Biodiversity Pattern of Dhorpatan Huntin PDF

BIODIVERSITY PATTERN OF DHORPATAN HUNTING
RESERVE, WESTERN NEPAL
SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
TRI CHANDRA MULTIPLE CAMPUS
GHANTAGHAR, KATHMANDU
SUBMITTED BY:
Ashok Prasad Acharya 5370081 Manoj Kumar GC 5370114
Padam Dhakal 5370124 Bishnu Chudali 5370097
Santosh Upadhyaya 5370155 Rudra Prasad Mudbary 5370140
Pema Lama 5370126 Santosh Paudel 5370154
Jyoti Aryal 5370105
June, 2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Mr.Kishor Maharjan,Head of the Department of

Environmental Science for giving an oppurtinity to conduct this research basedv
on the Biodiversity Pattern of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.
In performing our assignment, we had to take the help and guidance of some
respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this
assignment gives us much pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude towards
Mr. Subash Duwadi for giving us a good guidance for assignment throughout
numerous consultations as a supervisor. We would also like to expand our deepest
gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us in this
assignment.
In addition, a thank to Mr. Chandra Mani Aryal and Mrs. Bina Ghimire , who
introduced us to the methodology of work and whose passion for the underlying
structures had lasting effect . We also thank the Tribhuwan University for consent
to include copyrighted pictures as a part of our paper.
Many people, especially our classmate and team members itself have made
valuable suggestions on this proposal which gave us an inspiration to improve
assignment. We thank all people for their help directly and indirectly to complete
our assignment.
ACRONYMS
DHR Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
CNP Chitwan National Park
NAD Net Area Damage
SWR Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve
NTFP Non Timber Forest Product
DBH Depth at Breast Height
MoFSC Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation

Abstract
The study was carried out at Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, one and only one
hunting reserve of Nepal which lies in the western region of Nepal covering an
area of 1325 sq km including three districts: Rukum (60%), Baglung (26%0 and
Myagdi (14%).The study was carried out with the motive of understanding
biodiversity pattern of the reserve. These rangeland area is mostly dominated by
the Cynodons in semi disturbed area, Cyprus in the undisturbed and undisturbed
area. Likewise in other protected areas people hereby are also dependent on the
reserve for the resources with the awareness of conservation. There is somewhat
conflict between human and wildlife as the animals enter the agricultural field and
destroy their seasonal crops. The salpakhe forest of the hunting reserve had well
representation of pinus, rhododendron and juniper sapling but the seedling number
is less.The class resemble reverse J shaped, more number of tree and sapling
indicate that the forest is suistanable. Mainly rhododendron species were found at
higher altitude with scattered forest of juniper indica and abies spectabilis at the
range of 2000-3000m. The reserve supports several endangered, endemic and
medicinal species where major threats like unsuistanable management of land,
over exploitation of resources and over grazing may arise.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title of the page page no

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1-4
1.1 Background
1.2 Rationale
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Limitations
1.5 Study Area
CHAPTER II: SPECIES COMPOSITION ALONG DISTURBANCE GRADIENT 5-

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2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 Rationale
2.1.3 Objectives
2.1.4 Limitations
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 Materials and Methods
2.3.1 Study Area
2.3.2 Methods
2.4 Results
2.5 Discussions
2.6 Conclusions
CHAPTER III: PARK-PEOPLE RELATION AT DHORPATAN HUNTING RESERVE 14-

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3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Background
3.1.2 Rationale
3.1.3 Objectives
3.1.4 Limitations
3.3.1 Study Area
3.3.2 Methods
3.4 Results
3.5 Discussions
3.6 Conclusions
CHAPTER IV: FOREST REGENERATION PATTERN AT SHALPAKHE FOREST AT
DHR 20-
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4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Rationale
4.1.3 Objectives
4.1.4 Limitations
4.3.1 Study Area
4.3.2 Methods
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussions
4.6 Conclusions
CHAPTER V: SPECIES COMPOSITION ALONG ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT 29-

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5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background
5.1.2 Rationale
5.1.3 Objectives
5.1.4 Limitations
5.3.1 Study Area
5.3.2 Methods
5.4 Results
5.5 Discussions
5.6 Conclusions
CHAPTER VI: ENUMERATION OF FLORAL AND FAUNAL DIVERSITY 36-

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6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Background
6.1.2 Rationale
6.1.3 Objectives
6.1.4 Limitations
6.3.1 Study Area
6.3.2 Methods
6.4 Results
6.5 Discussions
6.6 Conclusions
References
42
Annexes
44
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background:
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is one and only hunting reserve of Nepal which was
established in 1983. It lies in the western part of Nepal covering an area of 1,325
sq km (512square mile) including three districts: Rukum (60%), Baglung (26%)
and Myagdi (14%) between 2000-7246m. There are total 53 villages in this
hunting reserve including 3000 households. This area is suitable habitat for many
flora and fauna species. The reserve is characterized by alpine, sub alpine and high
temperate vegetation. Common plant species include fir Abies sectibilis), blue
pine (Pinus wallichina), birch (Betula utilis), rhododendron (Rhododendron spp),
hemlock (Tsuga domusa), oak (Quercus semicarpifolia), juniper (Juniperus
indica), spruce (Picea smithiana), maple (Acer caesium), juglans (Jugalns regia),
tauxs (Taxus bacata) and chirpine (pinus roxburghii) (Aryal and Kreigenhofe,
2009). The reserve is one of the prime habitat for red panda and also blue sheep
(Pseudois nayaur) leopard (Panthera paradus), goral (Naemorhedus goral) serow
(Capricornis is), Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlachicus), Himalayan black
bear (Urcus thibetans), barking deer (Munticus muntjak), wild boar (Sus scorfa),
rhesus macaque (Macaca radiata) and wolf (Canis lupus) (Aryal and Kreigenhofe,
2009). Pheasants and partridges are common and their viable population in the
reserve permits controlled hunting. Endangered animals in the reserve include
musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), wolf (Canis lupus), cheer pheasant (Catrus
wallachia) and danphe (Lopophorus impegians) (Panthi, 2009).
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve was established based on twin principle ie: To

