Detection of A Fracture Zone Using Microtremor Array Measurement. Geophysics

GEOPHYSICS
DETECTION OF A FRACTURE ZONE USING MICROTREMOR

ARRAY MEASUREMENT
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Journal: Geophysics
Manuscript ID GEO-2017-0393.R3
Manuscript Type: Case Histories
Keywords: shear wave (S-wave), surface wave, arrays, dispersion, inversion
Area of Expertise: Passive Seismic Methods, Seismic Inversion

GEOPHYSICS
This paper presented here as accepted for publication in Geophysics prior to copyediting and composition.
© 2018 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Page 1 of 28 GEOPHYSICS
Geophysics 1
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5 DETECTION OF A FRACTURE ZONE USING MICROTREMOR ARRAY
6 MEASUREMENT
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by
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11 Cheng-Feng Wu and Huey-Chu Huang*
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13 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences

14 National Chung Cheng University
15 Ming-Hsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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*corresponding author
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GEOPHYSICS
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29 FAX: 886-5-272-0807
30 TEL: 886-5-272-0411 ext. 66207
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E-mail: sei9010@eq.ccu.edu.tw (C.F. Wu)
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33 seihuey@eq.ccu.edu.tw (H.C. Huang)
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49 Geophysics
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51 Original paper date of submission: June 28, 2017
52 Revised paper date of submission: November 21, 2017
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Revised paper date of submission: March 23, 2018
55 Revised paper date of submission: July 13, 2018
56 Revised paper date of submission: August 31, 2018
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Geophysics 2
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5 ABSTRACT
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7 We conduct microtremor array measurements to estimate shallow S-wave velocity (VS)
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10 structures at two sites (921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan and Taiwan Provincial Consultative
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12 Council) located near surface ruptures of the Chelungpu fault. Ten stations, consisting of three
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14 different-aperture triangles and a central station, are adopted for each array deployment. Using
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the array data, we calculate dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves using the frequency-
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19 wavenumber spectrum method and then estimate S-wave velocity (VS) structures by surface-
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21 wave inversion technique. The obtained 2D VS profiles could clearly show compressive and
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flexural deformation structures with the surface ruptures located at relatively weak (low VS)
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26 zones. This indicates compressive buckling as the most likely mechanism for surface rupturing
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28 along these low-VS zones. Importantly, this study successfully depicts strata disturbances in a
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30 fault fracture zone using microtremor array measurements and forward numerical modeling of
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33 trishear fault-propagation folds.
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36 INTRODUCTION
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Microtremor array measurement has become a popular method for estimating shallow
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42 velocity structures. It has several advantages over the direct borehole method as it is
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44 considerably less expensive and time-consuming. It does not require an active source and
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therefore has no impact on the surrounding environment. In the past, array observations have
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49 been made at many sites in order to determine near-surface material properties (e.g., Horike,
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51 1985; Matsushima and Okada, 1990; Satoh et al., 2001a, b; Huang and Wu, 2006; Wu and
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53 Huang, 2012, 2013, 2015; Huang et al., 2015; Thein et al., 2015; Chimoto et al., 2016; Özmen et
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56 al., 2017). Microtremor array measurements can be used to estimate S-wave velocity (VS)
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Geophysics 3
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5 structures down to a depth of 2-3 km. Most recently, microtremor array measurements have been
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7 applied for site selection of geothermal wells and surveying buried fault structures (e.g., Xu et
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10 al., 2012, 2013).
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13 The Chi-Chi earthquake (Mw 7.6) happened on 21 September 1999 due to reactivation of
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15 the Chelungpu fault. Along the 100-km surface break, the hanging wall thrusts over the footwall,
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18 producing a fault scarp ranging from 1 m in the south to 8 m in the north (Shin and Teng, 2001).
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20 This earthquake killed about 2415 people and caused severe damage to infrastructure, even
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22 felling buildings far from the epicenter in Taipei City. These facts underscore the importance of
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25 developing effective methods for detecting shallow faults, especially when they are located near
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27 metropolitan areas.
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30 In order to study the applicability and reliability of microtremor array measurements in
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33 detecting fracture zones, we examine two sites along the Chelungpu fault located in Wufeng
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35 District, Taichung -- the 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan (921EM) and the Taiwan Provincial
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37 Consultative Council (TPCC) (Figure 1). Reverse flexural-slip fault scarps, formed by co-
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seismic faulting, have been well observed (Lin et al., 2001) at these two sites. These observations
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42 provide a good benchmark for comparing the results of the microtremor-array method. Besides,
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44 our microtremor-array estimated VS structures are compared with those from existing geological
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and geophysical data.
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50 SITES AND DATA
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53 Figure 1 shows the geological map around sites 921EM and TPCC and the location of
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56 structural sections. The Chelungpu fault with an N-S trending is the boundary fault between the
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Geophysics 4
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5 Taichung basin and the foothills. According to Ho and Chen (2000), the Chinshui Shale is
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7 conformably overlain by the Cholan Formation, which shows a monoclinic structure and varying
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10 dips to the east at 25 to 45 degrees depending on location. The Chinshui Shale is associated with
