv MÖnb Abyôvb †`Lvi Rb¨| weev`x
GKwU ÷¨vÛ wbigvb K‡ib hvnv D³ `„k¨ †`L‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZwi K‡i| weev`x
K‡c©v‡ikb †K Mb-Dc`ªe Aciv‡a `vqx Kiv nq| Abyiæcfv‡e fv‡e, hw` KwZcq e¨w³
Zv‡ì RvbevnY †`vKv‡bi mvg‡b cvK© K‡i iv‡Lb Zvn‡j, Zvn‡j D³ †`vKv‡bi
gvwjK Mb-Dc`ªe Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
(7) gnvmo‡K Mb Dc `ªe (Nuisance on high way);
(1)gnvmo‡K evavt GKwU Rbc` g~jK Aciva m„wó n‡Z cv‡i gnvmo‡K evav
m„wói gva¨‡g | Ggb evav wewfbœ di‡gi n‡Z cv‡i †hgb- iv¯Ívi Dc‡i cÖvYx †d‡j
ivLv, †gvUihvb A_ev RvZxq e¯‘ †i‡L hvIqv A_ev ZviKvUv w`‡q evav †Ìqv|
gnvmoK‡K Ggb evav †Ìqv n‡Z cv‡i wm‡bgv n‡ji mvg‡b gvby‡li fxo Kivi
gva¨‡g A_ev GKwU †`vKv‡bi mvg‡b fxo Kivi gva¨‡g A_ev GKwU i_hvÎvq fxo
Kivi gva¨‡g| Z‡e, Bnv ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Mb Dc`ªe Aciva n‡Z n‡j Ggb evav
Aek¨B gnvmoK G eënvi AwaKvi Gi n¯Í‡¶c n‡e| hw` Bnv mgq Ges gvÎvi w`K
†_‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bv nq, †hgb- GKwU hvbevn‡b gvj D_v-bvgv Kivi Rb¨ Mvwo
_vgv‡bv Mb Dc`ªe Aciva n‡ebv| gnvmoK RbmvaviY KiwZK eënvi AwaKvi
eënvi Kvix eënvi bv Ki‡j D³ AwaKvi nviv‡e bv| †KvY ew³ Ggb AwaKvi‡K
evav A_ev wec˜MÖ¯Í Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| Bnv wbwZgvjv †h, GKevi gnvmoK n‡j Bnv
mvivwReY gnvmoK MY¨ n‡e|
(2) gnvmo‡K wec` m„wó; gnvmo‡K wec` m„wó n‡Z cv‡i wb¤œ³ †h †KvY
AvKv‡i-
(K) iv¯Ív †givgZ bv Kiv; Bsj¨v‡Û common law †gvZv‡eK iv¯Ív †givgZ bv Kivi
Kvi‡b miKvi A_ev ¯’vbxq KiwZ c‡¶i †KvY `vqãaZv †bB | wKš‘ GB `vq gyw³
Bsj¨v‡Û Highways miscellaneous Act,1961 Øviv wejyß Kiv nq, hvnv 03
AMv¯Í,1964 mv‡j Kvh©Kix nq|
AvB‡bi 1(1) aviv †gvZv‡eK, hvnv µvIb †K `vq e× K‡i, AvBwb iæj †K mgwš^Z
K‡i, †hB AvBb Øviv e¨cK Rb †Mvôx †ì Rb¨ iv¯Ív †givgZ †_‡K `vq gyw³i weavb
wQj|
wKš‘ 1(2) aviv †gvZv‡eK, GKwU miKvwi KiwZc¶ †K iv¯Ív eë¯’vcbvq

e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡b, ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvgjvi †¶‡Î D³ KiwZc¶ Ggb hyw³ w`‡Z cv‡ib/
cÖgvY w`‡Z cv‡ib †h Zviv hyw³MZ c`‡¶c wb‡jb gvgjv mw¤cÖ³ Ask hvbevnb
Pjv‡divi Rb¨ wec`RbK wQjbv|
1(3) avivq ¯úó fv‡e D‡jøL i‡q‡Q †h, iv¯Ívi †¶‡Î RBw³K wKbv Zvnv we‡ePbv
Kiv ,iv¯Ívi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ gvb`Ð MZ e¨ e¯’vcbv wbj wKbvt RBw³K gvbe †hB
gvb`‡Ði iv¯Ív †gigZ cÖZ¨vwkZ; Ges KiwZc‡¶i wec` msµvšÍ AeMwZ| Av`jZ ivq
w`j †h, Ggb gvgjv mgy‡ni †¶‡Î ev`xi Rb¨ `vqx‡Z¡ Ae‡njv i‡q‡Q g‡g© cÖgv‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb †bB; AvBbMZ wfwË‡Z ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vex †Zvjv n‡e|
iv¯Ív †givgZ nxbZvi we‡kl BwZnv‡mi we‡ewPbvq, Ggb weavb fvi‡Z Abymi‡bi
†KvY A_© _v‡Kbv| miKvwi KiwZc‡¶i weiæ‡× UU gvgjv QvoI wiU gvgjv Kiv
hv‡e| kumari vs. state of tamil nadu and others gvgjv‡Z Avcxj Kvixi 6 eQ‡ii †Q‡j
10 dzU Mfxi cyKz‡i c‡o gvivhvb| D³ cyKziwU wjW Øviv Ave„Z Kiv nqwb,
Db¥y³ ivLv nq| | Avcxj Kvix msweav‡bi 226 Aby‡”Q` †gvZv‡eK wiU
K‡ib,weevw` †K Rs.50,000 UvKv ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv nq|
nvB‡KvU© D³ wiU LvwiR K‡i †`b, GB Ryw³‡Z †h,wiU gvgjvi gva¨‡g †KvY
weev`x `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv Kvix Zvnv wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq|
mywcÖg †KvU© Avcxj Aby g`b w`j Ges Zvwgj bv`y cÖ‡`k‡K Rs.50,000 UvKv
¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv nq, mv‡_ 12% nv‡i my`, 1Rvbyqvix,1990
mvj †_‡K ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb ch©šÍ mg‡qi Rb¨| Av`vjvZ AviI ivq w`j †h,Zvwgj bv`y
cÖ‡`k D³ ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ KiwZc¶ QvovI DKzi D¤œy³ Kvix c¶‡K `vqx Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
(L) iv¯Ívi cv‡k wec`RbK AeKvVv‡gv Ges MvQ ivLv; gnvmoK wec`RbK I n‡Z
cv‡i wec`RbK ¯’v‡b feb A_ev MvQcvjv jvMv‡bvi gva¨‡g|
(M) gnvmo‡K wec` m„wói Ab¨vb¨ cš’v- mg~n; iv¯Ív mg~n Ges Abb¨v
AeKvVv‡gv †givgZ bv Kivi Kvi‡b gnvmoK wec`RbK nevi AviI KwZcq cš’v
i‡q‡Q| †hgb- gnvmo‡K MZ© Lbb Kiv, eënviKvix †ì‡K RBw³K mZK©Zv
cÖ`vb bv K‡i †gb †nvj Db¥y³ ivLv, A_ev iv¯Ívq wec`RbK cÖvwb †d‡j ivLv|
A_ev BwÄb _‡K AwMœdzwj½ †ei nIqv, A_ev gnv mo‡K we¯úiK `ªe¨ eënvi
Kiv| Abyiƒcfv‡e gnvmo‡K hvbevn‡bi jvBU e¨ZxZ iv¯Ívq †Q‡o †Ìqv, A_ev
iv¯Ívq jvB‡U n¯Í‡¶c Kiv D³ iv¯Ív eënv‡i wec‡ì KviY n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU e¯‘
wkï‡ì Rb¨ wec`RbK n‡Z cv‡i hwÌ Bnv cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì Rb¨ wec`RbK bq|
(iii) gnvmo‡K wc‡KwUs Kiv (picketing on the high way)- GKwU gnvmo‡Ki
¸iæZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨ n‡jv Ggb Rwg hvnv gvby‡li ev Rbmvavi‡Yi PjvP‡ji Rb¨
Db¥y³ Kiv nq|gnvmo‡K Rbmvavi‡Yi AwaKvi n‡jv myLvwaKvi ev iv¯Ív PjvP‡ji
myLvwaKvi †hgb iv¯Ív w`‡q AwZµg Kivi AwaKvi| GKwU gnvmo‡K wc‡KwUs
Kiv MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva wKbv Zv wbf©i K‡i D³ gnvmo‡Ki †hŠw³K eënvi Kiv
n‡jv wKbv| †h‡nZy gnvmoK wc‡KwUs Kivi Rb¨ Db¥y³ ivLv nq bv †m‡nZy D³
mo‡K Ges wc‡KwUs Aciva Kiv g~jZ mo‡K A‰ea cÖ‡ek Ges mo‡K A‡hŠw³K
eënvi msµvšÍ Aciva m„wó nq, †hgb MY Dc`ªe g~jK Aciva| hubert vs. pitt
gvgjv‡Z weev`x Mb Ggb m•Ne× †Mvôx hviv G‡÷U G‡R›U †ì Kg©Kv‡Ð
Amš‘ó nb hviv †Wfjcvi †Kv¤úvwb‡K mvnvh¨ KiwQj|
Aa¨vq -16
M„n cvwjZ cï-m¤úwËi Dci U©U© Aciva (Torts affecting interest in domestic
relations);
cwievi msµvšÍ m¤ú„³ ¯^v_© ev AwaKvi Gi AZxe ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Ggb m¤úK©
mg~‡ni weï×Zv m¤ú‡K© †d«WwiK e‡jb GKRb e¨w³i wbR¯^ e¨w³mËvi
cieZ©x ¯’v‡b cwievi msµvšÍ m¤ú„³ ¯^v_© ev AwaKvi Ae¯’vb K‡i| Ggb ejv
AwZiwÄZ n‡e bv †h, Avgv‡ì mgv‡R gvbyl Ggb cvwievwiK m¤úK© wb‡Ri
e¨w³mËvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk myi¶v Kivi †Póv K‡i| wKš‘, cÖ_g w`‡K AZx‡Z
GgY m¤úK© i¶vi Rb¨ †KvY mivmwi U©U© AvBb wQjbv| eis Ggb cÖwZKvi
AvBbMZ cÖev` wfwË‡Z cÖ`vb Kiv nZ| cvwievwiK m¤úK© m¤cÖ³ U©U
Aciva ¸‡jv‡K 3 wU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hv‡e;
1| `v¤úZ¨ AwaKv‡ii Dci U©U Aciva

2| wcZ„Z¡ AwaKv‡ii Dci U©U Aciva
3| M„n cwiPvwiKvi AwaKv‡ii Dci U©U Aciva
1| `v¤úZ¨ AwaKv‡ii Dci U©U Aciva ( Torts to marital interest)

`v¤úZ¨ AwaKv‡ii n¯Í‡¶c wb¤œvKv‡i n‡Z cv‡i;
(i) KvD‡K AcniY A_ev Kv‡iv wRe‡bi ni‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv
(ii) ¯¿xi cÖwZ kvixwiK AvNvZ Kiv
(iii) ¯^vgx‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv
(i) KvD‡K AcniY A_ev Kv‡iv wRe‡bi ni‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv (
Abduction or enticements of ones life ;
GKRb ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿xi mvn PvR© †_‡K †Rvi, cÖZvibv, A_ev cÖ‡ivPbvi
Kvi‡b ewÂZ n‡Z cv‡ib| Ggb mKj gvgjv mgy‡n, Kgb AvB‡b ¯^vgxi Rb¨
cÖwZKvi i‡q‡Q| Ggb mKj gvgjvi wfwË nj `vgcË¨ Rxeb nviv‡bv, ZvB
Awf‡hvM Kiv nq †h, Ggb Aciv‡ai gva¨‡g mvgvwRK gh©v`vi nvwb N‡U|
winsmore vs. green Bank gvgjv‡Z ev`x ev ¯^vgx Ggb e¨w³i weiæ‡× mdj nb
whwb Zvi w¯¿ †K cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i fvwM‡q †bb| GB Kvi‡b mdj nb †h Gi d‡j
wZwb Zvi mvgvwRK gh©v`v nvivb| place vs. Searle gvgjv‡Z weev`x ev`xi
¯¿xi mv‡_ A‡bK eQi hveZ eÜyZ¡ c~Y© wQ‡jb| Ges ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi ga¨Kvi Kjn
n‡j, weev`x D³ ev`xi w¯¿‡K cÖ‡jvfb †`wL‡q fvwM‡q wb‡q hvb| Av`vjZ
weev`x‡K cÖ‡ivPbvi Rb¨ `vqx K‡ib|
Scrutton L.J. wb¤œ³ ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib;
eZ©gvb mg‡q GwU Avgvi wbKU ¯úó †h, GKRb ¯^vgx Ges ¯¿xi ga¨Kvi
`v¤úZ¨ MZ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zv‡ì cwievi G n¯Í‡¶c Kvix ewnivMZ
†ì weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
hLb ewnivMZ Ab¨ Z„Zxq e¨w³i Ggb cvwievwiK wel‡q n¯Í‡¶‡ci h_v_©
AvBbMZ KviY _v‡K †hgb ¯¿x‡K ¯^vgxi wbh©vZb †_‡K i¶v Kiv ev ¯^vgx‡K
†h †Kv‡bv gvbweK Kvi‡Y Zvi Rxeb i¶vi Rb¨ n¯Í‡¶c Kiv nq ,Zvn‡j †m‡¶‡Î
D³ Z„Zxq e¨w³ gvbweKZvi LvwZ‡i ¯^vgxi wbôyiZvi †_‡K ¯¿x‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨
cvwievwiK wel‡q n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv|
(ii) e¨wfPvi A_ev †dŠR`vix Akvjxb AvPiY ev K_vevZ©v ( Adultery or
criminal conversation); Kgb AvB‡b GKRb ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿xi mv‡_ e¨wfPvi
Aciv‡a Kv‡iv weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib | Ggb Akvjxb †dŠR`vwi Aciva msµvšÍ
K_vevZ©v ejv msµvšÍ Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y wePvi, ev gvgjvi wfwË †nvj cÖZviYv
Ges `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b n¯Í‡¶c g~jK Aciva bxwZgvjvi wfwË‡Z gvgjvwU Av`vj‡Z
MÖnY‡hvM¨| hLb GKRb e¨w³ ¯^v‡_© eënvi K‡ib †m‡¶‡Î Zvi weiæ‡×
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi AwaKvi cÖwZ Ab¨vq Aciva| Ggb †¶‡Î AvË-i¶v hyw³
†Ìqv hv‡ebv †h ¯¿xi D³ e¨wfPvi Aciv‡a m¤§wZ wQj| G †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
KwVbZg iæj we‡ePbv K‡i, GwU AcÖvmw½K †h weevw` Rv‡bb bv †h D³
gwnjv weevwnZ wQ‡jb| Ggb gvgjvmg~‡n Av`vjZ mvaviYZ we‡kl †Kv‡bv
KviY e¨ZxZ ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡i bv|
(iii) ¯¿x‡K ˆ`wnK fv‡e AvNvZ Kiv ( causing physical harm to wife) ; †hgwb
fv‡e GKRb gvwjK Zvi Kg©Pvix cÖwZ †mevMZ AwaKvi iv‡Lb †Zgwb
GKRb ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿xi cÖwZ AvBbMZ Ges mvgvwRK AwaKvi iv‡Lb |hw`
†Kvb e¨w³ Kv‡iv ¯¿x‡K AvNvZ K‡ib Ges Zvi kvixwiK †Kv‡bv c½yZ¡eiY Kiv
nq ev †Kv‡bv ¶wZmvab n‡j ¯^vgx ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb U©U©
AvB‡bi Aax‡b| ¯^vgxi cÖwZ Ggb ¶wZi Kvi‡Y ¯¿x‡K Ggb gvgjv Kivi
AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb| best vs. samuel fox and co. ltd. ev`xi ¯¿x weev`xi
weiæ‡× Zvi ¯^vgx‡K AvNvZ Gi Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib hLb wZwb weev`xPvKwi
cvjb KiwQ‡jb | Ggb AvNv‡Zi d‡j ¯^vgx †hŠb kw³ nvivb, d‡j Zv‡ì `v¤úZ¨
Rxeb asm nq| ZvB Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h ev`x GLv‡b cÖwZKvi cv‡eb| hyw³
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h Ggb iæj mwVK bq| ZvB fviZxq Av`vjZ‡K Ggb iæ‡ji
AbymiY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
( iii) ¯^vgx‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv ( enticement to husband) `v¤úZ¨ AwaKvi
cvi¯úwiK AwaKvi †hgwb fv‡e ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿xi mvgvwRK Rxeb jvf K‡ib |
†Zgwb fv‡e ¯¿x I Zvi ¯^vgx mvgvwRK Rx‡eb n¯Í‡¶c Kiv n‡j wZwb †h
Kv‡iv weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb whwb Zv‡K Zvi ¯^vgxi Ges mvgvwRK
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Ki‡eb| wKš‘ ¯¿x‡K cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h Zvi
¯^vgx‡K cÖ‡ivPbv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q M„n Z¨vM Kivi Rb¨ Ges msmvi Z¨vM Kivi
Rb¨|
GKRb ¯¿x Zvi ¯^vgxi mv‡_ e¨wfPvi Kvix gwnjvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi
†bB| Abyiƒcfv‡e Av`vjZ ¯^vgxi cÖwZ AvNv‡Zi d‡j ¯¿x KZ©„K ¶wZc~i‡Yi
gvgjv LvwiR K‡i †`b | winchester vs. fleming gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i
†h GKRb ¯¿x Ab¨ gwnjvi weiæ‡× Zvi ¯^vgxi mv‡_ ciKxqv Kivi Kvi‡Y gvgjv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv | Av`vj‡Z hyw³ `vwLj Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb iæj mvgšÍZvwš¿K
mgvReë¯’v Ges gwnjv‡ì‡K wb¤œ mvgvwRK gh©v`v `v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖYqb
Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Zviv Zv‡ì `vwe¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb K‡i Ges mgvR Zv‡ì‡K
mggh©v`v `vb K‡i‡Q| ZvB ¯¿x‡ì Ggb gvgjv Ki‡bi ev gvgjvi AwaKvi LvwiR
Ki‡bi Ab¨w`‡K ¯^vgx †K Ggb gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kivi †Kvb AvBbMZ
mwVK hyw³ †bB| GwU DËg n‡e hw` Ggb gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi †_‡K
¯^vgx‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq|
¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvc ( Measure of Damages)

¯¿xi cÖwZ AvNvZ Gi †¶‡Î ev gvgjvi †¶‡Î hLb mvaviY ¶wZc~iY msµvšÍ
bxwZgvjv cÖ‡qvM cÖ‡qvM Gi †Kvb KviY _v‡K bv †hgb Abyf~wZ‡Z
AvNvZ cvIqvi Rb¨ | AvNv‡Z hLb ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ AvBwb bxwZgvjv cÖ‡qvM
Kiv hvq bv Ggb †¶Îmg~n e¨ZxZ GKB ¶wZc~iY msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv ¯^vgx‡K
wb‡q hvIqvi ciKxqv Kivi †¶‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e | Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb
Kiv nq `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡bi mwZ¨Kv‡ii Ges Abyf~wZi AvNvZ Ges mvgvwRK
gh©v`vi welq we‡ePbv K‡i ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY wba©viY Kiv nq mvgwóKfv‡e|
¯¿xi Df‡qi AvPvi-AvPiY Ges PvwiwÎK welq¸‡jv mvgwóKfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv
n‡e ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨| wKš‘ ¯^vgx Ges ¯¿xi `vwi`ªZv ev
Zv‡ì mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb ev m¤úwËi wnmve we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e bv|
wcZ„Z¡ DËivwaKvi m¤úwËi Dci Aciva ( Torts to parental interest);
AvB‡b wcZvgvZv‡ì †K Zv‡ì mšÍv‡bi GKzk eQi we‡kl K‡i fvi‡Z 18 eQi
ch©šÍ mšÍvb‡ì‡K wbR¯^ †ndvR‡Z ivLvi AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î
wcZvgvZvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q mšÍvb †K Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi †ndvRZ †_‡K
cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i wb‡q †M‡j A_ev Zvi †ndvR‡Z n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡j gvgjv Kivi| Z‡e
G‡¶‡Î Kgb AvBb wKQyUv ÎæwZ †_‡K gy³ bq| Avgiv eZ©gv‡b GB welq
msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv †K A‡hŠw³K wn‡m‡e †`wL | G‡¶‡Î wcZvgvZv‡ì myi¶v
cÖ`vb Kiv ‡q‡Q AvBb MZ cÖev‡ì Dci wfwË K‡i | Ggb cÖwZKvi cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡q‡Q cvwievwiK AwaKvi jsNb Kiv n‡q‡Q GB Kvi‡Y bq eis wkï KZ©„K
Zvi wcZv-gvZvi †mev-hZœ †_‡K ewÂZ nIqvi welqwU we‡ePbv K‡i|
mvaviYZ gvgjv MÖnY Kiv nq GB AvBb bxwZgvjv gvwjK Ges Kg©Pvix
msµvšÍ AvB‡bi bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K mg„× Kiv n‡q‡Q| ïaygvÎ cv_©K¨ nj
GKRb gvwjK Zvi Kg©¯’j n¯Í‡¶c Gi †¶‡Î Ki‡Z cv‡ib hLb gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ Zvi
Kg©Pvixi Pyw³ _v‡K wKš‘ wcZv-gvZvi †¶‡Î Ggb hyw³ cÖgvY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv | ïaygvÎ beRvZK wkï ev bvevjK wkï wcZv-gvZvi mv‡_ emevm Ki‡Zb
Ggb welqwU cÖgvwYZ n‡jB gvgjvwU Av`vj‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e| G‡¶‡Î
†mev Abygvb Kiv n‡e| hw` wkï cÖvßeq¯‹ nq Zvn‡j wcZvgvZv‡K cÖgvY
Ki‡Z n‡e †h cÖvßeq¯‹ wkïi Rb¨ wZwb wKQy KiwQ‡jb ev †mev cÖ`vb
KiwQ‡jb|
‡KvY mšÍvb Ab¨ e¨w³i wbqwgZ PvKwi cvjb wQ‡jb ev †mevq wb‡qvwRZ
_v‡Kb Ges hLb mšÍvb cÖvßeq¯‹ nq A_ev bvevjK nq Ges wcZv-gvZvi cÖwZ
†Kvb †mev cÖ`vb Kiv bv nq ZLb wcZv-gvZv Ggb mšÍvb‡ì cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡j
ev †KD wb‡q †M‡j gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi nviv‡e| wKš‘ hLb †Kvb e¨w³i †mevq
wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb ev PvKzix cvjb K‡ib w`‡bi AvswkK As‡ki Rb¨ Ges cieZ©x
As‡k wcZv-gvZvi †mev wb‡q hw` _v‡K , Zvn‡j †m †¶‡Î wcZv gvZv Ggb
mšÍvb‡K †KD wb‡q †M‡j ev Ggb †mevq n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡j gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi
iv‡Lb terry vs. Hutchinson gvgjv‡Z ev`xi Kb¨v Zvi PvKzix cvjb †k‡l evwo‡Z
wdiwQ‡jb Zv‡K †ijI‡q †Uª‡b _vKv Ae¯’vq cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i fvwM‡q wb‡q
hvIqv nq Ges GKwU mšÍvb Rb¥ nq| Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i †h GLv‡b ev`x
¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb †h‡nZy D³ wcZv gvZvi mšÍvb †K Zvi gvwjK KZ©„K
Ab¨vqfv‡e Zvi M„n †_‡K wb‡q hvIqv nq Ges wcZvgvZv‡K ZvivB DcvR©b
Kiv †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq | wcZv-gvZv †K Zv‡ì mšÍv‡bi Ggb Avq-DcvR©b
†fvM Kivi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq|
wcZv-gvZvB bb Ggb wcZv-gvZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© ev mr wcZv-gvZvI Ggb

KviYmg‡~n gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb | beetam vs. james gvgjv‡Z ev`x-weev`xi
weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡ib fvwei 22 eQ‡ii Kb¨v‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi Rb¨| Bnv Av`vj‡Zi
wbKU cÖgvwYZ nq †h ev`x Ges Kb¨vi gvZv ci¯úi weevwnZ wQ‡jb bv eis
Zviv ¯^vgx-¯¿x wn‡m‡e wjf Uy‡M-`vi Ki‡Zb| Ges Zv‡ì mv‡_ _vK‡Zv|
Av`vjZ Gi wbKU cÖgvwYZ nq †h Kb¨v wèm Kvjxb mgq PvKzix cvjb K‡ib
Z_vwc w`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ mg‡q wZwb euvw`‡K Ges Zvi gv‡K M„n Kg©Kv‡Û
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Zb |Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i †h evM`x GLv‡b ¶wZc~iY jvf
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb gvgjv Kivi gva¨‡g|
Baboo vs. Mst. subanshi gvgjv‡Z Av`vj‡Z ivq cÖ`vb K‡i †h †h †¶‡Î GKwU
Kb¨v‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi welqwU m¤ú„³ _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î Bs‡iwR iæj †K
b¨vqwePvi, BKzBwU, Ges fv‡jv we‡eK wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
M„n¯’ Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì n¯Í‡¶c ev ¶wZmvab Kivi d‡j U©U Aciva (

torts to interest in domestic servents)
GKRb gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Ggb e¨w³i weiæ‡× gvgjv Kivi whwb Zvi
M„n¯’ Kg©KZ©vi †mev †_‡K ev KvQ †_‡K Zv‡K ewÂZ K‡i‡Qb wb‡¤œv³
Dcv‡q mg~n
(1) Zvi Kg©Pvix‡K AvNvZ A_ev AvUK ivLvi gva¨‡g
(2) Kg©Pvix‡K M„n Z¨vM Ki‡Z Z_v gvwj‡Ki M„n Z¨vM Ki‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ
Kiv nq
(3) Ab¨vq fv‡e PvKzix Z¨vM K‡i‡Qb Ggb Kg©Pvix‡K †Kv_vI †Mvc‡b ivZ
_vKvi Rb¨ Avkªq cÖ`vb Kiv
(4) gwnjv Kg©Pvix‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi gva¨‡g
Dc‡iv³ †h †Kv‡bv cš’vq Aciva m¤úv`‡bi †¶‡Î Kg©Pvix‡K Aek¨B Zvi gvwj‡Ki
PvKwi cvjbiZ Ae¯’vq n‡Z n‡e| Zvi PvKwi †_‡K Zv‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq Ges
†m AvNvZ cÖvß nq Ges PvKzix †_‡K Ae¨vnwZi cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ
Kiv nq Zvn‡j gvwjK Gi gvgjv Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi _vK‡e bv| hw` †Kvb e¨w³
†m evev PvKwi‡Z eZ©gv‡b wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb Zvn‡j G‡¶‡Î Zv‡ì g‡a¨
AvbyôvwbK PvKzwii Pyw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q wKbv Zvnv we‡eP¨ bq ev
AcÖvmw½K Ges AvBb Abyhvqx GwU êa Pyw³ wKbv †mwU we‡ePbv Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb †bB| keene vs. boycott gvgjv‡Z GKRb GwZg †K evwe KZ©„K
PvKzix‡Z wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq Ges Zv‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i weev`x Zvi PvKzix
†_‡K wb‡q hvb| Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb K‡ib †hLv‡b ev`x D³ wefv‡Mi wbKU †_‡K
¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb| D³ PvKzwii Pyw³ Abyhvqx wQj wKš‘ weev`x‡K D³
GwZg‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i myweav MÖnY Kivi my‡hvM †Ìqv hv‡e bv GwU
weev`xRb¨ Ab¨vq RbK|
GKRb gwnjv Kg©Pvix‡K cÖ‡ivPbvi †¶‡Î gvwjK‡K cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h

D³ cÖ‡ivPbv Kivi mgq Ggb Kg©Pvix KZ©„K gvwj‡Ki wKQy `vwqZ¡¡ cvjbiZ
wQj‡Zv cÖ‡ivPbvi d‡j ev`xi wKQy Avw_©K ¶wZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| gvwj‡Ki
Ggb ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i D³ gwnjv Kg©Pvixi kvixwiK Amy¯’Zv ev gvbwmK
Amy¯’Zv Mf©aviY ev Zv‡K †Kv_vI AvU‡K ivLvi d‡j Ggb PvKwi cvj‡b
gvwj‡Ki ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i|
GKRb Kg©Pvix‡K A‡bK gvwjK KZ©„K GKmv‡_ wb‡qvM †Ìqv n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ‡Z¨K gvwjwK Zv‡ì Kg©Pvix‡K cÖ‡ivPbv `vbKvixi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb c„_K c„_K fv‡e|
Bnv cÖ‡qvRb bq †hKg©Pvix‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv ev ¶wZmvab Kivi †¶‡Î
gvwjK Ges Kg©Pvixi m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj Ggb welqwU ev m¤úK©wU
cÖgvY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| jones vs. brown gvgjv‡Z evwe wcZv Zvi mšÍv‡bi
cÖwZ AvNv‡Zi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb | hLb GKRb Kb¨v Zvi
¯^vgxi mv‡_ we‡”Q` nIqvi ci wcZv-gvZvi evwo‡Z G‡m Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e
PvKwi MÖnY K‡ib ZLb D³ wcZv-gvZv Ggb Kb¨v mšÍvb‡K †KD cÖ‡ivwPZ
Ki‡j ev cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i PvKzwiPy¨Z Ki‡j PvKwi †_‡K wb‡q †M‡j DËit wcZv-
gvZv Ggb Kb¨v Zvb‡K cÖ‡ivPbv `vbKvixi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvc ( Measure of damages);
cÖ‡ivPbvi †¶‡Î ¶wZc~i‡Yi cwigvY cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi bxwZgvjv
AbymiY Kiv nq wcZvgvZv Ges gvwjK msµvšÍ †¶Îmg~n | hLb Ggb ¶wZc~iY
gvwjK KZ©„K `vwe Kiv nq ZLb mvaviYZ G¸‡jv PvKzixi ¶wZ ev Zvi Kv‡Ri
¶wZ msµvšÍ ¶wZc~iY `vwe Kiv nq| mvaviYZ Av`vj‡Z †¶‡Î `„óvšÍg~jK
¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡i bv| hLb Ggb ¶wZc~iY wcZvgvZv Ki‡Z `vwe Kiv nq ZLb
Av`vjZ mvaviYZ ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡ib ïaygvÎ PvKzwii ¶wZi Rb¨ bq eis
gvbwmK AkvwšÍ Am¤§vb Ges wcZv-gvZvi gvbwmK Abyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ
BZ¨vw` wel‡q we‡ePbv K‡i mvgwqK Kfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n... wkïi mvgvwRK
gh©v`vnvwb, A‰ea mšÍvb jvjb cvj‡bi LiP Ges wcZv-gvZv I mšÍv‡bi
mvgvwRK gh©v`v mvgwóKfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î D³ ¶wZc~i‡Yi
cwigvY Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ weev`xgva¨g ev Zvi Avgvi cÖ‡ivPbvi gva¨g ev D‡Ïk¨
we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e bv|
Aa¨vq 17
e¨w³MZ mybvg Ges c‡Yï mybv‡gi Dci U©U Aciva ( torts to personal reputation
and reputation of goods)
1. Defamation (gvbnvwb)
Bs‡iwR Ges fviZxq AvBb (English and Indian Law )
gvbnvwbi Rb¨ †dŠR`vwi msµvšÍ `vq e×Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡e fviZxq `Ðwewai
499 Ges 500 avivi weavb Abyhvqx | GB welqmg~‡n fviZxq AvBb ¸‡jv mgwš^Z
Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvbnvwbi Rb¨ Aciva msµvšÍ wel‡q fviZxq AvBb ¸‡jv mgwš^Z Kiv
nqwb eis G‡¶‡Î G¸‡jv Bsj¨v‡Ûi Kgb AvB‡bi bxwZgvjv AšÍf©y³, †j‡ejmg~n
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Av`vjZ BKzBwU Ges b¨vq wePv‡ii ¯^v‡_© AbymiY K‡i‡Q| wKš‘
Ggb ejv hv‡e bv †h gvbnvwb msµvšÍ Bs‡iwR AvBb bxwZgvjv mg~n fviZxq
AvB‡bi †_‡K c„_K ev ¯^Zš¿| Av`vj‡Z Kzrmv Kiv ev AegvbbvKi gšÍe¨ Kiv
`ywU‡K c„_K Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nqwb ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv nqwb|
msÁv ( definition)
gvbnvwb ev Aegvbbv Kivi ci Aciva msNwUZ nq wg_¨v Ges AcgvbRbK e³e¨

cÖKvk Kivi gva¨‡g ev`xi †¶‡Î †hLv‡b †Kvb mwVK AvBbMZ h_v_©Zv ev KviY
_v‡K bv|
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`vb mg~n ( Essential elements);
Dc‡ii msÁv †_‡K ¯úó †h, gvbnvwb gvgjv‡Z mdjZvi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ Dcv`vbmg~n
Aek¨B cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e ;
1| e³e¨ Aek¨B gvbnvwbKi n‡e
2| Ggb e³e¨ Aek¨B wg‡_¨ n‡e

3| D³ e³‡e evw`‡Km¤ú„³ K‡i †Ìqv n‡e A_©vr Ggb e³‡e¨ Aek¨B ev`xi †idv‡iÝ
Avbv n‡e|
4| Ggb e³e¨ Aek¨B cÖKvwkZ n‡Z n‡e
5| Ggb e³e¨ cÖ`v‡bi †Kvb AvBbMZ h_v_©Zv ev mg_©b _vK‡e bv|
( 1) e³‡eï gvbnvwbKi cÖK…wZ ( Defamatory nature of the statement);
GKwU e³e¨ gvbnvwbKi hw` Ggb e³‡eï gva¨‡g we‡K mgv‡R Zvi †hŠw³K Ae¯’vb
†_‡K AewnZ Kiv nq A_ev D³ e³‡eï gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri gvbyl Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i ev
N„Yv Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i
(K) Ggb hv e³e¨ †hŠw³K gvb‡ei mvgvwRK gh©v`vnvwb NUvq ( statements

lowering in the estimation of reasonable persons);
Ggb †h‡Kvb e³e¨ hv mgv‡R GKRb e¨w³i †hŠw³K gh©v`v ev Ae¯’vb AebwgZ
K‡i A_ev Zv‡K N„Yv we‡Øl Acgvbm~PK Ae¯’v‡b wb‡q hvq| Ggb GKRb
gwnjv‡K hw` ejv nq wZwb AmZx, A_ev GKRb e¨w³‡K hw` ejv nq wZwb feNy‡i
A_ev GKRb e¨w³ Avmv‡g, Ggb wg_¨v Acev` cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j, Aciva wn‡m‡e
MY¨ Kiv n‡e| ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡‡K mš¿vm wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Ki‡j wZwb ivR
‰bwZK AvMÖvmb Pvjv‡bv wg_¨v Acev` cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j GwU AZ¨šÍ AcgvbRbK
e³e¨ cÖ`vb msµvšÍ Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| Rb e¨w³‡K hw` ejv nq wZwb
†ckvMZ mv¶x hvi mv¶¨-cÖgvY UvKv w`‡q wKbv hvq A_ev hw` ejv nq GKRb
cÖv_©x UvKv cwi‡kva K‡i UvKv cÖ`vb K‡i †fvU K‡i‡Qb Ggb AcgvbRbK ev
Ab¨‡K AcgvwbZ Kiv e³e¨ Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
Awdm, eëmv Ges †ckv msµvšÍ wel‡q e³e¨ cÖ`vb (Statement concerning office,
trade or profession);
GKRb gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK mybvgnvwb K‡i Ggb e³e¨ cÖ`vb QvovI KwZcq e³e¨
i‡q‡Q hvnv eëüZ nq †idv‡iÝ K…Z e¨w³i PvKwi †ckv A_ev Awdm msµvšÍ
wel‡q AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ | hw` †Kvb e¨w³ †K Awd‡mi Rb¨ A‡hvM¨
ejv nq, A_ev wZwb Awd‡mi UvKv AvZ¥mvr K‡i‡Qb Ggb Awf‡hvM Avbv nh&‌
A_ev hw` Awf‡hvM Kiv nq GKRb eëmvqx Amr A_ev wZwb Kv‡jvevRvixi
mv‡_ m¤ú„³, A_ev hw` GKRb eëmvqx‡K ejv nq wZwb fyj cwigvc K‡ib ev IRb
Kg †`&‌ A_ev hw` Awf‡hvM Kiv nq wK cvg ê‡`wkK kÎæ‡ì mv‡_ Pyw³ K‡i‡Q,
A_ev GKRb eëmvqx †`Dwjq&‌ A_ev GKRb wePviK c¶cvwZZ¡ Ges `yb©xwZi
Rb¨ †`v¯Í, mg~n cÖgvY e¨ZxZ Acev`g~jK n‡j G¸‡jv Acev`g~jK Aciva wn‡m‡e
MY¨ n‡e|
cY¨ msµvšÍ wg‡_¨ e³e¨ ( disparagements of goods);
mvaviY iæj wn‡m‡e cY¨ msµvšÍ wg‡_¨ K_v ejv Acgvb g~jK Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨
n‡e bv | mwVK AvBbMZ c`‡¶c n‡e Ab¨‡K frmbv Kiv wKš‘ hLb Ggb wg‡_¨
msµvšÍ e³e¨ †Kv‡bv we‡kl êwkó¨ I ¯^Zš¿ êwkó¨ e¨³ K‡i Ges Bnv ZLb †Kv‡bv
eëmvqx‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv n‡j gvbnvwbKi Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e Ges GwU
U©U Aciv‡ai Aax‡b ch©vqfy³ n‡e| hLb Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q ÷‡Ki g‡a¨ _vKv
GKwU welqe¯‘ eënvi Dc‡hvMx bq ZLb Bnv Acev` m~PK Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨
n‡e bv wKš‘ hw` Ggb e³e¨ †Ìqv nq †h GKRb eëmvqx Af¨vmMZ fv‡e eënvi
Dc‡hvMx bq Ggb cY¨ wewµ K‡ib Zvn‡j Acev` m~PK Acivax wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
ZvB GKRb eB we‡µZv KZ©„K A‰bwZK eB wewµ Kiv n‡q‡Q A_ev GKRb
KmvB KwZ©K g„Z Ges bó n‡q hvIqv ïK‡ii gvsm wewµ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb e³e¨
†Ìqv, `~wlZ cvwb w`‡q mvi ˆZwi Kiv Ggb wg_¨v Acev` †Ìqv, Gi weÁvcb K…Z
RvnvRwU mgy`ªhvÎvi Rb¨ Dchy³ bq Ggb wg_¨v Acev` †Ìqv wg‡_¨ Acev` g~jK
Aciva Ges G‡¶‡Î D³ KviYmg~n U©U© AvB‡bi Aax‡b gvgjv Kiv hv‡e|
(L) (Statements causing a person to be shunned or avoided) †KvY e¨w³‡K mgv‡Ri