conserve ecosystem and manage hunting based tourism. There are seven post for
the hunting, they are Sundaha, Seng, Dogadi, Ghustung, Phagune, Barse and
Surtibang. Hunting process is based on the bedding mechanism. A person who is
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going to hunt may pay maximum 13 lakhes for blue sheep and 8 lakhes for jharal.
According to the the reserve management committee, 26 blue sheep and 11 jharal
are allowed for hunting in one season. Hunting permission is only provided those
who have license and they only can hunt the mature male. Hunting of young and
pregnant female is not allowed. Especially foreign tourist come to this hunting
reserve and they take horn and skin as a gift to their country after hunting animals.
This hunting reserve is protected by Nepal Army to control from illegal hunting
and harvesting. Hanumandyoj gulma started to protect this hunting reserve since
Baishak 30, 2073.
1.2 Rationale of the study:
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is only one hunting reserve of Nepal, which lies in the
rural area of Baglung, Rukum and Myagdi district. Buffer zone area is not
declared yet so this reserve is pressured from the human activities in many ways.
Poaching and illegal harvesting of natural resources is common in this area.
Grazing of domestic animal in the forest and rangeland is so common.
The major issues identified in the area are as follows :
 Increasing the grazing of domestic animal and other human activities affect
the distribution pattern of species.
 Due to the lack of buffer zone declaration, local people depends more on the
natural resources which affect the growth pattern of trees and regeneration
pattern of forest.
 Many household lies inside the reserve and many wild animal found in the
reserve, which create the conflict between park and local people.
 This reserve lies in high altitude and which shows the biodiversity gradient.
2
The outcome of this study is expected to help policy makers, planners and
concerned authorities to plan and manage the park in order to enhance
mutual benefits to park and local people without affecting the aim of
biodiversity conservation.
1.3 Objectives of the study:
1.3.1 General objectives:

The general objectives of the study is to document the present status of
biodiversity pattern of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Western Nepal.
1.3.2 Specific objectives :

The specific objectives of the study are as follows :-
1. To study species composition along disturbance gradient.
2. To know about the park people relation at DHR.
3. To study forest regeneration pattern at Shalpakha forest.
4. To study the species composition along altitudional gradient.
5. To know about the floral and faunal diversity of DHR.
1.4 Limitations of the study :
Some of the limitations of the study are as follows;
1. Time constraints is one of the limiting factor.
2. Finance is also one of the accounting factor to cover wide range
3. Geographical barrier and inaccessible transportation facility is another

limiting factor to carry out research efficiently.
3
1.5 Study Area :
This study was conducted in the Dhorpatan municipality of different places

including rangeland, forest, households. It is located in Dhaulagiri Himal range.
This is most remote area of Baglung district. This is also the tourist entry point of
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve. There is only one hotel is operating at this site. This
site is nearly six to seven hours from Burtibang by bus. Burtibang is the base camp
of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve and main office of Dhorpatan municipality
also.Visitors can only travel through Madhya Pahadi Lok Marga by bus.
The reserve supports 14 ecosystem types represented in mid hills to higher

Himalayan ecosystem.The reserve is characterized by alpine, sub-alpine and high
temperate vegetation and comprises high and rocky mountain. ranges located
infront of moderately high saddle connecting the high Dhaulagiri and Hiunchuli
and shielded by several ridges south of the Uttar Gunga, the reserve area receives
less precipitation than other parts of Nepal’s mid lands.
4
CHAPTER 2
SPECIES COMPOSITION ALONG DISTURBANCE GRADIENTS

2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Background :
Species composition refers to the contribution of each plant species to the

vegetation. Botanical composition is another term used to describe species
composition. Species composition is generally expressed as a percent, so that all
species components adds upto 100 %.( Google, 2012). Species composition is a
commonly determined attribute in rangeland inventory and monitoring. It is
regarded as an important indicator of ecological and management processes at a
site.
Areas with high vegetative diversity tend to be threatened by habitat fragmentation

and other human disturbances (Myers, 1988). This is serious because
fragmentation diminishes biodiversity (Collinge et al., 2003), given that species
composition on a patch will depend on its size and isolation (Crooks, 2002). Some
of the negative effects of disturbances that have been reported are the following:
soil fertility loss and erosion (Wezel and Rath, 2002), less vegetative (Nikiema,
2005) and fauna diversity (Blaum et al., 2007), favoring the establishment of
invasive species (McDougall and Turkington, 2005) and brush encroachment (Van
Auken, 2000), amongst other.
Livestock grazing in natural ecosystems results changes in vegetation structure