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12 the Chelungpu fault.
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15 Ten stations, forming three different-aperture triangles and a central station (Figure 2a),
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18 are adopted for each array deployment in this study. Each station includes a 24-bit digital
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20 recorder (SAMTAC-801B or SAMTAC-802H), a tri-axial servo velocity sensor (VSE-315D)
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22 and a set of GPS for time correction and positioning. The instrument response of the sensor is
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25 flat from 0.1 to 70 Hz. The minimum and maximum radii for each array are 25 m and 100 m,
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27 respectively. Figures 2b and 2c show satellite maps superimposed with stations for microtremor
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29 array measurement at sites 921EM and TPCC, respectively. The two sites are separated by a
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distance of just ~1000 m. We conduct nine array measurements including EM0 and EMA~EMH
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34 at site 921EM, and ten array measurements comprising PCA~PCG and PCI~PCK, which are
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36 divided into two survey lines (Line 1 and Line 2) at site TPCC. The minimum and maximum
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38 station intervals at these two sites are about 10-20 m and 177-207 m, respectively. For each array
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41 measurement, the instruments continuously recorded microtremor data for about 2 hours at a
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43 sampling rate of 200 points per second. The microtremor wavefields vary from site to site, and
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45 the waves originate from different sources at different frequency bands (Figure 3a). According to
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48 our experiments, although the propagation directions of the noise sources vary with time, they do
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50 not cause significant deviations of phase velocities and, consequently, velocity profiles (Figures
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52 3b and 3c).
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56 METHODS OF ANALYSIS
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Geophysics 5
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5 Frequency-Wavenumber Spectral Analysis Method
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About the microtremor array data, we first adopt the frequency-wavenumber (f-k) method
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11 proposed by Capon (1969). Data analysis is conducted under the maximum-likelihood method
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13 (MLM). This method uses cross-power spectral densities of an array of N sensors to estimate the
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15 f-k spectrum. It can be expressed as
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expi ∙
, = ∅ , 1
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22 ,
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where ∅ represents the cross-power spectrum between the ith and jth sensors at frequency f;
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∅
is the element of corresponding inverse of matrix ∅ ;
= − where and are the
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30 position vectors of the ith and jth sensors, respectively; and N is the number of sensors.
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34 Inversion of Velocity Structure
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37 Based on the results of Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves, we estimate the velocity
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structures using the surface-wave inversion method proposed by Herrmann (1991). According to
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42 Horike (1985), the phase velocities are more sensitive to VS structure than to P-wave velocity
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44 (VP) and density structures, so we only calculate VS in this study. Based on Hwang and Yu
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46 (2005), the formula to join the dispersion curve and velocity-model parameters, is as follows:
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# !
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∆ ! = " % ∆$ , 2
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#$
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Geophysics 6
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5 where ∆C(Tj ) represents the difference between observed and predicted phase velocity derived
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8 from initial velocity model at the jth period (Tj ); ∂C(Tj )/∂βi is partial derivative of the phase-
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10 velocity of the jth period with respect to VS of the ith layer; ∆β i is the resulting difference in VS
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13 of the ith layer between adjacent inversions; and N is the number of layers.
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16 To solve for the model parameters (∆β i ) in equation 2, we employ a surface-wave
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19 inversion program based on damped least-squares, which was developed by Herrmann (1991).
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21 Moreover, the program used here is based on the assumption that the fundamental mode of the
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Rayleigh wave is dominant. Smoothing constraints, the difference between adjacent model
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26 parameters as an approximation of a derivative to control solution roughness, were also used. For
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28 the inversion, we build up an initial layered model for each array with assigned values for VS,
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thickness, and Poisson's ratio at each layer. We take a half-space structure with VS which is the
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33 maximum phase velocity divided by 0.92 at the used lowest frequency as the VS in the initial
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35 model. If we are using a maximum frequency of 7 Hz, and assuming a phase velocity of 400 m/s,
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37 the minimum expected wavelength is about 60 m. Accordingly, using a rule-of-thumb calculation,
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40 the minimum thickness that could be detected can be estimated as being about half or one-third of
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42 the observed minimum wavelength (e.g., Gazetas 1982; Butcher and Powell, 1996). Therefore,
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44 we expect to resolve a 20- or 30-m-thick layer. Similarly, the depth resolution of the available
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data is limited by the minimum frequency and its corresponding phase velocity. The total layer
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49 number and damping value used for the inversion are 80 and 1.0, respectively. When the
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51 difference of the VS value for each layer between adjacent inversions is less than 1 m/s, the
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inversion process would be stopped. About the details, please refer to Wu and Huang (2015).
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Geophysics 7
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5 The relationship between VP, VS and Poisson’s ratio (σ) is as follows:
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+, .
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+- − 1
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σ= . 3
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+, .