gvbyl cwinvi Ki‡e ev Z¨vM Ki‡e Ggb e³e¨ cÖ`vb Kiv; A‡bK KwZcq e³e¨ i‡q‡Q
hvnv m‡›`nvZxZfv‡eB †KvY wNªbv,Aegvbbv, A_ev Zy”P-Zvw”Qj¨ cÖKvk
K‡ibv, wKš‘ Ggb e³e¨ mg‡~ni Kvi‡b ev`x‡K gvbyl cwinvi K‡i| †hgb- hLb GKwU
wg‡_¨ e³e¨ †Ìqv nq †h, GKRb e¨w³ ü` †iv‡M fyM‡Qb, A_ev,wZwb †Ìwjqv,
A_ev wZwb cvMj, Ggb e³e¨ gvbnvwbKi Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| hwÌ Ggb e³e¨
N„Yvi cwie‡Z© mnvbyfywZ ˆZwi Ki‡e| youssoupoff vs. metro goldwine-mayer
pictures ltd gvgjv‡Z Ggb gZvgZ †Ìqv nq, AÎ gvgjv‡Z Awf‡hvM Kiv nq‡h,
evw`bx youssoupoff †K D³ weev`x †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì QjwQ‡Îi g‡a¨ †`wLG‡Qb †h
Zv‡K ivmycywZb al©Y K‡ib| Av‡jvP¨ gvgjvi iv‡qi 587 c„ôv †gvZv‡eK
Av`vj‡Zi wbKU D³ evw`bxi PwiÎ AcÖvmw½K wQj,Zvi gvb nvwbKi e³e¨ †Ìqv nj
wKbv g‡g© e³e¨ we‡eQbvi †¶‡Î| Av`vjZ g‡b K‡i Ggb e³e¨ ïaygvÎ ev`xi Rb¨
gvbnvwbKi B bq eis Ggb e³e¨ ev`xi Rb¨ N„Yv, Zy”P, Zvw”Qj¨, Acgvb e‡q Avb‡e
Ges gvbyl evw`bx‡K mvgwRK fv‡e cwinvi Ki‡e|
GKB fv‡e, hviv GKRb e¨w³ ü` †iv‡M fyM‡Qb, A_ev,wZwb †Ìwjqv, A_ev wZwb
cvMj, Ggb e³e¨ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ w`‡eb, Zv‡ì weiæ‡× mswkøó e¨w³iv gvbnvwbi
Aci‡va gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
(M) Acgvb, Aceënvi, Ges gvbnvwb ( insults, abuse,and defamation);
Acgvb ev Acgvb RbK kã mvaviYZ gvbnvwbKi k‡ãi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ _v‡K | Acgvb
Ges gvbnvwb `ywU kã c„_K c„_K aviYv| Acgvb nj Kv‡iv m¤§v‡b AvNvZ Kiv
A_ev Kv‡iv AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva AvNvZ Kiv Ges Ggb ¶wZ cÖKvkbv QvovB m„wó
nq| gvbnvwb n‡jv Ggb e³e¨ hv GKRb e¨w³i mvgvwRK mybvg mybvg we‡ivax
†Kv‡bv e³e¨ cÖKvkbvi c‡j Zvi ¶wZ mvwaZ nq evmbv webó nq|
g‡a¨ cv_©‡Kï ¸iæZ¡ GB NUbvi Dc‡i wbnZ †h ïaygvÎ Acgvb Gi Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y
gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv †Kvb we‡kl ¶wZ mvab nIqv m‡Ë¡I, Ab¨w`‡K gvbnvwbi †¶‡Î
†Kvb we‡kl ¶wZmvab nIqv m‡Ë¡I A_ev bv nIqv m‡Z¡I gvgjv Kiv hv‡e| Acgvb
Kiv †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡ai ch©vqfy³ n‡e hw` nv kvwšÍ f‡½i KviY nq Ges AwaKvsk
gvgjvi †¶‡Î †dŠR`vwi Av`vj‡Z cÖwZKvi cÖ`vb K‡i wKš‘ ïaygvÎ Aceënvi ev
Acgvb U©U Aciv‡a †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß bq|
hwÌ gvbnvwbi ch©vqfy³ bq Ggb ïaygvÎ we`ªæc ev e¨½vZ¥K fvlv Gi weiæ‡×

gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv Z_vwc hLb Ggb AvNvZ welqe¯‘MZ ¶wZ Ges weiw³i KviY nq
D³ g„Z e¨w³i wbKU Ges Zvi mybv‡gi mvab K‡i ZLb gvbnvwbi Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv
hv‡e| gvgjv Pjgvb _vK‡e wKbv Zv wba©vi‡Yi mwZ¨Kv‡ii cix¶v nj D³
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ mgq Ges ¯’v‡b cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv wKbv hvi gva¨‡g fvwe‡K †Kvb
AcgvbRbK Aegvbbv RbK Ae¯’v‡b m¤§yLxb Kiv n‡e A_ev evw`‡KZvi
mvgvwRK gh©v`v †_‡K AewnZ Kiv n‡e| ma pan ye vs. maung an aung gvgjv‡Z
AvwcjKvix weev`xi weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡ib GB Kvi‡Y †h weev`x D³ AvwcjKvix †K
†Pvi wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í K‡ib Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³‡ì evjK †kvbv K_vi wfwË‡Z A_©vr
e³e¨wU mZ¨ wKbv Zv wba©viY bv K‡i Zv‡K †Pvi wn‡m‡e cÖPvi K‡i|
Syraj narain vs. sita ram gvgjv‡Z wefvw` GKRb Znkxj`vi wQ‡jb , D³ Znwmj`vi
ev`xi fvovwUqv‡ì wKQy m¤úwË Rã K‡ib †h m¤úwËi Rã Kivi weiæ‡× ev`x
wKQy Kv‡j±i Awd‡mi wKQy AW©vi `vwLj K‡ib |GKw`b hLb D³ evwe †Zvqm
Bb Awd‡mi evB‡i wQ‡jb ZLb Ztwmj`vi Zv‡K ej‡jb †h Zywg Kv‡j±i Awd‡mi
LvRbv Av`vq msµvšÍ iwk` `vwLj K‡i‡Q m¤úwË †µvK msµvšÍ †Kvb fyj Kiwb
Zywg †Zvgvi cÖK…Z RvZ cÖ`k©b K‡iQ„ Av`vjZ Ggb AegvbbvKi e³e¨ †K
Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i|
Harakh chand vs. ganga prasad gvgjv‡Z fvex Ges weev`x DfqB AvRvgMo
Avm‡bi †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vP‡bi cÖv_©x wQ‡jb | †fv‡Ui Zvwi‡L weev`x ev`xi
evwo‡Z KZ¸‡jv jvwVqvj evwnbx mn Dcw¯’Z nb Zv‡K Acgvb Kivi Rb¨| Zviv
ev`xi evwo‡Z R‡ov nIqv †fvUvi‡ì‡K wb‡q †h‡Z Pvqbv| evwo Gi g‡a¨ wQj...|
wZwb Zvi Kg©Pvix‡ì‡K D³ †fv‡U †h‡Z bv †Ìqvi wb‡`©kbv †`b| hLb
Kg©Pvix‡K evav cÖ`vb K‡i ZLb Zvi Kg©Pvix‡K ûgwK cÖ`vb K‡i Ges ev`xi
weiæ‡× AcgvbRbK kã eënvi K‡ib, †hgb-
1| hw` Zvi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g †Pqvig¨vb nIqvi B”Qv _v‡K Zvn‡j ZvivwR Db¥y³
gv‡V Avmv DwPZ bq Kivi Rb¨
2| hw` ev‡` wbivc‡` _vK‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j wefvwì mv‡_ Ggb †fv‡Ui
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv bv K‡i bxi‡e _vK‡eb Ab¨_vq wefv‡MB Ges Zvi Abymvix‡ì
RyZvi evwi Lv‡eb|
3| wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf Kivi cwie‡Z© Zv‡K cybivq R¡vjv †evb gmyi cwigvc Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges weev`x‡K †mev Ki‡Z n‡e Ab¨_vq weevwnZv †K RyZv w`‡q gvi‡e|
4| evw`‡K RviR mšÍvb wn‡m‡e Mvjg›` K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h êa mšÍvb n‡j Zvi
m¤§y‡L G‡m †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z gvivgvwi Ki‡Z|
Ggb e³e¨mg~n Ges Kvh©µg¸‡jv Db¥y³ evRv‡i mevi m¤§y‡L D”PviY Kiv nq
evw`‡KAcgvb Kivi Rb¨ Ges Gi wcQ‡b Ggb g‡bvfve wQj †h weev`x GLv‡b e¨³
Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj †h Avw` g~jZ AvUv Ges Xvj wewµi Rb¨ Dchy³ wZwb †Pqvig¨vb
nIqvi Rb¨ Dchy³ bb| evsjvi wePvh© NUbvejx we‡ePbv K‡i Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb Kij
†h Ggb e³e¨ Ges J×Z¨c~Y© AvPiY Aek¨B AcgvbRbK Ges G¸‡jv AcgvbRbK
Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e ZvQvovI weev`x †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
Awf‡hvMK…Z kã AcgvbRbK wKbv ev gvbnvwb g~jK g~jK wKbv Zvnvi wbf©i

Ki‡e ïaygvÎ D³ k‡ãi A_© Gi Dci bq eis ‡hB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z D³ kã ejv n‡q‡Q
ev‡Rfv‡e D³ kã ejv n‡q‡Q Ges D³ k‡ãi mv‡_ †h Kvh©µg¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q
Zv‡ì mvgwMÖK welq we‡ePbv K‡i wba©viY Kiv n‡e D³ e³e¨wU AcgvbRbK
wKbv |A‡bK AcgvbRbK kã mg‡qi D‡ËRbv ev gvbyl gvivgvwi‡Z D‡ËwRZ n‡q
eënvi K‡ib Ges †Kvb †hŠw³K gvbex Ggb k‡ãi w`‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡eb bv |ZLb Ggb
kãmg~n BwZevPK Awf‡hvMmn eënvi Kiv nq ZLb G¸‡jv AegvbbvKi Aciva
wn‡m‡e MY¨ n... ZvB hLb GKRb gwnjv‡K ïaygvÎ wmš’j wn‡m‡e ejv nq SMovi
†¶‡Î Ges mv‡_ hw` Awf‡hvM Kiv nq †h wZwb Ab¨ ¯^vgxi mv‡_ msmvi Ki‡Qb
Zvn‡j GwU AcgvbRbK Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e
( N) AviwRi m¤ú~iK ( innuendo):
Ggb A‡bK kã i‡q‡Q hvnv cÖv_wgKfv‡e g‡b nq †h wb‡`©kg~jK KviY G¸‡jvi

A_© ¯^vfvweK Ges cÖv_wgK A‡_© ¸‡jv AcgvbRbK bq| Ab¨w`‡K KwZcq kã
i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv cÖv_wgKfv‡e AegvbbvKi e‡j g‡b nq wKš‘ cÖK…Z c‡¶
AegvbbvKi kã bq| hLb Awf‡hvMK…Z †Kvb evK¨ ev Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb
AegvbbvKi evK¨ cÖv_wgKfv‡e wb‡`©k m~PK evK¨ wn‡m‡e cÖZxqgvb nq
Zvn‡j fvex‡K Zvi Awf‡hv‡Mi Avi wR‡Z D³ e³‡eï mv‡_ AegvbbvKi A_©‡K
m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e Ggb e¨vL¨v g~jK e³e¨‡K AviwRi m¤ú~iK ejv n... wb‡¤œ KwZcq
D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡e †h wKfv‡e wb‡`©kg~jK k‡ãi
eënvi KwZcq cwiw¯’wZ‡Z gvbnvwbKi Aciv‡ai m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(i) Morrison vs. Ritohie and co AÎ gvgjv‡Z weev`x †Kv¤úvwb GKwU †bvwUk
cÖKvk K‡i GB g‡g© †h mywbw`©ó Zvwi‡L wRGg Gi ¯¿x `ywU mšÍv‡bi Rb¥
`vb K‡ib| cÖv_wgKfv‡e Ggb e³e¨ gvbnvwbKi bq Gi †NvlYvi w`K †_‡K| wKš‘
A¯¿ gvgjvi NUbv n‡jv wmqvg Ges Zvi ¯¿x D³ Zv‡i‡Ki gvÎ GK gvm c~‡e©
weevn K‡i‡Qb ZvB Ggb `ªæZ mg‡q G ai‡bi †bvwUk cÖ`vb Kiv Zv‡ì `v¤úZ¨
Rxe‡bi Rb¨ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e Av`vjZ g‡b K‡i|
(ii) Cassidz vs. Daily mirror news papers ltd
Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z ev`xYx Rbve Cassidz Gi êa AvBbMZ ¯¿x wn‡m‡e wQ‡jb| Zvi
¯^vgx GKwU †Nvovi Mvwo cÖwZ‡hvwMZv `‡ji gvwjK wQ‡jb| wÌ Zviv ¯^vgx-
¯¿x ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ _vK‡Zb bv Z_vwc wZwb mPivPi Zvi mv‡_ †`vKv‡b †`Lv Ki‡Z
†hLv‡b Zvi ¯¿x Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e wb‡qvMcÖvß nb Ges Zvi d¬¨v‡U _v‡Kb|
†Nvovi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv AbywôZ nIqvi mgq weev`x mvsevw`K D³ ¯’v‡b
Dcw¯’Z n‡q Zv‡ì `yRb ¯^vgx-¯¿x Qwe †Zvjv Ges wZwb cwÎKvq cÖKvk K‡ib
†h Zviv `yRb ci¯úi ¯^vgx-¯¿x bb eis Zviv GKmv‡_ wjf Uy‡M`vi K‡i| d‡j ev`x
Z_vq ¯¿x ksKi`n Av`vj‡Z gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Rb¨ gvgjv `vwLj Kiv Av`vjZ gvgjvi
NUbvejx we‡ePbv K‡i ivq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q GLv‡b weev`x mvsevw`K gvbnvwbKi
e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ U©U AvB‡bI wZwb `vqe× n‡eb|
(iii) Tolley vs. fry
fvebv‡Z wefvw` wQj GKwU weL¨vZ PK‡jU Drcv`b KviLvbvi gvwjK |gvgjv‡Z
weev`x PK‡jU cÖ`vbKvix †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì m¤§wZ e¨ZxZ Zvi Mjd K¬v‡ei Qwe
cvMj gv‡V Zvi †Ljvi Qwe mn PK‡jU Lv‡”Qb Ggb GKwU `„k¨ wej‡ev‡W©
weÁvcb wPÎ wn‡m‡e cÖKvk K... evw` GKRb weL¨vZ †L‡jvqvo wQ‡jb GLv‡b
hyw³ n‡”Q weev`x eëmvqxK cÖwZôvb AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡ibwb Ggb weÁvcb Gi
Rb¨ Av`vjZ D³ eÜ K‡ib AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Aciv‡a|
(iv) Monsoon tussauds ltd
gvgjv‡Z wefv‡Mi GKwU Av‡Mœqv¯¿ ˆZixi †Kv¤úvwb hviv Av‡Mœqv¯¿ I

wifjevi ˆZwi KiZ| D³ †Kv¤úvbxi AbygwZ e¨ZxZ evw`‡KGKwU †gwkbMvb mn
Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ 3 Rb e¨w³i mv‡_ Qwe cÖKvk K‡i weÁvcb †evW© ˆZwi K‡i
†hLv‡b Ab¨vb¨ 3 Rb e¨w³ Avmvwg wQ‡jb hviv wewfbœ †gqv‡` `Ð wQj| wfwWI
evw`‡Kc~‡e© nZ¨vi Aciv‡a Av`vjZ †MÖdZvi K‡i Ges Ae‡k‡l Av`vj‡Zi wbKU
m¤úv`b nIqvi ci cÖZxqgvb nq †h ev`x GKRb wb‡`©vl e¨w³ ZvB evw`‡KAv`vjZ
nZ¨vi ci †_‡K LvwiR K‡i †`q| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z weev`x KZ©„K Ggb nZ¨vi
Avmvwg‡ì mv‡_ fvwei Qwe m¤ú„³ K‡i weÁvcb wPÎ cÖ`k©bx‡Z ev`x Zvi Rb¨
AegvbbvKi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| evwR iveY hyw³ we‡ePbv K‡i Ges gvgjvi
NUbvejx we‡ePbv K‡i ivq cÖ`vb K‡i †h GLv‡b weev`x c¶ †_‡K AegvbbvKi
Aciva m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q ZvB wefvw` GLv‡b `vqe× n‡e|
‡h kãUv fvlv¸‡jv †_‡K AviwRi m¤ú~iK ev GKwU cÖv_wgKfv‡e cÖZxqgvb

wb‡`©vl e³e¨ g~jZ AcgvbRbK Ggb welq cÖgvY Kiv nq, Ggb kã ev fvlv ¸‡jv‡K
Aek¨B cÖK…Z A_© Ges cwiw¯’wZi Av‡jv‡K we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e| hLb Ggb
kã¸‡jvi A‡bK¸‡jv †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v _vK‡e ZLb mg¯Í e¨vL¨v ¸‡jv †K AbymiY Ki‡Z
n‡e| GLv‡b we‡eP¨ cix¶v n‡jv Ggb kã¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK Ges †hŠw³K A_© cÖKvk
Kiv ev AbymiY Kiv Ges hyw³i Av‡jv‡K D³ kã¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v K...| capital and
counties bank gvgjv‡Z wefvwì mv‡_ e¨vs‡Ki GKRb eªvÂ g¨v‡bRv‡ii SMov nq
ev weev` nq |d‡j weevwnZv‡ì Kv÷gv‡ii wbKU †bvwUk cÖ`vb K‡i †h ev`x
e¨vsK Gi wbKU †Kvb ai‡bi †PK †`‡Lbbv Ki‡Z hv‡Z KviY †PK `vwLj Kiv n‡j
ev`x e¨vsK UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡e| d‡j ev`x e¨vsK †Kv¤úvwb gvbnvwbKi
†bvwUk ev e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z gvgjv K‡ib Zv‡ì `vwe Ggb †bvwUk
Kv÷gvi‡ì wbKU e¨vs‡K †`Dwjqv e¨vsK wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki... |Z‡e nvDR Ae
jW©m wfbœ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i KviY nj Rem g‡b K‡ib †h weev`x KZ©„K D³ evwe
e¨vs‡Ki †PK MÖnY bv Kivi A‡bK¸‡jv †hŠw³K KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges Ggb
†bvwUk cÖ`vb Kiv ev †bvwUk Kv÷gvi‡ì wbKU cÖKvk Kivi A_© GB bq †h
wefvw` D³ e¨vs‡K wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Qb|
Sukraji bikaji vs. kundammal ackraj
gvgjv‡Z Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q weev`x MÖvg †c‡U †NvlYv K‡ib †h evw`
cY¨¸‡jv‡K cvewjK wbjv‡gi gva¨‡g wewµ Kiv n‡q‡Q GKwU mywbw`©ó ZvwiL|
evwe hyw³ †`Lvb †h Ggb e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡i †h wVKfv‡e †`Dwjqv n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi
cY¨¸‡jv FY`vZv‡ì gva¨‡g wbjvg wewµ K‡i Rã Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ggb hyw³ Av`vjZ
KZ©„K MÖnY Kiv nqwb GB Kvi‡Y †h |Av`vjZ g‡b K‡i ïaygvÎ GKwU cY¨ ev
†Kvb cY¨ ¸‡jv †cÖg wbjv‡gi gva¨‡g wewµ Kiv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ †Kvb Av`vj‡Zi
Av‡`‡ki Kvi‡Y bq Ggb †NvlYv Kiv n‡j GwU e³e¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡ebv ev
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv|
hLb ev`x m¤ú~iK AviwRi m¤ú~iK cÖgvY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq ZLb wZwb e³‡eï
mvaviY ev ¯^vfvweK A‡_©i Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z cv‡ib |hw` e³‡eï mvaviY A_©
Aegvbbv Kiv nq Zvn‡j AviwRb m¤ú‡K© AwZiwÄZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e|
Tusar kanti ghose gvgjv‡Z cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ e³e¨ we‡f‡ì Rb¨ AegvbbvKi
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq ¯^vfvweK Ki‡Z Ges ZvB Av`vjZ g‡b K‡i GLv‡b †h‡nZy
g~j e³e¨ AegvbbvKi Aciv‡ai ch©vqfy³ n‡e ZvB AviwRi m¤ú~iK eY©bv ev
innuendoes `vwLj Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB |
Knowledge of the defendant ( weev`xi Ávb ev AeMwZ)
hw` Av‡R©›U m¤ú~iK cÖgvwYZ nq Zvn‡j wefvw` gvgjvi cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K©

AeMZ wK bv Zvnv cÖvmw½K bq †hB cwiw¯’wZ wb‡`©kg~jK e³e¨‡K
AegvbbvKi e³e¨ iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
Ggb AvBbMZ weavb Cassidz vs. daily mirror newspapers ltd gvgjvi ivq †_‡K
¯úó †hLv‡b wefvwì †Kvb Ávb wQj bv †h ev‡` B‡Zvg‡a¨B weevwnZ wQ‡jb
evw`‡KAegvbbvKi e³e¨ msev`c‡Î cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Aciv‡a `vqx Kiv nq|
Burden of proving innuendo ( m¤ú~iK AviwR ev GKwU wbª&‡`vl e³e¨

AegvbbvKi Ggb cÖgv‡Yi `vhw়Z¡)
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z GKwU e³e¨ wb‡`©kg~jK wKš‘ GwU AegvbbvKi cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨
Aviex m¤ú~iK e³e¨ fvB Ggb wb‡`©k g~jK e³e¨ g~jZ AegvbbvKi Zv cÖgv‡Yi
†¶‡Î KZ©e¨ Aek¨B evwRi Ici b¨¯Í n‡e evw`‡KcÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h Ggb wb‡`©k
g~jK e³e¨ AegvbbvKi| Ggb welq ¸wj cÖgv‡Yi `vhw়Z¡ Kv‡ì Dci KviY AvR‡K
cÖgvb Ki‡Z n‡e †h Ggb e³e¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i Ggb e³e¨
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Ggb wel‡q ewj cÖgv‡Yi †¶‡Î cvwicvwk¦©K cÖgvYmg~n ev
mswkøó cwiw¯’wZMZ cÖgvYmg~n we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e †h cwiw¯’wZ ev
cÖgvYmg~n D³ e³e¨ e¨w³ †K Abygvb cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ggb e³e¨ ev w`‡K Bw½Z K‡iB
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q... †h †¶‡Î evw` Ggb e³e¨ ¯úó e³e¨ AegvbbvKi GB g‡g© mdj †nvK
ZLb Iw`‡K m¤ú~iK AviwRi welqe¯‘ cÖgvY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv
(v) form of defamatory statement( AegvbbvKi e³e¨ Gi wewfbœ AvKvi ev dg©)
AegvbbvKi ev gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i †gŠwLK kã †jLv Qwe, Avq
wQb&& A_ev wb`k©b Gi gva¨‡g| Bs‡iwR Kgb AvBb G Kzrmv Ges AegvbbvKi
e³‡eï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| D³ AvBb †gvZv‡eK DrmvwnZ nq Ggbfv‡e
wjwLZ e³e¨ A_ev Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vqx Qwe fvi‡Zi gva¨‡g Ab¨w`‡K AegvbbvKi e³e¨
MwVZ nq gy³K_v Bkvivq Ges kwii fw½i gva¨g|
Importance of the distinction ( cv_©‡Kï ¸iæZ¡)
‡Kvb cv_©K¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi Aax‡b KviY G¸‡jv cÖKv‡ki d‡j
wb‡¤œv³ wewfbœ djvd‡ji m„wó n‡Z cv‡i ev cwiYZ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i-
1. Kzrmv iUbv Kiv GKwU UP© g~jK Aciva Ges †dŠR`vix Aciva, wKš‘
AegvbbvKi e³e¨ ïaygvÎ UP© g~jK Aciva |ZvB Aegvbbv Kiv †dŠR`vwi Aciva bq
hw` Gi Rb¨ kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi AegvbbvKi m¤ú„³ †dŠR`vix
weavb cÖ‡qvM Gi Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ †gqv‡` Kviv`Ð cÖ`vb Kiv nq
2. Kzrmv iUbv Kiv n‡j gvgjv Kiv hvq wKš‘ AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki d‡j
wb‡¤œv³ †¶Îmg~n weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hvq bv
(i) hLb kã¸‡jv evw`‡Kkvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva m¤úv`bvi mv‡_ PvR© hy³ K‡i
(ii) hLb kã¸‡jv Zv‡K msµvgK †iv‡Mi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i euvPvi hy³ K‡i hvi D‡Ïk¨
n‡jv Zv‡K mgvR †_‡K LvwiR ev †ei K‡i †Ìqv
(iii) hLb kã¸‡jv ejv nq Ggb e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© Ggb fv‡e Zvi †ckv cvZvi eëmv
m¤ú‡K© †hLv‡b Zv‡K D³ †cÖmvi Rb¨ A‡hvM¨ Zvi eëmvhw ়Kfv‡e Amr
wn‡m‡e Zy‡j aiv nq
(iv) hLb Ggb kã¸‡jv GKRb gwnjv‡K AmZx ev A‰bwZK mvgvwRK gh©v`v wK
K‡i
(v) hLb Ggb Kzrmv iUbv Kiv nq GKRb e¨w³‡K Zvi Awdm †ckv eëmv ev Ab¨vb¨
Kvh©µg †_‡K wZwb A‡hvM¨ wZwb Amr eëmvqx Ggb g‡g© cÖgvY ev gvby‡li
m¤ú‡K© Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨
Reasons for the distinction ( Ggb cv_©K¨ mg~‡ni KviY)
Ggb cv_©K¨ mg~‡ni KviY g~jZ BwZnvmB KZ wfwËK †hŠw³K wfwË bq ev

†hŠw³K wfwË GLv‡b Kg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| Z‡e Ggb cv_©‡Kï Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³
KviYmg~n e¨³ Kiv nq
(i) GKwU Kzrmv iUbv Kiv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z D‡ËwRZ n‡q eva¨ Kivi g‡a¨ gvbyl
D”PviY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges nVvr cÖ‡ivPbvi d‡j Ggb kã eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb PvR©
†K wjwLZ AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv Ges cÖKvk ev wewfbœ cÖKvkbv gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Kiv n‡j GwU B”QvK…Z Ges Amr D‡Ïk¨ we‡ØlcÖm~Z D‡Ïk¨ †K cÖKvk K‡ib
(ii) †`wL‡Zv A_ev gyw`ªZ welq ¯’vqx n‡q hvq Ges Gi e¨vcK cÖKvkbvi m¤¢vebv
_v‡K wKš‘ GKwUf Kzrmv ïaygvÎ Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Kzrmv iUbvKvix gva¨‡g †kvbv
nq
(iii) A‡bK gvbyl AšÍwb©wnZfv‡e wek¦vm K‡i Ggb kãmg~n‡K hv Zviv gyw`ªZ
AvKv‡i †`L‡Z cvq
(iv) Ggb cv_©‡Kï Rb¨ cÖ`Ë Av‡iv GKwU KviY n‡jv Kzrmv iUbvi e¨vcK
cÖ‡ivPbv ev cÖfve Ges kvwšÍ f‡½i †Póv ev cÖ‡ivPbv
Indian law ( fviZxq AvBb)
Kzrmv iUbv Kiv Ges AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki ga¨Kvi †Kvb cv_©K¨ Kiv nqwb
wb‡¤œv³ KviYmg~n Gi d‡j
(i) fviZxq AvB‡b Bs‡iwRi gZ Kzrmv iUbv Kiv Ges AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv
†dŠR`vwi Aciva Ges U©U g~jK Aciva bq| †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai 499 aviv
wjwLZ AegvbbvKi e³e¨ Ges †gŠwLK I gvbbvi e³‡eï g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ ˆZwi Kiv
nqwb| gy³ aviv †gvZv‡eK hLbB †Kvb e¨w³ A_ev †gŠwLKfv‡e A_ev `„k¨gvb
†Kv‡bv e¯‘ Øviv †Kvb wKQy cÖKvk K‡i ev †Kvb wKQy cÖ`k©b K‡i †Kvb
e¨w³ msµvšÍ welq Ges †hLv‡b wZwb Rv‡bb †h Zvivgb cÖKvkbv ev cÖKvwkZ
welqwU wg_¨v wKš‘ †Zgb cÖKvkbvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q mswkøó e¨w³‡K Aegvbbv Kiv
Ggb e¨w³ AegvbbvKi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb| wK AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
†dŠR`vwi Aciv‡ai `vqx n‡eb|
(ii) Kzrmv iUbv Kiv Ges AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU cv_©K¨ †hLv‡b
mwZ¨Kv‡ii ¶wZc~iY ev ¶wZ n‡q‡Q Ggb cÖgvY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq †mLv‡b
Kzrmv iUbv Kiv Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î fviZxq Av`vjZ ¸‡jv mvaviYZ Ggb Aciva LvwiR
K‡i †Ìqvi _vK hLb Kzrmv iUbvg~jK Aciva Av`vj‡Z `vwLj Kiv nq ZLb
mwZ¨Kv‡ii ¶wZ m„wó bv n‡j Av`vjZ mvaviYZ gvgjvwU LvwiR K‡i †`b|
Parvathi vs. Mannar gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h, GgY iæj cÖvK…wZK
b¨vqwePvi m¤§Z bv nIqvq Bnv‡K Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AvB‡b AšÍf©y³ Kiv hv‡e bv |D³
gvgjv‡Z ev`x weev`xi weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡ib 1000 fviZxq iæwc ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e|
wZwb Awf‡hvM K‡ib ... †h weev‡` Zv‡K AcgvwbZ Kivi Rb¨ Rbm¤§y‡L MÖvg¨
gywÝcyi m¤§y‡L Zv‡K AcgvwbZ K‡ib GB g‡g© wg_¨v †NvlYv Kivi gva¨‡g
wZwb Zvi weevwnZ ¯¿x bq| Gi gva¨‡g weev`x Dw³ ¯¿xi m¤§vbnvwb NUvi Ges
Zv‡K AmZx bvix wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i mvgvwRK fv‡e AcgvwbZ Kiv nq| weev`x
hyw³ †`Lvb Kzrmv iUbv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU gvgjv ev ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjv we‡kl ¶wZ
m„wó n‡q‡Q g‡g© cÖgvY e¨ZxZ Av`vj‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ b... Ggb hyw³
nvB‡KvU© KZ©„K LvwiR Kiv nq|
Hira vhai jahangir mistry vs. dinshaw edulji karkaria
gvgjv‡Z ev`x Ges Zvi ¯^vgx Ges Zv‡ì GKRb cÖwZ‡ekx hvi bvg Rvg‡k` Zviv
GKwU d¬¨v‡U GKmv‡_ emevm KiZ| Ges weev`x Ab¨ GKwU d¬¨v‡U emevm
Ki‡Zb GKB fe‡b... ev`x weev`x Ges D³ Rvg‡k` Gi ga¨Kvi SMov m„wó n‡j D³
fvexi ¯^vgx Ges Rvg‡k` Gi weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì‡K Acgvb K‡ib| gvgjvi
ïbvwbKv‡j g¨vwR‡÷ªU Rvg‡k`‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡j †mLv‡b wb‡¤œv³ KZ¸‡jv
AcÖvmw½K Ges AegvbbvKi DËi Av‡m weev`x c¶ †_‡K;
weev`x D³ Rvg‡k`‡K D³ ev‡ei ¯¿xi mv‡_ ciKxqv Ki‡Qb e‡j wg_¨v Acev` †`q
Av`vjZ GLv‡b Ggb e³e¨‡K AegvbbvKi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i ev`xi AbyK‚‡j
ivq cÖ`vb K‡i|
Merton, c.j. D³ gvgjvwU‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ wn‡m‡e ivq cÖ`vb K‡i mywcÖg

†KvU© 1883 Gi †idv‡iÝ cÖavb K‡i;
Zvi g‡Z Avgiv GB c‡q‡›U fvi‡Zi A_ev Bsj¨v‡Ûi †Kvb iæwjs Øviv AbymiY Ki‡Z
ev `vqe× bq| Ges Avgiv ïaygvÎ Bs‡iwR AvBb AbymiY Kie hLb gvgjvi cwiw¯’wZ
Abyhvqx GwU b¨vqwePv‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq A_©vr b¨vqwePvi AR©‡bi
Rb¨ Avgiv G‡¶‡Î Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i
2. Satement must be false and malicious (e³e¨wU Aek¨B wg‡_¨ Ges we‡Øl cÖm~Z
n‡e);
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Gi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kivi Rb¨ Ggb e³e¨‡K Aek¨B wg‡_¨ n‡Z n‡e|
wKš‘ Ggb e³‡eï wg_¨v cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ KZ©e¨ bq| Av`vjZ Abygvb Ki‡e †h Ggb
e³e¨ wg‡_¨ Ges G‡¶‡Î wefvw`‡K cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e ev AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ Øviv
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h D³ e³e¨wU mZ¨ A_©vr gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ mZ¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
GLv‡b we‡Øl k‡ãi A_© AvBbMZ we‡Øl †cvlY Kiv| GKwU gvbnvwbKi gvgjvi
†¶‡Î AvBbMZfv‡e we‡Øl ïaygvÎ AvbyôvwbK Awf‡hvM wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
GwU GKwU Abygvb MZ welq, LyeB Kg †¶‡Î cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Ab¨vq ev
`yb©xwZMÖ¯’ g‡bvfv‡ei `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Ggb we‡`k gvgjv Ki‡Yi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb bq| Ggb `vqe×Zvi Rb¥ nq ïaygvÎ we‡ØlcÖm~Z g‡bvfve
†_‡K bq eis gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Kivi gva¨... Ggb we‡Øl cÖvmw½K n‡Z cv‡i
hLb weev`x AvZ¥i¶vi hyw³‡Z `vwLj K‡ib Ges ¶wZc~iY wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î †Kvb
myweav jvf Ki‡eb g‡g© hyw³ WvKwQj cÖgvwYZ K‡i mdj nq|
3. Reference to the plaintiff;
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Gi Rb¨ gvgjvi †¶‡Î euv w`‡K Aek¨B cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h D³
cÖ`Ë gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wU‡K †hŠw³Kfv‡e Zv‡K Abygvb Kiv n‡q‡Q g‡g©
Abyaveb Kiv hvq| hw` evw`‡KGgb cÖKvkbvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³Ki‡Yi wKQy bv _v‡K
ev cÖgvY bv _v‡K Zvn‡j wZwb gvgjvq e¨_© n‡eb| Ggb m‡Zï cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
LyeB mvaviY wel... cÖ‡Z¨K gvgjvi †¶‡Î cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h ev`x AvNvZcÖvß
n‡q‡Qb ev ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡q‡Qb| wZwb Ab¨ Kv‡iv cÖwZ m„ó ¶wZ ev Ab¨v‡qi Rb¨
cÖwZKvi wKsev gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| hw` Ggb kã ev fvlv evw`‡K†idv‡iÝ K‡i
cÖKvk Kiv bv nq Ges Zvi mybvgnvwb bv NUvq Zvi mybvg †K cÖfvweZ bv K‡i
Zvn‡j mvaviYZ ev`x gvgjvq mdj n‡eb bv| Ggb †idv‡iÝ wewfbœ fv‡e n‡Z cv‡i
,‡hgb- wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv nj|(a) Reference without any name (‡Kvb bvg cÖKvk
e¨ZxZ †idv‡iÝ cÖ`vb Kiv);
‡idv‡iÝ me©`v bvg cÖKvkmn n‡Z n‡e Zvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB A_©vr Ggb †idv‡i‡Ýi
bvg cÖKvk Gi cÖ‡qvRb bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Le fanu vs. malcomson gvgjv‡Z weev`x
msev`c‡Î Ggb e³e¨ cÖKvk Ki‡jv †h wKQy AvBwik KviLvbvq kªwgK‡ì Ici
wbh©vZb Kiv n‡”Q| hwÌ ev`xi bvg D‡jøL Kiv nqwb Z_vwc Ggb e³e¨ ev`xi
KviLvbvi Rb¨ AegvbbvKi ev ¶wZKi wn‡m‡e Av`vj‡Zi wbKU cÖZxqgvb nq|
T.G. goswami vs. the state of pepsu
gvgjv‡Z hyw³ `vwLj Kiv n‡q‡Q Awf‡hvMK…Z AegvbbvKi e³e¨ †Kv‡bvwU‡ZB