and composition (Stern et al., 2002). Changes in vegetation composition from
palatable grasses and sedges to less palatable forbs resulting from heavy grazing
have been reported in northwest China (Sun et al., 2011), Libya (Zatout, 2014),
North America (Bakker et al., 2003; Koerner & Collins, 2014), South Africa
(Koerner & Collins, 2014) and Argentina (Cingolani et al., 2013). The response of
plant species richness varies according to grazing intensity. For example, in
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grassland ecosystem, (Deng et al., 2014) reported that plant species richness
increased with decreasing grazing intensity. The author observed the highest plant
species richness at light and moderate grazing intensities. Random grazing patterns
can lead to spatial heterogeneity in light availability, soil nutrient availability and
vegetation community dynamics. This can reduce plant competition for
environmental resources because the vegetation exists in patches (Bakker et al.,
2003). At the within-patch scale, light grazing intensity can promote plant
diversity, but heavy grazing intensity can lead to the exclusion of the species
intolerant to grazing (palatable), resulting in an increase in grazing tolerant plant
species (unpalatable) (Watt & Gibson, 1988; Calvert, 2001). In North America,
light browsing resulted in suppression of dominant shrubs and maintenance of
shrub diversity (Pekin et al., 2014). According to Mligo (2006) and Stern et al.
(2002), livestock grazing leads to changes in floristic composition and structure
within grazed areas. Most studies have documented the impacts of livestock
grazing on vegetation in woodlands and grasslands (Hardy et al., 1999; Mligo
2006; Sun et al. 2011; Cingolani et al., 2013; Deng et al. 2014; Koerner & Collins
2014). There has been little effort to cover knowledge gaps regarding the impacts
of livestock grazing on plant species composition in afromontane forests (Reed &
Clokie, 2000), one of which is the montane forest of Mount Kilimanjaro. The
northern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro are inhabited by pastoral communities,
particularly in the villages of Kamwanga, Irkaswa, Kitendeni and Lerangwa in the
Longido District. These villages had been sharing land with wildlife in the former
Longido Game Controlled Area. However, major land-use changes have occurred
between 1952 and 2001 in the area (Noe, 2003). These changes have been
associated with increasing land area under cultivation and establishment of
settlements, especially on the lower slopes of the northern side of Mount
Kilimanjaro. For example, in 1952 there was only one village in this area (the
Kamwanga village); however, by 2001 three more villages, Lerangw’a, Irkaswa
and Kitendeni, had been established in 1975, 1982 and 2001 respectively (Noe,
6
2003). Concomitant to the influx of pastoralists to the area, there was also a
migration of non-pastoral people to the area in the past three decades, which has
contributed to an increase in the amount of land used for cultivation at the expense
of pastoral land (Muruthi & Frohardt, 2000). Because of the decrease in grazing
land for pastoralists, the Maasai community has changed from pastoralism to
agropastoralism. The general practices of the aforementioned activities depend on
seasonal rains; however, there has been lack of short rains that are usually received
between November and January in recent years.
2.1.2 Rational of the study
The aim of the study is to know about the difference in species composition in
disturbed, undisturbed and semi disturbed area of DHR. Some parts of DHR is
highly disturbed by the community disturbance. Species number and diversity is
being disturbed due to antropogenic activities such as overgrazing, over
exploitation of resourse etc. This study tries to explain decrease in number of
species, loss of species and effect on species due to antropogenic disturbance and
helps to make people aware about the negativeimpact of disturbance on the
disturbation pattern os species.
2.1.3 Objectives of the study :
General objectives :
The general objective of the study is to note down the number of species found in
the study area.
7
Specific objectives :
The specific objective of the study sre as follows :-
 To find out the species composition along disturbance gradients i.e

disturbed, semi-disturbed and highly disturbed.
 To know about the types of species and their number in the reserve.
2.1.4 Limitation of the study :
However there were some limitations which compelled this study to narrow down
the objectives. Some limitation of this study are :
 The study was carried out in Bobang of baglung district only as it was not
possible to carry out the study in larger area due to time and financial
constraints.
 Only three days for the study was too short.
2.2 Literature review:
The intermediate disturbance category of the disturbance gradient encompasses

event that span a wide range of severities and spatial pattern of tree mortality. For
example, an intermediate disturbance severity may remove canopy trees through a
stand in a manner resembling many simultaneous gap scale disturbances or
remove all canopy tree in a neighbouring (Frelich et al., 1988), but not effect the
remainder of the stand. The effect of disturbance can be described using taxo leaf
life span to slow growing shade intolerant species charanomic and functional
diversity (Comei, 1978) within a forest community functional traits vary grad the
value, range and relative abundance of functional traits usually and continuously
with species light requirement and organism in a given community (Chapin et al.,
2000).
8
Disturbance traits allow light demanding species to grow faster. Recent studies
have shown that functional diversity shade tolerant species to survive better
(Poorter and Bongers, 2006). Thus a trait based on disturbance traits from species
level to community level can balance intensity (Picklen and White, 1985) and
improve our understanding of how plant community recovery time. For instance,
disturbance can cause change in respond to environmental change and in turn
affect ecosystem process (Sadling et al., 2008).
The eight years field experiment showed that disturbance neither affected species
diversity nor functional diversity but it affect the functional composition of
community. At high disturbance intensity, the community changed towards fast
growing species with more acquisitive traits. These changes are driven by
recruitment rather than by selective mortality of species with certain traits value or
by disturbance induced increases in growth rate of survivors that have specific trait
values (Lourens et al., 2012).
Among different type of anthropogenic impacts, habitat loss and fragmentation