+- − 1
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15 In the study, the Poisson’s ratio (0.4) is fixed for each layer; therefore, VP can be
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calculated when VS is decided. According to the well-logging data at the area, the averaged
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20 Poisson’s ratio is calculated about 0.4 at depths of 0-800 m. Moreover, based on the Birch’s law,
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22 which shows the relationship between density and seismic velocity (Fowler, 2005), density can
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be estimated while VS is inverted.
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GEOPHYSICS
28 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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31 Case Study I: 921EM Site
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35 The observed recordings on the vertical component of the stations are divided into time
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37 segments of 20.48 s in length for all arrays by overlapping half of each window length. We first
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remove time segments contaminated by artificial or instrumental noise. Based on MLM, phase
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42 velocities are estimated by f-k spectral analysis. Here, we assume that the fundamental mode of
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44 the Rayleigh wave is dominant. Figure 4a shows the observed phase velocities (or fundamental-
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46 mode Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves) of nine arrays at site 921EM. The different symbols
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49 exhibit the observed results from these different arrays. The estimated phase velocities change
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51 from site to site. When the frequencies are greater than 3 Hz, arrays EMD, EME, and EMG have
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53 higher phase velocities. This reveals that under these three arrays the near-surface shallow
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structures are characterized by higher VS. Besides, the observed phase velocities at EME become
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Geophysics 8
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5 rather flat (about 900 m/s) at frequencies between 2 and 4 Hz. This implies that a thicker layer
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7 with VS of about 1000 m/s exists under this array. Moreover, using a rule-of-thumb calculation,
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10 the minimum and maximum detected depth can be estimated as being about one-third of the
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12 observed minimum and maximum wavelength. According to the minimum and maximum values
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14 of the phase velocities, frequencies, and wavelengths at the nine arrays, the resolvable minimum
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and maximum depths are expected to be 17-38 m and 642-952 m, respectively.
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20 VS values are estimated by using the differential inversion method proposed by Herrmann
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22 (1991). Figure 4b shows the estimated VS of all nine arrays at site 921EM. If the VS of the
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25 Chinshui Shale is assumed to be 1856-1985 m/s (Wu and Huang, 2015), the thicknesses of the
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27 Cholan Formation are estimated between 323 m (EMB) and 598 m (EME). We can also clearly
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29 see that thicknesses of the Cholan Formation decrease progressively from 486 m at EM0 and 380
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m at EMA to 323 m at EMB, which is on the right side of the Chi-Chi earthquake rupture. To
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34 understand the variation in the VS at site 921EM, 2D maps (Figure 5) are constructed using
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36 imaging techniques based on Kriging interpolation (Cressie, 1990) of the results in Figure 4b.
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38 We also mark “inferred fault” and “Chi-Chi earthquake surface rupture” on Figure 5, based on
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41 Figure 1 and their relative coordinates. Compressive and flexural deformation structures can be
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43 readily seen, and surface ruptures are located at a relatively weak (low VS) zone (near EMB).
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45 However, high VS appear near EMC. The VS discrepancy between EMB and EMC is caused by
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48 the difference in the shallow sensitivity between them. In Figure 4a, the highest frequency at
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50 EMC is 3.61 Hz, therefore, EMC cannot provide as good resolution as EMB (6.74 Hz) at the
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52 near surface. According to Lin et al. (2001), the co-seismic flexural-slip folding structures
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generally occurred in or near the surface rupture zone at a few to some hundreds of meters in
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Geophysics 9
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5 width. These structures have fold axes oriented parallel or oblique to the surface rupture zone.
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7 Besides, we seem to find a leading edge of the fault plane under EME at depths of 100 to 150 m.
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10 According to shallow drilling and seismic profiles (Wang et al., 2002), the dip angle of the
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12 Chelungpu fault approaches 40°. Therefore, we try to draw a major fault plane (the dashed line)
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14 with this angle and let it pass through the leading edge. Based on results from electric resistivity
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surveys (Wang, 2002) and a shallow reflection seismic study (Chen, 2002), the Chi-Chi
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19 earthquake rupture developed in or near the main shear zone of the Chelungpu fault and dips
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21 60°-80° eastwardly. Therefore, we try to draw a branch fault (the dotted line) caused by the Chi-
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Chi earthquake with a dip angle about 70° in Figure 5. The major portion of the Chelungpu fault
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26 met its branch faults deeper (about 400 m) in the Chinshui Shale (VS about 1800-1900 m/s). The
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28 VS characteristics at site 921EM are similar to the results from Huang et al. (2000). Those
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30 authors proposed that the surface deformation of the Chi-Chi earthquake is closely related to
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33 imbricate splay faults (Dahlstrom, 1969) at shallow depths (Figure 6). Surface faulting of the
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35 Chi-Chi earthquake most likely resulted from partial reactivation of the Chelungpu fault zone.
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38 To explain our results, we do the numerical simulations assuming horizontally varying