Awf‡hvMKvixi evev‡ì bvg D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| Av`vjZ Ggb hyw³ LvwiR K‡i †`q
Ges Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q hw` †Kvb e³e¨ cÖKvkbv †_‡K cvV Kivi c‡i GKRb
†hŠw³K gvbe eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h GB e³e¨wU Kv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ev †Kvb NUbv‡K
D‡Ïk¨ K‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zvn‡j †m †¶‡Î D³ mswkøó e¨w³i bvg
mywbw`©ófv‡e D‡jøL Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| cvVK ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †hŠw³Kfv‡e
Ggb e³e¨ cvV K‡iB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb Kv‡K †idv‡iÝ Kiv n‡q... wePvh© PvR© n‡”Q
GB †h K‡qK kZ iæwc wcÖw›Us hš¿cvwZ µq Kivi Rb¨ AvZ¥mvr Kiv n‡q‡Q
†hLv‡b ivóªxq wefvM miKvwi wKQy Kg©KZ©v RwoZ| Ges miKvix wefv‡Mi
GB gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖavb wQ‡jb Awf‡hvMKvix hv‡K Ggb e³‡e¨ †Pvi wn‡m‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Ges wZwb Awf‡hvM K‡ib †h hwÌ Zvi bvg e³e¨ D‡jøL Kiv nqwb
Z_vwc †h‡nZy Zvi gš¿Yvj‡qi welqwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvB RbMY Ggb e³e¨
cvV Gici Zv‡K †Pvi wn‡m‡e Rvb‡e hw` Zvi Rb¨ AegvbbvKi| Av`vjZ e³e¨ MÖnY
K‡i Ges ev‡Ni AbyKz‡j ivq cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi AwaKvi wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv †`b|
Union benefit guarantee co. vs. Thakorlal
hyw³ `vwLj Kiv n‡q‡Q ev gvgjvi NUbvejx †_‡KB †`Lv hvq †h BÝy‡iÝ
†Kv¤úvbx wewfbœ wef³ cwiKíbvq KvR K‡i †h¸‡jv 12 eQ‡ii †ewk Kvh©Kix wQj
bv Ges †hLv‡b M¨vivw›U cwic~Y© Kivi cÖkœ Dc¯’vwcZ nqwb| Avi Awf‡hvM
Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb †Kv¤úvwbi AmsL¨ g¨v‡bwRs G‡R›U g~jZ wQj Ges Zviv `wi`ª
†kªYxi gvby‡li UvKv ¸‡jv‡K AvZ¥mvr K‡i GB g‡g© weev`x cwÎKvq KZ¸‡jv
e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡i| hwÌ GLv‡b Ggb e³e¨ mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwbi bvg D‡jøL Kiv
nqwb Z_vwc Av`vjZ D³ e³e¨mg~n †Kv¤úvwb‡K †idv‡iÝ K‡iB cÖKvk Kiv
n‡q‡Q myZivs e³e¨¸‡jv wg‡_¨ cÖgvwYZ n‡j AegvbbvKi wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡j
Aek¨B †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv ¶wZc~iY jvf Kie...
(b) Statements referring to one person but defaming another (hLb e³e¨ GKRb
e¨w³‡K †idv‡iÝ †Ìqv nq wKš‘ Acgvb Kiv nq Ab¨ e¨w³‡K);
GKRb e¨w³‡K †idv‡iÝ K‡i cÖ`Ë AegvbbvKi e³e¨ KwZcq †¶‡Î Ab¨ e¨w³‡K
Aegvbbv ev Ab¨ e¨w³i gvbnvwbKi n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î D³ e¨w³‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i Ggb
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Gi Rb¨ wZwb e³e¨ `vZv Ges cÖKvk‡Ki weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb| †hgb hw` A, B †K, c Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z e‡jb †h c GKRb RviR mšÍvb,
Zvn‡j GLv‡b D³ b Gi wbKU ej‡jI wZwb wm Gi wbKU `vqe× n‡eY gvnwnwbKi
e³e¨ ejvi Rb¨| GLv‡b hwÌ A D³ e³e¨ b Gi wbKU e‡j‡Pb, c †K mivmwi ejv nqwb,
Z_vwc c D³ A Gi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
(c) unintended reference by fictitious names ( KvíwbK bv‡g AcÖZ¨vwkZ
†idv‡iÝ);
GwU cÖ‡qvRbxq bq †h weev`x‡K Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ evwe‡K †idv‡iÝ K‡i

cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e ev B”QvK…Zfv‡e cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e |Av`vj‡Zi wbKU we‡eP¨
welq GLv‡b ev`xc¶ e³e¨wU B‡”QK…Z wKbv eis Av`vjZ we‡ePbv Ki‡eb e³e¨
cvV Kivi ci GKRb †hŠw³K gvbe welqwU‡K Abyaveb Ki‡e wKbv welqwU
euvw`‡Ki Kiwe wKbv †mwU hw` eyS‡Z cv‡i Ggb welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e|
hyw³ `vwLj Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv †h Zvivgb wek¦vm Kivi †Kvb KviY †bB †h Ggb e³e¨
wZwb fvex‡KI †idv‡iÝ K‡i cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb wZwb KL‡bv Rv‡bb bv †h ev`x g~jZ
†K A_ev wZwb ev`x Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj wKbv †m wel‡q Rv‡bb bv Ggb hyw³ Av`vj‡Z
`vwLj Kiv hv‡e bv| G wel‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvgjv nj Hulton and co. vs. jones, AÎ
gvgjv‡Z msev` cwÎKv GKwU †jLv cÖKvwkZ nq GLv‡b weev`x‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv
nq †h wZwb GKRb Pv‡R©i cv`ªx Z_vwc wZwb d«v‡Ý GKRb gwnjvi mv‡_
emevm Ki‡Qb| DËi †jLvi cÖKvkK g~jZ ev`xi bvg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Zb bv evevwR
†K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i †j‡Lb bv wZwb Rvb‡Zb bv †h Ggb bv‡gi e¨w³ c„w_ex‡Z RxweZ
i‡q‡Qb| wZwb bvgwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb KvíwbK PwiÎ wn‡m..||`yf©vMëkZ Zvi
Ggb KvíwbK PwiÎ bv‡gi mv‡_ wg‡j hvh...|cÖKvkK g~jZ Ggb KvíwbK bvg
eënvi Ki‡Q bv GKRb Bs‡iwR e¨vwi÷vi Ges mvsevw`K †K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wKš‘ hviv
weev`x‡K wPšÍvi Zviv wefvwì PwiÎ m¤úwK©Z cÖkœ Pv‡P©i cÖwZev`xi
KZ©e¨‡K cÖkœwe× K‡i| Pv‡P©i GLv‡b m¤§vbnvwb N‡U Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb Kij
†hLv‡b msev` cwÎKv Kzrmv ev wg_¨v AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ `vqe× n‡e|
Newstead vs. london express newspaper
weev`x †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì msev` cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡i †h ev`x 30 eQi eq¯‹ GKRb
gwnjv‡K weevn Kivi ci Zv‡ì `yB mšÍvb nq Ges cwiev‡i eD, m‡Ë¡I Ges `yB Kb¨v
mšÍvb _vKv m‡Ë¡I wZwb bq eQi eqmx Kb¨v‡K A‰eafv‡e weevn K‡ib hvi d‡j
Zv‡K Av`vjZ Kviv`Ð cÖ`vb K‡i| g~jZ msev` cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ Ggb Z_¨wU
wg_¨v Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i , ev‡Ni Rb¨ AcgvbRbK| g~jZ GB e³e¨wU Ab¨ e¨w³i Rb¨
mZ¨ wQj wKš‘ fvexi Rb¨ bq GLv‡b ev‡ci bvgwU g~jZ KvíwbK bv‡gi mv‡_ wg‡j
hvq| A_©vr bvgwU wQj KvíwbK Ges †m bv‡gi mv‡_ ev`xi bvg wb‡j hvIqvi
Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ gvgjvwU MÖnY Ki‡e Ges weev`x‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx Kij|
fviZxq GKB bxwZgvjv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Munshi ram vs. mela ram gvgjv‡Z| AÎ
gvgjv‡Z D`©y msev`cÎ wfi-fviZ G GKwU Kvwnwb cÖKvwkZ nq| †hLv‡b
gybwkivg‡K Zvi cywjk wefvMxq Z`šÍ cvjb Kv‡j `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Awf‡hvM
Avbv nq| eY©bv †gvZv‡eK ivg bv_ Ges Zvi eb wegjv jvni †iI‡q †cuŠQv‡j
Zv‡ì‡K †Mv‡q›`v AwdmviMb Z`šÍ K‡ib| †Mv‡q›`v AwdmviMb Zv‡ì‡K
ag©kvjv‡Z AvUK K‡i iv‡L| ivg bv_ Gi evwj‡ki g‡a¨ wc¯Íj †Mvcb K‡i †i‡L,
mve-BÝ‡c³i, gybwk ivg Zv‡K †MÖßvi K‡ib| ivg bv_ Ab¨ †Kv_vI †M‡j gywÝ ivg
wegvjvi K‡¶ hvb Zv‡K al©Y Kivi Rb¨| wegvjv †Kvbfv‡e cvwj‡q P‡j hvb, Ges
cieZ©x‡Z GKwU mv¶vr Kv‡i wegvjv †`we mewKQy e‡j †`b| D³ M‡íi eY©bv
gZB mve-BÝ‡cKUi gybwk iv‡gi bv‡gi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq, whwb miKvi Gi
†Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M wQ‡jb|
Av`vj‡Z ev`x hyw³ †`b †h , Zvi GgY eY©bv wU wQj KvjwcœK| cÖKvkK GLv‡b
ev`x‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i MíwZ wj‡Lb wb| Av`vjZ Ggb hyw³ LvwiR K‡i †`q, Ges ivq
cÖ`vb K‡i †h GLv‡b cÖKvkK wb‡RB Aegvbbv Ki e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb|
Ab¨w`‡K, gv`ªvR nvB‡KvU© Naganath sastri vs. subramania iyer gvgjv‡Z ivq
w`j †h, Hulton and co vs. jones gvgjv‡Z Moulton L.J. cÖ`Ë wfbœ gZvgZwU wQj
GKzBwU , b¨vq wePvi, Ges mwVK| AwaKvsk †ì cÖ`Ë gZvgZ GKzBwU , b¨vq
wePvi, Ges mwVK gvb`‡Ð wQjbv|
Bsj¨v‡Û AvB‡bi mskab (Modification of law in england);
A‡bK RwUjZv m„wó nq Huton and co. vs. jones, newstead vs. london express
newspaper, cassidz ivq cÖ`v‡bi d‡j mg¯Í AvBwW bxwZgvjvmg~n †jLK Ges
cÖKvkK‡ì Rb¨ ev KvíwbK †jLK Ges cÖKvkK‡ì Rb¨ A‡bK mgm¨v m„wó K‡i |
english defamation Act 1952 Gi 4 aviv G ai‡bi RwUjZv mg~n `~i Kiv n‡q‡Q |Ggb
AvBb Abyhvqx ¶wZc~iY msµvšÍ `vq e×Zv cwinvi Kiv nq D³ cÖKvwkZ †jLv
¸‡jv‡K ms‡kvab Kivi gva¨‡g Ges ¶gv cÖv_©bvi gva¨‡g D³ AvB‡bi 4 aviv
wb‡¤œv³ AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nj;
4. (a) †h e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i †Kvb fvlv cÖKvk K‡ib †h e³e¨‡K
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e wK wn‡m‡e Awf‡hvM Kiv nq| hw` wZwb `vwe K‡ib
†h D³ kã¸‡jv Zvi gva¨‡g wb‡`©vl g~jK fv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i
e¨vcv‡i| †m †¶‡Î wZwb Ggb cÖKvwkZ e³e¨ ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯Íve Ki‡Z cv‡ib ev
wb‡¤œv³ Dcv‡q ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib
a. hwÌ Ggb Advi ev ms‡kvab Kivi Advi ms¶yä c¶ KZ©„K M„nxZ nq Ges
mwVKfv‡e m¤úvw`Z nq Zvn‡j Ggb cÖKvkbvi d‡j Aegvbbv Kiv
AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKvk msµvšÍ †Kvb gvgjv Pjgvb _vK‡e bv Ges wePvi I
cÖKvkbv welqK †Kv‡bv gvgjv Av`vj‡Z `vwLj Kiv hv‡e bv
b. hw` ms¶yä c¶ KZ©„K Ggb Advi M„nxZ bv nq| Zvn‡j A¯¿ AvB‡b Ab¨
wKQy eY©bv bv _vK‡jI Ggb cÖKvkbvi Dc‡i gvgjv Kiv‡bvi †¶‡Î GwU
cÖwZeÜK n‡e| G‡¶‡Î weev`x‡K cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h Ggb e³e¨ 3-10 g~jK fv‡e
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Ges wZwb g~jZ m¤ú„³ K‡i AegvbbvKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z
Pvbb...Ges D³ Advi ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e Avb›` `y‡Uvi mgq hLb weev`x
†bvwUk MÖnY K‡ib †h G¸‡jv ev`xi Rb¨ AegvbbvKi e³e¨ Zvic‡iI wZwb Ggb e³e¨
cwinvi K‡ibwb ev Ggb e³e¨ cÖKvk bv Kivi †¶‡Î e³e¨¸‡jv‡K ms‡kvab K‡ibwb
(2) e³e¨ ms‡kvab ev cÖKvkbv ms‡kvab msµvšÍ AÎ avivi GKwU cÖ¯Ívebv Aek¨B
cÖKvwkZ n‡Z n‡e AÎ avivi Aax‡b e³e¨ ms‡kva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨| †Zv‡ì mv‡_ e³e¨
ms‡kvabKvix cÖ¯‘ZKvix Zvi kc_ evK¨ †K GKwU njdbvgv mn cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb| AÎ
avivi 1 Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx A_©vr D³ avivi Aax‡b AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³
cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ gvgjvi NUbvi m¤ú„³ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †h †Kvb cÖgvY djKbvgv mnKv‡i
Zvi c¶ †_‡K cÖgvY wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡e bv GB D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖgvwYZ Kivi Rb¨ †h
D³ e³e¨ ¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
(3) AÎ avivi Aax‡b †Kvb cÖKvkbvi ms‡kvab msµvšÍ cÖ¯Ívebv, †K wb‡¤œv³

Advi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv ne&, wb‡¤œi Advi wn‡m‡e A_© cÖKvk Ki‡e
(a) †h †¶‡Î Awf‡hvMK…Z †Kvb cÖKvkbv‡K ms‡kvab Kiv n‡e Ges D³ eëüZ
kã¸‡jvi Dci mswkøó c‡¶i wbKU ch©vß ¶gv cÖv_©bv Kiv nq
(b) hLb D³ kã eënviKvix `wj‡ji d‡UvKwc A_ev †iKW© D³ e³e¨ cÖ`vbKvix e³e¨
ms‡kvab Gi Advi cÖ`vbKvix KZ©„K mieivn Kiv nq ev Zvi c¶ †_‡K mieivn Kiv
nq|G‡¶‡Î D³ e³e¨ ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ Advi cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³ †K Aek¨B D³ e³‡eï mv‡_
mswkøó mKj c¶ Ges e¨w³‡ì‡K Ggb e³e¨ ms‡kvabxi wel‡q AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e
†bvwUk cÖ`vb AvKv‡i|
4 hLb AÎ avivi Aax‡b ms¶yä c¶ KZ©„K e³e¨ ms‡kvab msµvšÍ Advi MÖnY Kiv
nq
a. D³ M„nxZ Advi msµvšÍ Kvh© m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ M„nxZ †h‡Kv‡bv c`‡¶c
msµvšÍ cÖkœ †h †¶‡Î c‡¶i ga¨Kvi Pyw³ welq Abyhvqx e³e¨wU ms‡kvab
Kiv nqwb ev e³e¨wUi Pyw³ Abyhvqx ms‡kvab Kiv bv n‡j †m †¶‡Î Ggb e³e¨
cÖKvk I gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Aciv‡a `vqx n‡eb|
b. ms¶yä c¶ KZ©„K `vwLjK…Z gvgjvi LiP Av`vq msµvšÍ wel‡q Av`vj‡Zi

AW©vi cÖ`vb Kivi ¶gZv wePvh© welq A_ev Advi msµvšÍ welq gvgjvi
Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î AÎ aviv mveav‡b AšÍf©y³ n‡e Ggb Advi cÖ`vbKvix ev e³e¨
ms‡kvabKvix e¨w³ KZ©„K D³ gvgjvi LiP enb Kiv n‡e Ges hveZxq
cÖKvkbv ms¯’v KZ©„K D³ e³e¨ ms‡kva‡bi hZ¸‡jv hveZxq LiP _vK‡e
mg¯Í LiP¸‡jv ms‡kvab cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Kiv n‡e|
cÖ¯Íve ev Pyw³ Abyhvqx Ggb c`‡¶c mg~n MÖnY Kiv bv nq Zvn‡j nvB‡KvU©
D³ †h‡Kvb c‡¶i Av‡e`‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i D³ LiP Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †h †Kv‡bv AW©vi
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi †h‡Kv‡bv ch©v‡q
5. AÎ avivi D‡Ï‡k¨ kã ev †Kvb e³e¨‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q gvbyl MY¨ Kiv n‡e
GKRb e¨w³ Øviv Ab¨ e¨w³i wel‡q Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wb‡`©k g~jK fv‡e ev
cÖKvkK‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡ibwb Ggb welqwU we‡ePbv
Kiv n‡e wb‡¤œv³ †¶Îmg~n
a. cÖKvkK Ggb welq ¸‡jv‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ g‡bvfve cÖKvk K‡ibwb Ges
D³ e³‡eï mv‡_ m¤ú„³ e¨w³‡ì wel‡q wZwb Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki
B”Qv cÖKvk K‡ibwb
b. D³ kã ev fvlv¸‡jv cÖv_wgKfv‡e gvbnvwbKi bq Ges cÖKvkK †h

cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Ggb e³e¨ fvlvmg~n †K gvbnvwbKi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq D³
cwiw¯’wZ ev welq m¤ú‡K© AeMZ wQ‡jb bv|
Ges †h †¶‡Î cÖKvkK D³ cÖKvkbv msµvšÍ wel‡q Zvi †hŠw³K c`‡¶c mZ©KZv
Aej¤^b K‡ib †m †¶‡Î; †h‡Kv‡bv cÖKvkK m¤ú‡K© †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi †idv‡iÝ D³
cÖKvkK Gi Aax‡b †h †Kvb Kg©KZ©v ev G‡R‡›Ui †K AšÍf©y³ Ki‡e|
6. AÎ avivi 1 Dcavivq Abyhvqx avivwU cÖKvkbv ms¯’v wel‡q ev cÖKvkbv

welqK cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv †hB †jLvi welq g~jZ cÖKvkK m¤ú„³ bb A_©vr †h
†jLvwU g~jZ cÖKvk¨ bq eis Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †¶‡Î avivi 1(4) Dcaviv cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡e bv|
aviv mg~‡ni cÖfve n‡jv GB †h Ggb cÖKvkbv ms‡kvabt msµvšÍ cÖ¯Ívebv cÖ`vb
Kiv n‡e †h †¶‡Î †Kvb wb‡`©kg~jK cÖKvkbv cÖKvwkZ nq| Ggb ms‡kvab
msµvšÍ cÖ¯Íve n‡ebv †h †¶‡Î weev`x‡K g~jZ Ggb e³e¨ we‡ØlcÖm~Z AvKv‡i
cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q D‡Ïk¨ K‡i| Ggb cÖKvkbv‡K wb‡`©kbv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e
bv, hw`;
a. hLb e³e¨ cÖv_wgKfv‡e AegvbbvKi AcgvbRbK bq Ges cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q

cÖKvkK Ggb e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î D³ e³e¨ gvbnvwbKi n‡e ev`xi cÖwZ Ggb
cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© wZwb AeMZ wQ‡jb bv Ggb cwiw¯’wZ wZwb eyS‡Z
cv‡ibwb
b. ‡h †¶‡Î ev Ggb e³e¨ cÖv_wgKfv‡e gvbnvwbKi nq †m‡¶‡Î cÖKvkK hLb

Rv‡bb bv †h D³ e³e¨ evw`‡Kev Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z fvwe‡K gvbnvwbKi wn‡m‡e
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e evevwRi gvbnvwb NUv‡e †m †¶‡Î gvbnvwbi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡e
bv|
hLb Dc‡iv³ cš’vq wb‡`©vl we‡k¦ cÖwZwôZ nq ev cÖgvwYZ nq ZLb wefvw`
Dchy³ ms‡kvab Ges ¶gv cÖv_©bvi Rb¨ †hŠw³K mgq Advi Ki‡Z cv‡ib A_©vr
wZwb †hŠw³K mg‡q D³ cÖKvkbv ms‡kvab Ges ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
hw` ms‡kvab msµvšÍ Advi ms¶yä e¨w³ KZ©„K M„nxZ nq Zvn‡j gvbnvwb
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjvi Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv n‡e bv Ges hw` BwZg‡a¨ gvgjv MÖnY
Kiv nq Zvn‡j GwU Pjgvb _vK‡e bv AÎ AvB‡bi 4 (1,K) aviv †gvZv‡eK|
hw` AdviwU M„nxZ bv nq Ges weev`x KZ©„K AdviwU LvwiR Kivi bvI nq
Zvn‡j wZwb Ggb Advi †K ms¶yä c¶ KZ©„K †h‡Kv‡bv gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai gvgjvi
†¶‡Î AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e ev `vwLj Kiv hv‡e|
fvi‡Z Ggb D³ 1952 mv‡ji AvB‡bi g‡Zv mv`„k¨c~Y© †Kvb AvBb †bB| T.V.
ramasubba iyer vs. A.M. Ahmed mohideen gvgjv‡Z mv¤cÖwZK iv‡qi g‡a¨
gv`ªvR nvB‡KvU© Gi c~‡e© Nagnath sastri vs. subramania iyer cÖ`Ë iv‡qi
cybive„wË K‡ib | Ges ivq cÖ`vb K‡i †h, Hulton and co. vs. jones gvgjvi ivq
BKzBwU b¨vq wePvi Ges fv‡jv we‡eK msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© bq
Ges AZGe GB bxwZgvjvmg~n gvgjvi ivq fvi‡Z cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv|
GgbwK GL‡bv Ggb gvgjv mg~‡ni ivq mg~n‡K cybivq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e KviY
eZ©gv‡b The defamation Act, 1952 Gi 04 avivi weavb Abyhvqx Ggb †¶Îmg~n
cÖ‡hvR¨ Ges D³ avivq Ggb gvgjv mg~‡ni †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM †hvM¨ bxwZgvjv mg~n
eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z GKwU msev` cwÎKvi 1961 mv‡ji 18
†deªæqvwi wi‡cvU© cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q G wZiæwb‡fwj †Rjvi GKRb e¨w³
whwb AvMievwZ eëmv K‡ib wZwb D³ AvMievwZi g‡a¨ g~jZ Avwd‡gi eëmv
K‡ib GK †Rjv †_‡K Ab¨ †Rjvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib | †Mvcb Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z gv`ªvR
cywjk D³ ¯’v‡b hvb Ges †mLv‡b wkjs †Rjvi cywjk Gi mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g D³
eëmvqxi 05 wU cvi‡Pj Z`šÍ K‡i cÖK…Zc‡¶ Avwdg D×vi K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z D³
eëmvqx‡K †PvivKvievwii Aciv‡a gv`ªvmv wb‡q Avmv nq| Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z
ev`x g~jZ GKRb AvMievwZ eëmvqx Ges Zviv wkjs‡q †Rjvi g‡a¨ AvMievwZ
ißvwb K‡ib Zviv `vwe K‡ib †h D³ msev`cÎ cÖKvkK g~jZ Zv‡ì‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡iB
Ggb wg_¨v msev` cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì eëmvi m¤§vbnvwb NUv‡bvi Rb¨| ZvB
fvwe Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z D³ msev` cÖKvk‡Ki wbKU †_‡K 500 fviZxq iæwc
¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡ib| weev`x †Kvb ev cÖKvkK‡ì wb‡RivB `ytL cÖKvk
K‡ib Ges Zviv Ggb msev` cÖKvk Ibv‡K 18 †deªæqvwi 1962 mv‡j ms‡kvab K‡i
cybivq cÖKvk K‡i bZyb Z_¨ msewjZ msev`|
cÖKvkK KZ„K Ggb `ytL cÖKvk K‡i ev ¶gv cÖv_©bv K‡i msev`‡K ms‡kvab
K‡i cybivq cÖKvk Kivi welq we‡ePbv K‡i Av`vjZ we‡ivax‡ì‡K ev cÖKvkK‡ì
†K `vqgyw³ cÖ`vb K‡i Zuv‡ì‡K ¶wZc~iY †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ †`q| gZvgZ cÖ`vb
K‡i‡Q Bs‡iwR AvBb Abymi‡Yi †¶‡Î Av`vjZ‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e †h GKwU
ivq ev iæj Bs‡iwR Avq b¨vqwePvi BKzBwU Ges fv‡jv we‡eK m¤§Z wKbv|
GKwU Bs‡iwR Avq Ggb bxwZgvjvi b¨vqwePvi MZ bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx m¤ú~iK
nq Zvn‡j Av`vjZ Ggb Bs‡iwR AvBb AbymiY Kiv|
Hulto and co. vs. jones gvgjvi bxwZgvjv‡K Bsj¨v‡Û ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY
D³ gvgjvi cÖ`Ë iv‡qi bxwZgvjv b¨vq m½Z bq|
‡h‡nZy fvi‡Z Av`vjZ mvaviYZ Ggb Bs‡iwR AvBbmg~n †K AbymiY K‡i †h¸‡jv
b¨vq wePvi BKzBwU Ges fv‡jv hyw³i mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© nq| mvaviYZ †h mg¯Í
ivq ev Bs‡iwR iæûj b¨vqwePv‡ii cwicš’x nq †m ¸‡jv‡K LvwiR K‡i †`q ZvB D³
Hulto and co. vs. jones , A_ev Cassidz vs. daily mirror newspapers mg~‡ni gyiivq
evbMZ bxwZgvjv †h‡nZy Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì †`‡kB A_©vr Bsj¨vÛ GB A‡hŠw³K
Ges Ab¨vq nIqvi Kvi‡Y ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvB eZ©gvb mg‡q fvi‡Zi Av`vj‡Zi
Rb¨ Ggb gvgjv mg~‡ni A‡hŠw³K Ges Ab¨vq AbymiY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| fvi‡Zi
Av`vj‡Zi Rb¨ GB g‡g© bZyb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb m‡e©vËg Z‡e †h‡nZy
bZyb AvBb †bB Z_vwc 1952 mv‡ji AvB‡bi 4 avivq cÖYxZ weavb fviZxq
Av`vjZ AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(d) Reference to a class( GKwU †kªYxi †idv‡iÝ cÖ`vb Kiv);
GKB †kªbxi GKKfv‡e gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Aciva nq bv A_ev GKRb e¨w³ †K KL‡bv
AegvbbvKi e³e¨ D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Kiv nq bv hLb GwU †Kvb mvaviY Rb‡Mvôx‡K
D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Kiv nqwb| ejv nq †h GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j `yb©xwZMÖ¯Í A_ev mg¯Í
AvBbRxexMY Amr Zvn‡j Ggb e³e¨‡K gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ ev †Kvb we‡kl †kªYxi
Rb¨ ev †Kvb GKK AvBbRxexi Rb¨ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hv‡e bv|
Pratap chandra vs. king emperor gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv nq †h
-weªwUk miKvi Gi AwdmviMY wb‡RivB Ges †Rjv ch©v‡q EaŸ©Zb
Kg©KZ©vMY Ges †Rjv ch©v‡q g¨vwR‡÷ªU †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `v‡ivMv †PŠwK`vi
mevB RxeRš‘ KviY Zviv `yb©xwZMÖ¯Í Ggb e³e¨ Av`vjZ AegvbbvKi ev
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡iwb KviY Ggb e³‡eï gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv we‡kl
†kªYx‡K †idv‡iÝ Kiv nqwb|
wb‡¤œv³ †¶Îmg~n GKwU †kªYxi ev †Mv‡Îi GKRb e¨w³ ¯^Zš¿fv‡e gvbnvwb

e³‡eï Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
1. hLb GKwU †kªYx ev †MvÎ GZB Kg msL¨K †h D³ †kªwY m¤ú‡K© hv

wKQy ejv †nvK bv †Kb †kªYxi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡K AšÍf©y³ K‡i Ggb †¶Î |
2. hLb hwÌ kã¸‡jv‡K fvlv¸‡jv †Kvb GKK †kªYx‡K Bw½Z K‡i wKš‘ GKwU
we‡kl gvgjvi NUbv¸‡jv †cÖw¶‡Z G¸‡jv g~jZ GKRb we‡kl e¨w³ †K †idvi K‡i|
hw` cÖgvY `vwLj Kiv hvq †h †Kvb we‡kl e¨w³i †¶‡Î D³ kã¸‡jv mivmwi cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡e Zvn‡j Ggb c„_K e¨w³ Øviv gvgjv `vwLj Kiv hv‡e| GB c‡q‡›U fv‡jv D`vniY
wn‡m‡e B‡Zvg‡a¨B le fanu vs. malcomsongvgjvi †idv‡iÝ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q |
(e) Corporations; ( K‡c©v‡ikb )
K‡c©v‡iU †ev‡W©i mybvg GKRb ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li †P‡q wfbœZi Gw`K †_‡K
†h K‡c©v‡iU ms¯’vi weiæ‡× nZ¨vi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv hvq bv A_ev Ggb
mgRvZxq †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ hLb Ggb Awf‡hvM
¸‡jv D³ †Kv¤úvwbi m¤úwË ev eëmvhw়K mybvg A_ev K‡c©v‡ik‡bi weiæ‡×
nq Zvn‡j †m †¶‡Î G mg¯Í welq ¸‡jvi Dci gvgjv Kiv hv‡e| hLb GKwU †Kv¤úvwb
gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai Rb¨ ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjv Ki‡e ZLb D³ †Kv¤úvwb‡K Aek¨B
cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h-
(a)e¨vemvhw়K we‡ePbvi w`K †_‡K Awf‡hvMK…Z kãmg~n gvbnvwbKi
(b) D³ kã ev fvlvmg~n e³e¨mg~n weev`x KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
(c) GB kã ev fvlv¸‡jv wefvw`‡K †idv‡iÝ K‡i cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q
Union benefit guarantee co ltd. vs. thakorlal gvgjv‡Z wefvwì KwgwU‡Z cvm
nIqv GKwU †iRy‡jkb BÝy‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwb †K eqKU Kivi Rb¨ mycvwik cÖ`vb
K‡i †mLv‡b fvwe †Kv¤úvwbI AšÍf©y³ wQj |cvwe †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM
Avbv nq †h D³ †Kv¤úvbxi A‡bK g¨v‡bwRs WvB‡i±i Ggb hviv g~jZ UvKv
DcvR©b Ki‡Z Rv‡bb bv eis Mwie †kªYxi gvbyl‡ì UvKv AvZ¥mvr K‡ib|
g¨v‡bwRs WvB‡i±i A‡b‡KiB AZxZ AZ¨šÍ †bvsiv ev Zviv wewfbœ Aciv‡ai
mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wQj| Av`vj‡Z gvgjvi ev`x‡K fviZxq 1000 iæwc ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx
cÖ`vb K...| Ges ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e evw` †Kv¤úvwb‡K ¶wZ en‡bi Rb¨ wb‡`©k
cÖ`vb K‡i| †ccv‡i †h Ggb AegvbbvKi e³‡eï gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi †Kvb we‡kl
g¨v‡bwRs WvB‡i±i ev cwiPvjK †K Aegvbbv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ eëüZ nqwb eis hw`
Ggb e³e¨ †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb‡Z GKKfv‡e Aegvbbv gvbnvwb Kivi Rb¨ cÖKvk Kiv
nq Zvn‡j D³ †Kv¤úvbxi †h‡Kv‡bv cwiPvjK g¨v‡bwRs WvB‡i±i e³‡eï weiæ‡×
e³e¨ Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv n‡j GwU ch©vß n‡e A_©vr D³ †Kv¤úvbxi †h‡Kv‡bv
cwiPvjK Ggb e³‡eï weiæ‡× gvbnvwbi gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges ¶wZc~iY Av`vq
Ki‡Z cvieGb|
(f) unincorporated Association ( mgwš^Z bq Ggb ms¯’v); †h‡nZy mgwš^Z bq

Ggb ms¯’vi †Kvb c„_K e¨w³ mßv‡n ZvB mgwš^Z bq Ggb ms¯’vi Kg©KZ©vMY
wb‡Riv e¨w³MZfv‡e gvgjv Ki‡Z n‡e †Kv¤úvwbi bv‡g gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv ev
†Kv¤úvwbi c¶ †_‡K gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
( G) dead persons ( g„Z e¨w³eM© Mb);
myy- cÖwZwôZ Bs‡iwR AvBb Gi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx GKRb g„Z e¨w³i weiæ‡×
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv hwÌ D³ g„Z
e¨w³i weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ D³ e³e¨ cÖKvk‡Ki weiæ‡× †dŠR`vwi
gvgjv `vwLj Kiv hvq| hw` evwR cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Av`vj‡Zi m¤¢e n‡q‡Q D³
wefv‡Mi cÖ`Ë e³e¨ g„Z e¨w³i mybvg nvwb NwU‡q‡Q Zvn‡j Ggb fvwi D³
wefv‡Mi wbKU †_‡K wj‡Kvi e³eï Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb gvgjv Kivi
gva¨‡g| D`vniY wn‡m‡e †hgb hLb A e‡jb †h B Gi gZ GKRb cwZZv Zvn‡j G‡¶‡Î
hwÌ we‡qi gvZv g„Z n‡jI wZwb ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb hw` Ggb welq Zvi
gv‡qi Rb¨ m¤§vbnvwbKi nq |fviZxq Ggb AvBb I bxwZgvjv eviæj †Ìqvbx gvgjvi
†¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e wKš‘ cÖwZwU gvgjvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| Kvh©wewai 499
aviv †gvZv‡eK-
‡Kvb g„Z e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© Ggb e³e¨ AegvbbvKi n‡e hw` e³e¨wU Ggb nq †h Bnv D³
g„Z e¨w³‡K RxweZ _vKvKvjxb mgq cÖKvk Kiv n‡j Zvi Rb¨ gvbnvwbKi nZ| Ggb
e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq D³ cwievi Ges Zvi AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡ì AvNvZ Kivi Rb¨ ev
gvbwmK AvNvZ Kivi Rb¨ Zvn‡j ¶wZc~iY Av`vq Kiv hv‡e|
4. Publication of the statement (e³‡eï cÖKvkbv ev cÖKvk Kiv);
a. Meaning of publication (cÖKvkbvi A_©);
GKwU gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvwkZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai m„wó n‡e bv|
GB †cÖ¶vc‡U cÖKvkbv kãwUi we‡kl A_© i‡q‡Q| GKwU gvbnvwbKi e³e¨
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q g‡g© MY¨ Kiv n‡e hLb Ggb e³e¨ evw` e¨ZxZ Ab¨ Kv‡iv wbKU
†cuŠQv... hw` GKwU wPwV‡Z ev`xi m¤ú„³ welq gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq
Ges D³ wPwV evw` cvV K‡ib Ab¨ Kv‡iv wbKU bv †cuŠQvq Zvn‡j D³ c„w_exi
Rb¨ D³ wPwV‡Z cÖKvwkZ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Rb¨ weev`x `vqe× n‡eb bv KviY
GLv‡b D³ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wU cÖKvwkZ nqwb| wb‡RB Ggb ¯§„wZ‡K †¯^”Qvq
Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i wbKU cvV Kivi Rb¨ n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ib Zvn‡j Ggb cÖKvkbvi Rb¨
wefvwì `vqx n‡eb bv| GKwU e³e¨ cÖKvk bv Kiv n‡j †h e¨w³ D³ cÖKvkbvi d‡j
cvV Ki‡eb Ges wZwb hw` Gi welqe¯‘ bv ey‡Sb Zvn‡j ïaygvÎ Ggb cÖKvkbvi
Rb¨B gvgjv Av`vj‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e ...bv|
Sadgrove vs. hole
gvgjv‡Z weev`x Z„Zxq e¨w³i wbKU GKwU †cv÷KvW© †cÖiY K‡ib †hLv‡b
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wQj evw` Gi m¤ú‡K© wKš‘ ev‡ci bvg D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| wVK
fv‡e G e³e¨wU evw`‡KD‡Ïk¨ K‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv Ggb hyw³ Abygvb Kivi
my‡hvM †bB ZvB Av`vjZ g‡b Kij †h GLv‡b g~jZ †hŠw³Kfv‡e cÖKvkbv nqwb|
evw`‡Kwe¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e KLb Ges †Kv_vq D³ gvbnvwbKi ev

Kzrmv iUbvg~jK e³e¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges Kvi cÖwZ Ggb e³e¨ cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q Ges gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ eëüZ kã¸‡jv ûeû D×„wZ AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
Joint Tort-feasors ( †hŠ_ UU© AcivaxMb);
`yBRb †hŠ_ Acivaxi ga¨Kvi cÖKvkbvt msMVb n‡Z cv‡ibv| hLb GKwU
gvbnvwbKi wPwV `yRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ GKRb †jLv ZvB ZLb G‡K ejv hv‡ebv †h
wPwVwU GK GKRb e¨w³ KZ©„K Ab¨Rb †K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q|
Husbad and wife (¯^vgx Ges ¯¿x )

hLb GKRb Z…Zxq e¨w³ †Kvb ¯^vgx -¯¿xi mv‡_ Ab¨ Kv‡iv welqK gvbnvwbKi
e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡ib ZLb cÖKvkbv c~b© n‡q‡Q g‡g© Mb¨ Kiv n‡e, Ges †hB Z…
Zxq e¨w³ Ggb wg‡_¨ e³e¨ w`‡eb wZwb gvbnvbxKi e³e¨ `v‡bi Aciv‡a `vqx n‡eb |
wenman vs| ash gvgjv‡Z GKRb mv‡eK evwm›`v Zvi f~wg gvwj‡Ki wbKU Zvi
¯^vgxi weiæ‡× KZ¸‡jv wg‡_¨ Awf‡hvM `vwLj K‡ib, wg_¨v Acev` †`b| Av`vjZ
Ggb †hvMv‡hvM‡K cÖKvk wn‡m‡e ivq cÖ`vb K‡i|
Ggb †hvMv‡hvM GKRb ¯^vgx ¯^vgx ¯¿x Ab¨ ¯^vgx ¯¿xi wbKU m¤úv`b K‡ib
†Kvb Z„Zxq e¨w³i weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi wn‡m‡e Zvn‡j Ggb †hvMv‡hvM †K
cÖKvkbv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e bv| Ggb e¨vw³ ch©šÍ Zv‡ì‡K GKK wn‡m‡e
MY¨ Kiv n‡e A_©vr Zv‡ì Ggb e³e¨ cÖKvwkZ nqwb g‡g© MY¨ Kiv n‡e| ¯^vgx-
¯¿xi ci¯úi Ggb †hvMv‡hvM‡K AvBbMZfv‡e myi¶v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY
myi¶v cÖ`vb Kiv bv n‡j ev P~ovšÍ myi¶v cÖ`vb Kiv bv n‡j Gi mvgvwRK djvdj
AËšÍwec`RbK n‡Zv| fviZxq mv¶¨ AvB‡bi 112 aviv Abyhvqx Ggb e³e¨ mg~n‡K
Av`vj‡Z cÖgvY wn‡m‡e `vwLj Kiv hv‡e bv KviY AvBb Abyhvqx Av`vjZ 112
aviv Abyhvqx we‡ePbv Ki‡e Ggb e³e¨ Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB|
T.j. ponnen vs. M.c. Vargese gvgjv‡Z ¯^vgx KZ©„K Zvi ¯¿xi wbKU wjwLZ
GKwU wPwV k¦ï‡ii wbKU Zvi ¯¿x n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ib Ges k¦ïi DËi wPwV cvV K‡i
Awf‡hvM K‡ib †h wPwVi g‡a¨ Zvi weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb Kij †h Ggb wPwVi cÖ`Ë e³e¨‡K Av`vj‡Z cÖgvY wn‡m‡e
eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY Ggb wPwV‡Z cÖ`Ë e³e¨ ¯^vgx-¯¿x ci¯úi‡K Avjvc-
Av‡jvPbv g~jK e³e¨ Av`vj‡Z cÖgvY wn‡m‡e `vwLj Kivi AvBbMZ †Kv‡bv
weavb †bB|
Z‡e, Ggb AvBbMZ my‡hvM myweav †m †¶‡Î †bB hLb ¯^vgx Ges ¯¿x ci¯úi
`~ieZ©x ¯’v‡b _v‡Kb Zviv ZvjvKcÖvß nb A_ev bv nb, Avi hw` wePviK fv‡e
wew”Qbœ nq A_ev Av`vjZ KZ©„K Zv‡ì‡K c„_K nIqvi Rb¨ AW©vi cÖ`vb Kiv
nq Zvn‡j Ggb †¶‡Î AvBwb myi¶v Zviv jvf Ki‡e bv|
(Repe tition) cybive„wË;
ïaygvÎ whwb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖ`vb K‡ib wZwb `vqx n‡eb bv eis Zviv Ggb
e³e¨‡K hviv evievi cybive„wË Ki‡eb Zviv mevB mgvbfv‡e Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨
cybive„wË Kivi Rb¨ `vqe× n‡e| Mc pherson vs. Daniels gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ KZ©„K
ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq †h;
GKRb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk miKv‡ii e³e¨‡K hLb evievi †Kvb e¨w³ cÖKvk
K‡ib ev gvby‡li gv‡S †cuŠ‡Q †`b Zvn‡j Gi gvQ Gi gva¨‡g wecyj cwigv‡Y Aciva
ev ¶wZ mvwaZ nq| ev hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Ggb e³e¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zvi A‡bK ¶wZ
mvwaZ nq| Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_g e¨w³ nq‡Zvev Db¥v` A_ev
Lvivc Pwi‡Îi n‡Z cv‡ib| e¨w³ Ggb e³e¨‡K evievi cybive„wË K‡i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc
K‡ib wZwb AwaKZi `vqe× n‡e|
cÖ‡Z¨K cybive„wË †K bZyb bZyb cÖKvkbv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq Ges cÖ‡Z¨K
cybive„wË †¶‡Î bZyb gvgjv Kivi wfwË Rb¥ †bq| ZvB cwÎKvq cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î D³
e³‡eï †jLK bq ïaygvÎ bq eis cÖKvkK ms¯‹viK Ges eÈbKvix `vI Ggb gvbnvwbKi
e³e¨ Gi Rb¨ `vqx e× n‡e|Ggb gvgjvi †¶‡Î GKwU cwÎKvi †cÖvcÖvBUi `vqe× n‡e
GgbwK hwÌ Zvi cÖKvkbv msµvšÍ Ávb bv _v‡K Ges hw` GwU Zvi AW©vi Gi
wecix‡Z cÖKvk Kiv nq| KviY GKRb GwWUi Zvi Kg©Pvix Ges Ggb cÖKvkbv
Zvi PvKzixi ch©vqfy³ nq|
(b) Publication must be intentional or negligen ( cÖKvkbv Aek¨B B‡”QK…Z