and the introduction of exotic species are among the greatest threats to biodiversity
(Davies et al.,2001, Hong and Lee 2006). The brazilian Atlantic forest, which
originally occupied over one million square kilometer of the country’s territory, is
now reduced to about 12% of its original range(Ribeiro et al., 2009). The Atlantic
forest biome has had a long history of replacement of plantations and pastures and
logging sites over more than two centuries of destruction (Fandacao sos Mata
Atlantica and INPE 2000, Ribeiro et al., 2009). Despite intense deforestation and
fragementation the Atlantic forest is still extremely biodiverse and, due to the
enormous number of endemic species and high rate of habitat destruction therein.
It is considered as a biodiversity hotspot for conservation priorities (Myers et al.,
2000).
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2.3 Materials and methods :
2.3.1 Study area :
Dhorpatan hunting reserve is study area located in the Baglung, Rukum and
Myagdi District of western Nepal. It is the only one hunting reserve of Nepal and
it covers an area of 1,325 km2. In altitude it ranges from 2,850 to 5,500m at
latitude 28o29’62’’N and longitude 83o62’84’’E.
2.3.2 Methods :
a. Observation:
The plant species along the disturbed, semi disturbed and undisturbed area around
the reserve were observed and their numbers were noted down.
10
b. Numerical Analysis(Statistical Analysis)
Plot no 10 of semi- disturbed area.
S.N Nameof Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

species
1 Cynodons 180 200 191 211 205 183 218 225 160 174
2 Trifolium 12 18 23 - - - 11 - - 13
3 Aster 3 7 6 9 - - 4 7 2 9
4 Epherbia - 3 - - - - - - - -
5 Graminae - 10 - - - - 14 8 7 11
6 Potentielia - - - - - - 7 2 5 1
7 Unidentified- - - - - - - - - - -
1
8 Paraqualigia - - - - - - - - 3 -
Un-disturbed Area
S.N Name of Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

species
1 Cyprus 25 41 67 34 28 79 54 30 84 59
2 Potentielia 42 17 26 13 19 5 10 14 31 -
3 Trifolium 3 9 23 4 7 16 - 12 - -
4 Graminae 5 7 11 18 9 13 4 7 8 6
5 Oxalis - - 5 - - - - - - -
6 Saxifraga - 1 - 15 2 8 - 6 12 4
7 Premula 7 - 2 29 - 42 8 25 11 -
8 Nepaliensis - - - - 11 - - - - -
9 Biodens - - - - - - - - 7 -
11
10 Paraqualiza - - - - - - - - 7 5
11 Bukeful - - - - - - - - 2 4
Disturbed area: plot no 18
S.N Name of Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

species
1 Cyperus 196 112 131 74 65 82 93 108 72 170
2 Patente 6 4 3 8 2 7 5 4 11 8
3 Trifolium 4 3 - - 6 4 8 2 - 3
C. Field methods :
First we took a plot of 100 by 100m. We divided the plot into 100 different parts
of 10/10m. We selected 10 different plots from these 100 plots by random
sampling method. Again we divided the 10/10m plot into 100 different parts of
1m/1m. We selected 10 different plot of 1m/1m by random sampling method. The
species were indentified and their number were counted in the plot of 1/1m. we
continued the same process in intermediate area (airport construction site),
undisturbed and disturbed area (periphery of community hotel).
2.4 Results:
From the Table no 1 of the above figure cynodons were found to be more than
others. So the semi- disturbed area is dominated mostly by the cynodons species.
The area also covers more number of trifolium and graminae species than any
other species over there.
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From the table no 2 of the above figureCyprus were found to be more than others.
So the undisturbed were more dominant by the Cyprus species. Similarly
saxifrage, premula and potenlia were also found comparatively more than other
species in this area.
And in the table no 3 of the above figure again cyperus species were found to be
more than patente and trifolium species. So the disturbed area was dominated by
the Cyperus species.
2.5 Discussions :
Hence from the table above we can conclude that this rangeland is mostly
dominated by the Cynodons in the semi disturbed area, Cyprus in the undisturbed
and disturbed area. We have conducted field study in the three sites namely airport
areas disturbed area, large compounded area as undisturbed site and open field as a
disturbed area. In the disturbed area mostly horses, buffalo were grazing. Due to
the grazing of the livestock in this open field the no of species were found to be
lower than other two areas. In the semi-disturbed area (airport construction site)
the number of species were intermediate i.e lower than undisturbed and greater
than disturbed area. Only few domestic animals graze there due to the barrier and
some domestic animals could enter into it and graze, so it was assumed as semi
disturbed area. In the undisturbed area near army barrack no any or very few
livestock could enter into it for grazing. So disturbance was seen to be minimum in
this area.
2.6 Conclusions
Hence, species composition along disturbance gradient was found in the different
field area of Dh orpatan Hunting Reserve.
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CHAPTER 3
PARK PEOPLE RELATION AT DHR
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Background:
Wildlife conservation had been quite successful from the point of view of habitat
of several species (Mishra et al., 1992). Active conservation of habitat has
increased wildlife population within protected area which start causing damage
outside the park. The relation between park and people is imbalanced when the
park animal damage outside and disturb the adjacent settlement. Damage of
agricultural crops, human harassment, injuries and death and livestock depradation
are the common cause of this imbalance relationship (Sharma 1996, Jnawali 1989
and Shrestha 1994).
Beside the problem of grazing and crop damage there are some other problems
too, which create park people imbalance. This include fodder problem, collection
of fuel wood, timber, illegal hunting inside the reserve etc. Long term success of
national park and proctected area require a shift in management philosophy that
combine resources management with a sensitive umderstanding of the social and
economic needs of the local people (Sharma, 1990).
The establishment of park and reserve without provision to stabilize the cattle
population or to provide fodder and grazing facilities and to resolve the incident
conflicts between the park management and the local people. As more forest and
grassland outside the park were lost such conflicts became more pronounced
(Sharma and Shaw 1993).
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3.1.2 Rationale of the study:
Although the problem of park people relation is an old issue, it is getting critical
every year. This is not the problem of only our country but a global one.The
existimg provision and arrangement deprive surrounding people of reserve from
the use uf forest product which they had been using traditionally early before the
reserve were created. With reference to the minimal research carried out on park
people relation at DHR. This study is focused on how local people use available
resources and their attitude towards the park management. It also focus on the
damage caused by wildlife to livestocks, crops and animals inside the park.
3.1.3 Objectives of the study:
The main objectives of the study are as follows :-
1. To study the consumption pattern and altidue of local people towards the
available resources.
2. To study about human wildlife confict by analyzing crop raiding and direct
human impact by animals.
3.1.4 Limitation of the study:
1. Time constraints is one of the limiting factors.