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41 structure. Here, we choose a ramp-decollement geometry for the Chelungpu fault (Johnson and
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43 Segall, 2004) and use the FaultFold trishear program (Allmendinger, 1998) to model the thrust
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45 fault. Through trial and error, we get the simulation result shown in Figure 7 which is
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48 comparable with Figure 5. We assume that the strata have seven beds in the initial model. After
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50 the ramping processes of the four faults, these beds have deformed and shown in Figure 7a
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52 (marked with red and blue ellipses) and Figure 7b (marked with different colors). After each
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ramping process, we add growth strata (orange lines in Figure 7a) to onlap the pre-growth ones.
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Geophysics 10
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5 Through the comparison between Figures 5 and 7, the ramp-decollement system modeled by the
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7 FaultFold program could explain the detachment folds at depths larger than 200 m. The surface
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10 rupture caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake (at distance about 450 m) seems to be related to these
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12 ramping processes. Here, we cannot effectively model the leading edge (Figure 5) of the fault
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14 plane under EME. Basically, the simulation result is based on a simpler fault fracture model.
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However, the actual fault process is much more complicated.
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20 Case Study II: TPCC Site
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Site TPCC is located north of site 921EM (Figure 1). The phase velocities of the ten
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26 arrays at site TPCC are calculated using f-k spectral analysis method. Figure 8a shows the
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28 fundamental-mode Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves at this site. The differently colored symbols
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30 depict the result from the different arrays. The phase velocities between sites 921EM and TPCC
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33 have large discrepancies. However, the dispersion curves are less scattered at frequencies higher
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35 than 2 Hz at site TPCC. According to the dispersion curves, resolvable minimum and maximum
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37 depths are expected to be about 19 to 36 m and 625 to 950 m, respectively. VS values are
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calculated using differential inversion. Figure 8b illustrates the estimated VS for the ten arrays at
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42 site TPCC. Except PCB and PCF, the depths of the Chinshui Shale (VS=1856-1985 m/s) are
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44 between 361 m (PCC) and 667 m (PCI). These depths of the Chinshui Shale are greater than
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those at site 921EM. Based on Figure 8b, the interpolation method is used to generate 2D
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49 subsurface velocity structures beneath site TPCC.
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52 Figure 9 displays two vertical VS profiles (Line 1 and Line 2 shown in Figure 2c) for
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depths down to 500 m. Compared with the results from site 921EM, compressive and flexural
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Geophysics 11
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5 deformation structures, particularly at depths less than 300 m, are not obvious at site TPCC. But,
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7 similarly to site 921EM, surface ruptures located at a relatively weak zone (VS < 300 m/s; near
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10 PCD) are detected. This indicates compressive buckling as the mechanism responsible for
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12 surface ruptures along weak zones. Close to the surface, relatively low velocity zones are
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14 generally found at arrays located to the left of the Chi-Chi earthquake rupture. On-site
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inspections show that a pre- existing vertical offset exists along the ground’s surface between
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19 PCC and PCD. This phenomenon appears to be a back-thrust system related to the presence of a
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21 thin slip zone. A high VS zone occurs beneath PCC at depth > 300 m. This may have resulted
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from a number of seismic events or a compression process over time. It indicates that thick
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26 alluvium overlays the Chelungpu fault. Earthquake faulting would lift these structures above the
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28 fault and form complicated surface ruptures at low VS (weak) zones. Besides this, strata are
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30 relatively flat from the surface to a depth of 200 m at Line 2, and arrays PCD-PCK are located on
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33 a soft alluvial layer (Vs < 300 m/s at the near surface). These results are consistent with those
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35 from a shallow reflection seismic study (Chen, 2002), which shows strata are flat with no fault
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37 traces found in downtown Wufeng Village. The origin of a large disturbance (about 2-3 folds)
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under the flat strata is worth further exploration and requires interpretation in conjunction with
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42 other geophysical data.
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45 CONCLUSTION
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49 The purpose of this study is to understand the benefits of microtremor array measurement
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51 in the detection of a fracture zone nearby the Chelungpu fault, which triggered the Chi-Chi
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53 earthquake, Taiwan on 21 September 1999. The obtained S-wave velocity (VS) sections could
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56 help us to examine in detail aspects of the surface faulting mechanism of the Chelungpu fault.
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Geophysics 12
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5 According to 2D cross-sections of VS structures, compressive and flexural deformation structures
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7 formed by a number of seismic events or a compression process over time might cause the
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10 ground to buckle and break at low VS (weak) zones.
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13 To investigate the applicability of the 2D VS profile, we choose a ramp-decollement

