OVERVIEW

A manufacturing process is a way a business will establish how it will produce its
products for its customers. When a company begins manufacturing a product the process will
be determined by factors such as consumer demand of products, the manufacturing technique
of how a final product is completed (is it assembled by various components, involving raw
material or chemicals), and the available resources at the company's disposal. Each process is
different, and all have their advantages when completing a certain task. Most companies use
more than one of these environments to get a single product out of the door. Vertically
integrated companies often had all five environments. In this research, we will discuss some
examples of firms or organizations that use the following processes; project, jobbing, batch, line,
and continuous processing.

FINDINGS
The project process follows a lifecycle in that it has broken down into phases. The
product development process for a new model of BMW car extends for five years and is
divided into three phases. It starts with the company commissioning a design for a new
automobile. Adrian van Hooydonk, Senior Vice President BMW Group Design, and his
interdisciplinary team jointly draw up a briefing for everyone involved in the design process.
At the start, the designers start by drawing the silhouette and the characteristic, after that
they produce tape drawings on a package plan. In the finished tape drawing, the silhouette
and contours already convey the character of the completed vehicle. In the ensuing
dialogue between the designer and CAD modeler, a virtual 3D proportional model of the
new car is created. Phase 2 will work on clay models that are very time and cost-intensive.
Covering the model in a special foil that resembles Titanium Silver Metallic paintwork allows
the lines, surfaces, and proportions of each model to be realistically assessed in varying
light conditions. For phase 3, a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) process, laser scanning
turns the model into a three-dimensional feasibility model, i.e. a technical reference model
for all further developments. In parallel with this, various virtual technologies are specifically
employed to optimize efficiency in the development process and ensure precision in
execution..

The jobbing process is a production of one item at a time. It is associated with high-
quality goods, customized orders, and unique items, an example is Savile Row tailoring, men
and women's bespoke tailoring that takes place on Savile Row and neighboring streets in
Mayfair, Central London. A bespoke suit is cut by an individual and made by highly skilled
individual craftsmen- a cutter, tailor, trouser maker, finisher, presser, and so on. The pattern is
made specifically for the customer and the finished suit will take a minimum of 50 hours of
handwork and require a series of fittings.

The batch process involves a sequence of steps followed in a specific order. The initial
winemaking steps of Madeira start like most other wines: grapes are harvested, crushed,
pressed, and then fermented in either stainless steel or oak casks. To make Madeira wine, the
pressed juice is fermented then quickly fortified with alcohol from grape origin alcohol. The
timing of fortification is relative to the grape. The must from the Malvasia grape is fortified at the
beginning of fermentation, while Boal and Verdelho get spiked on the fourth day and Sercial
about a month after the fermentation started. The timing allows the resulting wine to be sweet or
dry, depending on when the fermentation of the grape’s sugar was stopped, but all the wines
will have high alcohol content. The process of heat, oxygen, and time leaves you with a wine
that is so beautifully abused that absolutely nothing can destroy it. Think of it as toughening up
the wine.
 Line process is a commonly used method in production processes that breaks the
manufacture of a good into steps that are completed in a pre-defined sequence. TERREWODE
is a non-governmental organization (NGO) in Soroti, Uganda working to eradicate obstetric
fistula in local communities and provide income-generating skills training to the affected women
that is why they came up with the soap-making project.They considered two main soap-making
processes for this project: hot and cold processes but in this study, we are only including the hot
soap making process. Both processes include the same ingredients, which include: Liquid fat
from olive and palm oil, shea butter, Lye, Goats milk, Fragrances, and colorants. The process
will start by combining liquid fats in a stainless-steel pot and heated until fats melt, around 43
ºC. From this, a lye solution is created by dissolving lye (Sodium Hydroxide) into goat’s milk in a
stainless steel. Next, the lye and fat mixtures are combined at a high temperature and mixed
vigorously. After this process, the mixture is immediately heated to 68 °C for approximately two
hours until the gel phase is reached. This is where saponification occurs. Once the
saponification starts, add the essential oil into the mixture and let the soap cool down, after
cooling down cut it into the desired shape and the soap is ready to use. The ultimate goal of this
soap-making project was to expand income-generating opportunities for victims and survivors of
obstetric fistula.

Continuous manufacturing, also referred to as Process Manufacturing (continuous), is a

production line that operates 24/7. The reason it is called a continuous process is that the
materials, which can also be fluids, are being perpetually processed. Skippy is a brand of
peanut butter that is currently manufactured by Hormel Foods, its Continuous manufacturing
process will start when the peanuts arrive at the peanut butter factory, already deshelled. First
(at point A), the nuts will be roasted at 204 degrees with a skipping function, to juggle the nuts
and roast them evenly. From there, the peanuts will move to the cooldown process, next, the
outer skins are removed, along with the peanut's hearts. However, as is the aim of continuous
production, the removed parts of the peanut will not go to waste. The skins will go into pig feed
(point B, first product) and the hearts will be used as bird feed (point C, second product). What
remains of the peanut will be ground into a paste, along with the other ingredients. Once the
paste is heated and goes through a second cool-down phase, it is then placed into jars. Finally
(at point D), but before it’s sent out for delivery, it goes through capping, and the application of
an aluminum adhesive seal is applied to air-tightly seal the peanut butter (the third and final
product manufactured from the process). This process is almost completely automated, leaving
no wastage and the process is (as the name suggests) continuous to maximize the plant's
efficiency and profit.

CONCLUSION
Most manufacturing environments fit into one of five general categories. Line, Project,
Job Shop, Batch, and Continuous Processing. Most companies use more than one of these
environments to get a single product out the door. This is undoubtedly true considering today's
use of the supply base versus the historical practices of vertically integrated companies. The
findings of this research indicates that manufacturing provides the foundation for many kinds of
innovations. If manufacturing processes are immature or the know-how needed to develop the
product or process to produce the product is tacit and not well codified, you cannot innovate in a
country if the factories are on the other side of the world. Therefore, we conclude that these
manufacturing processes are very important and relevant to a nation's well-being and it is
recognized that creation of the product is dependent upon each unit manufacturing process
because it is a significant component of the economy.