2. Unfavourable weather condition resrtricted us to carry out
questionnaires survery on maximum household.
3. Information is analysed based on the answers provided by local
people which may be sometimes biased
15
Survey in January 1999, commissioned by WWf and led by Dr. John Max Kinon
also revealed some other topic of concern to wilflife migration throughout Bhutan.
First, forest that were once contiguous from west to east are now being isolated
into large fragments as forest is cleared within the main river valleys that run north
to south through Bhutan. Reason for clearing native forest include a desire for
more grazing pasture at the higher elevation, farms and plantation at lower
elevation. Mackinnons study finally affirmed the need to develop a green buffer of
forest along Bhutan Southern border with India.
Upreti (1985) found crop damage as a cause of conflict. In 1995, he found that
rhino as highly crop raider to wheat and paddy, the chittal on paddy and maize,
the wild boar raid on potato.
Sharma (1991) identified crop and livestock depradation as a cause of conflict in

CNP. In 1991, the calculated crop damage by two methods, Interview and Net
Area Damage. He found the rear crop damage was five times less by NAD method
than interview. He also reported that paddy is severly damaged followed by wheat,
corn and seeds, lentils, vegetables and miscellenaeous.
Nakarmi (1999) studied on impact of livestock grazing in SWR and grazing of

livestock was found higher in the bordering area. Grazing by cow (46.7%) and ox
(40.2%) was found higest among the livestock. In the reserve, grazing by livestock
was found year annual while crop damage was of seasonal. Rice and wheat are the
two most affected by wild animals, wild boar, elephant, monkey are the most
important crop raiders.
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3.3.2 Materials and Method:
a. Research design :
This study was spouse descriptive research design. It will endeavore to describe
the socio economic and available resources of the area along with park people
relation with the statistical analysis of crop raided, livestock loss and effect on
human by wildlife research was carried out by preparing questionnaires based on
socio economic condition and park people relation.
b. Sample design :
In this study, we use a structured questionnaires as survey instrument to assess the

perception and peoples realation with the reserve. The respondent were selected
randomly forming different groups of our friends spreading over villages near by
our staying hotel.
c. Field method :
1) Household survey :-
Sampled household survey was conducted to fill out the structured