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15 geometry for the Chelungpu fault and utilitize the FaultFold trishear program to model the
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18 behavior of the thrust fault. Based on the simulation results, the modeled ramp-decollement
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20 system could explain the detachment folds at depths larger than 200 m. The surface rupture
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22 caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake seems to be related to these ramping processes although there
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25 are some discrepancies between the 2D VS profile and the synthetic result. However, the actual
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27 fault process is much more complicated than the simulation which is based on a simpler fault
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29 fracture model.
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33 Therefore, this study shows that microtremor array measurements could clearly depict
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35 strata disturbances. Moreover, used in combination with interpretations from other sources of
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37 geophysical or geological data, microtremor array measurement improves the ability to identify
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fault fracture zones.
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43 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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The authors would like to express gratitude for Drs. Y.H. Lee’s and R.C. Shih’s
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49 discussions. They also wish to thanks Associate Editor Dr. D. Draganov and two anonymous
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51 reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve this article. Besides, the
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53 authors deeply appreciate the Engineering Seismology Laboratory of CCU, which provided
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Geophysics 13
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5 microtremor array measurements in the field. This research has been supported by the Ministry
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7 of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST103-2116-M-194-013).
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14 REFERENCES
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52 Sciences, 101, 1–13, doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.01.003.
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5 Huang, W. J., Z. Y. Chen, S. Y. Liu, Y. H. Lin, C. W. Lin, and H. C. Chang, 2000, Surface
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7 deformation models of the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake between Tachiachi and Toupienkenchi,
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10 central Taiwan, in Central Geological Survey Special Publication No. 12: Central Geology
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12 Survey, the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan (in Chinese with English abstract).
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15 Hwang, R. D., and G. K. Yu, 2005, Shear-wave velocity structure of upper mantle under Taiwan
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18 from the array analysis of surface waves: Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L07310, doi:
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20 10.1029/2004GL021868.
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Johnson, K. M., and P. Segall, 2004, Imaging the ramp-decollement geometry of the Chelungpu
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26 fault using coseismic GPS displacements from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake:
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28 Tectonophysics, 378, 123–139.