A_ev `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK n‡e ):
Ggb cÖKvkbvq B”QvK…Z A_ev `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK n‡Z cv‡i| hw` GLv‡b
†Kvb `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv A_ev gvbwmK B”Qv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j weev`x `vqe× n‡eb
bv gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨| hw` GKRb e¨w³ GKwU wPwV †j‡Lb Ges Zvi
Wªqv‡ii g‡a¨ †Q‡jwU Zvjve× K‡i iv‡Lb wKš‘ GKwU †Pvi D³ Wªqvi †f‡½
wPwVwU cvV K‡ib Ges GKwU cÖKvk K‡ib Zvn‡j, ¸ßPi Ggb cÖKvkbvi Rb¨
†kªô gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx Ki‡Z n‡e, †Zv wPwV †jLK `vqe× n‡eb bv| Avevi
hw` D³ wPwV †jLK †K Kg©Pvix D³ ¯§„wZ‡K Wªqvi †_‡K †ei K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z
Pvb Zvn‡j wZwb `vqe× n‡eb A_©vr Kg©Pvix‡ì n‡eb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki
Rb¨ GLv‡b †jLK `vqe× n‡eb bv| Z‡e hw` gvgjv‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h D³ wPwVi
†jLK Zvi Kg©Pvix‡K Ggb wPwV †Mvcb K‡i wb‡q cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ DØy×
K‡i‡Qb ev cwiwPZ K‡i‡Qb Zvn‡j Ggb †¶‡Î D³ wPwVi †jLK gvbnvwbKi e³e¨
cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ `vqe× n‡e| GKBfv‡e GKRb e¨w³ hLb GKwU gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ iv‡Lb
Ges Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e myBwU †i‡L P‡j hvb ev iv¯Ívq wPwV‡Z Awb”QvK…
Zfv‡e †Q‡j hv Ges GKRb c_Pvix wPwV cvIqvi ci hw` cv‡i Zvn‡j D³ wPwVi
cÖ`Ë gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Gi Rb¨ wZwb Acivax n‡eb bv| Z‡e hLb weev`x KZ©„K
Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvkbv cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ †hŠw³K c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv
nqwb ZLb weev`x AvBbZ Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx Ki‡Z n‡e| myZiv hLb GKwU
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wPwVi gva¨‡g †jLv nq Ges †cv÷Kv‡W© cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb
GwU Rvbv Lye ¯^vfvweK †h D³ wPwVwU †h †Kvb e¨w³ cvV Ki‡eb Ges GKwU
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ n‡e|
(i) Letter sent to wrong persons ( f’j e¨w³i wbKU wPwV †cÖib) ; hw` GKRb
e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³i wbKU Ggb f~jµ‡g gvbnvwbKi e¨³e¨ cÖKvk K‡ib,‡h wZwb
g‡b K‡ib Ggb e¨w³i wbKU gvbnwbKi e¨³e¨ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM i‡q‡Q;
Zvn‡j D³ e¨w³ gvbnvwbKi e¨³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb| ZvB, hw` wZwb
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvkK wPwV †j‡Lb G †K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wKš‘ f’jµ‡g
Lv‡gi g‡a¨ we Gi wVKvbv wj‡Lb| GLv‡b we D³ wPwV cv‡Vi ci weev`x
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKAv‡ki Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb| Avevi, hLb weev`x wPwV ev`xi
wbKU ‡cÖib Ki‡Z Pvb,wKš‘y f~jµ‡g Z…Zxq e¨w³i wbKU †cÖib K‡ib
ZLb Fox vs. Broderick gvgjv‡Z ivq †Ìqv nq †h GLv‡b weev`x `vqx n‡eb|
Ggb ivq †Ìqvi Kvib wQj †h, wZwb Ggb cÖKvkbvi B‡”Q cÖKvk K‡ib hvi
Kvi‡b wZwb ˆdR`vwi Aciv‡a `vqx n‡eb| GwU fvi‡Z mwVK hyw³ n‡Z
cv‡ibv †hLv‡b ev`xi wbKU cÖKvkbv UU© Aciva A_ev ˆdR`vwi Aciva bq|
GwU Av‰` cÖKvkbv bq | Ggb iv‡qi we‡ivwaZv Kiv hv‡e ,GB Kvi‡b †h,
hw` Ggb fyj Awbevh© nq, Z&vn‡j GwU A‰ea Aciva gvgjvi †¶†Î
AvZœi¶v g~jK hyw³ n‡ebv| GKB mv`„k¨Zv cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
(ii) Letters opened by other than the addressee (cÖvcK e¨wZZ Ab¨ †KD KZ…
K wPwV cvV Kiv); hw` weev`x B”QvK…Zfv‡e †Kvb Kg©Pvixi wbKU
A_ev Z„Zxq c‡¶i wbKU,‡Kvb wPwVi Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡ib Ges wPwVwU
hw` gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j Aek¨B wZwb Zv‡ì wbKU
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Aciv‡ai `vq e× n‡e| A_ev hw` wefvwì
Rvbvg‡Z D³ wPwV Kg©Pvix KZ©„K cvV Kiv n‡e A_ev hLb wefvwì
AvwQj †h D³ wPwVwU `vwqZ¡kxj ev`xi GKRb Zv cÖvc‡Ki GKRb
Kg©Pvix KZ©„K cvV Kiv n‡e Zvn‡j weev`x Kg©Pvixi wbKU D³ wPwV
cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Aciva cÖKvk msµvšÍ n‡e| Ggb cÖKvkbv‡K
ev`x KZ©„K B‡”QK…Zfv‡e m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q g‡g© we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e.
gvgjv mg~‡ni †¶‡Î weev`x Aek¨B wPwV ¸‡jv †K †Mvc‡b QywU wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ Ki‡eb Ges hw` †h †Kvb e¨w³ Ggb wPwV †K cvV K‡ib ev n‡jb
Zvn‡j wZwb D³ wPwV cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ `vqe× n‡eb bv| GKwU AwaKZi
RwUj mgm¨vi m„wó nq hLb wPwVwU ev`x‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i †jLv nqwb
A_ev Ggb e¨w³‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wjLv nqwb whwb Ggb wPwV cv‡Vi
AwaKvix bb| POWELL VS. GELSTONE gvgjv‡Z ev`x Zvi evoxi wewµi
Rb¨ weM&Mvcb †`b| D³ weM&Mvc‡bi DËi †Ìqv nq H.W. POLLARD
KZ…©K ,whwb GwU µq Ki‡Z Pvb | H.W. pollard Zvi mšÍvb F. W.
Pollard †K weev`x‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wPwV wj‡Lb ,hv‡Z wZwb ev`x
m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡ib| mšÍvb Zvi wb‡Ri bv‡g
wPwV †j‡Lb Ges Zvi wb‡Ri wVKvbv †_‡K wPwV †j‡Lb †hLv‡b Z_¨
m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡ib Ges cÖwZkªæwZ †`b †h D³ wPwVi Z_¨
evw`‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Rvbv‡bv n‡e bv| cÖwZDË‡i weev`x GKwU wPwV
†`Lvb †hLv‡b Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q D³ wPwVwU ev`xi weiæ‡×
gvbnvwbKi Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i| wPwVwU †cvjvW© KZ©„K M„nxZ nq
†h‡nZy mšÍvb Abycw¯’Z wQj. mšÍvb wPwVwU cvbwb Ges KL‡bv †Z
cv‡ib wb| ZvB AZGe GLv‡b mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ †Kvb cÖKvkbv m¤úvw`Z
nqwb KviY D³ wPwVwU KL‡bv mšÍv‡bi Kv‡Q †cuŠQvqwb Ges mšÍvb
wPwV cvV Ki‡Z cv‡iwb Ges wPwVwU cwie‡Z© wcZvi wbKU †cŠQv‡bv
Abygvb gyjK wQjbv| wPwVwU mšÍv‡bi cwie‡Z© wcZvi wbKU
†cuŠQv‡e Ggb †Kvb †hŠw³K m¤¢vebv wQj bv| cvb Ki‡Z wUwK‡Ui
†MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv ¯úófv‡e cÖwZkªæwZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| we‡Øl msµvšÍ
cÖgv‡Yi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z weev`x‡K `vqe× Kiv nqwb KviY GLv‡b †Kvb
we‡Øl msµvšÍ g‡bvfve e¨³ nq| ZvB wPwVwU cÖKvk n‡q‡Q g‡g© MY¨
Kiv n‡e bv hw` GKwU wPwV A`~i`k©x cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ev A‡hŠw³K
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ KZ©„K cvV Kiv nq| Mahender Ram vs.
Hardandan Prasad gvgjv‡Z weev`x D`y© fvlvq ev`x‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i GKwU
wPwV wj‡Lb, †hLv‡b ev`xi weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvwkZ nq|
†h‡nZz ev`x D`©y fvlv Rvb‡Zb bv, ZvB wZwb wPwVwU A‡bï
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cvV K‡ib, hvnv ev`xi Rvbvi ˆhw³KZv wQjbv, ZvB Av`vjZ
KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv nq †h Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ ev`x `vqx n‡eb
bv|
(iii) (Innocent dissemination ) wb‡`v©l gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk;
hwÌ †`Lv hvq †h, mKj e¨w³ hviv wj‡Lb, wcÖw›Us K‡ib, ms¯‹ib, A_ev
e›Ub K‡ib ( gvbnvwbKi e³e¨) Zviv mevB mgvb fv‡eB Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨
cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb bv, mK‡ji †¶†ÎB GKB iæj cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| †h e¨wKÍ
Ggb welqvejx weµq A_ev e›Ub K‡ib, Zviv `vq gyw³ ‡c‡Z cv‡ib hw` Zviv
cÖgvb †`Lvb †h, Zviv wPwVi welqe¯Íy m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Zb bv| Ges wPwVi
welqe¯‘‡K gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ g‡g© avibv Kivi †Kvb hyw³ †bB| Ggb
wb‡`vl© gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ g~jK AvZœi¶vg~jK hyw³ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK n‡e eB
we‡µZv, cwÎKv we‡µZv †Ì Rb¨ , wK³z Ggb AvZœi¶vg~jK hyw³ †jLK,
ms¯‹iK,wcÖ›Uvi, A_ev g~j cÖKvkK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
(D) (Defences) AvZœi¶vg~jK hyw³ ;
hLb ev`x cÖgvwbZ K‡ib †h, Zvi weiæ‡Ï gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cªKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q,ZLb Ab¨ w`‡K weev`x wb¤œ³ AvZœi¶vg~jK hyw³ `vwLj Ki‡Z
cv‡eb| G¸‡jv D³ weev`x Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q ebx©Z mvavib AvZœi¶vg~jK
hyw³, PvovI cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
‡m¸‡jv nj;
(1) h_v_©Zv A_ev mZ¨Zv
(2) mwVK gšÍe¨
(3) my‡hvM –myweav
(1) h_v_©Zv A_ev mZ¨Zv ( justification or truth)
gvbnvwbKi eKÍe¨‡K wg‡_¨ wn‡m‡e Mb¨ Kiv nq Ges ev`x‡K e³‡eï wg‡_¨
cÖgv‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡ebv| Ggb Abygvb LÛb †hvM¨| weev`x cÖgvb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib †h Ggb e³e¨ mZ¨ wg‡_¨ bq| hw` wZwb Ggb e³e¨‡K mwZ¨ wn‡m‡e cÖgvY
K‡ib Zvn‡j Bnv c~Y©v½ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ n‡e hw` Ggb wK D³ e³e¨mg~n
kãmg~n we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖKvwkZ nq †Zv| AvBb mvaviYZ Kv‡iv PwiÎ A_ev
mybvg nbb Kivi Rb¨ ¶wZc~i‡Yi `vwe mg_©b K‡i bv hLb D³ PwiÎ A_ev mybvg
Ggb e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK nq hvi g~j¨ †Zgb mybvg& PvwiwÎK ¸Yvejx †bB| †dŠR`vwi
gvgjvi †¶‡Î mZ¨Zv AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e hLb ïaygvÎ Ges mZ¨‡K
Rb¯^v‡_© D‡jøL Kiv nq| †dvb cv_©‡Kï wcQ‡b KviY n‡”Q, c~Rvix AvB‡bi
D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q AwbðqZv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv, mgv‡R kvwšÍ k„•Ljv i¶v Kiv| Bnv
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖ`v‡b Aby‡gv`b cÖ`vb Ki‡e bv ïaygvÎ †Kvb
e¨w³i Abyf~wZ‡K AvNvZ Kivi Rb¨ A_ev mgv‡Ri fvimvg¨ jsNb Kivi Rb¨| UU©
AvB‡b Ggb †Kvb Zvgvw` mgq †bB| Bs‡j‡Û Ggb cÖ¯Ívebv Kiv nZ †cvU©vi
KwgwU A_ev gvbnvwb Aciva Z`šÍ KwgwU| D‡Ï‡k¨ †h gvgjvi †¶‡Î mZ¨Zvi ev
h_v_©Zv AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e hLb Ggb cÖKvkbv Rb¯^v‡_©
m¤úvw`Z nq, Zey I `ywU KwgwUB cÖ¯Ívebv‡K LvwiR K‡i †`b| nvRvi 1971
mv‡j wb‡qvMK…Z Ggb KwgwU Zv‡ì D³ cÖ¯Ívebvi Lvwi‡Ri `ywU KviY
D‡jøL d‡ib h_v;
1|GB †h Bnv Ggb e³e¨ cÖKvkbv Rb¯^v_©we‡ivax ïaygvÎ GB Kvi‡Y ev`xi

weiæ‡× mZ¨ e³‡eï Rb¨ euvw`‡K ¶wZc~iY Av`v‡qi Rb¨ AwaKvix Kiv hv‡e bv
A_©vr mZ¨ e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Kvi‡Y ev`B ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb bv|
2| Rb¯^v‡_©i ZvwjKv ev mywbw`©ó mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv wPwýZ Kiv AZ¨šÍ

KwVb n‡e|
ZvB Ggb fv‡e Bs‡iwR Ges fviZxq AvB‡bi Aax‡b hLb weev`x GKRb ev`xi
weiæ‡× mZ¨ Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡ib whwb c~‡e©Kvi Rxe‡b A_©vr Rxe‡bi ïiæi w`‡K
GKRb cwZZv Ges nZ¨v gvgjvi Avmvgx wQ‡jb cieZ©x‡Z mvgvwRKfv‡e
weËkvjx I m¤§vwbZ nb Ggb ev`xi weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡j D³
ev`x ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ weev`xi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| †cvU©vi KwgwU
GKwU KvíwbK D`vniY we‡ePbv K‡i †hLv‡b GKRb gwnjv GKwU RviR
mšÍv‡bi Rb¥ †`b Ges cieZ©x‡Z wZwb mgv‡Ri GKRb weËkvjx I m¤§vwbZ
e¨w³‡Z¡ cwiYZ nb ;
Ges mycvwi‡ki gva¨‡g Av`vjZ ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib †h hwÌ Avgiv Ggb gZvgZ ev Ggb
cÖ_g hy‡M AmvgvwRK n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z m¤§vwbZ nIqv e¨w³‡ì weiæ‡×
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki we‡ivax mnvbyf~wZ cÖKvk Ki‡Q A_©vr Avgiv PvB
Ggb †jvK‡ì weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk bv †nvK wKš‘ Avgiv ZvB e‡j Ggb
e¨w³‡ì weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ A_©vr Zv‡ì c~‡e©Kvi AmvgvwRK Rxeb
m¤ú‡K© mZ¨ Zy‡j aiv n‡j Zv‡ì‡K Ggb Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki weiæ‡× ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjvi
Rb¨ AwaKvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Kvib Zvn‡j Bnv mvgvwRK wech©q n‡e Ges
Avgv‡ì m¤cÖ`vqMZ ¶wZ mvwaZ n‡e| hw` Rb¯^v‡_© mKj cÖKvwkZ e³e¨
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq Zvn‡j †jLK Ges mvsevw`K‡ì
`vhw় Z¡ cvjb Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q co‡e| Ggb cÖKvkK Ges mvsevw`K‡ì †¶‡Î †Kvb
msev` ev Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki c~‡e© Aek¨B Abygvb Ki‡Z n‡e †h Ggb e³e¨ ev
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ mgv‡Ri ¯^v_©‡K ¶ybœ Ki‡Q wKbv ev mvgvwRK wech©q
m„wó Ki‡e wK bv
hvB †nvK, Rehabilitation of offenders Act,1974 AvB‡bi 8 aviv †gvZv‡eK hw`

ev`x cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h weev`x Zvi weiæ‡× AZx‡Zi m¤úvw`Z ev KviveiY
K…Z Rxe‡bi Z_¨ Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb we‡ØlcÖm~Z fv‡e Zv‡K AcgvwbZ Kivi Rb¨ ZLb
Ggb fvwe D³ weev`xi weiæ‡× ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e GB
AvBbMZ weavb my‡hvM-myweav Ges mwVK gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³i
kZ©vaxb n‡e|
hLb GKRb weev`x KZ©„K h_v_©Zv ev· wVK msµvšÍ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb
Zv‡K Zvi cÖKvwkZ cÖ‡Z¨K k‡ãi †KvbLv‡b mZ¨ cÖKvk Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| eis
Av`vjZ Ggb e³e¨‡K welqe¯‘MZ fv‡e fve ch©vßfv‡e mZëvb Abygvb Ki‡e|
Alexander vs. N.E. Railway hw` Ggb e³e¨ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q ev`B webv wUwK‡U
†Uª‡b åg‡Yi d‡j Zv‡K Rwigvbv wn‡m‡e GK cvDÛ Ges Abv`v‡q GK mßvn
KvivMvi Av‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ggb e³e¨ hw` mZ¨ nq Zvn‡j evwRi weiæ‡× Ggb
e³e¨ gvbnvwbKi Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv গ গ|
Wakley vs. cooke gvgjv‡Z hw` GKRb mvsevw`K‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv nq †h wZwb
me©`v gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ ev msev` cÖKvk Kivi Zvn‡j GKwU gvbnvwbKi e³e¨
wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e A_©vr Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| hLb cÖgvwYZ nq †h Ggb
mvsevw`K mPivPi bq eis Lye `yj©f †¶‡Î gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡ib ZLb Ggb
mvsevw`‡Ki weiæ‡× gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv Zvi Af¨vm GB g‡g© Z_¨
cÖKvk Kiv n‡j ev wg_¨v Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡e ev`x ev Aek¨B `vqe× n‡e|
Bishop vs. latimer gvgjv‡Z e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq Ggb fv‡e †h AvBbRxex we g‡°‡ji
mv‡_ †Kgb AvPiY K‡ib| Ggb gvbnvwbKi e³‡e¨ Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q AvBbRxex
mPivPi Zvi g‡°‡ji mv‡_ Lvivc eënvi K‡ib wKš‘ g~jZ wZwb Zvi g‡°‡ji mv‡_
Lvivc eënvi mPivPi K‡ibwb eis Lye `yj©f †¶‡Î Lvivc AvPiY K‡ib| ZvB Av`vjZ
ivq †`q †h Ggb `yj©f †¶‡Î A¯^vfvweK AvPiY †K Lvivc AvPiY wn‡m‡e Av`vjZ
MY¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
hLb KwZcq NUbvewji weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM Kiv nq ZLb mKj NUbvejx‡K

mvgwóKfv‡e welqe¯‘MZ fv‡e mZ¨ wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hLb Awf‡hvM
Kiv nq †h `yRb e¨w³‡K wbg©gfv‡e AvNvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q ZLb hw` cÖgvwYZ
n‡q‡Q ïaygvÎ GKRb e¨w³‡K wbg©gfv‡e AvNvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvn‡j Bnv `yRb
e¨w³‡K AvNvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q g‡g© e³e¨‡K mg_©b Ki‡e bv eis Ggb e³e¨ wg_¨v Ges
gvbnvwbKi wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
The exact charge must be justified

gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ Gi welqe¯‘MZ e³e¨ cÖgvY e¨ZxZ ïaygvÎ wfbœ †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘
cÖgvY Kiv D³ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ h_v_© n‡e bv|
Gynn vs. south eastern railway company gvgjvi ev`x †`vlx mve¨¯Í nb wU‡KU
e¨ZxZ åg‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡K kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e GK Wjvi Rwigvbv Kiv nq Ges Abv`v‡q
wZb w`‡bi Kvivevm cÖ`vb Kiv nq. weev`x Mb Zv‡ì †jLvi cÎ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib †h
euvw`‡K Rwigvbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Rwigvbv Abv`v‡q mkªg Kviv`Ð cÖ`vb Kiv nq
GLv‡b evwo `vwe K‡ib mkªg Kviv`Ð kãwU D‡jøL K‡i Zv‡K Aegvbbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Av`vjZ ivq w`j GwU AegvbbvKi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv |
Cockburn C.J. ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib †h;
Zywg e³e¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡e †Zvgvi Rb¨ SyuwK ¯îƒc †m‡e Ges hw` GwU mZ¨ bv nq
†h euvw`‡K mkªg Kviv`Ð cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvn‡j AvBb Abygvb Ki‡e †h Zywg
we‡ØlcÖm~Z fv‡e Ggb e³e¨ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb. Abyiƒcfv‡e hLb Awf‡hvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q ev`x †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡a †`vlx mve¨¯Í n‡q‡Qb, †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kivi Rb¨
ch©vß n‡e. weev`x‡K cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e bv †h GLv‡b evwo mwZ¨Kvifv‡e
Kviv`Ð †fvM Ki‡Qb |wKš‘ Kgb AvB‡b GKRb e¨w³ ïaygvÎ †`vlx mve¨¯Í n‡q‡Qb
GB Kvi‡Y Zvi weiæ‡× hw` e³e¨ †Ìqv nq †h wZwb †Kvb †dŠR`vwi Aciva
K‡i‡Qb Zvn‡j GwU mwVK n‡e bv| Giæj cÖZ¨šÍ A‡hŠw³K ZvB Giæj †K †Ìqvbx
mv¶¨ AvBb 1968 aviv ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q. AZGe fviZxqv Av`vj‡Zi DwPZ n‡e
D³ AvBbMZ iæj †K AbymiY bv Kiv| hw` †Kvb we‡kl Kg©KvÛ ev AvPi‡Yi Dci
Awf‡hvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j D³ Awf‡hvM †K mg_©b Ki‡Q Ggb MVbvewj Aek¨B
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e| hLb weev`x euvw`‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i GdGg‡R wZwb †Pvi Ges
evUcvi ZLb Zvi weiæ‡× †dŠR`vix Aciva msµvšÍ cÖgvYvw` `vwLj Kiv n‡j DËi
e³e¨ cwic~Y©fv‡e cÖgvY Ki‡Z mdj n‡e bv eis Ggb e³e¨‡K Ab¨vb¨ cÖgvY Øviv
mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e Zvn‡j weev`x `vqgyw³ cv‡eb|
General and specific charges
hw` Ggb e³‡e¨ mywbw`©ó PvR© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvn‡j ïaygvÎ Ggb PvU©
mwVK n‡e wKš‘ hw` GwU KwZcq PvR© D‡jøL K‡i, Zvn‡j weev`x‡K Zvivi
wRi g‡a¨ evwRi cÖwZ wkô KZ¸‡jv Aceënvi ev we‡Øl ev gvbnvwbKi e³e¨
cÖKvk K‡i‡Q g‡g© cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU `„óvšÍ ch©vß n‡e bv| aviY ¯îƒc
Wakley vs. cooke AvIqviv Qwe gvgjv‡Z Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Qevwe mvsevw`K
GKRb e¨w³‡K gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv GB Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K ejv hv‡e bv †h
wZwb gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv| wKš‘ hLb Awf‡hvM Kiv nq †h lambri,
belliard, guangi wQ‡jb GK`j mš¿vmx hviv KvW© †mwUs Gi gva¨‡g RxweKv
AR©b KiZ Ges weev`x KZ©„K D`vniY cÖ`vb K‡ib †hLv‡b D‡jøwLZ e¨w³‡ì
bvg Kv‡W©i g‡a¨ cÖZviYv Kiv nq Ges Gi `„óvšÍ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `ywU `„óvšÍ
cÖgvwYZ nq| `ywU D`vniY Gi NUbv ev cÖgvYmg~n †K ch©vß KviY ev hyw³
wn‡m‡e Av`vj‡Z cÖgvY wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
Several separate and distinct charges
hLb AmsL¨ PvR© ev Awf‡hvM _v‡K hvnv c„_K Ges wew”Qbœ Kiv hvq ZLb
weev`x G¸‡jvi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU‡K mg_©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¸‡jvi Rb¨ `vq
e×Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| mKj e³e¨ cÖgvY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv me¸‡jvB|
Misconduct on the part of agent
hw` Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ‡Z Zviv R‡q›U cÖZviYvg~jK Z_¨
cÖKvk K‡ib Zvn‡j GwU ch©vß n‡e bv †h gvwj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K GKRb
cÖZviYvg~jK Aciva K‡i‡Q| Aek¨B cÖgvb †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h gvwj‡Ki c¶ †_‡KI
GLv‡b wKQyUv †hvMmvRk wQj|
(2) Fair comment

gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ fvj gšÍe¨ ev mwVK gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ AZxe cÖ‡qvRbxq| hwÌ mvjgvb mwVK ev ¯^”Q gšÍe¨‡K
†hvM¨ myweav wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i wKš‘ Ggb gZvgZ eZ©gv‡b mwVK mg_©b
cvq bv ev ch©vß mg_©b cvq bv| G‡K †hvM¨Zg myweav †_‡K wfbœ wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq GB Kvi‡Y †h mwVK gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ ej‡Zv
gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKvk A¯^xK…wZ †K cÖKvk K‡i, Ab¨w`‡K Ggb myweav
n‡”Q e³‡eï gvbnvwbKi cÖK…wZ ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv e³‡eï weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv
hv‡e bv KviY Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z weev`x `vq gyw³ jvf K‡ib ev `vq gyw³ jv‡fi
AwaKvix n‡e|
mwVK ev· gšÍe¨ A_© n‡”Q Rb¯^v_© msµvšÍ welq mr mgv‡jvPbv MVb Kiv. mr
mgv‡jvPbv ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq Ggb e³e¨ Ggb e¨w³ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv n‡e whwb
wek¦vm K‡ib †h Zvi Ggb e³e¨ wU mwVK| Ges mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Ggb e³e¨
cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î Zvi †Kvb we‡Øl ev Amr D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvwkZ nq bv| ZvB mwVK gšÍe¨
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ kZ©¸‡jv c~iY n‡Z n‡e;
(i) Ggb gšÍe¨ Aek¨B gšÍe¨ Kvi‡Ki gZvgZ cÖKvk msµvšÍ n‡e Ges GwU NUbvi
`vwe msµvšÍ gZvgZ n‡e bv|
(ii) Ggb gšÍe¨ Aek¨B mwVK n‡e|
(iii) GLv‡b Aek¨B Rb¯^v_© m¤ú„³ _vK‡e|
(iV) Ggb gšÍe¨ Aek¨B we‡ØlcÖm~Z n‡e bv|
(i) expression of opinion and assertion of facts ( Zv gZ cÖKvk Ges Ges wePvh©
NUbvmg~n msµvšÍ cÖgvYvw`;
GZ gšÍ‡eï †¶‡Î AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq ZvB wePvh© NUbv
msµvšÍ gšÍe¨ Ges mvavib gšÍ‡eï ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e wePvi NUbv
wba©viY Ges wePvh© Bmy¨ wba©vi‡Y| hwÌ `ywUi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ mvgvb¨
Ges mvaviYZ wØav Ø›Ø g~jK wK Ggb welq Gi cv_©K¨ ev¯ÍweK| 1 wU gšÍe¨
n‡”Q cÖwZdj NUbvi wfwË‡Z gZvgZ cÖKvk|
T.G. Goswami vs. the state
gvgjv‡Z weev`x wZwb GKRb mvsevw`K wZwb The Malwa Gazette bvgK
cwÎKvq gvbnvwbKi KZ¸‡jv e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡ib †h¸‡jv wb‡¤œv³;
(a ) iska natija yeh suna jata hei keh s. Mangla singh, director publicity ne bhiu do
makan musalmano ke apna qabje men rakhe hue hain; koi bhi zummi war afsar
puchhenwala nahin.
( b) Mazid sarkari press men jo chape ki machhine mangwai gayee aur kuch arsa
peshtar staff wagon kharidi gayee hai, dono cheezon men kayee hazar ki rakam ura
li gayee hai
‡Zv i¶v g~jK hyw³ LvwiR K‡i Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h mwVK gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ ïaygvÎ gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv‡K i¶v K‡i Ges GwU
gvbnvwbKi NUbv msµvšÍ wel‡q Awf‡hvM Ki‡Y cÖ‡qvM n‡e bv|
(ii) comment must be fair
GKwU e³‡eï mwVKZv ev wbf©yjZv wZbwU welq‡K Bw½Z K‡i;

It must be based on true facts ( Ggb mwVK gšÍe¨ Aek¨B mwVK g‡Zi Dci wfwË
K‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡e) GKwU gšÍe¨ mwVK nIqvi Rb¨ GwU Aek¨B NUbvi Ici wfwË
K‡i cÖwZwôZ n‡e †hB wePvh© NUbvejx cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q mZ¨ wn‡m‡e A_ev
Ggb NUbv e‡j †h¸‡jv hwÌ mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ nqwb Z_vwc G¸‡jv‡K my‡hvM Dcj¶
ev AwaKvi Dcj¶ wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb GKRb mv¶x KwZ©K wePviB
Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwµqvq hLb †Kvb e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq A_ev hLb msm‡ì g‡a¨ msm`
m`m¨MY †Kvb e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡ib| Ggb gšÍe¨ Ggb NUbvejxi Dci wfwË K‡i
cÖKvwkZ nq †h¸‡jv wg_¨v wn‡m‡e Rvbv i‡q‡Q ZLb G¸‡jvi mwVK gšÍe¨ n‡e bv|
(B) facts must be stated or indicated (PwiÎ MV‡b Aek¨B D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e
A_ev BswMZ Ki‡Z n‡e); †hB gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z ev‡R wePvh© NUbvejxi
wfwË‡Z gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq †m¸‡jv Aek¨B ch©vß AvKv‡i mZ¨fv‡e D‡jøL Kiv
n‡e| NUbvi fyj Dc¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g Ggb Abygvb m„wó n‡q‡Q Ggb gšÍe¨ mwVK
bq| mwVKfv‡e wbf©yjZv AR©b Kiv nqwb| †Zv i¶v g~jK hyw³ cÖ‡qvM n‡e hLb
wbf©yjZv †_‡K evi wbf©iZvi gvÎ †_‡K mvgvb¨ cwigvb ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ m„wó
nq|
GwU cÖ‡qvRbxq bq †h mKj wePvh© NUbv Aek¨B †h NUbv¸‡jv Dci wfwË K‡i
gšÍe¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq †mB wePvh© NUbvejx ¸‡jv‡K gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ AšÍf©y³
Ki‡Z n‡e. me©`v wePvh© cÖkœ n‡”Q Bw½Z K…Z A_ev D‡jøwLZ wePvh©
NUbvejx †_‡K ch©vß AvKv‡i wePvh© NUbvejxi mvims‡¶c MÖnY Kiv n‡jv
wKbv †h¸‡jv gvgjv Kivi Rb¨ welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| hLb Awf‡hvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q ev`x GKRb Amr e¨w³ ZLb GB wel‡qi Dci hLb NUbvejx c¨vK wiPvh©
NUbvejx D‡jøL Kiv nqwb A_ev Bw½Z Kiv nqwb ZLb weev`x Aek¨B mwVK
gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ gvgjvi AviwR‡Z AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| hw`
weev`x †Kvb msev` gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡ib †h ev`x Zvi cwievi Ges †Q‡j mšÍvb †K
Z¨vM K‡i mvgvwRKfv‡e Amr wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡q‡Q Zvn‡j G‡¶‡Î Ggb e³e¨‡K
mwVK gšÍe¨ ev †Kvb gvbnvwbKi Aciva nqwb GB g‡g© AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³
wn‡m‡e `vwLj Kiv hv‡e|
(c) commenty must be relevant ( gb gšÍe¨ Aek¨B cÖvmw½K n‡e)
mwVK kãwU ev mwVK gšÍe¨ kãwU ïay gvÎ mZZv‡K Bw½Z K‡i bv eis mZZv
Ges cÖvmw½KZv `y‡Uv welq †K Bw½Z K‡i| AZGe GKwU mgv‡jvPbv Aek¨B
cÖvmw½K evwc PvR© MV‡bi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K bv n‡j mwVK gšÍe¨ wn‡m‡e
MY¨ n‡e bv| GKwU ïaygvÎ AwZiwÄZ Kiv A_ev e¨vcKgvÎvq AwZiwÄZ Kiv hw`
we‡ØlcÖm~Z bv nq Zvn‡j GwU AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³‡K aŸsm ev LvwiR Ki‡e bv|
wKš‘ Amr D‡Ïk¨ Aek¨B AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³‡K aŸsm K‡i †`q| mvwnZ¨MZ ev
ZË¡xq mgv‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î ejv nq †h GKRb e¨w³‡K Aek¨B †jLvi AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e
ev †jLvi welqe¯‘ AbymiY K‡i Z`šÍ Ki‡Z n‡e †jLK Gi bq| AcÖ‡qvRbxq' e¨w³MZ
AvµgY A_ev Kv‡iv e¨w³MZ Rxeb AbyKiY Kiv Aek¨B me©`v gvgjvi wePv‡ii
welqwU AcÖvmw½K, mwVK gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ LvwiR K‡i †`q
ev Aejyß K‡i †`q|
(iii) Comment must be on matters of public interest;
g~jK hyw³ wn‡m‡e A_©vr mwVK gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ `vwL‡ji Rb¨
GwU cÖ‡qvRbxq †h Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z D³ e³e¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Ggb
e³e¨ cÖKvk Kiv Rb¯^v‡_© Kj¨vYKi, †hLv‡b ev`xi ¶gZv mZZv ˆbwZKZv AvPiY
Ges Ab¨vb¨ ˆbwZK ¸Yvejx RbM‡Yi mgv‡jvPbvi kZ©vaxb n‡e| G Lv‡b `yB
†kªbxi we‡eP¨ gvgjv i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ wn‡m‡e mwVK gšÍe¨ †K
cÖgvY wn‡m‡e `vwLj Kiv hvq. (1) †h mg¯Í cwiw¯’wZ‡Z gvgjvi wePv‡ii wel‡q
ewj †_‡KB Rb¯^v_© msµvšÍ welqvejx Gi DrcwË nq, Ges †h mg¯Í welq¸wj †_‡K,
(2) Gmg¯Í gvgjvi wePvi †h cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Awf‡hvMKvix c¶ wb‡RB RbM‡Yi
`„wó‡K ev mZ©KZv †K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œi welq¸wj‡K
Rb¯^v_© msµvšÍ welq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq;