questionnaires.
2) Interview
Interview was conducted for collecting first hand data with household members.
3) Presentation
The information was also obtained from the presentation held in Army Camp
Office by Army personnels and conservation authorities.
17
3.4 Results:
Mostly lower caste people live in this area of our study, whose livelihood
completely depends on farming, rearing livestock and labour work. However ,
some of the people arriving from other parts of districts are imvolved in hotel,
business and army. The educational status is found low due to which they give
priority to large family mostly with more than five members. The total agricultural
production in this area is sufficient only for about 3-6 months. People are allowed
to collect NTFP from the forest as per their requirements. They collect forest
product such as grass, wood, kharsung, seprang, bhoospat, mushroom, honey,
jatmasi, dhupi, salla, kutkui, amilo, panchaule, ligen and dale ghas from Deurali
khola, Dhorpatan forest and uttar ganga community forest.
The collected products are used for food, fodder, cooking, firewood, medicine etc.
People can extract timber with permission. Animal like badel boar, hyena, tiger,
rate, jackal, snow leopard come to the agricultural land and destroy crops like
potato, peas, corn, maize, fapar, cabbage, green legumes etc. But no any
compensation measure is provided to the victim so they are fully unsatisfied.
Human injury or death due to animal attack is found rare in this area. People are
satisfied with the accessibility of resources for their daily fulfillment from the
reserve despite some conflict arises which is usual in such protected area.
3.5 Discussions:
Being most of the people uneducated in this area they are found completely
dependent on agriculture and labour work for livelihood. The agricultural
production in their own land is hardly possible to sustain life for year around due
to the production of seasonal crops in this land area. People are afraid of collecting
NTFP from the forest after the placement of Nepal Army camp in DHR. They
think that there is no any need of Army in this area as they are themselves aware
18
of conserving forest resources. They are completely dependent on forest wood for
kitchen and other purpose as there is no supply of electricity and alternative source
of energys. The issue of compensation measure should be addressed properly for
the development of positive attitude towards resources and administration too.
3.6 Conclusion:
Likewise in other protected area, people are dependent on the reserve either for
food, fodder, timber or usable resources. There is no any change in the pattern of
consumption of forest resources after the placement of Nepal Army too. People are
aware of proper utilization and protection of the resources available in the reserve.
Most of the people are unkown about an atempt to declare buffer zone in this area
but they they are aware of conserving natural resources. It is necessary to declare
buffer zone and community forest in this area so that the local people will be
benefited and in turn they will be more serious about the consumption pattern of
available resources. Appropriate compensation measure is needed for the victims
of wildlife attack otherwise they will develop negative attitude and will lead
towards ruining fioral and faunal diversity of this area. Overall, there is likely park
people relation with the understanding of importance essence of only one of the
hunting reserve of Nepal.
19
CHAPTER IV
REGENERATION PATTERN AT SHALPAKHE FOREST AT DHR.
4.1 Introduction:
4.1.1 Background:
Forest regeneration is the act of renewing tree cover by establishing young trees
naturally or artificially-generally, promptly after the previous stand or forest has
been removed (IPCC report 2007). The method, species, and density are chosen to
meet the goal of the landowner (IPCC report 2007). Forest regeneration includes
practices such as changes in tree plant density through human-assisted natural
regeneration, enrichment planting, reduced grazing of forested savannas and
changes in tree provenances/genetics or tree species (IPCC report 2007). "Human-
assisted natural regeneration" means establishment of a forest age class from
natural seeding or sprouting after harvesting through selection cutting, shelter (or
seed-tree) harvest, soil preparation, or restricting the size of a clear-cut stand to
secure natural regeneration from surrounding trees. "Enrichment planting" means
increasing the planting density (i.e., the numbers of plants per hectare) in an
already growing forest stand (IPCC report 2007). Diameter at breast height, DBH,
is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing
tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements. Tree trunks
are measured at the height of an adult's breast. However, this is defined differently
in different countries and situations. In continental Europe, the UK, and Canada
the diameter is measured at 1.3 metres above ground. (Google, 2012).
20
Salpakhe forest in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is one of the undisturbed pinus

forests of the study area. It is connected to the nearby settlement area which has
possessed greater risk of human disturbance although no disturbance has occurred
yet. The study of the regeneration pattern of the forest will gives us the
information on whether the forest is sustainable or not. This result may be
important to know whether harvesting can be done or not, whether plantation
should be done or not and may give some information to the government in
establishing procedure of buffer zone in nearby settlement area of DHR.
4.1.3 Objective of the study:
The main objectives of the this study are as follows :-
1. To study forest regeneration pattern at Shalpakhe forest at DHR.
2. To determine whether the forest is suistanable or not.
4.1.4 Limitations of the study:
1. Heavy rain during our period of study.
2. Lack of proper co ordination among the researchers.
3. Limited field resources.
21
Regeneration behavior of tree species is characterized by their population structure

which depends upon the presence of adequate number of seedlings and saplings.
Reverse J- shaped size class diagram is the indicative of sustainable regeneration
(Vetaas, 2002). Lack of sufficient regeneration is a major problem of mountain
forests. The density values of seedlings and saplings are considered as
regeneration potential of the species or forest. The presence of good regeneration
potential shows suitability of a species to the environment. Climatic factors and
biotic interference influence the regeneration of different species in the vegetation.
Higher seedling density values get reduced to sapling due to biotic disturbance and
competition for space and nutrients. Most studies on subalpine forests have
reported poor seedling recruitment in under stories of undisturbed old-growth
forests (Mori & Takeda, 2004).
For successful regeneration, canopy gap formation, control form of lopping and
grazing and a favorable composition of herb layer species seems highly
responsible (Subedi & Shakya, 1999). Whereas according to Good and Good
(1972), the three major components which cause the successful regeneration of
tree species are the ability to initiate new seedlings, ability of seedlings and
saplings to survive and ability of seedlings and saplings to grow.
Environmental conditions play an important role in establishment and distribution

of seedlings (Bonnet et al., 2005), regeneration of dominant trees in dry valleys is
influenced even by small-scale human impacts. Under such impacts, the typical
inverse J-shaped DBH class distribution observed among forest species, where
frequency of individuals in larger size classes falls systematically and
progressively, resulting in a non-linear relationship between frequency and size
class, generally gives way to a sporadic and/or unimodal distribution (Wangda &
Ohsawa, 2006). Inverse J-shaped distribution is indicative of a forest in a state of
regeneration. A shift from inverse J-shape to unimodal or multiple-peaked
22
distribution is the result of substantial changes in the state and pattern of forest
regeneration, suggesting that the forest is in trouble (Ghimire et al., 2010).
Mong (2003) studied Pinus wallichiana colonization in a glacier foreland in