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Lin, A., T. Ouchi, A. Chen, and T. Maruyama, 2001, Co-seismic displacements, folding and
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34 shortening structures along the Chelungpu surface rupture zone occurred during the 1999 Chi-
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36 Chi (Taiwan) earthquake: Tectonophysics, 330, no.3, 225–244, doi: 10.1016/S0040-
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42 Matsushima, T., and H. Okada, 1990, Determination of deep geological structures under urban
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44 areas using long-period microtremors: Butsuri-Tansa (Geophysical Exploration), 43, no.1,
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21–33.
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50 Özmen, Ö. T., H. Yamanaka, M. A. Alkan, U. Çeken, T. Öztürk, and A. Sezen, 2017,
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52 Microtremor array measurements for shallow S-wave profiles at strong-motion stations in
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5 Hatay and Kahramanmaras Provinces, southern Turkey: Bulletin of the Seismological Society
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7 of America, 107, no.1, doi: 10.1785/0120160218.
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11 Satoh, T., H. Kawase, and S. Matsushima, 2001a, Estimation of S-wave velocity structures in
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13 and around the Sendai basin, Japan, using array records of microtremors: Bulletin of the
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15 Seismological Society of America, 91, no.2, 206–218, doi: 10.1785/0119990148.
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19 Satoh, T., H. Kawase, T. Iwata, S. Higashi, T. Sato, K. Irikura, and H. C. Huang, 2001b, S-wave
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21 velocity structure of the Taichung basin, Taiwan, estimated from array and single-station
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records of microtremors: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91, no.5, 1267–
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26 1282, doi: 10.1785/0120000706.
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29 Shin, T. C., and T. L. Teng, 2001, An overview of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake:
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Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91, no.5, 895–913,
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34 doi:10.1785/0120000738.
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37 Thein, P. S., S. Pramumijoyo, K. S. Brotopuspito, J. Kiyono, W. Wilopo, A. Furukawa, A.
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40 Setianto, and R. R. Putra, 2015, Estimation of S-wave velocity structure for sedimentary
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42 layered media using microtremor array measurements in Palu City, Indonesia: Procedia
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44 Environmental Sciences, 28, 595–605, doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.070.
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48 Wang, C. Y., H. Tanaka, J. Chow, C. C. Chen, and J. H. Hong, 2002, Shallow reflection seismics
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50 aiding geological drilling into the Chelungpu fault after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan:
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52 Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences, 13, no.3, 153–170, doi:
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10.3319/TAO.2002.13.2.153(T).
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5 Wang, Y. P., 2002, A geoelectric study of the northern segment of the Chelungpu fault: M.S.
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7 thesis, National Central University, Taiwan (in Chinese with English abstract).
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11 Wu, C. F., and H. C. Huang, 2012, Estimation of shallow S-wave velocity structure in the Puli
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13 basin, Taiwan, using array measurements of microtremors: Earth, Planets and Space, 64, no.5,
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15 389–403, doi: 10.5047/eps.2011.12.002.
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19 Wu, C. F., and H. C. Huang, 2013, Near-surface shear-wave velocity structure of the Chiayi area,
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21 Taiwan: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103, no.2A, 1154–1164, doi:
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10.1785/0120110245.
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27 Wu, C. F., and H. C. Huang, 2015, S-wave velocity structure of the Taiwan Chelungpu-Fault
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29 Drilling Project (TCDP) site using microtremor array measurements: Pure and Applied
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Geophysics, 172, 2545–2556, doi: 10.1007/s00024-014-0773-3.