1. ivóªm‡•Ni AvšÍtwelqK ewj; miKv‡ii gš¿x Ges ivóªxq miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì
wewfbœ Kvh©µg.
2. Pvi cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ Kg©KZ©vMb
3. miKvwi cÖwZôvbmg~n Ges ¯’vbxq KZ©„c¶
4. PviæKjvi eB Qwe Ges PviæKjvi wewfbœ K…ZKg©
5. bvU¨kvjv KbmvU© Ges Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ cvewjK we‡bv`b †K›`ª mg~n.
6. msev`cÎ, †hvMv‡hvM Ges hvZvqv‡Zi Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ gva¨g mg~n.
(iv) comment must not be malicious ( Ggb gšÍe¨ Aek¨B we‡ØlcÖm~Z n‡e bv)
GgbwK hw` Ab¨vb¨ kZ©vejx c~iY Kiv nq †h gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ wel‡q AvZ¥i¶vg~jK
hyw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv hw` G¸‡jv we‡ØlcÖm~Z AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq|
mwVK kãwU eëüZ fvlv‡K Bw½Z K‡i cÖKvk‡Ki gb‡K Bw½Z K‡i bv| AZGe
m¤¢ve¨ AvKv‡i GKwU mwVK gšÍe¨ we‡ØlcÖm~Z n‡Z cv‡i| we‡Øl g‡bvfve Gi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvwYZ K‡i †h Ggb mgv‡jvPbv wU mwVK wQj bv Ges AZGe GwU
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Ggb AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³i D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q ïaygvÎ
mwVK evm` mgv‡jvPbvi myi¶v cÖ`vb Kiv wKš‘ we‡ØlcÖm~Z gšÍe¨ myi¶v
cÖ`vb Kiv bq| hvB †nvK, wePvh© NUbvejx hZeviB cÖvmw½K MV‡b Avcb
cÖgvY Øviv mwVK †nvK bv †Kb ev mgw_©Z †nvK bv †Kb G¸‡jv
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv| we‡ØlcÖm~Z g‡bvfv‡ei
Aw¯ÍZ¡ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³‡K aŸsm K‡i †`q ev wejyß K‡i †`q|
Distinction between justification and fair comment (h_v_©Zv Ges mwVK gšÍe¨ Gi
ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨);
mwVK gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e gZvgZ cÖKvk
msµvšÍ welq Ab¨w`‡K h_v_©Zvi wbf©yjZv msµvšÍ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ cÖ‡qvM
Kiv hv‡e wePvh© NUbv Ges gZvgZ Dfq msµvbZ welq|
mwVK gšÍ‡eï †¶‡Î gšÍ‡eï mZ¨Zv cÖgvwYZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv wKš‘ wKš‘
cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z nq †h Ggb gZvgZ mwVKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q ev Ggb gZvgZ
mwZ¨B cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K hLb gšÍe¨ msµvšÍ welq h_v_©Zvi
mwVKZv msµvšÍ welqwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q AvwR©‡Z ZLb gy³ gZvgZ cÖKvk
Kiv n‡q‡Q GB g‡g© wm×všÍ h‡_ó n‡e bv wKš‘ Aek¨B GwU cÖgvwYZ n‡Z n‡e
†h G¸‡jvi mwVK gZvgZ| (3)
PRIVILIGE (my‡hvM-myweav)
KwZcq cwiw¯’wZ ev Dcj¶ i‡q‡Q †h †¶‡Î GKRb e¨w³ †K †Kvb iKg m‡›`n QvovB
gZvgZ cÖKvk Kivi Aby‡gv`b †Ìqv nq gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai `vq e×Zv kZ© Gi
Aax‡b| Ggb gvgjvmg~‡ni †¶‡Î fvwei mybv‡gi mv_©KZv welqwU we‡ePbv Kiv
n‡e weev`x Ges Zv‡ì mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb Ges mvgvwRK gh©v`vi Dci wfwË K‡i|
hw` ev`x gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv K‡ib Zvn‡j weev`x AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³
wn‡m‡e AviwR `vwLj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb †h Awf‡hvM cÖxZ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ `vqgyw³
wQj| Ggb `vqgyw³ `yB cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i|
P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³
kZ©hy³ `vqgy³
P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ ( Absolute privilege);
GKwU e³e¨ P~ovšÍfv‡e `vqgyw³ ivM Ki‡e hw` Ggb e³e¨ wg‡_¨ Ges we‡ØlcÖm~Z
nIqv m‡Ë¡I D³ e³‡eï weiæ‡× gvgjv Kivi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM _vK‡e bv |Ggb
my‡hvM myweav mPivPi n‡e hLb †hvMv‡hvM GZUvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h Ggb
`vqgyw³ MZ AwaKvi †Kvb wKQyB Ae¨nwZ w`‡ebv| GLv‡b e¨w³MZ ¯^v_©
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e m¤cÖ`vqMZ ¯^v‡_©i Aaxb kZ©vaxb Kiv n... wb‡¤œv³ †¶Îmg~n
P~ovšÍ `vqgyw³i `„óvšÍ;
(1) msm`xq gvgjvi Kvh©µg
(2) msm`xq gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi wbf©i‡hvM¨ wi‡cvU©
(3) wePviK gvgjvi Kvh©µg
(4) wePviK gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi mwVK Ges wbf©yj wi‡cvU©
(5) ivóªxq Kg©KZ©v‡ì ga¨Kvi `vßwiK †hvMv‡hvM mg~n
(6) cywjk Awdmv‡ii wbKU Awf‡hvM
(7) ¯^vgx Ges ¯¿xi ga¨Kvi wee„wZ ev e³e¨
(1) msm`xq gvgjvi Kvh©µg

msm‡` msm` m`m¨MY hZ wKQyB †nvK bv †Kb msm`xq Kvh©µ‡gi Ask
wn‡m‡e G¸‡jv Aek¨B P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ cv‡e| Bsj¨v‡Û GwU P~ovšÍfv‡e wej Ae
ivBUm 1968 Gi 1 aviv †gvZv‡eK eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q - gy³ aviv †gvZv‡eK msm`
fe‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i AvBb Abyhvqx †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi e³e¨ Ges weZK© msµvšÍ e³e¨
Aek¨B †h‡Kv‡bv ¯^vfvweK AvB‡b Av`vj‡Z gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU Avi
ewnf©~Z n‡e| fvi‡Z Ggb `vqgyw³ msµvšÍ weavb ev AwaKvi msweav‡bi gva¨‡g
Ac©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| D³ msweav‡bi 105 Ges 194 Aby‡”Q` †gvZv‡eK msm`
m`m¨MY Ges ivóªxq AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY ¯^Zš¿fv‡e P~ovšÍ my‡hvM-myweav jvf
Ki‡e msm` fe‡bi wfZ‡i cÖK…Z †h‡Kv‡bv e³‡eï †¶r... m` fe‡bi Pvi †`qv‡ji g‡a¨
e¨³ K…Z msm` m`‡mï †h‡Kvb e³‡eï Rb¨ Zvi weiæ‡× †Kvb cÖKvi gvbnvwb
Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv GgbwK hwÌ Ggb e³e¨ †Kvb cÖKvi D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z
nq|
(2) msm`xq gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi wbf©i‡hvM¨ wi‡cvU©;
Parliamentary papers Act, 1840 AvBbwU Bsj¨v‡Û P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ cÖ`vb K‡i
Ggb cÖKvkbvi Dci hvnv cvj©v‡g›U wi‡cvU© †ccvi A_ev †fvU A_ev
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui wfZ‡i †h †Kvb ai‡bi gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi `vqgyw³ †h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨
cÖKvk wel‡qi Ici `vq gyw³ cÖ`vb K‡i| fviZxq msweav‡bi 105 Ges 194 Aby‡”Q`
†gvZv‡eK †Kvb e¨w³ msm`xq KZ©„‡Z¡i gva¨‡g A_ev Aax‡b †Kvb cÖKvi †fvU
†ccvi A_ev gvgjvi Kvh©µg ev msm`xq Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡bi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv Z_¨
cÖKvk Ki‡j wZwb gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqe× n‡eb bv|
(3) wePviK gvgjvi Kvh©µg
wePviK gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î †Kvb wePviK AvBbRxex A_ev mv¶xM‡Yi wePvi
Kvh©µ‡g cÖ`Ë †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi e³e¨ wg‡_¨ A_ev D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z †gavex K‡i
gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e wePviK Ges AvBbRxex e¨ZxZ
Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³iv †hgb ev`x-weev`x Ges mv¶x †Kvb cÖKvi D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z wg‡_¨
e³e¨ cÖ`v‡bi `v‡q Zv‡ì weiæ‡× gvbnvwb K…Z e¨w³ A_©vr hvi gvb ¶ybœ n‡q‡Q
wZwb gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb gvbnvwb Aciv‡a|
Jagannaath Prasad Rafat Ali khan gvgjv‡Z euvw`‡K weev`x c‡¶i mv¶x wn‡m‡e
†Riv Kiv nq Av`vj‡Z wcÖRvBwWs K‡ib weev`x GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e| D³
†Rjvi †¶‡Î weev`x euvw`‡K e‡jb †h wZwb GKRb Amr wg‡_ëv`x cÖZviK Ges
Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ | Av`vj‡Zi wbKU Bnv cÖgvwYZ nq †h g¨vwR‡÷ªU D³ kãmg~n‡K
eënvi K‡i‡Qb Rbm¤§y‡L euvw`‡K AcgvwbZ Kivi Rb¨| ev`x gvbnvwb Aciv‡a
GKwU gvgjv `v‡qi K‡ib| Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb Ki‡jv †h D³ gvgjvwU MÖnY †hvM¨
bq KviY w`kvix Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e weev`x GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU I AvBbRxex
wn‡m‡e cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v nIqvq wZwb Ggb Aciva †_‡K Aek¨B `vqgyw³
cv‡eb Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv| m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e Zvi weiæ‡× DaŸ©Zb
KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU k„•Ljv f‡½i `v‡q Awf‡hvM `vwLj Kiv hv‡e †hLv‡b †Kvb ai‡bi
¯^vfvweK ¶wZc~iY ev c‡i gvgjvi Kvh©µg Pj‡e bv ïaygvÎ Awf‡hvM cÖgvwYZ
n‡j PvKwi †_‡K c`-AebwZ Kiv n‡e| Ggb `vqgyw³ msµvšÍ iæj cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e
ïaygvÎ ¯^vfvweK gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î Ges UªvBey¨bv‡ji †¶‡Î †h¸‡jv Ggb
gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi mggh©v`v m¤úbœ Ges wgwjUvwi I †bŠevwnbxi Rb¨
¯^Zš¿fv‡e MwVZ UªvBey¨bv‡j Ggb ¯^vfvweK Av`vj‡Zi mgvb gh©v`v jvf Ki‡e|
Statement must be in reference to the judicial proceedings (e³e¨wU Aek¨B wePv‡ii

gvgjvi Kvh©µg m¤ú„³ n‡e)
P~ovšÍfv‡e `vq gyw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ Ggb e³e¨ Aek¨B cÖvmw½K n‡Z n‡e Ges Aek¨B
gvgjvi wePv‡ii m¤ú„³ e³e¨ ev gvgjvi Kvh©µg PjvKv‡j Ggb e³e¨ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
hw` Ggb e³e¨ AcÖvmw½K nq Ges gvgjvi Kvh©µg †idv‡iÝ m¤ú„³ bv nq Zvn‡j
†Kvb `vq gyw³ `vex Kiv hv‡e bv| Jagat Mohan vs. kali pado ghosh gvgjv‡Z
Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q hyw³ZK© ïbvwb PjvKv‡j weev`x whwb wQ‡jb GKRb
AvBbRxex, wZwb euv‡ai weiæ‡× LyeB Lvivc fvlv eënvi K‡i Ges Zv‡K wg_y¨K
wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib ev Acev` †`b| Ggb e³e¨ †Ìqv nq euvw`‡K mgv‡R Zvi
gvbnvwb Kivi Rb¨| Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb Ki‡jv †h D³ e³e¨ gvgjvi wePvi Kvh©µg
PjvKv‡j cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges AZGe e³e¨ `vZv `vqgyw³ †_‡K jvf Ki‡e A_©vr
e³e¨ `vZv `vqgyw³ jvf Ki‡eb| wKš‘ Av`vjZ, Rahim bakhsh vs| Bacha lal gvgjv‡Z
GKRb mv¶x‡K cix¶v Kivi mgq KvDwÝj mv¶x‡K wRÁvmv Kij Zvi g‡°j, GKwU
†Kv¤úvwb, kn‡ii g‡a¨ ¯^bvgab¨ †Kv¤úvwb‡Z wKbv? mv¶x DËi w`‡jb nüv, Ges
Aci c¶ †_‡K miKvwi AvBbRxex Reve w`‡jb †h GB †Kv¤úvwbwU kn‡ii me‡P‡q
RNb¨ Lvivc †Kv¤úvwb| Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv †h Ggb gšÍe¨
AcÖvmw½K Ges gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ Gi †Kvb m¤ú„³Zv †bB| AZGe miKvwi
AvBbRxex D³ gšÍ‡eï ci †Kvb `vq gyw³ `vwe Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
AvwR©‡Z cÖ`Ë e³e¨ (Statements in pleadings);
AviwRi c¶MY KZ©„K cÖ`Ë e³e¨ P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e †Ìqvbx gvgjvi
Kvh©µ‡g ev gvbnvwbi Aciv‡a †Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g Z‡e kZ© n‡jv G¸‡jv
gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi †idv‡i‡Ý cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G¸‡jv‡K gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq wn‡m‡e wek¦vm Kiv n‡e|
D”P Av`vjZ Ges wb¤œ Av`vj‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ ˆZwi Kiv nqwb ( No
distinction is made between superior and inferior court):
fvi‡Z D”P Av`vjZ Ges wb¤œ Av`vjZ Dfq Av`vj‡Z gvgjvi Kvh©µg Ggb `vqgyw³
MZ AwaKvi jvf K‡i| Ggb `vqgyw³ wbqwgZ AvBb-Av`vj‡Zi †¶‡Î mxgve× bq eis
GwU UªvBeybvj Ges Av`vj‡Zi mgb mgvb gh©v`v m¤úbœ Ab¨vb¨ UªvBey¨bv‡ji
gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| AZGe Ggb my‡hvM myweav cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e
hLbB hLb †Kvb Aby‡gvw`Z gvgjvi Kvh©µg ev Z`šÍ hwÌ Av`vj‡Zi m¤§y‡L bq
eis UªvBey¨bv‡j P‡j ZLb Ggb AvBwb weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
Avwcj di hvq Ggb my‡hvM ev `vqgyw³ MZ `vwe Dc¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e ( privilege
can be raised at applellate stage ) ;
GwU cÖ‡qvRbxq bq †h Ggb my‡hvM myweav ¸‡jv AvBb-Av`vjZ-Gi cÖ_g
ch©v‡qi b¨~bZg ch©vq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| P~ovšÍ `vqgyw³ KZ cÖkœ we‡ePbv
Kivi †¶‡Î bZyb K‡i gvgjvi wePviK NUbvejxi Z`šÍ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| AZGe
GgbwK Avwcj ch©v‡qI `vqgyw³ MZ AwaKvi Dc¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
(d) ivóªxq Kg©KZ©v‡ì ga¨Kvi †hvMv‡hvM (Communication between state

officers);
ivóª m¤úwK©Z wel‡q KZ¸‡jv miKvwi `vßwiK †hvMv‡hvM‡K P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Chatterton vs. secretary of state gvgjv‡Z weev`x Zvi KZ©e¨
cvjb iZ Ae¯’vq ivóªxq mwPe eivei wPwV †j‡Lb Ges mycvwik K‡ib euvw`‡K Ges
ZvwjKvfy³ Ab¨vb¨‡ì‡K PvKwi †_‡K Ae¨vnwZi Rb¨ Ges D³ PvKzix †_‡K ev
miKvwi PvKwi †_‡K Ae¨vnwZi Rb¨ mycvwik K‡i KZ¸‡jv KviY D‡jøL Kiv nq|
†di Av`vjZ ivq w`‡q‡Q Ggb mycvwik ev wPwVi g‡a¨ D‡jøwLZ †hvMv‡hvM
ivóª m¤úwK©Z nIqvq P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e|
Ggb `vqgyw³ iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P Kg©KZ©v‡ì ga¨Kvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ mxgve×

bq. cÖZxK ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q ivóª m¤úwK©Z wel‡q m¤ú„³ †hvMv‡hvM Gi
ZvwjKv Ggb gvgjvmg~‡ni †¶‡Î m¤ú„³ n‡e bv ev mxgve× n‡e bv hLb iv‡óªi
mwPe A_ev DcmwPe ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib| fvi‡Z mvaviYZ
ivóªxq wel‡q ej‡Z cvewjK welq¸wj‡K cÖKvk K‡i we‡kl K‡i b¨vq wePvi
cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ welqvejx Ges ivóªxq Awdmvi ej‡Z Ggb Awdmvi †K
AšÍf©y³ Ki‡e hvi KZ©e¨ n‡”Q †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µg Aciv‡ai Z`šÍ Ges
AbymÜvb Kiv| hLb GKRb mv‡K©j cywjk BÝ‡c±i KZ©„K Zvi EaŸ©Zb
Kg©KZ©v eive‡i GKwU wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb Kiv nq D³ EaŸ©Zb Awdmv‡ii
AW©v‡ii Aax‡b Ges D³ wi‡cvU© g¨vwR‡÷ªU Gi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq, ZLb
G‡K Av`vjZ KZ©„K Awdwkqvj †hvMv‡hvM wn‡m‡e ivq cÖ`vb Kiv nq myZivs
GwU ivóªxq †hvMv‡hvM wn‡m‡e Aek¨B `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e|
Ggb †hvMv‡hvM ev ivóªxq Ggb †hvMv‡hvM eëmvwqK msµvšÍ welq n‡j `vq
gyw³ jvf Ki‡e bv| M. Issac and sons ltd vs. cook gvgjv‡Z hy³iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z
wUªwjqvb nvBKwgkbvi A‡÷ªwjqvi cÖvBg wgwb÷vi eivei eëmvwqK wel‡q
KZ¸‡jv †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq Av`vjZ G ‡hvMv‡RvM ¸‡jv‡K ivóªxq welq wn‡m‡e
P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ cÖ`vb K‡i|
`vßwiK †hvMv‡hvM P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e wKbv welqwU ¯úó bq| Rose vs.
secretary of state gvgjv‡Z ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Ggb welq P~ovšÍfv‡e `vq gyw³ jvf
Ki‡e wKš‘ †ev‡¤^ nvB‡KvU© Jehangir vs. secretary of state gvgjv‡Z ivq cÖ`vb
Kij GKwU wfbœ `„wó‡Z A_©vr wfbœ ivq cÖ`vb Kij|
(e) complaints to a police officer ( cywjk Awdmv‡ii wbKU Awf‡hvM);
AmsL¨ gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q †h cywj‡ki wbKU cÖ`Ë
Awf‡hvM P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e| Ggb AviwR‡Z Awf‡hvM c‡Î D‡jøwLZ
†Kvb e³e¨B gvbnvwbi Aciv‡a gvgjv Kivi Rb¨ AvBbMZ wfwË n‡Z cv‡i bv| hw`
Ggb Awf‡hvM e¨_© cÖwmwKDkb Gi Rb¥ †`q, Zvn‡j cÖwZKvi jvf Kiv hv‡e
we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDkb gvgjvi Aciv‡a| GgbwK hLb AvwR©‡Z ev
Awf‡hvM c‡Î D‡jøwLZ e³e¨mg~n wg‡_¨ nq ZLb Awf‡hvMKvix‡K fviZxq
`Ðwewai 182 A_ev 211 avivq kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e wKš‘ Aciv‡a †Kvb gvgjv Kiv
hv‡e bv| ZvB, f.i.r. wi‡cv‡U© D‡jøwLZ gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ jvf
Ki‡e|
wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ wKQy gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q †h cywjk
Awdmv‡ii wbKU cÖ`Ë Awf‡hvM A_ev e³e¨ ïaygvÎ kZ©hy³ `vqgyw³ MZ AwaKvi
jvf Ki‡e| Govind vs. pandhari Nath gvgjv‡Z †ev‡¤^ nvB‡KvU© ivq cÖ`vb Ki‡jv
†h cywj‡ki wbKU Awf‡hvM A_ev e³e¨ wePviK gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e
we‡eP¨ n‡e bv we‡kl K‡i hLb welq¸‡jv Av`vj‡Zi wbKU †cuŠQvq bv ZLb P~ovšÍ
`vq gyw³ cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv| AÎ gvgjv‡Z weev`x cywjk †÷kb ev _vbvq wi‡cvU©
Ki‡jv †h Avw` Ab¨vq fv‡e g` Ges w`‡K Zvi evwo‡Z iv‡Lb Ges eëmv K‡ib.
cywj‡ki Abycw¯’wZ‡Z evwo Zjøvwk Kiv nq †hLv‡b ïaygvÎ K‡qKRb gwnjv
Kb‡÷ej Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Ges evwo‡Z Zjøvwk K‡i †Kvb wKQyB cvIqv hvqwb|
Av`vj‡Zi wbKU cÖZxqgvb nq †h cywj‡ki wbKU cÖ`Ë Ggb Z_¨ wefv‡Mi Rb¨
wg‡_¨ wQj evwe evwei m¤ú‡K© wg‡_¨ wQj. djkªæwZ‡Z cywjwk Z`šÍ eÜ n‡q
hvq. fwZ©‡Z ev`x gvbnvwbi Aciv‡a gvgjv K‡ib| Ggb evwo‡Z Ggb Zjøvwk Zvi
Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ weåvwšÍKi wQj Ges Ggb Zjøvwki d‡j †m Ges Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨ M‡bi
gvbnvwb N‡U‡Q| Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb Ki‡jv †h Bnv cÖZxqgvb ev cÖgvwYZ nq †h
ev`x evwo‡Z Zjøvwki welqwU weev`x KZ©„K Amr D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z wQj
A_©vr Am`y‡Ï‡k¨ we‡ØlcÖm~Z n‡qB evwo‡Z Zjøvwk Kiv nq| AvB GLv‡b
kZ©hy³ `vqgyw³ GgbwK euvw`‡K `vqe×Zv †_‡K gy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
(f) Communication between husband and wife (¯^vgx-¯¿xi ga¨Kvi †hvMv‡hvM);
kZ©hy³ my‡hvM myweav ( qualified privilege);
KwZcq cwiw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b mgv‡Ri w`K †_‡K P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ cÖ`vb Kiv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| mvaviY myweavi Rb¨ Ges mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Ggb Dcj¶mg~n
cÖKvwkZ †hvMv‡hvM Gi myi¶vi cÖ‡qvRb| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î AvBb ïaygvÎ
kZ©hy³ my‡hvM-myweavi `vqgyw³i Aby‡gv`b †`q ïaygvÎ `vqgyw³ cÖ`vb K‡i
Ggb e³‡eï Rb¨ †h¸‡jv D‡Ïk¨ ev Amr D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖKvwkZ nqwb. mg¯Í Dcj¶ ev
cwiw¯’wZ mg~n GKwU Awf‡hvMK…Z gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ †K myi¶v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
cv‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv wb‡¤œv³;
Rb¯^v_© i¶v‡_© Ab¨ cÖ`Ë e³e¨.
(i) Kvh©µ‡gi wi‡cvU© hvnv AvBbcÖ‡YZv‡ì ùvov A_ev KZ©„Z¡ QvovB

cÖKvwkZ nqwb.
(ii) wePviK gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi wi‡cvU© Ges
(iii) wePvi wefvM mgRvZxq gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi wi‡cvU©.
(iV) cvewjK wgwUs msµvšÍ wi‡cvU©
(v) RbM‡Yi ms¶yäZv `~i Ki‡bi Rb¨ mwVK KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU Awf‡hvM `vwLj.
(b) AvBbMZfv‡e êa AvZ¥¯^v_© myi¶vi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë e³e¨
(C) wKfv‡e MwZi ¯^v_© myi¶v Kiv †hLv‡b AvBbMZ mvgvwRK Ges ˆbwZK
KZ©e¨ we`¨gvb
(d) Kgb ¯^v_© ev mvavib ¯^v_©
Statement in public interest (Rb¯^v‡_© cÖ`Ë e³e¨);

(i) msm` msµvšÍKvh©µ‡gi wi‡cvU©;
g‡a¨ †`Lv n‡q‡Q †h P~ovšÍ `vq gyw³ msm` KZ©„c‡¶i Aax‡b A_ev wbqš¿‡Y
cÖKvwkZ mKj wi‡cv‡U©i †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| hLb gvgjvi Kvh©µg msm`xq
KZ©„c‡¶i AbygwZ e¨ZxZ cÖKvwkZ nq, ZL‡bv gvbnvwb Aciva kZ©hy³
my‡hv‡Mi Aby‡gv`b †`q KviY msm`xq Kvh©µg Pjgvb ivLvi Rb¨ gvgjvi
Kvh©µg cÖKvk Kiv cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges ivóªxq Kj¨vY, |Gmg¯Í KviYmg~n mvaviYZ
msm‡ì Kvh©µg hLb cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb mvaviYZ cÖKvkK `vqgyw³ jvf K‡i
gvbnvwbi Aciv‡ai `vq e×Zv †_‡K| Ggb hyw³ Bsj¨v‡Ûi Kgb AvBb KZ©„K
mgw_©Z nq Ges eZ©gv‡b Gi wfwË‡Z gvbnvwb 1952 Gi Aax‡b KwZcq weavb
AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| myi¶v mvaviYZ Amr D‡Ïk¨ e¨ZxZ cÖKvwkZ mwVK Ges
wbf©yj wi‡cv‡U©i †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| fvi‡Z KjKvZv nvB‡KvU© ivq cÖ`vb
Ki‡jv †h msweav‡bi 105 Ges 94 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx cÖ`Ë `vqgyw³ msm‡ì Aax‡b
A_ev msm` KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ Z‡_ï †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e, Ges †dŠR`vwi gvbnvwb
Aciva msµvšÍ AvB‡bi Dc‡i cÖKvwkZ msm`xq msev`c‡Îi wi‡cvU© `vq gyw³ jvf
Ki‡e bv| GgbwK hwÌ GwU mnR A_ev wbf©i‡hvM¨ nq Z_vwc `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e
bv| GB wm×všÍ ev iv‡qi myi¶v cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ msm`xq Kvh©µg 1956 cÖYxZ nq
Ges eZ©gv‡b wgwWqv msev`cÎ Ges wUwf P¨v‡bj KZ©„K msev`cÎ cÖKv‡ki
†¶‡Î Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AvBb ¸‡jv‡K mgwš^Z Kiv n‡q‡Q. DËi 1 956 mv‡ji AvB‡bi 3
Ges 4 avivq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †h;
3(1) Dcaviv 2 bs G hv-B _vKzK bv †Kb, †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb †Ìqvbx A_ev
†dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi `vqe× n‡e bv Ggb cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ hv wZwb msev`c‡Î
cÖKvk K‡ib Ges mZ¨ hw` bv GwU Amr D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖKvwkZ nq Zvn‡j wZwb eva¨
n‡eb Ges hw` wU msm`xq Kvh©µ‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e cÖKvwkZ nq Zvn‡j wZwb
eva¨ n‡eb bv|
(2) 1 bs Dcavivi †Kv‡bvwKQyB Ggb †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv hLb Avgb

cÖKvkbvwU Rb¯^v‡_© Kiv nqwb eis Ab¨ Kvi‡Y Kiv n‡q‡Q ZLb 1 bs Dcaviv
cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv|
4. AvBbwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e Ggb wi‡cvU© ev welq¸wji Dc‡i †h¸‡jv Zviwenxb
†UwjMÖvd wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq, †Kvb Abyôvb A_ev †mevi Ask wn‡m‡e|
†Zv nj †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj †÷kb k‡ãi Øviv GLv‡b g~jZ Ggb GjvKv‡K eySv‡bv
n‡q‡Q †h GjvKvq †UªbwU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e, †hgwb fv‡e GwU msev`cÎ cÖKvwkZ
wi‡cv‡U©i †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
Dc‡ii aviv mg~‡ni gva¨‡g cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweav mg~n ZvB Gfv‡eB wb‡¤œv³
kZ©mg~‡ni Aax‡b kZ©vaxb n‡e;
1. Ab cÖKvkbv Aek¨B welqe¯‘MZ fv‡e mZ¨ n‡e
2. GwU Aek¨B msm`xq Avm‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi wi‡cvU© n‡e
3. Aek¨B Rb¯^v‡_© Kj¨vYKi n‡e ev Rb¯^v‡_© cÖKvwkZ n‡e
4. GwU Aek¨B Amr D‡Ï‡k¨, we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖKvwkZ n‡e bv
msweav‡b Ggb M¨vivw›U AšÍf©~³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì msweav‡bi 361 K

Aby‡”Q‡` GKB weavb AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hvnvi msweavb KZ©„K 44 Zg
ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q. hvB †nvK D³ Aby‡”Q‡` e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q †h
Ggb myi¶v †Mvcbxq welq e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi wi‡cv‡U©i †¶‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv|
Ggb `vqgyw³ MZ AwaKvi ïaygvÎ msm`xq Kvh©µg Gi †¶‡Î mxgve×| msev`c‡Î

msev` cÖKvkbv ms¯’vi m¤úwK©Z fvecÖKvk m¤úwK©Z †Kvb wel‡qi Dci Ggb
`vqgyw³ MZ AwaKvi cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv, mvaviY gvbnvwb Aciv‡ai AvB‡bi
kZ©vaxb †m †¶‡Î mvaviY gvbnvwbKi AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
msm‡ì Kvh©µg Gi welqe¯‘i cÖKvkbv, GKRb msm` m`‡mï wbR¯^ e³e¨ †_‡K
c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e. hw` GKRb msm` m`m¨ Zvi wbR¯^ e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡ib Ab¨vb¨
Kvh©µg QvovI Zvn‡j Ggb cÖKvkbv mvaviY gvbnvwb Aciva msµvšÍ AvB‡bi
miKvwifv‡e| Ggb cÖKvkbvi mv‡_ P~ovšÍ Ges kZ©hy³ my‡hvM myweav m¤ú„³
n‡e bv| wZwb kZ©hy³ myweav `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib hw` wZwb cÖgvY †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib
†h welqwU Rb¯^v‡_© mvK©yjvi AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq Ges Zvi wbR¯^ msm`xq
Avm‡bi mxgve× nq|
(ii) gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi wi‡cvU©;
Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi Aax‡b Kzrmv iUbv AvBb 1988 Gi 3 aviv †gvZv‡eK †h‡Kv‡bv
gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Dci msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ mwVK wi‡cvU© Z`vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e
hw` GwU hyMcr AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq. D³ msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z
kZ©mg~n D³ wi‡cvU© hw` AbymiY bv K‡i Zvn‡j fviZxq AvBb Gi GB wel‡qi
Dci my¯úó †h, †Kb Ggb ZvwjKv G †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv Zvi †Kv‡bv
mywbw`©ó KviY †bB|
Ggb my‡hvM-myweav mKj ai‡bi Av`vj‡Zi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e GwU EaŸ©Zb
A_ev wb¤œZg Av`vjZ hvB †nvK bv †Kb, ùv‡Zi D³ wel‡qi Dci wePvi Kivi
Gw³qvi i‡q‡Q wKbv Zv we‡eP¨ bq DwbwU mvsevw`K‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖZ¨vkv
Kiv A‡bK †ewk n‡e whwb mPivPi wePvivK Avevi AvBbRxex‡ì‡K KbwdDR
K‡i †d‡jb Z‡e Ggb `vqgyw³ msµvšÍ myweavi wb‡¤œv³ †¶Îmg~‡n cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e
bv;
hLb gvgjvi Kvh©µg cvewjK ev Rb¯^v_© m¤ú„³ bq| Ggb gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î
RbMY mvaviYZ c¶fy³ n‡Z cv‡i bv ZvB Zv‡ì‡K AewnZ Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi
Zv‡ì †bB|
hLb Ggb cÖKvkbv Av`vjZ KZ©„K wbwl× nq ZLb Ggb †¶Îmg~n Qov mvaviYZ
Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi mgch©v‡q DbœxZ n‡e| hLb welqwUI ¯úó gvbnvwbKi Ges
ivóª‡`ªvng~jK nq ZLb Avgvb cÖKvkbv AvBb KZ©„K wbwl× nq|
hLb wi‡cvU©vi wb‡RB Zvi wb‡Ri gšÍe¨ AšÍf©y³ K‡ib ZLb Ggb gšÍe¨ `vq gyw³
jvf Ki‡e bv| hLb Avgvi bvg gvgjvi Kvh©µg A‡bKw`b ch©šÍ †UKmB nq ZLb
gvgjvwU P~ovšÍfv‡e wb®úwË bv nIqv ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| mwVK
wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ nIqv DwPZ Ges dvBbvj wm×všÍ nIqv ch©šÍ gšÍe¨ cwinvi
Ki‡Z n‡e|
(III) †Kvqvwm RywWwkqvj gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi wi‡cvU©; mZ¨ mwVK Ges

mwØk¦v‡mi cÖKvkbv A_©vr Iqvwm RywWwkqvj welqK gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi
cÖKvkbv mZ¨cÖKvk †kvbvI `vqgyw³ jvf Ki‡e. ¯’vbxq A_ev Ab¨vb¨ †¶Îmg~‡n
cÖ`Ë e³e¨ Ges cÖkvmwbK Av`vjZ cÖ`Ë e³e¨ kZ©hy³ `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e|
(IV) cvewjK wgwUs Gi Kvh©µ‡gi wi‡cvU©; cvewjK wgwUs‡q cÖ`Ë Kvh©µ‡gi

wi‡cvU© ïaygvÎ kZ©hy³ my‡hvM-myweav jvf Ki‡e| j¨v‡Û gvbnvwb AvB‡bi 1 bs
Zdwm‡j weavb cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| fvi‡Z Avgb AvB‡bi wfbœZi evqygÐ‡ji
wfbœZi _vKvi †Kv‡bv KviY †Bb|
(V) RbM‡Yi ms¶yäZv †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ mwVK KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU Awf‡hvM;
mwVK KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU RbM‡Yi ms¶yäZv Gi weiæ‡× cÖwZKvi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨

cÖ`Ë e³e¨ `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e| ZvB †cv÷ gv÷v‡ii weiæ‡× †cv÷gv÷vi †Rbv‡ij Gi
wbKU Awf‡hvM A_ev GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU Gi weiæ‡× ¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq Awf‡hvM
A_ev GKRb wek‡ci wbKU Zvi Kg©KZ©v‡ì weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM `vq gyw³ jvf
Ki‡e g‡g© Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
GKwU Awf‡hvM `vq gyw³ jvf Ki‡e hw` GwU wb‡¤œv³ kZ©mg~n c~iY K‡i;
1.Awf‡hvMwU Aek¨B mwVK KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z n‡e hvi D³ ms¶yäZv
ev Awf‡hvM Gi weiæ‡× cÖwZKvi cÖ`vb Kivi ¶gZv i‡q‡Q|
2. Ggb Awf‡hvMwU Aek¨B RbM‡Yi ms¶yä Zv Gi weiæ‡× `vwLj Ki‡Z n‡e
GwU cÖ‡qvRbxq bq †h Ggb ms¶yäZv Aek¨B we‡kl K‡i Awf‡hvMKvixi m¤ú„³

n‡e. hvB‡nvK hw` GwU Ggb fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvi e³e¨‡K Zvn‡j wZwb
AvZ¥i¶vg~jK Av‡iv GKwU hyw³‡Z `vqgyw³ jvf Ki‡eb|
(B) e¨w³MZ A_ev m¤úwËi Dci AvZ¥¯^v_© Gi myi¶v ( PROTECTION OF SELF

INTEREST IN PERSON OR PROPERTY );
e¨w³MZ AvZ¥i¶v AwaKv‡ii mv`„k¨Zv mgch©v‡q GKRb e¨w³ ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨
cÖ`Ë e³e¨ gvbnvwbi Aciva †_‡K gyw³ jvf Ki‡e| gb e³e¨ n‡Z cv‡i;
Zvi e¨w³MZ myi¶v A_ev m¤úwË i¶vi Rb¨
Zvi PwiÎ A_ev mybvg i¶vi Rb¨|

Zvi e¨w³MZ myi¶v A_ev m¤úwË i¶vi Rb¨
Ggb gvgjvmg~‡ni †¶‡Î hw` e³e¨ Ggb e¨w³i wbKU cÖKvk Kiv nq hvi wbKU
cÖKvkK mwØk¦v‡mi wek¦vm K‡ib †h Zvi ¯^v_© i¶v msµvšÍ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q
A_ev wZwb Ggb ¯^v_© i¶vi `vhw ় ‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ Zvn‡j wcwb `vqgyw³ jvf
Ki‡eb| ZvB hLb GKRb Kg©Pvix Ab¨ Kg©Pvix wbKU †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib RvwZ
wØZxq Kg©Pvix D³ wel‡qi Dci Z`šÍ K‡ib GB g‡g© †h Zv‡K welwµqv Kiv
n‡q‡Q fwel¨‡Z Zv‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q ZLb Ggb welq ev Ggb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ `vq
gyw³ jvf Ki‡e| Rb FY`vZv GKRb wbjv‡g m¤úwË MÖnxZv Gi wbKU wPwV
wjL‡Z cv‡ib Zvi wmwKDwiwU Gi myi¶vi Rb¨| GKRb gvwjK Zvi Kg©Pvix‡ì‡K
mZK© Ki‡Z cv‡ib hv‡Z Amr m½ Z¨vM K‡ib| hw` G †`‡Lb we †K, Ggb Kvi
Pvjv‡bv hvq mvaviYZ Gi Mvwo wn‡m‡e Pvjv‡bvi K_v, Zvi GwU g~jZ G Gi
ZLb hw` G cywjk‡K Zvi Mvwo Pywii nvZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Wv‡K Zvn‡j G‡¶‡Î
cywj‡ki wbKU Ggb Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j Gi weiæ‡× gvbnvwbi Aciva m„wó n‡e bv|
wKš‘ hLb cÖKvkK wb‡RB Rv‡bb †h Zvi Ggb m¶gZv †bB A_ev c~‡e©v³ †Kvb
Dcj‡¶ Zv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvn‡j GwU Amr D‡Ïk¨ ev
we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖgvY wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Aa¨vq -18
wePvi wePviKcÖwµqvi Aceënvi (Abuse of the
judicial process)
msiw¶Z ¯^v_© ( interest protected);
cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ AvBb Abyhvqx AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q, Z‡e kZ© n‡jv
Ggb e¨w³ Aek¨B Zvi wb‡Ri ¯^v_© Ges RbM‡Yi ¯^v_© cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨
mwØk¦vm GgbwU K‡i _v‡Kb .KL‡bv KL‡bv Ggb AwaKvi‡K wb‡`©vl
e¨w³‡ì‡K gvbnvwb Kivi Rb¨ Ges nqivwb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Amr D‡Ï‡k¨|
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi UU© Kvh©µg mvaviYZ cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q b¨vq wePv‡ii
cÖwµqv †Kgb fv‡e Aceënvi †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨| Ggb wePvi wefvMxq wbqš¿b
Kiv nq 02 wU cÖwZ‡hvMx mvgvwRK ¯^v_© we‡ePbv K‡i|GKRb e¨w³‡K
Ab¨vq gvgjv †_‡K evPuv‡bv Ges bvMwiK‡ì‡K AvBbMZ mnvqZv MÖn‡b
DrmvwnZ Kivi AvBbMZ cwjwm।।|
we‡Øl cÖm~Z gvgjvi BwZnvm ( history of malicious prosecution);
we‡Øl cÖm~Z UU© gvgjvi wbR¯^ we‡kl DrmMZ BwZnvm i‡q‡Q; hvi Rb¥ nq
cÖvwPb hy‡Mi lohbÍª we‡ivax ixU gvgjvi Kvh©µg †_‡K| Z‡e, Ggb ixU Kiv †hZ
ïay gvÎ 02 ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨wKÍi mgwš^Z AvBbMZ cwµqvi g‡a¨| Bnv Ggb `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i ewiæ‡× cÖ‡qvM Kiv †hZ, hviv Rywi †ev‡W©i iv‡qi weiæ‡×
Avwcj KiZ|
wePvwi cÖwµqvi Aceënvi †iva Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨ GKwU AvBbMZ c`‡¶c n‡”Q
eë¯’vcbv msµvšÍ wiU Kiv wKš‘ GwU ïaygvÎ †Ìqvbx gvgjvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj
Ges GwU †Kvb e¨w³MZ †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj bv . Dc‡ii
`ywU gvgjvi †Kvb wU Ggb e¨w³i †¶‡Î cÖwZKvi cÖ`vb Kiv bv †R‡b †Kvb ai‡bi
AvBbMZ wfwË QvovB A‡bï weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡ib. GB ÎæwUwU AvBbMZ
gvgjvi gva¨‡g `~i Kiv n‡q‡Q †hwU lohš¿ we‡ivax Ges we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi
weiæ‡× wiU Kivi AwaKvi msµvšÍ gvgjvi AwaKv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ.
AvaywbK AvBbMZ bxwZgvjv me©cÖ_g cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q †h gvgjvwU‡Z †mwU
nj Savile vs. Roberts
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi weiæ‡× AvBbMZ c`‡¶c MÖnY msµvšÍ AwaKvi ïaygvÎ

cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Aciva ev nqivwb †_‡K myi¶vi Rb¨ | ZvQvov Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv
ai‡bi Aciva †_‡K myi¶vi Rb¨ Ges †Ìqvbx Ges †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi
Aceënvi †iva Kivi Rb¨| Ggb gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi mvims‡¶c g~jZ lohš¿ bq eis
¶wZc~iYg~jK AwaKvi `vwe Kiv| ZvB HwZnvwmKfv‡eB we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi
Kvh©µg †K †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µg mxwgZ Kivi †Kvb HwZnvwmK
mxgve×Zv †bB| GwU Aek¨B KZ¸‡jv †Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µg †K AšÍf©y³ K‡i‡Q
†hgb, e¨vsK †`Dwjqv, †Kv¤úvwb wejyß Kiv, Ges Rã K‡ib gvgjvi cÖwµqv
†hwU euv‡ai weiæ‡× gvbnvwb ev ev`xi mybvg bó K‡i|
mv¤cÖwZKKv‡ji cÖeYZv n‡”Q Ggb gvgjvi Kvh©µg ¸‡jv †K we‡ØlcÖm~Z

†Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µg wk‡ivbv‡g c„_K Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi
Kvh©µg †K g~jZ †dŠR`vwi we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
msÁv ( definition);
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Aciva A_©vr Aciva g~jZ msMwVZ nq Ab¨ e¨w³‡K hLb
we‡ØlcÖm~Z fv‡e gvgjv Kiv nq nqivwb Kivi Rb¨ Ges D³ e¨w³i Rb¨ ¶wZmva‡bi
†Kv‡bv †hŠw³K KviY hLb _v‡K bv A_ev m¤¢ve¨ KviY _v‡K bv.
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb ( Essential Elements);

we‡Øl cÖm~Z gvgjvi Kvi‡b LwZc~ib `vex msµvšÍ gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g ev`x‡K
cÖgvwbZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h;
(1) weev`x KZ…©K Zvi weiy‡Ï gvgjv Kiv n‡q‡Q

(2) Awf‡hvMK…Z gvgjvi Kvh©µg ev`xi AbyKz‡j †kl nq, hw` G¸wji cÖK…wZ
†_‡KB G¸wj Aemvb †hvM¨ nq.
(3) ev`xi weiæ‡× ˆhw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ Kvib e¨wZZ gvgjv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(4) gvgjvi Kvh©µg `vwLj Kiv n‡q‡Q we‡Øl cÖm~Z D‡`&`k¨ wb‡q, AvBbMZ
D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡bi Rb¨ bq|
(5) †h‡nZz GwU gvgvjvi AvBbMZ wfwË‡Z Rb¥ jvf K‡i‡Q, ZvB ev`x
LwZMÖ¯Í n‡q‡Qb g‡g© AwZwi³ kZ© c~ib Ki‡Z n‡e|
hw` ev`x Ggb †h †Kvb kZ© c~i‡b e¨_© nb Zvn‡j Zv‡K e¨_© Mb¨ Kiv n‡e| ev`xi
Dci Ggb cÖPzi cvÖgvwbK `vwqZ¡ Ac©b Kiv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †h,
ïaygvÎ †h mg¯Í gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g AvBbMZ cÖwµqvq gvivZ¥K Aceënvi Kiv

n‡q‡Q Ggb gvgjv‡Z UU Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv hv‡e/ †h †¶‡Î mwØk¦vm AvBb
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv nq †m †¶‡Î bq.
cÖwmwKDkb ( prosecution);
cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© n‡jv GB †h Aek¨B weev`x KZ©„K gvgjv `vwLj Kiv n‡e/
cÖwmwKDkb Kiv n‡e. GwU cÖgvwYZ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi wZbwU cÖkœ
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e;
cÖwmwKDkb wK?
cÖwmwKDkb KLb cÖeZ©b nq?
cÖwmwKDUi †K?
cÖwmwKDkb wK ( what is prosecution);

cÖ‡mwKDU k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q wePviwefvMxq KZ©„Z¡ i‡q‡Q Ggb e¨w³i wbKU
Avwcj cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g AvBbMZ cÖwµqv AvBbMZ AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv.
cÖwmwKDkb kãwUi mvaviY A_© n‡”Q †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µg m¤ú„³Zv.
wKš‘ iW Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î Ggb kãwU eënvi Kiv nq KwZcq †Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µg
†K AšÍf©y³ Kivi Rb¨. †hgb e¨vsK †`Dwjqv nIqv , †`Dwjqv , Ges †µvK gvgjvi
Kvh©µg, hv mvaviYZ Avgv‡ì mybvg Gi Rb¨ GKwU cÖwZeÜK n‡Z cv‡i/ ev`xi
mybvg ¶ybœ Ki‡Z cv‡i.
Ab¨w`‡K GwU Ggb gvgjvi Kvh©µg †K AšÍf©y³ Ki‡e bv †h¸‡jv LyeB ¶y`ªvKvi
Aciva. †h mg¯Í gvgjvi †¶‡Î Avmvwg‡K †Kvb ai‡bi kvixwiK kvw¯Í A_ev
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv Kiv nqwb .
Dc‡ii cÖwmwKDkb k‡ãi cÖ`Ë msÁv Abyhvqx GwU Bw½Z K‡i †h Ggb gvgjvi
Kvh©µg Aek¨B wePvwi KZ©„c‡¶i m¤§y‡L Pjgvb _vK‡e. Ggb gvgjvi Kvh©µg
g¨vwR‡÷ªU A_ev †dŠR`vwi Av`vj‡Z Pjgvb _vKvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †bB. hw`
wePvi UªvBeybvj, †hwU g~jZ gvgjv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q, DËi UªvBey¨bv‡ji
†dŠR`vwi Aciv‡ai gvgjvi Kvh©µg cÖeZ©‡bi ¶gZv _v‡K Zvn‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡e
†h kZ© c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q. hLb ïaygvÎ cÖkvmbB KZ©„c¶ gvgjvi Kvh©µg `vwLj
K‡ib ZLb we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv. ZvB hLb
GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui m¤§y‡L †Kvb e¨w³i weiæ‡× †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó Aciva
msMV‡bi Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv nq, ZLb Ggb Avmvgx hw` D³ gvgjvwU we‡ØlcÖm~Z
nq Zvi weiæ‡× Zvn‡j wZwb Ggb nqivwbg~jK gvgjvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
KviY wePvi KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU Zvi weiæ‡× nqivwbg~jK gvgjv Kiv n‡q‡Q. wKš‘
hLb GKRb e¨w³ cywjk Awdmvi m¤§y‡L ïaygvÎ †`vlx mve¨¯Í nb wZwb Zvi
weiæ‡× PvR©wkU ˆZwi K‡ib wKš‘ Zv‡K g¨vwR‡÷ªU †Kv‡U© †cÖiY K‡ibwb
Zvn‡j Ggb Avmvwgi weiæ‡× cÖwmwKDkb Kiv n‡q‡Q g‡g© MY¨ Kiv n‡e bv.
Abyiƒcfv‡e hLb GKRb e¨w³ GKwU Awf‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z †MÖßvi nb Ges Zv‡K
Rvwg‡b gy³ Kiv nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡K dvBbvj wi‡cvU© `vwL‡ji gva¨‡g gy³
Kiv nq Zvn‡j g~jZ GLv‡b Zvi weiæ‡× cÖwmwKDk‡bi nqwb g‡g© MY¨ Kiv
n‡e. Ggb mg¯Í †¶‡Î Avmvwg‡ì Rb¨ mwVK cÖwZKvi n‡e wg_¨v gvgjv evwZ‡ji
weiæ‡× cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Kiv.
‰dR`vwi AvB‡bi 107 avivi Aax‡b gvgjvi Kvh©µg (Proceeding under section
107 of the code of criminal procedure);
Kanadasami asari vs. subramania Pillai gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv
n‡q‡Q hLb weev`x KZ©„K g¨vwR‡÷ªU Gi wbKU †Kvb ìLv¯Í Kiv nq GB g‡g©
Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i †cŠl `vwo Kvh©wewai 167 aviv Abyhvqx Zv‡ì wbKU †_‡K
wmwKDwiwU MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, Ggb †¶‡Î evwe KZ©„K wefvwì weiæ‡×
g~jZ Aciv‡ai Rb¨ cÖwmwKDkb Kiv nqwb g‡g© MY¨ Kiv n‡e. myZivs
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv Kivi Aciv‡a †Kvb bZyb gvgjv `vwLj Kiv hv‡e bv| wKš‘
AÜªcÖ‡`k nvB‡KvU© ivq cÖ`vb Kij †h , hLb Ggb ìLv‡¯Íi wfwË‡Z g¨vwR‡÷ªU
ev`x‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i †bvwUk †cÖib K‡ib Ges cÖ¯ÍvweZ gvgjvi Rb¨ †kv-KR K‡ib
ZLb cÖwmwKDkb n‡q‡Q g‡g© Mb¨ n‡e| GLv‡b we‡Øl cÖm~Z gvgjvi Aciv‡a
U©U Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv hv‡e| G‡K c~‡e©v³ gvgjv †_‡K c„_K Kiv hv‡e Ggb
hyw³‡Z †h D³ gvgjv‡Z ìLv¯Í MÖn‡bi ci, g¨vwR‡÷ª †Kvb AwaKZi AvBbMZ
c`‡Lc †bb wb |
(b) KLb cÖwmwKDkb ïiæ nq (when does prosecution begin?);
GK`v Ggb cÖkœ wKQ’ weZ‡K©i m„wó K‡i, wewfbœ nvB‡KvU© gvgjvi
Kvh©µ‡gi †÷R m¤ú‡K© m¤§Z wQjbv| †hwU‡K UU Aciv‡a gvgjv Kivi Rb¨
we‡Øl cÖm~Z gvgjv Mb¨ Kiv hv‡e| KwZcq gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv
nq †h, cÖwmwKDUi hLb cÖv_wgK c‡`‡Lc †bb ZLbB cÖwmwKDkb ïiæ nq,
†hgb Zvi gva¨‡g g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU Awf‡hvM `vwLj Kiv|
‡gvnv¤§` Avgxb ebvg †hv‡M›`ª Kzgvi e¨vbvwR© gvgjv‡Z Ggb weZi‡Ki

wb®úwË Kiv nq. AÎ gvgjv‡Z nvRvi 940 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m AvwcjKvix Ges
cÖ_g wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ GKwU Pyw³ m¤úvw`Z nq hvi gva¨‡g AvwcjKvix KwZcq
m¤úwË †Kv¤úvwbi wbKU wewµ Ki‡Z m¤§Z nb, Rvnv weev`x KZ©„K MwVZ
nq. AvwcjKvix Ki‡Z †Mv Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q AvwcjKvix Ges wefv‡Mi g‡a¨
cieZ©x‡Z GKwU †gŠwLK Pyw³ m¤úvw`Z nq †hLv‡b KwZcq weavb D‡jøL Kiv
nq hvnv wjwLZ Pyw³i AvIZvq evB‡i. Ggb †Kv¤úvwbwUi 940 mv‡ji GwcÖj
gv‡m MwVZ nq AvwLj Kv‡i›U wbKU †_‡K KwZcq m¤úwË µq Kivi Rb¨ Ges
AvwcjKvix KZ©„c¶ m¤úwË¸‡jv‡K †Kv¤úvwbi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq. cieZ©x‡Z
Av‡Q Ggb gZvgZ MÖnY K‡i †h D³ †gŠwLK Pyw³i kZ©vejx c~iY Kiv nqwb
ZvB †m D³ †Kv¤úvbxi wbR¯^ m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍ‡i A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq.
1940 mv‡ji 16 †m‡Þ¤î, cÖxwZ I weev`x Zvi c¶ †_‡K Ges Z„Zxq wefv‡Mi c¶
†_‡K Awf‡hvM wcwUkb `vwLj K‡ib Avwd«Kvi weiæ‡× _vbvi g‡a¨. Avmj Kv‡i
†mLv‡b Awf‡hvM K‡ib †h D³ Avmvwg AK m¤úwËi Aewkó Ask n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z
A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡bvi gva¨‡g 622 avivq †dŠR`vwi Aciva K‡i‡Q. A_ev fviZxq
`Ðwewai 306 aviv †dŠR`vix Aciva K‡i‡Q. g¨vwR‡÷ªU KZ©„K Aciv‡ai PvP©‡K
†dŠR`vwi `Ðwewai 120 avivB cÖZviYvg~jK Aciva wn‡m‡e Pvi hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q.
Ges Av`vj‡Z GB g‡g© weZK© Dc¯’vcb Kiv nqwb/ gvgjv Kiv nqwb †h Ggb
PvR© g~jZ †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai 420 aviv cÖZviYv A_ev 506 avivq Acivag~jK
wek¦vmf½ Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e.
weÁ g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ Aciva Avg‡j MÖnY K‡i cybivq Ab¨ GKwU g¨vwR‡÷ªU
Av`vj‡Z †cÖiY K‡i Z`‡šÍi Rb¨ Ges †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai 220 avivq wi‡cvU©
MÖnY Gi Rb¨. d‡j wØZxq Gw³qvi MÖnYKvix g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ nvRvi 940
mv‡ji 22 †m‡Þ¤î Avwdj Kvixi eive‡i GKwU wPwV †`Lvb GB g‡g© AewnZ
Kivi Rb¨ †h weev`x KZ©„K Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv `vwLj Kiv n‡q‡Q. hvB †nvK
wKQy Kvi‡Y †hŠw³K Kvi‡Y wØZxq g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ gvgjvi Z`šÍ K‡i wb eis
g¨vwR‡÷ªU Ab¨ Av`vj‡Z †cÖiY K‡i‡Q Av`vjZ gvgjvwU Z`šÍ K‡i wb. Ges
cieZ©x g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ cybivq Aciva Z`šÍ Kivi ci AvwcjKvix eivei Ges Zvi
KvDwÝj †bvwUk cÖ`vb K‡i. AbymÜvb †kl Kivi ci g¨vwR‡÷ªU GKwU AW©vi
cÖ`vb K‡ib †hLv‡b wm×všÍ †bIqv n‡q‡Q Awf‡hvMKvix KZ©„K †dŠR`vwi
Aciv‡a †Kvb ai‡bi gvgjv `vwLj Kiv hv‡e bv. d‡j gvgjvwU dR`vwi Kvh©wewai
234 LvwiR Kiv nq.
Zvic‡i AvwcjKvix eZ©gvb gvgjvwU we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv Kivi Aciv‡a gvgjv

`vwLj K‡ib, gvgjvwU wiwfD Kivi ci wePvicwZ ivq cÖ`vb K‡ib †h-
we‡ØlcÖm~Z Aciv‡ai d‡j UiU gvgjv wn‡m‡e ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjv wn‡m‡e gvgjv
Kivi AwaKvi †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ/ G‡¶‡Î
cix¶Yxq †U÷ wK Ggb bq †h D³ gvgjvi Kvh©µg cÖwmwKDkb ch©v‡q DbœxZ
n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv wba©viY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB. eis GLv‡b †c÷ n‡”Q Ggb gvgjvi
Kvh©µg Ggb ch©v‡q DbœZ nj wKbv †`Lvb G ev`x ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib.
A_©vr G †¶‡Î g~j we‡eP¨ welq n‡”Q ev`x ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb wKbv Ggb
cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv Kiv.
wePvicwZ g‡nv`q gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡ib †h †h‡nZy Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z

AvBbMZfv‡eB †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µg Pjvi †Kvb cÖgvY Av‡Q myZivs hw`
gvgjvwU‡Z cÖ_g g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ gvgjvi Z`šÍ †kl bv K‡i LvwiR K‡i w`‡Zb
Zvn‡j Aek¨B Zv‡ì Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ¶wZ nZ bv wKš‘ GLv‡b g~jZ g¨vwR‡÷ªU gvgjv
Z`šÍ Kivi d‡j euv w`‡Ki wKQyUv LiP enb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q hvi d‡j †m we‡ØlcÖm~Z
gvgjvi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i.
cieZ©x gvgjvmg~‡n Av‡jvP¨ Avwgb gvgjvi ivq nvB †KvU© KZ©„K AbymiY
Kiv nq.
wKš‘ Dwol¨v gvgjv‡Z, Ggb gvgjvi ivq‡K wKQyUv ms‡kvab Kiv nq. D³ gvgjv‡Z
Awf‡hvMKvix _vbvi g‡a¨ euv‡ai weiæ‡× GdAvBAvi `vwLj K‡ib Ges Awf‡hvM
K‡ib †h ev`x ( GLv‡b weev`x ) GKwU †eAvBwb mgv‡ek AvnŸvb K‡i , Zv‡K
AvµgY K‡i, Zvi ¯¿x wK Ges Zvi mšÍvb‡K Av¸‡bi g‡a¨ wb‡¶c K‡i Ges Ggb
Aciva Kivi gva¨‡g cÖvq 2 j¶ iæwc ¶wZi m„wó K‡i. gvgjvwU Z`šÍ Kv‡j Av`vj‡Zi
wbKU cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU©wU wg‡_¨ wQj. cywjk gvgjvwU LvwiR
Kivi Rb¨ wi‡cvU© `vwLj Ki‡jv. hvB‡nvK Awf‡hvMKvix g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui m¤§y‡L
cÖwZev` Rvbvb hvi d‡j g¨vwR‡÷ªU †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai 202 aviv gvgjv Z`‡šÍi
Rb¨ Av‡`k †`b. g¨vwR‡÷ªU †KvU© GB Awf‡hvMwU †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai
aviv LvwiR Kiv nq. cieZ©x‡Z weev`x †mkb RR Av`vj‡Z wiwfD wcwUkb `vwLj
K‡ib hv Av`vj‡Z LvwiR Kiv nq. evwe Ggb gvgjv¸‡jvi Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡ib
Ges AvBbRxex wb‡qvM †`b Ges cÖgvYvw` `vwLj K‡ib. d‡j wecyj cwigv‡Y
¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq. wKš‘ ev`x ‡K gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb
†bvwUk cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb. Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b †Kvb
cÖwmwKDkb nqwb. Ggb ¶wZc~iY †¯^”QvK…Zfv‡e n‡q‡Q Ges AZGe
Awf‡hvMKvix we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e bv. Av`vjZ hyw³
`vwLj Ki‡jv †h hw` AvBb wfbœZi nZ Zvn‡j GwUI cÖZ¨vwkZ djvdj Ki‡Z
†hLv‡b †Kv‡bv gvbyl-B AvBbMZ hyw³i wfwË‡Z gvgjv KiZ bv. Ges GB Kvi‡Y
hw` Awfhy³ e¨w³ gvgjvi Z`šÍ Kivi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib, †hLv‡b AvBb †gvZv‡eK
wZwb Dcw¯’Z nIqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †bB- Ges Gi gva¨‡g wZwb ¶wZi m¤§yLxb
nb/ LiP wZwb we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Rb¨ `vqe× n‡eb.
mv¤cÖwZK gvgjvmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K Ggb gvgjvi Kvh©µg ¸‡jv cÖwmwKDkb

wKbv we‡ivax †bZv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e †h welqwU KZ©„c¶ mwVKfv‡eB
gvgjvwU Awf‡hvMKvix †_‡K MÖnY Ki‡jv wKbv Ges Zv‡ì wbKU `vwLj Kiv
n‡jv wKbv Zv wba©viY Kiv n‡e. ev`x ‡K D³ `vwLjK…Z gvgjvi weiæ‡× †kvKR
Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv wKbv Zvn‡j †`Lv n‡e.
(c) cÖwmwKDUi‡K †K ( who is prosecutor);
mvaviY †ivj wn‡m‡e †Kvb e¨w³ A‡bï m„ó Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡e bv ïaygvÎ
PµvKvi `vqe×Zv g~jK Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î e¨ZxZ. AZGe we‡ØlcÖm~Z Aciva msµvšÍ
gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î GwU cÖ‡qvRbxq †h weev`x KZ©„K Aek¨B
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv n‡q‡Q. GKwU we‡kl gvgjvi weev`x
cÖwmwKDUi wKbv Zv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ gvgjvi mvgwMÖK NUbvejx Ges
cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv Kiv AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y©. GKRb e¨w³ whwb AvBb‡K ev¯ÍweK
fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib. ïaygvÎ AvBb †K Kvh©Kix Kiv A_©vr
gvgjv `vwLj Kiv ch©vß bq. PvR© ˆZwi Kivi c~‡e© Ges cieZ©x‡Z
Awf‡hvMKvixi AvPiY Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e. ïaygvÎ Awf‡hvMKvix bb eis
whwb Ggb we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ civgk© w`‡q‡Qb A_ev cÖ‡ivPbv
w`‡q‡Qb Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hv‡e UiU Aciv‡a . hw` †ivj wewfbœZvi nq
Zvn‡j cÖwmwKDUi AvBbMZ Gw³qvi wn‡iv Zvi hyw³ `vwLj K‡i wZwb `vq
gyw³ jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb. G‡¶‡Î we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Aciv‡a Awf‡hvMKvix Ges
cÖ‡ivPbv `vbKvix `yR‡bB `vqx eva¨ n‡eb. Awf‡hvMKvix hLb A‡bï c¶ †_‡K
gvgjv `vwLj K‡ib ZLb wZwb `vqgyw³ jvf Ki‡eb bv G Kvi‡Y †h wZwb A‡bï c¶
†_‡K `vwLj K‡i‡Qb eis wZwb eva¨ n‡eb.
Vithoba vs. Mst. Bhimai gvgjv‡Z fviZxq `Ðwewai 302 avivq Awf‡hvM `vwLj
Kiv nq Kvkxivg Gi bv‡g wKš‘ ev`x Kvkxivg Ges Zvi wcZv `yR‡bi bv‡g gvgjv
K‡ib, Ges vithoba bv‡g gvgjv K‡ib GB Kvi‡Y †h wZwb `yR‡bi mv‡_
†hvMmvRk K‡i‡Qb. Av`vj‡Zi wbKU cÖZxqgvb nq †h Kv‡ì weiæ‡× weaev Gi
wb‡`©kµ‡g wZbwU wfbœ wfbœ gvgjvwU Av`vj‡Z Pjgvb _v‡K. ZvQvov AviI
cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q wZwb G mg¯Í gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g A_© cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb wZwb
Ges Zvi mšÍvb cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvgjvi ïbvwb‡Z Ask MÖnY K‡i‡Qb c~Rvix
Kvh©wewai 323 aviv. Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q wdZv mwZ¨Kv‡ii
cÖwmwKDUi wQ‡jb Ges we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ Zvi weiæ‡×
Aciv‡ai gvgjv Pjgvb _vK‡e.
Ab¨w`‡K GgbwK †h e¨w³ g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui m¤§y‡L Awf‡hvM `vwLj K‡ib wZwb

GKRb cÖwmwKDUi bb. hw` wZwb ïaygvÎ mwZ¨Kv‡ii wePvh© NUbvejx D‡jøL
K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb eva¨ n‡eb bv me wek¦v‡m Ges g¨vwR‡÷ªU g~jZ cÖ‡mm
Bmy¨ K‡ib Ab¨vq fv‡e/ fyjµ‡g
cywjk cÖwmwKDkb ( Police prosecution);
‡dŠR`vwi AvBb Kvh©Kix Kiv hvq A_©vr cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBb cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq
Awf‡hvM `vwL‡ji gva¨‡g g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vj‡Z A_ev _vbvq GdAvBAvi `vwL‡ji
Kivi gva¨‡g. †dvb GKRb e¨w³ †Kvb NUbv‡K mZ¨ Abygvb K‡i _vbvi g‡a¨ †Kvb
Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges cywjk‡K Z`šÍ mnvqZv K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K cÖwmwKDUi
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e bv . ZvB hLb weev`x GKwU Awf‡hvM `vwLj K‡ib †h
ev`x KwZcq miÄvg Pywi K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z hLb cywjk evwo
Zjøvwk Kiv Ges Aciva Z`šÍ K‡ib Ges Awf‡hvM `vwLj K‡ib ZLb Av`vjZ KZ©„K
ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b †Kvb cÖwmwKDkb nqwb. hw` Z`šÍ †kl nIqvi ci
GdAvBAvi wi‡cv‡U© cÖ`Ë Z‡_ï g‡a¨ DwjøwLZ e¨w³‡K cywjk †MÖßvi K‡ib
Ges Zvi weiæ‡× PvR©wkU `vwLj K‡ib ZLb mwËKv‡ii cÖwmwKDUi n‡”Qb
cywjk, whwb Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡ib wZwb bb. bv‡M›`ªbv_ ebvg emšÍ `vm gvgjv‡Z
weev‡ì evwo‡Z Pywi msNwUZ nq. cieZ©x w`b wZwb Pywi m¤ú‡K© wbKU¯’
_vbvi cywjk‡K AewnZ K‡ib Ges Pywi nIqv m¤úwËi GKwU we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv
cywjk‡K cÖ`vb Kiv Ges Av‡iv D‡jøL K‡ib †h wZwb euvw`‡K Ggb Aciva Gi
mv‡_ m¤ú„³ nIqvi wel‡q m‡›`n K‡ib. ZLb Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q
GLv‡b Awf‡hvMKvix cÖwmwKDUi bb.
`Ë iq cvÛy is ebvg nwi‡Kk gvgjv‡Z euvw`‡K weev`x KZ©„K Zv‡ì ¯^Y©vj¼vi

†`vKv‡b wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq. weev`x KZ©„K ¯^Y© AjsKvi ivLvi d‡j ¸‡jv nvwi‡q
hvq. d‡j wefv‡Mi GKRb Kg©KZ©v _vbvq gvgjv Kiv. cywjk wi‡cv‡U© D‡jøL
Kiv nq †h weev`xi Ab¨vb¨ Kg©PvixMY AZ¨šÍ cyivZb Ges wek¦vm‡hvM¨ wKš‘
ev`x GKRb mv¤cÖwZK Kg©KZ©v ZvB Zvi Dci wKQyUv m‡›`n nq. GLv‡b
we‡e‡Ki `vq gy³ Kiv nq A_©vr weev`x‡K g~jZ we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Aciv‡ai
`v‡q eÜ Kiv nqwb.
hvB †nvK Awf‡hvMKvixi hLb Rvbv _v‡K †h Zvi wee„Z Z_¨ mZ¨ bq A_ev
wZwb hLb wg_¨v gvgjv `vwLj Kivi gva¨‡g ¯^v_© D×v‡ii †Póv K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K
cÖwmwKDUi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq. †Mvqv cÖmv` wZIqvix gvgjv‡Z fvi‡Zi
GKwU †Rjvi †WcywU Kv‡j±i KZ©„K GKwU ìLv¯Í Kiv nq GKRb e¨w³i
weiæ‡× A‰ea mgv‡ek Gi Av‡qvR‡b Aciv‡a Zv‡ì weiæ‡× PvR© Kiv nq Ges
Z`šÍ Kiv nq Ges Ggb AvURb †jvK‡ì g‡a¨ evwZ GKRb wQ‡jb. cywjk BÝ‡c±i
KZ©„K m¤úv`b Kiv nq Ges cywjk BÝ‡c±i euvw`‡K mgb Rvix K‡ib hLb fvMvZ
wms Zv‡K Acivax‡ì GKwU ZvwjKv †`b †mLv‡b euv‡ai bvg wQj. hLb mve-
BÝ‡c±i wR‡Ám Kij †h †Mvqv cÖmv` Awf‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ D‡jøL wQj bv Zvn‡j
†Kb fvMvfv` wms Zvi bvg ev`x wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡ib ZLb wZwb DËi w`‡jb †h
wZwb g~jZ g~j `v½v m„wói Rb¨ `vqx wQj. hLb gvgjvwU Uªvqv‡ji Rb¨ †cÖiY
Kiv nq ZLb g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU cÖZxqgvb nq †h GLv‡b Av‡`Š †Kv‡bv `v½v-
nv½vgv m„wó nqwb Ges †hw`b iv‡qi P¨v‡jÄ Kiv nq Ges iv‡qi msNwUZ n‡q‡Q
g‡g© Awf‡hvM Kiv nq †mw`b AvwcjKvix jL‡bŠ‡Z Amy¯’ wQ‡jb. d‡j evwe
eZ©gvb gvgjvwU we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Aciv‡a UP© gvgjv `vwLj K‡ib. Aaxb¯’
wePvwiK ivq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q `yRb weev`x †hvMmvRk K‡i wg_¨v mv¶¨ cÖgvY
Av`vj‡Z Dc¯’vcb K‡i Ges ev‡Ni AbyK‚‡j wWMÖx cÖ`vb K‡i. Avwdj ch©v‡q
RywWwkqvj Kwgkbvi gvgjvwU LvwiR K‡i †`b Ges ivq cÖ`vb K‡ib †h hw`
cywjk A_ev g¨vwR‡÷ªU †Kvb e¨w³MZ Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i AvbyôvwbK
Awf‡hvM K‡i Ges Z`šÍ Kiv ïiæ K‡i ZLb D³ cywjk A_ev g¨vwR‡÷ªU
cÖwmwKDkb wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e wKš‘ D³ ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³ cÖwmwKDUi wn‡m‡e
MY¨ n‡e bv. cieZ©x‡Z gvgjvwU Avwm‡j cÖYqb Kiv nq †hLv‡b wcÖwf
KvDwÝj ch©‡e¶Y Kij †h;
hw` Awf‡hvMwU `vwLj Kiv nq Ggb e¨w³ KZ©„K whwb cywj‡ki wbKU Ggb Z_¨
cÖ`vb K‡ib hv wZwb wb‡RI Rv‡bb †h Z_¨wU mwVK bq Ges cywjk ZË¡ Gi
mwVK hvPvB-evQvB K‡iB cÖwmwKDk‡bi wPšÍvfvebv K‡i Zvn‡j
cÖwmwKDkb e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ Ggb cywjk Kg©KZ©v‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqe× Kivi
mwVK n‡e bv. wKš‘ hw` PvR©wU Awf‡hvMKvixi Rvbvg‡Z wg‡_¨ wQj Ggb
hw` wZwb cywjk‡K †hvMmvRk K‡i mv¶¨-cÖgvY `vwLj K‡i cÖZviYv Kivi
†Póv K‡ib ev weåvšÍ Kivi †Póv K‡ib A_ev hw` wZwb cywjk‡K wb‡`©vl e¨w³‡K
†RjnvR‡Z †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb wg_¨v I we‡ØlcÖm~Z
gvgjv `vwL‡ji Rb¨ `vqe× n‡eb.
hLb GKRb e¨w³ Zvi Rvbvg‡Z wg‡_¨ Z_¨ Ggb Z_¨ w`‡q cywjk‡K †Kvb gvgjv
Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡ib Ges gvgjvi g‡a¨ `yb©xwZ K‡ib Ges wg_¨v mv¶¨
cÖgvY `vwLj K‡i cywjk‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib ZLb Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b mwZ¨Kv‡ii cÖwmwKDUi g~jZ Ggb e¨w³ wKš‘ cywjk
Awdmvi bq.
GwU Aek¨B †bvU Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Awf‡hvMKvix KZ©„K `vwLjK…Z Awf‡hvM
Zvi Rvbvg‡Z wg‡_¨ wQj Ggb kãwU g~jZ Zv‡K cÖwmwKDUi wn‡m‡e †`qv eÜ
Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq. Zv‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjvi Rb¨ `vqe× Ki‡Z n‡j Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨
welq e‡j cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †hgb wZwb cywjk‡K wb‡`©vl e¨w³‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi
Rb¨ gvgjv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i‡Q Ggb welq¸‡jv cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e.
2. evwì AbyK‚‡j gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi cwimgvwß ( termination of proceedings in
favor of the plaintiff);
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi weiæ‡× UU Aciv‡a gvgjv Kivi Rb¨/ mdj nIqvi

Rb¨,‡dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µg Aek¨B evwì AbyK‚‡j †kl n‡Z n‡e| hLb euv‡ai
weiæ‡× gvgjvi Kvh©µg †kl nq ZLb wZwb we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi Rb¨
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| KviY GwU Ggb Awf‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© bq †h D³
cÖwmwKDkb †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY e¨ZxZ `vwLj Kiv n‡q‡Q|
hw` GgbwU cÖgvY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb gvgjvi Kvh©µg 3 Zv‡ì AbyK‚‡j †kl nq
Zvn‡j Zviv GwU wKfv‡e Ki‡jv †mUv we‡eP¨ bq, GwU Av`vj‡Zi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g
Av`vjZ KZ©„K `vqgyw³ A_ev †`vlx mve¨¯Í Av‡`k Kivi gva¨‡g †nvK A_ev bv
†nvK A_ev Avmvwg‡K wb‡`©vl †NvlYv Kivi gva¨‡g †nvK †hfv‡eB †nvK, hLb
cÖwmwKDkb gvgjvi Kvh©µg LvwiR n‡q hvq ZLwb we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv Kivi
Aciv‡a UU Kiv hvq|
evwì, AbyK‚‡j gvgjvi Kvh©µg cwimgvwßi cÖ‡kœ †dŠR`vwi Av`vj‡Zi iv‡q

P~ovšÍ n‡e| cÖwZev`x cÖgvY †`Lvb †h Zvi AbyK‚‡j Av‡`k ev ivq cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zvn‡j wZwb Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq me wKQyB m¤úv`b K‡i‡Qb| hw` weev`x
GwU A¯^xK…wZ A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j wefvwì KZ©e¨ n‡e GB g‡g©
cÖgvY †`Lv‡bv †h gvgjvi Kvh©µg cybR©xweZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges AvwQj
wiwfk‡bi MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
iæ‡ji e¨wZµgx mg~n ( exception to the rule);
ev‡Ni AbyK‚‡j Aek¨B gvgjvi Kvh©µg †kl n‡e Ggb iæj Ggb gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi
†¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ nq hLb gvgjvwU cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB Aemvb †hvM¨ nq. GwU Ggb
gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv GwU Zvi cÖK…wZMZ fv‡e Zvi AbyK‚‡j
Aemvb NUv‡bv m¶g bq. GKcvw¶K gvgjvi Kvh©µg A_ev hvi evwo‡Z Zjøvwk
Iqv‡i›U Abyhvqx Zjøvwk Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi weiæ‡× †dŠR`vwi gvgjv evwZj
Kivi †Kvb wKQy cvIqv hvBwb| GLv‡b ev`x ‡K wePviK cwÎKvi wb‡`©vl cÖgvY
Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB eis Zvi c¶ †_‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv Abycw¯’Z wQj Ggb
welqwU cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Ggb gvgjvmg~‡ni †¶‡Î ev`x ‡K we‡ØlcÖm~Z
g‡bvfve cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges m¤¢ve¨ Ges †hŠw³K KviY wQj bv g‡g©
cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv ( conviction procured by fraud);
hw` ev`x †`vlx mve¨¯Í nq Zvn‡j gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o. ZvB hLb
GgbwK †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kivi cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e Kiv nq Ges D”P Av`vj‡Z Z_v
nvB‡Kv‡U©i Avwcj †hvM¨ my‡hvM bv _v‡K. GwU g~jZ g¨vw_Dm gvgjv‡Z
AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq. GB gvgjvwU cieZ©x mg‡q Avwc‡j wievb `vm
gvgjv‡Z AbymiY Kiv nq, Ges Bsj¨v‡Û Ggb wel‡qi Ici AvBbMZ eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| hwÌ GwU KwZcq wePviK Ges hywiw÷K mgv‡jvwPZ nq|
myZivs Zv‡ì AbyK‚‡j gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Aemvb we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Aciv‡a
gvgjv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Ab¨Zg AwaKvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ges GwU †hŠw³Kfv‡e
we`¨gvb AvBb Abyhvqx m¤¢e bq| †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv m‡Z¡I wg‡_¨ gvgjvi Aciv‡ai
gvgjvi Aby‡gv`b †Ìqv †dŠR`vwi Av`vj‡Zi ivq envj Kiv Gi mgvb Zv mwVKfv‡e
ej‡Z †M‡j ïaygvÎ †dŠR`vwi Av`vj‡Z m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wewfbœ Aciv‡ai Rb¨ †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv ( conviction for different offence);
hw` ev`x mgRvZxq Aciva hviv †`vlx mve¨¯Í nq eis weev`x KZ©„K Zvi weiæ‡×
Awf‡hvM `vwLj Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb Aciv‡ai gvÎv †_‡K Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg nq Zvn‡j
Zvi weiæ‡× we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv `vwL‡ji Rb¨ Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv hv‡e. Av`vjZ
†nvìvi gvgjv‡Z ivq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q euvw`‡K `vqe×Zv AvB‡bi 4 aviv Abyhvqx
wg_¨v Ges gvbnvwbKi e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv n‡e. GLv‡b evwe
g~jZ Rv‡bb bv †h Zvivgb Awf‡hvM A_ev Z_¨g~jK wg‡_¨ wQj. cÖ‡Z¨K ivq
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q 5 aviv Abyhvqx †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv 4 aviv Abyhvqx PvR© Gi
Aax‡b we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Rb¨ Aciv‡a gvgjv Kivi †¶‡Î †Kvb cÖwZeÜK n‡e bv.
3. †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY Gi Abycw¯’wZ ( Lack of reasonable and probable