Manang. He found the most important casual factors determining the
establishment of P.wallichiana is distance to and dispensability of seedlings
population and anthropogenic influence. (Acharya, 2004) studied the post fire
natural regeneration of dominant tree species in Pisang, Manang. According to
him external factors like human interference and grazing played a major role in
post fire regeneration of dominant species, pinus wallichiana and Abies
spectabilis.
4.3 Materials and Methods :
4.3.1 Study Area :
The study area for this research was carried out in Salpakha forest of DHR. It is
located at the elevation of 2950m, latitude 28˚ 29̍ 823 ̍ N, longitude 83˚ 01̍
047 ̍ E to 3083m, latitude 28˚ 29̍ 88̍ N, longitude 083˚ 03̍ 24̍ E.
Type equation here.
23
4.3.2 Study Method:
a. Research Design:
Primary data Secondary data

b
.
b
. Collected through
Collected through field literatures,
visit and systematic journals,books,published
sampling and un published bata,
S etc
b
b
b. Sample Design:
Systematic sampling is done for the determination of regeneration pattern of the

forest. This sampling includes formation of a circular plot of 50 meter radius.
Number of trees and DBH of each tree are counted in a circular plot of radius 8.32
meter which is made in the circumference of previous plot. The same process is
done for the census of saplings and seedlings in the circular plot of 1m radius from
the circumference of first plot.
Plot 1: Under plot one 50 meter radius plot is established.
Plot 2: At a distance of 50 meter another 8.32 meter radius plot is established and
DBH and number of trees are counted in the 8.32 m radius.
Plot3: Taking the same centre of plot 2, plot 3 is established with the radius of 1 m
.
24
c. Field methods:
This sampling includes formation of a circular plot of 50 meter radius. Number of

trees and DBH of each tree are counted in a circular plot of radius 8.32 meter
which is made in the circumference of previous plot. The same process is done for
the census of saplings and seedlings in the circular plot of 1m radius from the
circumference of first plot. The same process is repeated by moving 50 meters up
from the plot 2. DBH is measured with the help of DBH tape at breast height.
Based on the relative proportion of adults, saplings and seedlings, the regeneration
was grouped into four categories namely good, fair, poor and no regeneration. The
regeneration was considered as ‘good’ when seedling >sapling >adult. In case
where seedling >sapling <_ adult, it was termed as ‘fair’ regeneration. The
regeneration was ‘poor’ when trees survived in sapling stage and no seedlings
were observed. In case when tree were observed in adult stage only with no
seedlings and saplings, it was termed as ‘no’ regeneration.
d. Numerical Analysis:
Total number of seedlings= 67
DBH Class
120
100
80
60
Number of Trees
40
20
0
10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-80 cm Seedlings Saplings
Fig 2: DBH Class
25
Density of seedling, sapling and trees:
Area for sapling study is of radius 1 m so its area is 3.14 square meter, so is the
area for seeding study.There were 22 plots so total area becomes 69.08 square
meter.
Density of seedling per 69.06 square meter
= Population/Area
=26/69.06
=0.37 per square meter which is equal to 3764 per hector.
Similarly density of sapling per square meter
=Population/Area
=2/69.06
= 0.0289 per square meter which is equal to 289 per hector.
Area for study of trees and poles is of radius 8.92 m so its area is 250.06 square
meter. There were 22 plots hence Total area becomes 22* 250.06=5501.32 sq
meter
Density of tree per square meter
=Population/Area
= 189/5501.32
=0.034 per unit area
=343 per hector
26
3.4 Results:
DBH CLASS
120
100
80
60
Number of Trees
40
20
0
10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-80 cm
Figure2: dbh class
From the systematic field survey we found that the number of trees having DBH
10-20cm is 108, trees with DBH between 30-40 cm is 32. Number of Trees with
DBH between 20-30 cm is 40 and number of tress with more than 40 cm DBH is
9.It is found that there is more number of trees with DBH 10-20 cm and number
are decreasing with increasing DBH. Hence there is sustainable pattern of
regeneration. Number of cut trees is found to be 26 with highest 45.6 cm diameter
at breast height.
The mean density of seedlings per hectare is much higher than that of saplings and
trees. The occurrence of a high number of seedlings on the forest floor indicates
that the forest is regenerating. This is also evident from the reversed J-shaped
distribution which is an ideal state for the regenerating forests.
27
Mean density (per hector)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000 Mean density (per
1500 hector)
1000
500
0
seedling sapling tree
Figure 2: mean density (per hector)
4.5 Discussions:
Forest regeneration depends upon the growth pattern of tree. The number of
sapling, seedling and tree affect the regeneration pattern of forest. If the sapling
number is more than tree and the seedling which indicate that forest is sustainable.
To become a sustainable forest, the graphical representation should be reverse J-
shape. If the graphical representation be bell shaped, which indicate the forest is
unsustainable. Sustainable forest means the forest which is in a linear pattern, the
probability of extinction due to the growth pattern is less and the forest can be
existing in long term of time.
4.6 Conclusions:
The salpakhe forest has more sapling number than the tree. The forest had well
representation of pinus, rhododendron and juniper sapling but the seedling number
is less. The number of seedling was less due to the grazing, lopping and litter
collection. Size class resembles reverse J-shaped, more number of sapling and tree
indicates that the forest is sustain
28
CHAPTER 5
SPECIES COMPOSITION ALONG ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background
Species richness is a simple and easily interpretable indicator of biological