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35 Xu, P. F., S. Q. Ling, C. J. Li, J. G. Du, D. M. Zhang, X. Q. Xu, K. M. Dai, and Z. H. Zhang,
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37 2012, Mapping deeply buried geothermal faults using microtremor array analysis:
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40 Geophysical Journal International, 188, no.1, 115–122, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
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42 246X.2011.05266.x.
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45 Xu P. F., S. H. Li, J. G. Du, S. Q. Ling, H. L. Guo, and B. Q. Tian, 2013, Microtremor survey
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48 method: A new geophysical method for dividing strata and detecting the buried fault
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50 structures: Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29, no.5, 1841–1845 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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5 FIGURE CAPTIONS
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Figure 1. Geological map of the region (modified from Ho and Chen, 2000) around two study
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11 sites (921EM and TPCC). These two sites are located near surface ruptures of the
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13 Chelungpu fault. Triangles denote the microtremor array measurements at these two
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15 sites.
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19 Figure 2. (a) Illustration of array configurations and measurement sequences for the microtremor
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21 array deployments. Satellite maps of (b) 921EM and (c) TPCC sites are superimposed
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23
with stations for microtremor array measurements. Small triangles denote the
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26 microtremor stations. Line 1 and Line 2 represent two survey lines at site TPCC.
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29 Figure 3. (a) Rose diagrams showing the distribution of the propagation directions estimated
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from all the f-k spectra of the nine arrays at site 921EM. (b) Propagation directions
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34 estimated from all f-k spectra for the microtremor array measurements at EM0 at two
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36 different time intervals (February 7, 2015 and April 1, 2015). (c) Comparison between
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38
the observed phase velocities from the microtremor array measurements at EM0 at the
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41 two different time intervals. The phase velocities for the first and second time interval
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43 are shown in solid squares and open squares, respectively.
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Figure 4. (a) Dispersion curves of phase velocities at nine arrays near site 921EM. (b) Estimated
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49 VS structures by surface-wave inversion method near site 921EM.
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52 Figure 5. VS cross-section near site 921EM. The inferred fault and surface rupture shown in
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Figure 1 are marked on this section.
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Geophysics 19
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5 Figure 6. Interpreted geological cross-section of the Chelungpu fault (modified from Huang et al.,
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7 2000). The surface deformation of the Chi-Chi earthquake was believed to be closely
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10 related to imbricate splay faults at shallow depths, which were usually associated with
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12 a thrust fault zone at the surface.
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15 Figure 7. (a) Trishear forward model with growth strata for the Chelungpu fault by using the
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18 FaultFold computer program (Allmendinger, 1998). Four thrust ramps are supposed in
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20 a ramp-decollement system and shown at the bottom. To emphasize the complex strain
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22 variations for the strata, we mark the normal ellipses and every fifth ellipse by red and
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25 blue colors, respectively. (b) For comparison with Figure 5, we paint each stratum of
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27 the simulation result using different color.
GEOPHYSICS
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30 Figure 8. (a) Dispersion curves of phase velocities at ten arrays near site TPCC. (b) Estimated VS