cause);
‡hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q we`¨gvb NUbvejxi mwZ¨Kv‡ii
g~j¨vqb Abyhvqx Avmvwg †hŠw³Kfv‡e †`vlx mve¨¯Í Ggb welqwU Abygvb Kiv,
Awf‡hvMKvix g~jZ mZ¨ e‡j Abygvb K‡i. GwU GKRb †hŠw³K Ges mZK©
gvbyl‡K Ggb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AbycÖvwYZ K‡i †h Pv‡R© Awfhy³ e¨w³ g~jZ
msNwUZ Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx n‡eb. ZvB GLv‡b Aek¨B Avmvwgi †`vlx mve¨¯Í
K‡ib msµvšÍ mwØk¦vm _vK‡e. Ges wØZxq‡Zv Ggb †`‡k m‡e©v”PKiY Aek¨B
Ggb cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx n‡e †hLv‡b †hŠw³Kfv‡e Awf‡hvMKvix Abygvb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib †h Avmvwg g~jZ cÖK…Zfv‡e Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx. Z„ZxqZt Ggb cwiw¯’wZ
mg~‡ni †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv Aek¨B †hŠw³K KviY mg~n wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ n‡e.
Ggb KviYmg~n A_ev cwiw¯’wZ mg~n Aek¨B AZ¨šÍ fv‡jvfv‡e GKRb †hŠw³K
gvbe †K Avmvwg wn‡m‡e Abygvb Ki‡Z AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡e/ eva¨ Ki‡e.
hwÌ Avgiv wePviK Ges Rywi †ev‡W©i Kv‡Ri cv_©K¨MZ RwUjZvi m¤§yLxb
nqwb, Z_vwc Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi g‡ZvB fviZxq AvBb I ev`x ‡K kZ©v‡ivc K‡i Zvi
c¶ †_‡K Aek¨B †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY wQj bv g‡g© cÖgvY `vwLj Ki‡Z n‡e.
Avmvwg †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µg †_‡K gyw³ jvf K‡i‡Qb ïaygvÎ Ggb NUbv
†hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY Gi Abycw¯’Z wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv. GwU Aek¨B
¯^Zš¿ Ges ¯^vaxb cÖgvY Gi gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e. Zv‡K Aek¨B
cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h weev`x g~jZ GLv‡b ev`xi †`vlx mve¨¯Í K‡ib Gi Dci
wek¦vm K‡ib bv A_ev GB †h Zviv Ggb wek¦vm g~jZ A‡hŠw³K wQj.
‡hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ Kvi‡Y Abycw¯’Z wQj Ggb welqwU cÖgvwbZ Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgv‡Yi cÖK…wZ Ges aib gvgjvi c„_K c„_K MVb Ges cwiw¯’wZi
Ici wbf©i K‡i. hLb GKRb e¨w³ Zvi Rvbvg‡Z gvgjv K‡ib wZwb Rv‡bb †h Zvi
Awf‡hvMwU wg‡_¨ ZLb wZwb GKwU Abygvb MVb Ki‡eb †h GLv‡b †hŠw³K
Ges m¤¢ve¨ Kvi‡Y Abycw¯’Z wQj hw` GwU cÖgvY wn‡m‡e `vwLj Kiv bv nq
†h Zvi ¯§„wZ GLv‡b ÎæwUc~Y© wQj Ges GLv‡b fq cvIqvi h_v_© AvBbMZ
KviY wQj.
hLb GLv‡b KwZcq PvR© Avbv n‡e ZLb †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY msµvšÍ iæj
Zv‡ì mK‡ji †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e. hw` ev`x Ggb welqwU cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb
†h GLv‡b †Kvb m¤¢ve¨ A_ev †hŠw³K KviY †bB KwZcq weÀv‡Zi weiæ‡×
PvR© `vwLj Kivi Rb¨ ZLb wg‡_¨ gvgjv `vwLj Kivi Rb¨ Awfhy³ e¨w³ g~jZ
¶wZc~iYg~jK cÖwZKvi cv‡eb. cvjjgvi gvgjv‡Z, ev‡Ni bvg Pvi hy³ Kiv nq
AmsL¨ AvmevecÎ Pywii Aciv‡a Ges cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡K Av`vjZ KZ©„K Lvjvm
†NvlYv Kiv nq|
Av`vjZ ivq cÖ`vb Ki‡jv †h , hw` GLv‡b PvR© `vwL‡ji Rb¨ †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨
Kvi‡Y Abycw¯’Z _v‡K GK ev GKvwaK AvmevecÎ m¤ú‡K© Zvn‡j
we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv hv‡e hw` Ggb we‡ØlcÖm~Z
g‡bvfve cÖgvwYZ nq| ivgbv_ gvgjv‡Z fviZxq `Ûwewai 427 Ges 339 aviv
Abyhvqx GKwU Awf‡hvM `vwLj Kiv nq| 627 aviv Abyhvqx Ggb Awf‡hvM †K
†hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY wn‡m‡e A_ev AvBbMZ hyw³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv
nqwb| Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv nq †h ev`xi we‡ØlcÖm~Z Aciv‡a
`vwLjK…Z gvgjvwU 379 avivi Aax‡b PvR©vi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
‡hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY Gi Abycw¯’wZ wba©viY Kivi †¶‡Î †h gvb`Û

cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e Zv n‡jv GKRb †hŠw³K Ges weP¶Y e¨w³i gvb`‡Ði gZ| GLv‡b
†hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ AvPiY ej‡Z †Kvb e¨w³ we‡k‡li †¶‡Î e¨w³MZ AvPiY‡K
Bw½Z K‡i bv| hw` Awf‡hvMKvix g‡b K‡ib †h Zvi †hvw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY
i‡q‡Q Zvn‡j g~j NUbvi gva¨‡g GB ivq cÖ`vb Kiv hvq bv †h we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Zvi
†hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY i‡q‡Q Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv MÖnY Kivi| Ggb cix¶v_©x
D‡Ïk¨MZ fv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e, GLv‡b Av`vjZ wba©viY Ki‡e †hLv‡b
†Kv‡bv †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ cwiwPwZ i‡q‡Q wKbv hv ev`x ‡K Aciv‡ai mv‡_
m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aciva weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM Kivi †¶‡Î GwU g~jZ Avmvwgi
M„nxZ wm×všÍ bq Ges wePv‡ii KZ©„K gvgjvi ïbvwbi ci N„wYZ ivq bq eo
GKwU m¤¢ve¨ wm×všÍ †h Ges †hŠw³K cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Ggb ivq cÖ`v‡bi wm×všÍ
MÖnY Ki‡Zb|
Meru subha rao vs. Sahu gvgjv‡Z 15 ermi c~‡e©v³ wWwµ Rvwii †¶‡Î , wewµ
†nvìviiv †`bv`vi c‡¶i †MÖdZv‡ii Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z ìLv¯Í K‡i;
cÖ‡mwms wd Ges Ab¨vb¨ wd Av`vq Kivi gva¨‡g| hLb ivq †`bv`vi‡K eva¨ †Ìqv
nq Ges G‡i÷ Iqv‡i›U †`Lv‡bv nq ZLb cÖ‡mm wc‡K wmwcwmGj 145 aviv
A¨v‡i÷ †_‡K `vqgyw³ AW©vi MY¨ Kiv nq| cÖ‡mm mvf©vi Ggb AW©vi
†im‡c± K‡i Ges Iqv‡i›U Rvwi K‡iwb| AZtci ivq `vbv`vi `Ðwewai 341 Ges 109
avivq wewµ †nvìvi Gi weiæ‡× †dŠR`vwi gvgjv Kij |cÖwmwKDkb gvgjvwU
LvwiR Kiv n‡jv Ges Zvici ev`x we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDkb Aciv‡a gvgjv K‡ib|
Av`vjZ ivq w`j †h wewµ †nvìvi KZ©„K ivq †`bv`vi‡K †MÖdZvi Kivi †Póv
AvBbm¤§Z Q... weev`x KZ©„K cÖewZ©Z †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi Kvh©µg
we‡ØlcÖm~Z wQj Ges †Kvb †hŠw³K I m¤¢ve¨ KviY QvovB|
Jalim chand seraoji gvgjv‡Z `Ðwewai 408 avivq a KwZ©K - Awf‡hvM `vwLj
Kiv nq Ges Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡h a Zvi gvwjK g Gi c¶ †_‡K †MŠnvwU‡Z
wbw`©ó cY¨ wewµi Rb¨ eyK K‡i‡Qb Ges g Gi Ab¨ Kg©KZ©v m †K cY¨
†Wwjfvwi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡qvM w`‡q‡Qb Ges G¸wj‡K x Gi gva¨‡g weµq bv
K‡i j Gi gva¨‡g weµq K‡i. e¨v‡jÝ AvZ¥mvr K‡i wb¤œ †iU †fvMvm weµq
wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv nq| Avmvwg‡K g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ KZ©„K Ae¨vnwZ †Ìqv
nq Ges Avmvwg we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi Rb¨ gvgjv dvBj K‡i| Av`vjZ ivq
w`j †h Ggb cwiw¯’wZ mg~‡n, hw` mwØk¦v‡mi g‡b K‡i †h j D³ m mn †Kvb
KZ©„Z¡ QvovB cY¨¸wj weµq K‡i w`‡j Zvn‡j Zvi Ggb wek¦vm Kivi †hŠw³K Ges
m¤¢ve¨ KviY _vK‡e †h j D³ UvKv AvZ¥mvr K...
mvaviYZ ev`x c‡¶i KZ©e¨ n‡e mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb cÖgvwYZ Kiv Ges
weev`x c¶ †_‡K †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY †bB cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Ggb
mvavib iæ‡ji A‡bK e¨wZµgx i‡q‡Q| hLb wefvMx `vwe K‡ib †h euv w`‡K Aciva
Ki‡Z wZwb †`‡L‡Qb Ges Zv‡K Ae¨vnwZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q A_ev cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q
†h †dŠR`vwi Awf‡hvM Zvi Rvbv g‡Z wg‡_¨ wQj Zvn‡j Abygvb n‡e cÖgvwYZ
n‡q‡Q †h †cŠl `vwo Awf‡hvM Zvi Rvbvg‡Z wg‡_¨ wQj Ges Zv‡ì wb‡`©k
w`‡jb g‡b Abygvb MVb Kiv n‡e| Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjvi Kvh©µg Gi †hŠw³K Ges m¤
¢ve¨ KviY wQj bv| wKš‘ †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY i‡q‡Q wKbv we‡ePbvi †¶‡Î
Av`vjZ‡K cwiw¯’wZi mvgwMÖKZv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b cÖwmwKDkb
wg‡_¨ cÖgvY `vwLj K‡i‡Qb, cÖvmw½K cÖgvYvw` MÖnY bv Kiv e¨ZxZ GwU
cÖgvwYZ Kiv hv‡e bv †hLv‡b †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY wQj bv|
(4)Amr D‡Ïk¨ ( malice) ;
GLv‡b Am`y‡Ï‡k¨ ej‡Z AvBbMZ Amr D‡Ïk¨ †K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q RvnvR

mwVK KviY e¨ZxZ B”QvK…Zfv‡e m¤úvw`Z Ab¨vq Kvh©µg †_‡K Abygvb Kiv
nq| Gi A_© MVbMZ we‡Øl A_ev mwZ¨Kv‡ii we‡Øl| Z‡e GwU Amr D‡Ïk¨/
cÖKvk K‡i bv eis ïaygvÎ c‡iv¶ A_ev Ah_v_© gwZ cÖKvk K‡i Ges AvBb wK
AZ¨vPvi Kivi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eënvi Kivi †_‡K i¶v K‡i
weev`x D³ euv‡ai weiæ‡× we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDkb Ki‡e wKbv Ggb cÖ‡kœ

PvR© MVb Avhvnv Av`vjZ M„nxZ cÖgvY Gi gva¨‡g ivq w`‡e
mvaviYZ we‡Øl AšÍwb©wnZ A_© m¤¢ve¨ A_ev †hŠw³K Ki‡bi Abycw¯’wZ

wKš‘ †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY bv _vKv Ges we‡Øl bv _vKvi welqwU
m¤ú~Y© wfbœ; †h¸‡jv Avgv‡ì KvMR †m cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` cÖgvwYZ
bv Kiv nq †h gvgjvi Kvh©µg we‡ØlcÖm~Z M„nxZ nqwb Zvn‡j we‡ØlcÖm~Z
†Kvb gvgjvi Kvh©µg cÖKvk Kiv n‡e bv| Z‡e hw` wefvwì cÖwmwKDkb Kivi
Rb¨ †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY _v‡K| we‡Øl A_ev †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY bv
_vKvi d‡j GKKfv‡eB KvD‡K `vqe× Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß n‡e bv eis `ywU Awf‡hv‡M
c„_K fv‡e cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKwU gvgjvi Kvh©µg ïiæ‡Z we‡ØlcÖm~Z bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Bqv cieZ©x ÷‡i
we‡ØlcÖm~Z n‡Z cv‡i †hgb hLb cieZ©x ch©v‡q weev`x Avmvwgi
wb‡`©kg~jK BwZevPK Ávb jvf K‡i ZLb cieZ©x gvgjvi Kvh©µg Pjgvb ivLvi
we‡ØlcÖm~Z n‡e|
hwÌ mvavib †ivj wn‡m‡e euvw`‡K D³ wefv‡Mi c¶ †_‡K we‡Øl cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z
n‡e, cÖvgvwYK fv‡eB GLv‡b A‡bK cwiw¯’wZ _vK‡Z cv‡i †hgb Amr D‡Ï‡k¨
A_ev †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY gvgjvi NUbv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv n‡e| †hgb hLb
wefvwì Rvbvg‡Z ev`x wg‡_¨ ev`x wQ‡jb Ges wZwb †R‡bï‡b we‡ØlcÖm~Z
euv‡ai weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡ib ZLb wg‡_¨ Awf‡hvM Ges †hŠw³K I m¤¢ve¨ KviY GB
g‡g© Abygvb Kiv n‡e|
‡dŠR`vwi gvgjvi ivq cÖ`vb( judgment of the criminal court)
we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi Rb¨ gvgjvi †¶‡Î †Ìqvbx Av`vj‡Zi wb¤œ

†dŠR`vwi Av`vj‡Zi dvBwÛs Gi Dci wbf©i Kivi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB A_ev ivq
†Ìqvi Rb¨ †dŠR`vwi Av`vj‡Zi `vwLjK…Z cÖgvYvw`( Amr D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges †hŠw³K
m¤¢ve¨ KviY Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ msµvšÍ) | †Ìqvbx Av`vj‡Zi KZ©e¨ n‡e Gi m¤§y‡Li †h
`vwLjK…Z cÖgvYvw` †Riv Kiv n‡q‡Q A_ev `vwLj Kiv Av‡Q G¸‡jv‡K †Riv
Kiv Ges D³ cÖgv‡Yi wfwË‡Z ivq cÖ`vb Kiv|
IRv‡i Av`vj‡Zi ivq MÖnY‡hvM¨ ïaygvÎ mxwgZ D‡Ïk¨ cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ †h Zv‡ì
AbyK‚‡j gvgjvi Kvh©µg †kl n‡q‡Q|
5 ¶wZc~iY ( damage)
me©‡k‡l euvw`‡K cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h †m cÖwmwKDk‡bi d‡j ¶wZi

m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q| weL¨vZ gvgjv savile G eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h GB m¤ú„³ wel‡q
¶wZc~iY wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i- (1) mybvg Ges L¨vwZi ¶wZmvab Kiv hvnv
Abygvb Kiv nq hLb euv‡ai weiæ‡× wg‡_¨ gvbnvwbi Awf‡hvM Kiv nq. (2) e¨w³i
¶wZmvab Kiv †hLv‡b wZwb †MÖdZvi nb Ges Zv‡K †ndvR‡Z wb‡q hvIqv nq;
Ges (3) Zvi m¤úwËi ¶wZ mvab Kiv; Rvgvb Pv‡R©i weiæ‡× wb‡R‡K i¶vi Rb¨
e¨q Kiv PvR©. Ggb mKj gvgjvmg~‡ni Zv‡K cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h wZwb ¶wZi
m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q, Zvi gvbwmK hš¿Yv Ges AvZ¥i¶vi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv hveZxq LiP
A_ev mybvg jsNb nIqvi d‡j.
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv Ges wg‡_¨ Kvivevm ( malicious prosecution and false

imprisonment);
`ywU gvgjvi AvBbMZ c`‡¶c ci¯úi wfbœ Ges G¸‡jvi wfbœ wfbœ Drm i‡q‡Q Ges
wfbœ wfbœ ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© G¸‡jv‡K eënvi Kiv nq. wKš‘ KL‡bv KL‡bv we‡Øl
K‡i cywjkKZ©„K †MÖßv‡ii †¶‡Î `ywU gvgjv ci¯úi mv`„k¨c~Y© nq| wb‡¤œv³
cv_©‡Kï c‡q‡›U Bnv ¯úó n‡e †h G¸‡jvi mvgvb¨ wgj i‡q‡Q|
wg_¨v gvgjvi Rb¨ AvBbMZ c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi Drm n‡jv A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a
weiæ‡× wiU Kiv , Ab¨w`‡K we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi cÖwZKvi Gi Drm nj loh‡š¿i
cyivZb †iU| (2) wg_¨v gvgjvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv GKRb e¨w³i
¯^vaxbZv i¶v Kiv Ges we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨ nj AvBbMZ cÖwµqvq
Aceënvi †iva Kiv|
(3) wg‡_¨ Kvivevm Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv di mxgve×Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

wKš‘ e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi mxgve×Zv we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi weiæ‡× gvgjv
Ki‡bi wfwË bq|
(4) we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi †¶‡Î cÖwmwKDkb Aek¨B wePv‡ii KZ©„c‡¶i

m¤§yLxb n‡e Ges wKš‘ wg‡_¨ AvUK ivLvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡e weev`x
(5) hLb cÖwmwKDkb cywjkKZ©„K Kiv nq; Ges wg_¨v Kvivev‡mi Rb¨ Aciva
hLb GwU ïaygvÎ wbe©vwn Awdmvi KZ©„K Kiv nq ZLb welqwU GKRb
wePviK KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡e Ges D³ KZ©„c¶ A¨v‡i÷ A_ev wigvÛ
Av‡`k w`‡e| Ggb Av‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi Aciv‡a
gvgjv `vwLj Kiv hv‡e; hw` Aciva Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb we`¨gvb _v‡K|
(6) we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi †¶‡Î m¤¢ve¨ Ges †hŠw³K Kvi‡Y Abycw¯’wZ

Ges evwR KZ©„K cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e wKš‘ wg‡_¨ Kvivevm Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î
euvw`‡K †hŠw³K KviY †bB g‡g© cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e bv| euvw`‡K h_v_©Zv/
hyw³ cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e|
(7) we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi †¶‡Î we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb hv Aek¨B ev`x

KZ©„K cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e wKš‘ wg‡_¨ Kvivevm Aciv‡a gvgjv Ki‡j
we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv
(8) we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDk‡bi gvgjv‡Z evwZNiwU ¶wZi welqwU cÖgvwYZ

Ki‡Z n‡e wKš‘ wg‡_¨ Kvivev‡mi †¶‡Î ¶wZc~iY cÖ‡qvRbxq c~e© kZ© bq|
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjv Ges gvbnvwb ( Malicious prosecution and defamation);
hw` `ywU †VuvU gvgjvi dg© Gi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨Zv _v‡K wKš‘ `ywU gvgjv ci¯úi
†gŠwjK fv‡eB wfbœZi nq. ZLb G¸‡jvi Drm Ges D‡Ïk¨ MZ w`K †_‡K G¸‡jv
wfbœ wfbœ n‡q _v‡K. gvbnvwbi m¤ú„³AvBb Ges mybvgMÄ ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i
Ab¨w`‡K we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Kvh©µg e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i Ges GwU
m¤úwË Ges ïbv‡bvi ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i. we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi cÖwZKvi A‡bK¸‡jv
RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b cÖvq wbwl&µq n‡q Av‡Q Ges Ggb we‡ØlcÖm~Z
gvgjvi †¶‡Î euvw`‡K Aek¨B Dc‡i ewY©Z cuvPwU Dcv`vb cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e.
wKš‘ gvbnvwb gvgjvi †¶‡Î euvw`‡K weev`x KZ©„K gvbnvwbi welqwU

cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AvBbMZ h_v_©Zv QvovB mwZ¨Kv‡ii we‡Øl cÖgv‡Yi
ìKvi n‡e bv.
(2) we‡ØlcÖm~Z †Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µg ( malicious civil proceeding) ;
B‡Zvg‡a¨ †bvU Kiv n‡q‡Q †h- we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖwmwKDkb Aciv‡a gvgjv Ggb
gvgjvi Kvh©µg mxwgZ bq hv‡K †hfv‡e c~Rvix gvgjv ejv hvq; wKš‘ †Ìqvbx
gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î m¤¢ve¨ I †hŠw³K KviY e¨ZxZ we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi
Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv- GB mvaviY †ivj wb‡¤œv³ KviY wfwËK-
( 1) hw` we‡ØlcÖm~Z †Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Aby‡gv`b †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j

gvgjvi AšÍ _vK‡e bv
(2) we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g ( Aciv‡ai Rb¨) ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡i Av`vj‡Z
Avmvwgi gvbnvwbi welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e.l
3) †Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡g gvgjvi hveZxq LiP cÖ`vb Kiv nq mvaviYZ we‡RZv
c¶‡K Ges GwU n‡e Zvi cÖwZ nqivwb Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß cÖwZKvi A_ev ¶wZc~iY.
†Ìqvbx Kvh©wewai (35 K) avivq eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e 1000
iæwc ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e.
hvB‡nvK Ggb mvaviY iæ‡ji KwZcq e¨wZµgx †K ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †hgb ,
e¨vsK †`Dwjqvi weiæ‡× gvgjvi , wiKzBwRkb , †MÖdZvi Ges m¤úwËi weiæ‡×
wWwµ Rvwi. UvUvi gva¨‡g GKwU gvgjvi Kvh©µg mg¯Í gvgjvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡e †hLv‡b GKRb e¨w³‡K †MÖßvi Kivi d‡j A_ev †Kvb m¤úwË †K Rã Kivi d‡j
D³ m¤úwËi †µwWU A_ev e¨w³i †¶‡Î mybv‡gi ¶wZmvab Kiv n‡q‡Q. A_ev hLb
euvw`‡K LiP AW©v‡ii gva¨‡g ch©vß ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ms‡¶‡c
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi weiæ‡× gvgjv A_ev †Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi
Aceënv‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjvi Kvh©µg Gi †¶‡Î wb‡¤œv³ cÖgvwbK Dcv`vbmg~n
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e-
1| weev`xi c¶ †_‡K we‡ØlcÖm~Z g‡bvfve
2| weev`x †Kvb ai‡bi †hŠw³K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY QvovB KvR K‡i‡Qb
3| gvgjvi Kvh©µg euv‡ai AbyK‚‡j †kl n‡q‡Q A_ev GwU ¯’wMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q
wKbv evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q
4| Gi d‡j ev`x Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡q‡Q
3-Ab¨vq fv‡e AvUK ivLv ( wrongful

attachment)
KLb gvgjv Kiv hv‡e ( when suit would lie)

ivq cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© ïaygvÎ GKwU †µvKv‡`k `vwLj Kiv A_ev cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
GKwU ìLv¯Í Kiv GwU hZUvB we‡ØlcÖm~Z †nvK bv †Kb GwU Av`vj‡Zi
cÖwµqvMZ Aceënv‡ii ch©vqfy³ n‡e bv A_ev GwU ¶wZ m„wó Ki‡e bv Ges
AZGe †Kvb cÖKvi gvgjv Av`vj‡Z Pj‡e bv. wKš‘ hLb Ggb AvNvZ ˆZwi Kiv nq
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© hv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi gva¨‡g ZLb gvgjv Pjgvb _vK‡e. hvB‡nvK
GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq bq †h D³ cY¨‡K mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B Rã Ki‡Z n‡e. GKevi hLb
cÖ‡mm Bmy¨ Kiv n‡e Ges mswkøó c‡¶i Ici mvP© Kiv n‡e ZLb D³ †Rvic~e©K
cÖwµqv¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjv Av`vj‡Z MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß
n‡Z cv‡i. Municipal board baran gvgjv‡Z weev`x Iqv‡i›U Bmy¨ K‡ib Zv‡ì
weiæ‡×. hLb D³ †µvK Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ ìLv¯Í Kiv nq ZLb ev`x 500 iæwc
¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb K‡ib hw` Zv‡ì wbKU †_‡K we‡ivwaZvi †cÖw¶‡Z Av`vq Kiv
n‡e. ZviciI nvB‡KvU© ivq cÖ`vb Kij †h ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjvi Rb¨ mdj nIqvi †¶‡Î D³
cÖ‡mm‡K ch©vß wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e Ges Ges †h mg¯Í cÖ‡qvRbxq
cwiw¯’wZ †h hvi weiæ‡× cÖwmwKDk‡bi Kvh©µg Pvjy n‡e †m g~j RãK…Z
cY¨¸‡jv‡K cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡q‡Q cÖ‡qvR‡b UvKv cwi‡kva Kivi gva¨‡g GwU
Aciva Kv‡ji Ae¯’vb‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡e bv.
we‡ØlcÖm~Z g‡bvfve wK cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb? ( is malaice essential element)
Ab¨vq †µvK Av‡`‡ki weiæ‡× Uc msµvšÍ gvgjv wb‡¤œi †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU kixi
GKwU AšÍf©y³ n‡e-
hLb Ggb m¤úwË‡K wePvwiK Kvh©µ‡gi Aax‡b Kiv nq ZLb hwÌ †Kvb c‡¶i
wb‡`©kbv KwgwU Kiv nq.
hLb m¤úwË wewµ Ki‡Z c‡¶i Aby‡gv`b e¨ZxZ †µvK Kiv nq †hgb hLb GKRb
e¨w³i m¤úwË gvgjvi c¶fy³ bq wKš‘ G‡K †µvK Kiv nq
cÖ_g gvgjvi †¶‡Î gvgjvi Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY Kivi AwaKvi wU wePvi
cÖwµqvi Aceënv‡ii Dci wfwË wQj Ges wØZxq gvgjvi †¶‡Î GwU A‰ea cÖ‡ek
msµvšÍ Aciv‡ai Dci wbf©ikxj. AZGe Dfq †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡qvRbxq c~e© kZ© n‡”Q
wfbœ wfbœ. cÖ_g gvgjvi †¶‡Î ev`x gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv A_ev cÖwmwKDkb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv hw` bv wZwb cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h evwRi c¶ †_‡K mwZ¨Kvi
A‡_©B we‡ØlcÖm~Z g‡bvfve A_ev hyw³‡K Ges m¤¢ve¨ KviY wQj bv †hgwb
fv‡e we‡ØlcÖm~Z cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î A_ev †Ìqvbx gvgjvi Kvh©µ‡gi Aceënvi
cÖwmwKDk‡bi †¶‡Î G ai‡bi Dcv`vb †_‡K _v‡K. Ab¨w`‡K wØZxq gvgjvi †¶‡Î
†h‡nZy gvgjvi 61 A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a Kiv nq †m‡¶‡ÎI Amr D‡Ïk¨ A_ev Amr
g‡bvfve gvgjvi cÖ‡qvRbxq c~e© kZ© bq. GKRb ivq †h e¨w³ ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡Z
m¶g n‡e gvgjvi Ggb c‡¶i wbKU †_‡K †h gvgjvi c¶fy³ bq wKš‘ mv_©KZvi c¶fy³.
Ggb gvgjvi †¶‡Î ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡eb Ggb e¨w³i wbKU †_‡K hvi m¤ú‡K© Ab¨vq
fv‡e †µvK Kiv n‡q‡Q A_ev hvi weiæ‡× Ab¨vq gvgjv Kiv nq ivbx Kiv n‡q‡Q.
¶wZ m„wó n‡q‡Q g‡g© cÖgvY ( PROOF OF DAMAGE);
‡h mg¯Í gvgjvmg~‡ni †¶‡Î hLb gvgjvi AvBbMZ wfwË , A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a
cÖwZôv †c‡q‡Q ZLb gvgjv Kivi g~j mvigg© n‡”Q D³ m¤úwË †µv‡Ki †¶‡Î
ÎæwU Ges ev`xi cÖwZ ¶wZc~iY bq. A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciv‡a gZB Zvi c¶ †_‡K
we‡kl ¶wZi welqwU cÖgvwYZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB GgbwK hw` †m we‡kl ¶wZi
msNwUZ n‡q‡Q cÖgvY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Zvn‡j †m ¯^vfvweK ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡Z
cv‡i. wKš‘ hLb GwU wePvi cÖwµqvi Aceënv‡ii Dci wfwË wQj ZLb mwZ¨Kv‡ii
Aciva A_ev ¶wZ m„wó n‡q‡Q g‡g© cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e.
4. eë¯’vcbv Ges Aeë¯’vcbv( Maintenance and champerty)

GgbUv Acivamg~‡ni g~j mvigg© e¨¯Í _v‡K AvBbMZfv‡e ¯^v_© wb‡q Ggb
e¨w³ hLb gvgjv K‡i _v‡K †Kvb m¤úwËi Ici hvi d‡j †m gvgjvi Aci c‡¶i cÖwZ
Avw_©K ¶wZ A_ev Ab¨vb¨ nqivwb K‡i _v‡K ( hLb ev`x A_ev weev`x) Zvi hyw³
cÖgvwYZ Kivi Rb¨ gvgjv jo‡Z wM‡q Avw_©K ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nb.
hLb Avgvi mn‡hvwMZv AšÍe©i&ZxKvjxb †Kvb e¨w³i gva¨‡g Kiv nq Zvi wbR¯^
†Kvb ai‡bi ¯^v_© QvovB ZLb G‡K eë¯’vcbv ejv nq/ †gBb‡U‡bÝ ejv nq; hLb
Avcb mn‡hvwMZv B›Uv‡b©U wUªK cÖ`vb Kiv nq ì-KlvKwl we‡ePbv Kivi
gva¨‡g, hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wePvh© †Kvb wel‡qi Dci AwaKvi jvf Kiv A_ev Gi ga¨
†_‡K wKQy gybvdv jvf Kiv ZLb GwU‡K Aeë¯’vcbv ejv nq. ZvB Gai‡bi
Aeë¯’vcbv g~jZ wKQyB bv eis GK ai‡bi eë¯’vcbv msµvšÍ ÎæwU| †h‡nZy
eë¯’vcbv msµvšÍ †Ìqvbx gvgjv wK Ggb cÖK…wZi gvgjv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq
†hLv‡b euvw`‡K Aek¨B we‡kl ¶wZi welqwU cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z nq|
Kgb Avq‡bi cÖv_wgK hy‡M eë¯’vcbv ïaygvÎ †dŠR`vwi Aciva wQj †hLv‡b
ïaygvÎ Avmvwg‡K kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv A_ev ivRv †nbwi Z„Zxq Gi AvBb
Abyhvqx Acivaxi weiæ‡× kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ gvgjv Kivi my‡hvM wQj| wKš‘
gaëZ©x hy‡M g‡a¨ GwU‡KU wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv nq| hvB †nvK nvRvi
966 mv‡j AvBb Kwgkb 1967 Gi cwieZ©b Ges ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik K‡ib ;
hvi d‡j eZ©gvb AvBwWwU Ggb
(1) †Kvb e¨w³ Bsj¨v‡Ûi †Kvb AvB‡bi Aax‡b eë¯’vcbv A_ev Aeë¯’vcbvi
Aciv‡a PU gvgjvi Aax‡b `vqe× n‡e bv †hwU Kvgbvq cwiw¯’wZ wQj Ges GKwU
AÎ avivwU Kvh©Ki nIqvi c~‡e© GB avivi Aax‡b cÖ`Ë gvgjvi A_©vr
we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi g‡a¨ †_‡K m„wó n‡Zv
2| Bsj¨v‡Ûi AvB‡bi Aax‡b †Ìqvbx Ges †dŠR`vwi `vqe×Zvi wejywß D³ eë¯’vcbv
Ges Aeë¯’vcbvi d‡j mvaviYZ D³ AvB‡bi †K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e bv; GwU Ggb
gvgjvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv †hLv‡b GKwU Pyw³‡K Rb¯^v_©we‡ivax A_ev
†eAvBwb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq
fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ eë¯’vcbv Ges Aeë¯’vcbvi msµvšÍ Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi weavb wcÖwf
KvDwÝj KZ©„K ivgKzgvi P›`b gvgjv‡Z we‡ePbv Kiv nq| D³ gvgjv‡Z gnvgvb¨
wePvicwZMY ivq w`j †h eë¯’vcbv Ges Aeë¯’vcbvi msµvšÍ Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi
weavb fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv wKš‘ Ggb cÖK…wZi Pyw³¸‡jv KwZcq
mywbw`©ó cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †eAvBwb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e Ges Gi Ab¨Zg KviY
n‡”Q G¸‡jv cvewjK cwjwm we‡ivwaZv G¸‡jv‡K †eAvBwb MY¨ Kiv n‡e|
wePvicwZMY KZ¸‡jv gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡ib Zv‡ì g‡Z m¤úwË jv‡fi wewbgq
KwZcq wbw`©ó cwigvY cvwb mieivn Kivi Pyw³ hLb D³ dvÛ¸‡jv wiKfvwi Kiv
n‡e ZLbB ¸‡jv‡K Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax Pyw³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e bv| wKš‘ hLb
GKwU Pyw³ †K wbcxobg~jK wn‡m‡e cÖZxqgvb nq A_ev A‡hŠw³K wn‡m‡e
cÖZxqgvb nq Ges Pyw³i cÖwZ †eAvBwb wn‡m‡e cÖZxqgvb nq; A_ev hLb Ggb
Pyw³ hyw³ mswkøó c‡¶i hyw³ msMZ `vwe¸‡jv Av`vq Kivi Rb¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb
A_ev mwVK D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb ZLb GB aviv¸‡jv cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e
bv| wg‡_¨ gvgjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivPbv w`‡q Ryqv †Ljv A_ev Ab¨ e¨w³‡K wg_¨v gvgjv
w`‡q nqivwb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv
D³ gvgjv‡Z cÖ‡YZv weavb¸‡jv wcÖwf KvDwÝj KZ©„K cieZ©x gvgjvmg~n

AbymiY Kiv nq| AvQiæivg gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ Ggb Pyw³mg~n †K êa wn‡m‡e ivq
cÖ`vb K‡i †h¸‡jv Bs‡iwR AvBb Abyhvqx A‰ea nZ Aeë¯’vcbv A_ev Ahyw³K
Pyw³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y| G ivqMÄ †_‡K †h wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq †mwU n‡”Q GB
†h fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ eë¯’vcbv Ges Ad eë¯’vcbv msµvšÍ †Kvb ai‡bi AvBb b... myZivs
fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ Av`vjZ Ggb Pyw³ ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e bv †hUv A‡hŠw³K Ges Rb¯^v_©
we‡ivax n‡q _v‡K| hLb GKwU Pyw³ A‡hŠw³K Ges Ab¨vq g~jK nq ZLb GwU
ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡j Pyw³i c¶‡ì cÖwZ ¶wZ Kiv n‡e| ZvB Pyw³i c¶iv Ggb Ab¨vq
Pyw³‡K cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z cvi... ZvB fviZxq AvBb Ggb Ae¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q‡Q †hwU
Bs‡iwR AvBb 1967 AR©b K‡iwQ‡jv A_ev †h Ae¯’v‡b wQj|
Aa¨vq-19
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, Ges ivR‰bwZK m¤úK©© m¤ú„³ UU© Aciva

(Torts affecting interest in Economic, Social and Political Relations)
GB Aa¨v‡q Ggb wewea A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, Ges ivR‰bwZK m¤úK©©

m¤ú„³ UU© Aciva mg~n we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nqwb| Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ ¯^v_©
m¤ú„³ Kvi‡b, G¸wji A‡bK ¸wj wel‡q c~‡e©i Aa¨v‡q eb©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb cb¨
iƒcbvšÍi Ges gvwjKvbv iƒcvšÍi Aek¨B A_©‰wbZK Ges eëmvwqK m¤úK©‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i, Z‡e G¸wj KwZcq cwiw¯’w‡Z mybvg‡K cÖevweZ K‡i| ZvB Gme
welq¸wj Aa¨vq 17 †Z wemÍvwiZ eb©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q , loh‡ši wel‡q 20 Aa¨v‡q
c„_K fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q ï`~gvÎ wb¤œ †k¨bxi UU©
Aciva¸wj eb©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q;
1| WvKvwZ
2| `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njvg~jK wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv
3| cÖZvwiZ Kiv ( cb¨/ †mevMZ w`K †_‡K)
4| Pzw³ jsNb‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv
5| wfwZ cÖ`k©b Kiv
6| †NivI
7| wc‡KwUs
1| cÖZvibv (Deceit)
GwZnvwmK Drm (Historical Development)

AvaywbK A‡_© U‡U©i DrcwË mv¤úªZvwZK Kv‡ji, g~jZ ixU gvgjvi Kvh©µg
wQj AvBwb cwµqvq m„ó cÖZvibvi weiæ‡× cÖwZKvi cÖ`vb Kiv| †hgb GKRb
mvwL&L‡K A_ev cvwU©‡K wg‡_¨ fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv| c‡i, Ggb ixU gvgjvi
Kvh©µ‡g cwieZ©b Pzw³i A‡bK gvgjv‡Z cÖZwKvi wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
AZGe, Gi cÖZwKvi wQj Pzw³ AvB‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ, Ges Ae‡k‡l Pzw³ AvBb
†_‡K c„_K Kiv nq hLb Ggb Pzw³ fs‡Mi Aciv‡a c„_K gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi Rb¥ jvf
K‡i| cÖ_gevi, Palsey vs|freeman |gvgjv‡Z ¯úó fv‡eB iæj cÖbxZ nq‡ ‡h, wg‡_¨
Dc¯Ívcbv Kivi d‡j LwZc~i‡bi Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv Kiv hv‡e; hwÌ cvwU©‡ì g‡a¨ P…
w³MZ †Kvb m¤úK© wQjbv|
ms½v (Definition)
cÖZvibv g~jK UU© Aciva N‡U hLb NUbvi wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv Kiv nq, Gi mZ¨Zv
m¤ú‡K© †Kvb cÖKvi mrwek¦vm e¨wZwZ; Ggb e¨w³i wbKU wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv
Kiv nq †h,Ab¨ e¨w³ Ggb Dc¯’vcbvi wfwË‡Z KvR Ki‡e, Ggb Ab¨ e¨w³ D³ e³e¨
wek^vm K‡ib Ges LwZi ¯^xKvi nb|
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb (Essential elements)
cÖZvibv g~jK gvgjv‡Z Rq jvf Ki‡Z n‡j, ev`x‡K Aek¨B cÖgvwbZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h,
(1) weev`x GKwU NUbvi Dc¯’vcbv K‡i‡Qb|

(2) NUbvi Dc¯’vcbv wg‡_¨ wQj|
(3) NUbvwU Dc¯’vcbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Gi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© mrwek^vm e¨wZZ |
(4) Ggb NUbvwU Dc¯’vcbv Kiv n‡q‡Q ev`x Gi Abymib Ki‡eb Ggb
wek^v‡m|
(5) ev`x Ggb e³e¨ wek^vm K‡ib Ges Gi Abymib K‡ib|
(6) ev`x Gi gva¨‡g LwZi m¤§yLxb nb|
(1) weev`x GKwU NUbvi Dc¯’vcbv K‡i‡Qb (Representation of Fact)
cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© nj, weev`x GKwU NUbvi Dc¯’vcbv Ki‡eb ‡hwU wg‡_¨
wQj| ev`xi Rb¨ hZ LwZi Kvib †nvK bv †Kb GKwU mZ¨ ev‡Kï Rb¨ †Kvb cÖKvi
U©U Aciv‡ai gvgjv Kiv hv‡ebv
cÖwZkªywZ (promise)
GKwU cÖwZkÖæwZ I GKai‡bi NUbvMZ Dc¯’vcbv, hw` wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv

Kiv nq Zvn‡j GwU cÖZvibv g~jK Aciva n‡e| ZvB, hw` Avwg Ggb wek^vm
K‡i cÖwZkªywZ Kwi †h Avwg Rvwb Avwg GwU c~ib Kiebv,Zvn‡j Avwg
cÖZvibvi Rb¨ `vqx n‡Z cvwi| hw` cb¨ µq Kwi Ges fwel¨‡Z wbw`©ó Zvwi‡L
g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZkÖæwZ w`B Zvn‡j cÖZvibvi Rb¨ Avgvi `vqe×Zv wbf©i
Ki‡e Avgvi DKÍ g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai †Kvb B‡”Q i‡q‡Q wKbv Zvi Dci| hw` Avwg
mrwek^v‡m cwi‡kva Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZkªywZ w`B, Zvn‡j Avwg cÖZvibvi Rb¨
`vqx nebv, GgwK hw` Avwg mwVK mg‡q cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© nB| wKš‘, hw`
Avgvi cwi‡kva Kivi †Kvb B‡”P bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Avwg cÖZvibvi Rb¨ `vqx ne|
g‡bvfve (Intention)
GB iy‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ ïaygvÎ g‡bvfve cÖKvk Kiv, GB iæ‡ji D‡Ïk¨ MZ w`K †_‡K I
GwU GKwU NUbv | Edgington vs|Fitzmaurice gvgjv‡Z †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjK
cÖm‡c±v‡m wg‡_¨ Z_¨ †`b †h, wW‡eb&Sv‡ii cÖ`Ë †jvb `vjvb wbg©v‡b
eënvi Kiv, †Nvov µq, †fb µq Kiv Ges eëmvwqK DbœwZ Kivi Kv‡R eënvi
Kiv nq|wKš‘ g~jZ cwiPvjK Mb D³ ix‡bi UvKv `vqe×Zv c~i‡b eënvi K‡ib, hvi
Kvi‡b cwiPjK‡ì‡K cÖZvibvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq| GLv‡b Ggb iæ‡ji GKwU
e¨wZµgxi ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv nq, hLb GKRb e¨w³ wg‡_¨ AvKv‡i m‡ev©”P
A_ev me© wb¤œ g~j¨ D‡jøL K‡ib, hv wZwb GKwU AvwU©‡Kj †jLvi Rb¨
cwi‡kva Ki‡eb A_ev MÖnb Ki‡eb; Ggb Ae¯’vq wZwb cÖZvibv Kivi Rb¨ `vqx
n‡eb bv|
gZvgZ (Opinion)
GKRb e¨w³ †Kvb gZvgZ w`‡jb wKbv Zv g~jZ wePvh© NUbvMZ cÖkœ| hLb
†Kvb ¯úó gZvgZ mr wek^v‡m †Ìqv nqbv , Ges Ggb gZvgZ †Ìqv Gi AbyKib
Kiv n‡e g‡g© cÖZ¨vkv K‡i, ZLb Ggb K…ZKg©‡K cÖZvibv wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e| hLb GKRb gvb~l e‡jb †h, wZwb †Kvb wbw`©ó welq
cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib, wKš‘ wZwb g~jZ cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib bv, ZLb Zvi Ggb e³e¨
NUbvMZ wg‡_¨ e³e¨ wn‡m‡e Mb¨ n‡e| Z‡e, gZv‡Zi wfwË‡Z cÖZvibvi Aciv‡a
gvgjv Kiv A‡bK †ekx KwVb Kvib Zvi mwZ¨Kvi gZvgZ wK wQj Zv
cÖgvwbZ Kiv A‡bK †ekx KwVb|
AvBbMZ e³e¨ (Statement of Law)
GKwU AvBbMZ e³e¨ ‡K NUbvMZ e³e¨ †_‡K c„_K Kiv nq, †hLvb †_‡K
AvBbMZ wmÏvšÍ MÖnb Kiv nq ; GmgmÍ NUbvMZ e³e¨ g~jZ we`¨gvb AvBb
wK i‡q‡Q Zvi Dci e³vi e³e¨, Ges Ggb AvBbMZ e³e¨ Gi wfwË‡Z gvgjv Kiv
hv‡e| †hgwb gZvg‡Zi wel‡q ïayygvÎ hw` e³v Ggb AvBbMZ cÖ‡kœ e³e¨ cÖ`vb
bv Ki‡j wZwb `vqe× n‡eb bv|
AvPi‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv (Representation by Conduct); †Kvb

Z_¨/welq Dc¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e K_v A_ev e³‡eï gva¨‡g| hw` †Kvb e¨w³ Ggb KvR
K‡ib GB D‡Ï‡k¨ †h wZwb Gi gva¨‡g Ab¨‡K cÖZvibvg~jK fv‡e wek^vm
Kiv‡eb †h KwZcq wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q hvnv g~jZ Aw¯ÍZ¡nxb| Zvi Ggb
cÖZvibvg~jK e³‡eï gva¨‡g †KD LwZi ¯^xKvi n‡j, Ggb cÖZvibvKvix D³
LwZi Rb¨ LwZc~ib w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K‡eb| Ggb fv‡e `vqx n‡eb hv cÖZvibv g~jK
Aciv‡ai mgZzj¨ n‡e| hLb †Kvb e¨w³ ‡R‡bï‡b Zvi Amy¯’ M„ncvwjZ cï
cÖZvibv g~jK fv‡e weKªq K‡ib, †µZvi wbKU Ggb Amy¯’Zvi wel‡q cÖKvk
bv K‡iB, Ges Ggb †µZv Zvi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvbxi mv‡_ G‡K ivLvi d‡j Ab¨vb¨
cÖvbx I AvµvšÍ n‡j Ggb Avw_©K LwZi ¯^xKvi n‡j D³ we‡µZv‡K Avw_©K
LwZc~ib w`‡Z n‡e| Word vs|Hobbs gvgjv‡Z weev`x evRv‡i KZ¸wj R¦‡i
AvµvšÍ k~Ki wewµ K‡ib, wKš‘ †µZv‡ì wbKU Amy¯’Zvi K_v cÖKvk K‡ib
wb, hvi d‡j †µZv Ggb k~Ki ¸wj‡K Ab¨vb¨ k~K‡ii mv‡_ ivLvi d‡j Ab¨vb¨ k~Ki
I R¦‡i AvµvšÍ n‡q gviv hvq| nvBR Ae jW© ivq w`j †h, weev`x Ggb Z_¨
cÖªKvk bv Kivi Rb¨ ( cÖZvibvg~jK Aciv‡a ) `vqx n‡eb bv | wKš‘ gvgjvi ivq
†Ìqv nq Ggb NUbv ¯^xKvi K‡i †h, AÎ gvgjv‡Z mKj ÎæwU mn wewµi
Kvh©µg †kl n‡q‡Q| hw` DKÍ weµ‡q Ggb kZ© bv _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j cÖZvibv
Kivi Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv †hZ| GKB bxwZgvjv cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e hLb e¨s‡Ki †jv‡bi
wewbg‡q ÎæwU c~b© m¤úwË †i‡nb Kiv nq|
hLb †µZv Ges we‡µZv Df‡qi Rvbvi gva¨g GKB nq ZLb Ggb ÎæwU cÖKvk bv
Kivi d‡j wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv msµvšÍ Aciv‡ai Abygvb Kiv n‡e bv|
Keats vs|Cadogan gvgjv‡Z ev`x Rvb‡Zb †h evwowU A‡bK wec`RbK wQj

ZvB wZwb D³ evox weev`xi wbKU †_‡K µq K‡ib| evwowU Zvi `Lj MÖn‡bi
K‡qK w`‡bi g‡a¨B †fs‡M c‡o| d‡j †m AvNvZ cÖvß nq Ges Zvi AvmevecÎI
webó nq| wZwb cÖZvibvi Aciv‡a gvgjv K‡i I Rqjvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb, Kvib
GLv‡b wec` `„k¨gvb wQj Ges Ggb wec` ev`x mn‡RB wba©vib Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
(02) Ggb Dc¯’vcbv Aek¨B wg‡_¨ n‡e (Representation must be false) ; ev`x
hLb †Kvb e³e¨ AbyKib Ki‡eb ZLb Ggb e³K¨ Aek¨B wg‡_¨ n‡e ( K_v A_ev
KvR †hB gva¨‡gB †nvK bv †Kb)| Graham vs|saville gvgjv‡Z evw`bx GKRb
gwnjv whwb e¨v‡Pji mv‡_ weevneÜ‡b Ave× nb Ges †hLv‡b weev`x g~jZ
wb‡R‡K AweevwnZ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib , fvwewb hLb Ggb fv‡e cÖZvwiZ
nb ZLb Zviv weevn eÜ‡b Ave× nIqvi ci Zv‡ì cwiev‡i GKwU Kb¨v mšÍv‡bi
Rb¥ nq, g~jZ we‡ivax B‡Zvg‡a¨ weevwnZ wQ‡jb Ges weevn eÜ‡b Ave×
nIqvi ci wZwb euvw`‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvb| hvi d‡j evwawb wefv‡Mi weiæ‡× Zvi
gvbnvwb bó Kivi Aciv‡a Ges cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e AvBbMZ weevn eÜ‡b Ave×
n‡q‡Qb a‡g© wek¦vm Kwi‡q Zvi mv‡_ †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi d‡j wZwb
euv‡ai weiæ‡× cÖZviYvi Aciv‡a gvgjv K‡ib| Av`vjZ GLv‡b ev`xi Awf‡hvM
MÖnY K‡i Ges 400 Wjvi ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e ivq cÖ`vb K‡i |
Graham vs|saville gvgjv‡Z evw`bx GKRb gwnjv whwb e¨v‡Pji mv‡_

weevneÜ‡b Ave× nb Ges †hLv‡b weev`x g~jZ wb‡R‡K AweevwnZ wn‡m‡e
Dc¯’vcb K‡ib , evw`bx hLb Ggb fv‡e cÖZvwiZ nb ZLb Zviv weevn eÜ‡b
Ave× nIqvi ci Zv‡ì cwiev‡i GKwU Kb¨v mšÍv‡bi Rb¥ nq, g~jZ weev`x
B‡Zvg‡a¨ weevwnZ wQ‡jb Ges weevn eÜ‡b Ave× nIqvi ci wZwb ev`x‡K
†Q‡o P‡j hvb| hvi d‡j evwawb weev`xi weiæ‡× Zvi gvbnvwb bó Kivi Aciv‡a
Ges cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e AvBbMZ weevn eÜ‡b Ave× n‡q‡Qb g‡g© wek¦vm
Kwi‡q Zvi mv‡_ †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi d‡j wZwb weev`xi weiæ‡× cÖZviYvi
Aciv‡a gvgjv K‡ib| Av`vjZ GLv‡b ev`xi Awf‡hvM MÖnY K‡i Ges 400 Wjvi
¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e ivq cÖ`vb K‡i | beaulne vs|rickets
gvgjv‡Z evw`‡K cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e weevn eÜ‡b Ave× Kiv nq †hLv‡b weevw`
`vex K‡i †h wZwb AweevwnZ wQ‡jb| weevn eÜ‡b Ave× nIqvi mgq weev`x
GKRb PvKzixRxwe wQ‡jb , ev`x D³ weev`x‡K GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevBj Mvwo µq
Kivi Rb¨ 650 Wjvi cÖ`vb K‡ib | ev`x `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b Mf©eZx nb Ges Zv‡ì M‡f©i
mšÍvb bó n‡q hvq | Zv‡ì `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b Rxe‡b †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq Ges
1976 mv‡j hLb weevn we‡”Q‡ì †bvwUk Av‡m ZLb †_‡K Zv‡ì †hŠb m¤ú‡K©i
cwimgvwß N‡U | weevn we‡”Q‡ì ci weev`x cybivq weevn eÜ‡b Ave× nb Ges
ev`x‡K ¯¿x wn‡m‡e cwiZ¨vM K‡ib | Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ NUbv mg~n
we‡ePbv K‡i ev`xi AbyK‚‡j 650 Wjvi ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e ivq cÖ`vb K‡i Ges
10000 Wjvi ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb Kiv nq | hw` GKRb e¨w³ Ggb Z_¨
Dc¯’vcb K‡ib whwb Rv‡bb †h Zvi Z_¨ ¸‡jv wg‡_¨ ZLb hw` Ggb wg_¨v Z_¨
cieZ©x mg‡q †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y mZ¨ Z_¨ wn‡m‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges hw` Ggb
wg‡_¨ Z‡Ë¡i Dci KvR Kivi cwie‡Z© eis mZ¨ Z_¨ NUvi ci Zvi wfwË‡Z KvR
Kiv nq ZLb cÖZviYvg~jK gvgjv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv A_©vr g„Zyï NUbv
hLb mZ¨ NUbv wn‡m‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e ZLb Ggb mZ¨ NUbvi Dci wfwË K‡i
ev`x †Kvb Kg©m¤úv`b Ki‡j Zvi Rb¨ weev`x‡K cÖZviYvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hv‡e
bv | Ship vs| Crosskill gvgjv‡Z cÖm‡c±vm Gi g‡a¨ GKwU wg‡_¨ e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb
Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡hLv‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi A‡a©‡Ki †P‡qI
†ewk cwigv‡Y g~jab mve¯ŒvBe Kiv n‡q‡Q |hvB †nvK , ev`x KZ…©K
g~ja‡bi A‡_©i †kqvi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ ìLv¯Í Kivi c~‡e©B g~ja‡bi A‡a©K †kqvi
mve¯ŒvBe Kiv nq | Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡h cÖwZKvi
cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b †Kvb wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv A_ev cÖZviYvg~jK Dc¯’vcbv
Kiv nqwb|
A‡bK gvgjv _vK‡Z cv‡i †hLv‡b e³e¨ hLb m¤úv`b Kiv nq ZLb mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i
wKš‘ cieZ©x mg‡q GwU wg_¨v cÖwZcbœ n‡Z cv‡i | incledon vs| watson
gvgjv‡Z GKwU we`¨vjq wewµi weÁvcb D‡jøL K‡ib †hLv‡b ¯‹jvi‡ì bvg
D‡jøL Kiv nq | wKš‘ †b‡Mvwm‡qkb PjvKv‡j Ggb ¯‹jvi‡ì msL¨v K‡g hvq |
K‡g hvIqv msL¨v ev`x‡K AewnZ Kiv nqwb| hvi d‡j Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv
n‡q‡Q ‡h wZwb GLv‡b cÖZviYvi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
(04)
Ggb wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv Aek¨B GB D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv n‡e †h ev`x cÖZviYvg~jKfv‡e Gi
AbymiY Ki‡e&b; GKwU cÖZviYvg~jK gvgjv‡Z mdj n‡Z n‡j ev`x‡K Aek¨B
cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h whwb weev`x KZ©„K Dc¯’vcbv g~jK wg‡_¨ e³e¨
AbymiY K‡ib A_ev wbf©i K‡ib Ges cÖZvwiZ nb Ggb e³‡eï gva¨‡g| peek vs|
gurne ygvgjv‡Z A¨vw±f †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK cÖm‡c±vm Bmy¨ K‡ib hv Zv‡ì
Rvbv g‡Z wg‡_¨ e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i | †kqvi e›Ub hLb †kl nq ZLb AvwcjKvix
G¸‡jvi wKQy †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K bq eis e³e¨ A_ev cÖm‡c±v‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i
mivmwi evRvi †_‡K KZ¸‡jv cY¨ µq K‡ib Ges cY¨¸‡jv ¸YMZ gv‡bi w`K †_‡K
Lvivc nIqvi Kvi‡Y ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nb| Z‡e GLv‡b cÖZviYvi Aciv‡a gvgjvwU
Av`vj‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ nqwb KviY GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi cÖ‡Z¨KUv
cÖm‡d±vm mvaviYZ Gi g~j †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K|
wKš‘ hLb Ggb Dc¯’vcbv Kvix e¨w³ Rv‡bb †h Zvi &Ggb Dc¯’vcbvi Ic‡i wfwË
K‡i Z„Zxq c¶ KvR Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb ZLb wZwb Zvi Ggb `vqe×Zv cwinvi Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb bv Ggb hyw³ †`wL‡q †h wZwb D³ †jb‡`‡bi ewnivMZ Z„Zxq c¶|
Avmvwg Ggb hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cvi‡e bv †h ‡m Ggb wg‡_¨ e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jI Zvi
D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv †h †Kvb GKRb ev`x Zvi Ggb wg‡_¨ e³‡eï Abymib Ki‡e Ges
cÖZvwiZ n‡e| Langride vs| levy GKwU ÎæwUc~Y© Av‡Mœqv‡¯¿i we‡µZv
wg‡_¨ fv‡e Ges mwVK Z_¨ †Mvcb K‡i Iqv‡iw›U cÖ`vb K‡ib ‡h
Av‡Mœqv¯¿wU¿ mwVK wQj| Ggb ÎæwU c~Y© A¯¿ eënvi Kivi d‡j ev`x
AvNvZcÖvß nb Ges Gi d‡j Av`vjZ g~jZ we‡µZv‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í K‡ib | KviY
D³ we‡µZv g~jZ A¯¿wU ÎæwUc~Y© wQj †m wel‡q Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡iwb|
(5)
ev`x Aek¨B Ggb wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv g~jK e³e¨ wek¦vm K‡ib Ges Gi wfwË‡Z KvR
K‡ib; ( the Plaintiff must believ the representation and act upon it);
weev`x c‡¶i wg‡_¨ e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g ev`x cÖZvwiZ n‡q‡Qb GwU
cÖgvwYZ Kivi Rb¨ Aek¨B ev`x‡K cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h wZwb weevwì
cÖZviYvg~jK Dc¯’vcbvq wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges Ggb e³e¨ Abymib K‡i Kvh©
m¤úv`b Kivi d‡j wb‡Ri ¶wZ mvab K‡ib| George vs. skivingtone gvgjv‡Z
weev`x GKwU †KwgK¨vj †Kv¤úvwb wewµ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯Íve K‡ib hv wZwb
Py‡ji Rb¨ Dchy³ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| hvi d‡j Zviv g~j e³‡eï Dci wfwË K‡i
ev`xi ¯^vgx GwU µq K‡i Py‡j eënvi Kivi Rb¨ | wKš‘ hLb GwU eënvi Kiv nq
ZLb ev`xi Pyj ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq | hvi d‡j weev`x‡K `vqe× Kiv nq ¶wZc~iY cÖ`vb
Kivi Rb¨| GKBfv‡e, hLb GKwU †Uªb †Kvb †÷kb †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡e wKš‘
†÷kb gvóvi †_‡K †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡h †UªbwU GLb I Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q Ges
Ggb wg‡_¨ †Nvlbvi Dci wfwË K‡i hLb ev`x wbf©i K‡ib Ges Zvi mwVK
†UªbwU wgm K‡ib ZLb Av`vjZ Zv‡K †ijI‡q KZ©„c¶ †_‡K ¶wZc~iY jv‡fi
AwaKvix wn‡m‡e ivqcÖ`vb K‡i | Av`vjZ g‡b K‡i †h Ggb ev`x †ijI‡q
KZ©„c¶ †_‡K ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e | BDbvB‡UW †gvUi dvBb¨vÝ
†Kv¤úvwb gvgjv‡Z †gvUi Mvwo µq msµvšÍ dvBb¨vwÝs kZ© n‡”Q D³ Mvwo
nvqvi Kvix e¨w³ Aek¨B K¨vk wn‡m‡e bM` UvKv cÖ`vb Ki‡e A_ev †gvU
g~‡jï GK-Z„Zxqvsk g~j¨ †P‡Ki gva¨‡g cwi‡kva Ki‡e Ges BÝy‡iÝ Pyw³c‡Îi
Dc‡i ÷¨v¤ú †ccvi LiP cÖ`vb Ki‡e ,G mg¯Í LiP †m enb Ki‡e dvBb¨vwÝs
†Kv¤úvwbi wbKU cÖ‡cvRvj cÖ`vb Kivi c~‡e©B| G‡¶‡Î wWjvi‡K mš‘ó Ki‡Z
n‡e †h wZwb MvwowUi †gvU g~‡jï GK-Z„Zxqvsk bM` K¨vk UvKv †P‡Ki
gva¨‡g †diZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb | g~jZ wZwb GKwU cÖwg‡Rvwi †bvU LiP K‡ib |
Ggb e³e¨‡K AmZ¨ wn‡m‡e †R‡b I D³ wWjvi cÖ‡cvRvj wU diIqvW© K‡ib |
Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b D³ wWjvi cÖZviYvi Aciv‡ai
Rb¨ `vqe× n‡eb |
ev`x Ae`vbm~PK `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njvi Rb¨ `vqx Ggb hyw³ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³
wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv ;
GKevi hLb cÖgvwYZ nq †h †Kvb Dc¯’vcbv wg‡_¨ Ges D³ Dc¯’vcbv wg‡_¨

Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q †R‡bï‡bB weev`x KZ©K Ges ev`x‡K hLb Ggb wg‡_¨
Dc¯’vcbv cÖZvwiZ K‡i Ges weåvwšÍi w`‡K wb‡qvwRZ K‡i ZLb mZ¨
wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ ev`xi Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ cš’v _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev GKwU
cÖZviYvg~jK gvgjvi †¶‡Î Rqx nIqvi Rb¨ Ae`vb m~PK `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv
A_©vr ev`x c¶ †_‡K Aek¨ `vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv wQj g‡g© hyw³ Av`vj‡Z
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv | ZvB hLb GKRb †cv÷g¨vb fyj e¨w³i wbKU gvwb
AW©vi †cv÷ K‡ib wg_¨v Dc¯’vcbvi d‡j, ZLb Ggb wg‡_¨ Dc¯’vcbv hLb
weev`xi wbKU †_‡K Kiv nq ZLb Ggb weev`x D³ ev`xi c¶ †_‡K Ae`vb m~PK
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv wQj g‡g© AvZ¥i¶v g~jK hyw³ `vwLj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv |
ZvQvov allice & leicester gvgjv‡Z fvi‡Zi nvB‡KvU© wWwfkb ivq cÖ`vb K‡i
†h hLb GKRb e¨w³‡K e¨w³MZ fv‡e A_ev PµvKvi Aciva wn‡m‡e
cÖZviYvg~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqe× Kiv nq, ZLb Ggb e¨w³ Kgb AvBb A_ev
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK AvBb Contributory Negligence Act 1945 Gi Aax‡b
Ggb AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv †h AvµvšÍ e¨w³ Gi c¶ †_‡K
`vhw় ‡Z¡ Ae‡njv g~jK Aciva m„wó n‡q‡Q|
Aa¨vqt 20
lohš¿ Ges Aciv‡a mn‡hvwMZv Kiv ( Conspiracy and abetment);
lohš¿ ZË¡ Gi Drm ( History of Conspiracy);
AvaywbK A‡_© lohš¿g~jK ivq (UU© AvBb) g~jZ mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q m„ó
GKwU avibvi dj | ga¨hy‡M loh‡š¿i Aciv‡ai weiæ‡× Bs‡iwR AvB‡bi Aax‡b wiU
K‡i ¶wZc~iY Av`v‡qi Rb¨ GKwU weavb wQj , hvi gva¨‡g b¨vq wePvi wbwðZ
Kiv n‡Zv | ga¨hy‡Mi AvBb¸‡jv‡Z loh‡š¿i Aciv‡ai weiæ‡× UU© gvgjv Kivi
weavb ivLv nq, †hLv‡b hw` Ab¨ e¨w³ wb‡`©vl cÖgvwYZ nb Zvn‡j wZwb
gvbnvwbi Rb¨ cybivq gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb | GB wiU QvovI Ab¨vb¨ lohš¿ cÖK…
wZi gvgjv‡Z bZyb ai‡bi AvBbMZ AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq †hwU cÖZviYv Ges
weev`x KZ©„K cÖZviYvg~jK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z gvgjv wn‡m‡e `vwLj Kiv
†hZ|
lohš¿g~jK Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î Aciva mg~‡ni weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡bi AvBb ¸wj‡K mgš^q
Kib wQj g~j AvBbMZ c`‡¶c Gi GKwU mvigg© Ges G ai‡bi gvgjv †Kvb e¨w³i
weiæ‡× Kiv †hZ bv wKš‘ ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjvi †¶‡Î †Kvb e„× e¨w³i weiæ‡× A_©vr
¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx e¨w³i weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv †hZ|
÷vi †P¤^vi †Kv‡U© lohš¿ g~jK Aciv‡ai gvgjvi wePv‡ii cwimxgv e„w× Kiv nq|
D³ Av`vj‡Z ïaygvÎ †Kvb AvBbMZ cÖwµqv Ac-eënvi g~jK loh‡š¿i Rb¨ kvw¯Íi
weavb wQj bv eis †Kvb Ab¨vq Aciva Kivi Rb¨ hviv lohš¿ K‡ib Ggb Avmvwg‡ì
kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi weavb I ivLv nq | G‡¶‡Î lohš¿ ej‡Z msÁvhw় Z Kiv n‡q‡Q hLb
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ †Kvb ‡e-AvBwb KvR Kivi Rb¨ †eAvBwb cš’vq Pyw³
m¤úv`b K‡i ZLb G‡K lohš¿ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq | Kgb j AvB‡b gvgjv Kiv †hZ
hLb †Kvb e¨w³ wg‡_¨ Awf‡hvM Dc¯’vcb K‡ib ZLb Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kivi
weavb wQj |
cieZ©x ch©v‡q hLb Kgb AvBb-Av`vjZ we‡ØlcÖm~Z gvgjvi Kvh©µg msµvšÍ

Z_¨ Ges AvBbMZ iæj cÖeZ©b K‡i ZLb Av`vjZ KZ©„K GB gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv
n‡q‡Q †h mg¯Í KvR¸‡jv lohš¿g~jK Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Ggb
Acivag~jK KvR¸‡jv †Kvb e¨w³i weiæ‡× c„_Kfv‡e ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ Ges loh‡š¿i
Aciv‡a gvgjv Kivi Rb¨ AvBbMZ wfwË A_ev hyw³ wn‡m‡e f’wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i | mvaviYZ lohš¿ gyjK Aciva ej‡Z eySv‡bv nq Ggb †eAvBwb KvR †h¸‡jv
Kivi d‡j ¶wZ m„wó n‡q‡Q A_ev †h lohš¿wU ¶wZ m„wó K‡i‡Q †m
lohš¿ welqwU we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges KZ¸wj welq AšÍf©y³ Kiv ,†hgb- ( 1)
m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri AvBbMZ êaZv A_ev A‰eaZv, (2) D³ Kv‡Ri d‡j m„ó ¶wZ |
Moghul Steamship Co. gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q hw` P~ovšÍ
†gvwUf nq GB †h D³ m•Ne× †eAvBwb KvR m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q msNe× e¨w³i
mKj m`m¨‡K Ggb lohš¿g~jK A_ev †eAvBwb KvR K‡i DcK…Z Kivi Rb¨ Zvn‡j
D³ m•Ne× `j Gi weiæ‡× Ggb †eAvBwb Kv‡Ri Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv hv‡e| GKB
ai‡bi gZvgZ Av`vjZ KZ©„K Allen vs. food gvgjv‡ZI cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Z‡e quinn
vs. leathem gvgjv‡Z Av`vjZ wfbœ gZvgZ MÖnY K‡i , GB gvgjvi g‡a¨ Av`vjZ ivq
cÖ`vb K‡i †h GKwU lohš¿ g~jK Aciva msNwUZ n‡e hLb we‡ØlcÖm~Z fv‡e
†Kvb e¨w³ †Mvôx‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv n‡e †Kvb Aciva Kivi Rb¨ | Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z
ev`xi mv‡_ †UªW BDwbq‡bi Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e weev`xi GKwU Ø›Ø ˆZwi nq |
weev`xMb D³ ev`x‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib Zv‡ì BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ bq Ggb K‡qKRb
Kg©Pvix‡K wWmPvR© Kivi Rb¨ | wKš‘ ev`x Zv‡ì‡K wWmPvR© Ki‡Z
A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq Ges weev`x D³ ev`xi cÖavb Kv÷gvi‡K Zvi mv‡_ wWj Kiv
†_‡K weiZ _vKvi Rb¨ eva¨ K‡ib | hvi d‡j, Av`vjZ KZ©„K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q
†h Av‡jvP¨ gvgjv‡Z ev`x D³ weev`xi wbKU †_‡K ¶wZc~iY jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |
Aa¨vqt 21
‡h mg¯Í AwaKvi mg~n ¯^xK…wZ Ges Av`vjZ KZ©„K ejer Kivi Rb¨ UU©
AvB‡b ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q (interests preesing for recognition);
A‡bK ai‡bi ¯^v_©MZ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q UU© AvBb
KZ©„K AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ejer Kivi Rb¨ Av`vjZ KZ„©K c„_K AwaKvi wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv AwaKvi GL‡bv A‡qwUs wj÷ Gi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Gmg¯Í ¯^v_© ¸‡jv A_ev AwaKvi ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQy AwaKvi UU©
AvBb Gi cÖwZKvi wn‡m‡e A_ev D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q wKš‘
G¸‡jv‡K c„_K wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv nqwb| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K Ab¨vb¨ UU©
g~jK Aciva¸‡jvi ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q AwaKv‡ii' n¯Í‡¶‡ci cÖwZKv‡ii
weiæ× wn‡m‡e | Ggb AwaKvi ¸‡jvi GKwU ch©vß ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e bq
KviY G¸‡jv w`bw`b µgvMZfv‡e e„w× cv‡”Q | ZvB G¸‡jvi wKQy Kg msL¨K
AwaKvi wb‡¤œ Zy‡j aiv n‡jv |
cÖvÃvBm Kivi AwaKvi jsNb Kiv ( Infringement of right to franchise);
GK w`‡Ki A‡_© d«vbPvBR Kivi AwaKvi ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq GKwU B‡jKk‡b

†fvU cÖ`vb Kivi ¶gZv | eZ©gvb mgq Bsj¨v‡Û Ges fviZ GwU AvBbMZ fv‡e my-
cÖwZwôZ †h mvaviYZ †Kvb AwaKv‡ii †eAvBwb n¯Í‡¶‡ci weiæ‡× UU©
AvB‡b gvgjv Kiv hv‡e| wKš‘ UU© AvB‡bi Aax‡b cÖwZKvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e
bv hLb mr wek¦v‡m weP¶Y ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq |
Ab¨ A‡_© d«vbPvBR kãwU ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡”Q we‡kl ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav
hv †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K A_ev †Kvb e¨w³ ¸wó‡K AwaKvi wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q,
†Kvb ivR‰bwZK cÖwZlVvb A_ev msN wn‡m‡e AšÍf©y³ nIqvi Rb¨ , †hgb †dwi
MVb Kiv A_ev K…wlKvR Kivi Rb¨ AwaKvi mwgwZ Kiv ,grm¨ Pvl Kivi
AwaKvi , BZ¨vw` G ai‡bi AwaKvi ¸‡jvi †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi j•N‡bi d‡j UU©
Aciv‡a gvgjv Kiv hv‡e|
miKvwi Awdm Kzw¶MZ Kiv ( Usurpation of Public office);
U©U AvB‡bi Aax‡b gvgjv Kivi AwaKvi Ggb e¨w³i weiæ‡× cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq
wRwb GKwU miKvwi Awdm †K webv AbygwZ‡Z `Lj K‡i Av‡Qb| hvB‡nvK,
Ggb gvgjv Kivi AwaKv‡ii mwVK cwimxgv mwVKfv‡e wba©viY Kiv nqwb Ges
GwU A¯úó †h GKwU mr wek^v‡m D³ miKvwi Awdm Kzw¶MZ Kivi weiæ‡×
gvgjvi g‡a¨ AvZ¥i¶vg~jK hyw³ wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e wKbv |
gh©v`vi g‡a¨ n¯Í‡¶c Kiv A_ev KvR Kivi AwaKvi jsNb Kiv ( infringment of status
or right to work);
hLb mwVKfv‡e jvB‡mÝcÖvß A_ev †hvM¨ e¨w³i AvBbMZ c`gh©v`vi g‡a¨ †e-
AvBwb fv‡e n¯Í‡¶c Kiv nq A_ev †Kvb ms¯’vi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Zvi AvBbMZ
AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ n¯Í‡¶c Kiv nq ZLb D³ e¨w³ Zvi Ggb c`gh©v`vi n¯Í‡¶c A_ev
gvbnvwbi Rb¨ UU© AvBb G Aciv‡ai Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †hgb- mwVKfv‡e
mb` cÖvß GKRb AvBbRxexi mb` hLb evi KvDwÝj KZ©„K evwZj Kiv nq ZLb
wZwb evi KvDwÝ‡ji Ggb wm×v‡šÍi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb | Z‡e, Bsj¨v‡Û
Ggb welq ¸wji Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ`Ë Av`vj‡Zi ivq mg~n tort AvB‡bi wfwË‡Z bq
eis Pyw³ AvB‡bi wfwË‡Z MwVZ n‡q‡Q | wKš‘ wbDwRj¨v‡Û Ges A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z
GB wel‡qi Dci AvBb¸‡jv wKQyUv wfbœ | G mg¯Í †`‡k AvBbMZ eë¯’vq UU©
AvB‡bi Aax‡b gvgjv Kivi welqwU ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ G ai‡bi
cÖwZKvi jvf Kiv nq hLb †Kvb e¨w³i AvBbMZ AwaKvi A_ev Ae¯’v‡bi g‡a¨
†eAvBwbfv‡e n¯Í‡¶c Kiv nq |

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Tort Law

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Aa¨vq 11

UU© Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î `vqe×Zv †_‡K gyw³ (extinction of

1. `xN© w`b e¨vcx m¤§wZ A_ev Avcbvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi A¯^xK…wZ (

1| `xN© w`b e¨vcx m¤§wZ A_ev Avcbvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi A¯^xK…wZ

1. AwaKvi cwiZ¨vM Kiv ( waiver);

msiw¶Z ¯^v_© (INTEREST PROTECTED);

AcÖZ¨¶ AvNvZ e¨vUvwi bq ( INDIRECT HARM IS NOT BATTERY):

‡h‡nZy Ab¨vb¨ Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î wKQyUv cÖZ¨vkv Acwinvh© | ev`xi Zvr¶wYK

Zvc, Av¸b ¯úk© ( INFLICTION OF LIGHT AND HEAT):

e¨vUvwi GK wU B”QvK…Z UU| ejcÖ‡qvM A_ev ¯úk© Kiv Aek¨B B‡”QMZ

A_© ( MEANING): AvµgY kã‡K mvaviYfv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq e¨vcK A‡_©

cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb ( ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS); (I) KvR (ACT); AvµgY

Zvr¶wYK Ges Awek¨¤¢vex ( IMMEDIACY AND IMMINENCE);

Zvr¶wYKfv‡e AvKv‡i kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv Avµg‡Yi Aciva| D³ gvgjv‡Z GKRb

(iv) mwZ¨Kv‡ii g‡bvfve A_ev m¶gZv AcÖvmw½K ( actual intention or capacity

(v) g‡bvfve †bwZevPK kãvejx ( words negativing the intention):

Aciva wK me©`v AvµgY n‡e ? ( does battery always include assault)

D³ e¨vL¨v¸‡jv A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i †h GKwU e¨vUvwi me©`v AvµgYmn

¯^v_© msiw¶Z (iNTEREST protected): AÎ AvBb ˆZwii D‡Ïk¨ nj gvgjvi gva¨‡g

Av‡gwiKvb gyLcv‡Îi g‡Z, Ab¨fve `vwLjK…Z KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU hyw³, Ab¨

A †Uwj‡dvb K‡ib B †K †h Zvi wbKU b Gi †MÖßvi Iqv‡i›U i‡q‡Q Ges wZwb b

AvUK msµvšÍ Ávb ( knowledge of confinement): AvUKK…Z e¨w³i AvUK

Bolland b anderson b gourney b; cÖ`Ë hyw³mg~n n‡jv AmsL¨ gvgjv i‡q‡Q

( 4) Winfield Gi cÖ¯Ívebv †h D³ ivq †K cÖwZnZ wecixZ hyw³ †`Lv‡bv hv‡e GB

(1) h_v_© AvBbm¤§Z †MÖßvi (LAWFUL ARREST):

Grene mr .-associated provincial pictur houses ltd vs. wednesbury corporation

(1) cÖ‡Z¨K cywjk Awdmvi A_ev Ab¨vb¨ Iqv‡i›U e¨ZxZ †MÖßviK…Z‡`i

‡MÖdZviK…Z e¨w³ Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ cywjk KZ©„K AvUK _vK‡eb bv A_ev

RywWwkqvj Awdmvi i¶vq RywWwkqvj i¶vq 1850 Gi aviv †gvZv‡eK †Kvb

D³ weav‡b cÖ`Ë myi¶v P~ovšÍ bq hLb GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU †eAvBwb

S. pande vs. s.c. gupta gvgjv‡Z weev`x GKRb mve-wWwfkbvj g¨vwR‡÷ªU b

A¨v‡i÷ Iqviv›U Rvix Kvix wgwbw÷ªqvj Awdmvi‡`i myi¶v (PROTECTION OF

hw` GKRb wgwb÷vi Awdmvi AvBb-Av`vj‡Zi AvBbMZ Iqv‡i›U Rvwi K‡ib

(II) †hŠw³K kZ©vejx ( REASONABEL CONDITIONS): hLb GKRb e¨w³ †Kvb

wg‡_¨ AvUK Aciv‡a ¶wZc~iY gvgjv;

cÖgv‡Yi `vhw় Z¡ (BURDEN OF PROOF): Ab¨vq AvU‡Ki Rb¨ ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨

D³ Dfq gvgjvmg~n ¶wZ nq bvf©vm AvZ‡¼i gva¨‡g D³ e³e¨ Zv‡`i wbKU

A_ev AwaKvsk e¨w³MY A_ev we‡kl wbwl× e¨w³eM© D³ Kvh©µ‡gi ¯^vfvweK

A¯’vei m¤úwËi †¶‡Î tort Aciva ( Torts to immovable

¯^v_© iw¶Z (interest protected);

Rwgi `LjmË (possession of property)t

A‰ea cÖ‡ek Aciva m¤úv`‡bi wewfbœ cš’v (various ways of committing

(2) Rwg‡Z Ae¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g A‰ea cÖ‡ek;

ˆegvwbK hvbevnb (air crafts):

cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek (tresspass ab initio):

iæ‡ji e¨wZµgx mg~n (exceptions to the rule);

mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j cÖviw¤¢K A‰ea cÖ‡ek msµvšÍ iæj wKQy wePv‡ii m¤§yLxb

AbygvbK…Z A‰ea cÖ‡ek (apprehended trepass); ev`x mwVK cÖwZKvi jvf

m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g A‰ea cÖ‡ek (trespass by relation);

fviZxq BR‡g›U AvB‡bi 25 †_‡K 64 aviv †gvZv‡eK D³ aviv ¸‡jv‡Z jvB‡mÝ

(e) hLb jvB‡mÝ MÖnxZv D³ m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv jvf K‡ib;

(4) Rwg‡Z cybivq cÖ‡ek A_ev Avevw` cïi cvj;

`LjPy¨Z A_© (meaning of dispossession);

(3) BR‡g›U AwaKv‡i n¯Í‡¶c (disturbance of right of easements);

DËivwaKvi ¯^v_© Gi †¶‡Î AvNvZ (injuries to reversionary interest and waste);

cÖwZKvit DËivwaKvix MZ AwaKvi j•Nb Ges AveR©bvi †¶‡Î mwVK cÖwZKvi

A¯’vei m¤úwËi cÖwZ UU Aciva (TORTS TO

(2) c‡Y¨i Ici A‰ea cÖ‡ek (trespass to land);

c‡Y¨i `Lj mË¡ (possession of goods);

(L) mivmwi kw³cÖ‡qvM; †hgb-cÖvwb‡K AvNvZ A_ev nZ¨v Kiv, Avmeve cÎ

(M) Ab¨vq †µvK ( wrongful attachement);

(4) n¯Í‡¶c Aek¨B †e- AvBwb n‡e ( interference must be unlawful);

gvgjv Kib †hvM¨ A‰ea cÖ‡ek (trespass in actionable PER SE);