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33 structures by surface-wave inversion method near site TPCC.
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36 Figure 9. VS cross sections along (a) Line 1 and (b) Line 2 (Figure 2) near site TPCC. The
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inferred fault and surface rupture shown in Figure 1 are marked on these two sections.
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37 Figure 1. Geological map of the region (modified from Ho and Chen, 2000) around two study sites (921EM
38 and TPCC). These two sites are located near surface ruptures of the Chelungpu fault. Triangles denote the
39 microtremor array measurements at these two sites.
40 241x225mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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45 Figure 2. (a) Illustration of array configurations and measurement sequences for the microtremor array
46 deployments. Satellite maps of (b) 921EM and (c) TPCC sites are superimposed with stations for
47 microtremor array measurements. Small triangles denote the microtremor stations. Line 1 and Line 2
48 represent two survey lines at site TPCC.
49
279x423mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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45 Figure 3. (a) Rose diagrams showing the distribution of the propagation directions estimated from all the f-k
46 spectra of the nine arrays at site 921EM. (b) Propagation directions estimated from all f-k spectra for the
47 microtremor array measurements at EM0 at two different time intervals (February 7, 2015 and April 1,
48 2015). (c) Comparison between the observed phase velocities from the microtremor array measurements at
49 EM0 at the two different time intervals. The phase velocities for the first and second time interval are shown
in solid squares and open squares, respectively.
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51 296x508mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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45 Figure 4. (a) Dispersion curves of phase velocities at nine arrays near site 921EM. (b) Estimated Vs
46 structures by surface-wave inversion method near site 921EM.
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48 177x364mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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30 Figure 5. Vs cross-section near site 921EM. The inferred fault and surface rupture shown in Figure 1 are
31 marked on this section.
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42 Figure 6. Interpreted geological cross-section of the Chelungpu fault (modified from Huang et al., 2000).
43 The surface deformation of the Chi-Chi earthquake was believed to be closely related to imbricate splay
44 faults at shallow depths, which were usually associated with a thrust fault zone at the surface.
45 161x176mm (150 x 150 DPI)
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45 Figure 7. (a) Trishear forward model with growth strata for the Chelungpu fault by using the FaultFold
46 computer program (Allmendinger, 1998). Four thrust ramps are supposed in a ramp-decollement system
47 and shown at the bottom. To emphasize the complex strain variations for the strata, we mark the normal
48 ellipses and every fifth ellipse by red and blue colors, respectively. (b) For comparison with Figure 5, we
49 paint each stratum of the simulation result using different color.
50
160x254mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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45 Figure 8. (a) Dispersion curves of phase velocities at ten arrays near site TPCC. (b) Estimated Vs structures
46 by surface-wave inversion method near site TPCC.
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48 177x364mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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45 Figure 9. Vs cross sections along (a) Line 1 and (b) Line 2 (Figure 2) near site TPCC. The inferred fault and
46 surface rupture shown in Figure 1 are marked on these two sections.
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48 245x423mm (300 x 300 DPI)
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DATA AND MATERIALS AVAILABILITY
Data associated with this research are confidential and cannot be released.
GEOPHYSICS

Detection of A Fracture Zone Using Microtremor Array Measurement. Geophysics

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Detection of A Fracture Zone Using Microtremor Array Measurement. Geophysics

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GEOPHYSICS

DETECTION OF A FRACTURE ZONE USING MICROTREMOR

Manuscript Type: Case Histories

Keywords: shear wave (S-wave), surface wave, arrays, dispersion, inversion

Area of Expertise: Passive Seismic Methods, Seismic Inversion

13 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences

28 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

13 To investigate the applicability of the 2D VS profile, we choose a ramp-decollement

28 advances in site investigation practice, 701–714.

28 (in Chinese with English abstract).

28 Tectonophysics, 378, 123–139.

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