diversity (Peet, 1974). Many types of environmental changes influence the
processes that can both augment or erode diversity (Sagar et al. 2003). Ellu &
Obua (2005) have suggested that different altitudes and slopes influence the
species richness and dispersion behaviour of tree species. Moreover, Kharakwal et
al., (2005) have pointed out that altitude and climatic variables like temperature
and rainfall are the determinants of species richness. Difference in insolation
period may occur according to altitude, thereby forming a range of microclimates
in multifaceted landscapes. Diversity of life-forms usually decreases with
increasing altitude and one or two life- forms remain at extreme altitudes (Pavón et
al., 2000). Altitude itself represents a complex combination of related climatic
variables closely correlated with numerous other environmental properties (soil
texture, nutrients, substrate stability, etc.; Ramsay and Oxley, 1997). Within one
altitude the cofactors like topography, aspect, inclination of slope and soil type
further effect the forest composition (Holland and Steyn 1975).
Nepal comprises 0.09% of global land area that possesses disproportionately a

huge diversity of flora and fauna (HMG/MFSC 2002). This diversity is manifested
by the tropical forests in the Terai, the deciduous and coniferous forests in the
subtropical and temperate re gions and the meadows and grasslands at the high
altitude subalpine and alpine regions of Nepal. The subal pine and alpine regions
of the Nepalese Himalayas are rich in floristic diversity. Therefore, subalpine and
alpine regions are considered as an ideal place to carry out further scientific
researches (Korner, 2000). Altitude increases/changes as one ascends up from
29
tropical to the subalpine and alpine regions. This affects physiographical,
topographical and environmental factors that influence the floristic composition
and diversity of that area (Ellu and Obua, 2005). Diver sity of life-forms i.e.,
species composition usually changes with change in altitude and remains one or
two life-forms at extreme altitudes (Pavon, et al., 2000). Floristic diversity varies
with life-forms. Bhattarai and Vetaas (2003) studied the floristic composition and
richness along the subtropical altitudinal gradient from east Nepal, Streade et
al.(2002) from Chitwan Natioanl Park including the natural and community for-
est, Subedi and Shakya (1993) in Oak Forest of Rasuwa district.
Altitude and climate are the two main factors that determine the prominent
vegetation zones of the mountains that are the most remarkable land forms on
earth surface (Malik 2014). The area of mountains where closed canopy forests
end and give way to open vegetation is known as the alpine treeline ecotone.
‘Alpine’ is commonly used in a broad sense for the treeless areas above a low-
temperature determined treeline in the high reaches of mountains. The alpines are
characterized by scanty rainfall, high wind velocity, low temperature, high
intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, blizzards and snow storms (Nautiyal et al.,
2004). The plants of this zone show some adaptations to these conditions and are
generally dwarfed, stunted, woolly or spiny, and develop a mosaic patch of
different forms (Walker et al. 1994). They possess an early growth initiation with a
short vegetative span ranging from several days to a few months (Bowman &
Damm 2002). The community as a whole usually exhibits seasonal fluctuations
and its structure and composition are strongly influenced by the extent to which
periodic phenomena in the individuals are adjusted to each other (Kershaw 1973).
The distribution of plant species within alpine areas is often regulated by climate
or climate-influenced ecological factors. Therefore they are considered particularly
sensitive to the influence of predicted climatic change (Pauli et al., 2007). As a
result, alpine ecosystems are likely to show the effects of climate change earlier
30
and more clearly than some other ecosystems (Grabherr 2000). Therefore, long
term monitoring programs such as the Global Observation Research Initiative in
Alpine Environments (GLORIA) have been established worldwide in different
continents (www.gloria.ac.at).
Although it is well known that the species richness and diversity decrease with
altitude, there is not much evidence to support this fact. Our study is mainly
focused on the species composition along altitudinal gradient in dhorpatan area.
Dhorpatan hunting reserve is in the altitudinal range from 2850m to 5500m. There
is large variation of species richness within this altitudinal range. Main aim of our
study is to know about species name in different altitude and effect of climatic
condition mainly snow in higher elevation on the species.
5.1.3 Objectives of the study:
General objective
The main objective of this study is to document the species composition patterns
of species encountered between 3000-4400 m in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve,
Central Nepal especially at two VDCs, Bobang and Buki..
Specific Objective
1.The impact of altitude on species richness in various alpine forest types
2. Assessment and analysis of change in dispersion behaviour of various tree

species along altitudinal gradient.
Highest species richness of tree were found in valley <2100 m. Valleys showed
highest values of basal area, leaf area index and tree basal area increment as well.
Tree diversity also increased from ridge to valley while canopy openness
31
decreased. Significant relationship existed between tree diversity and soil
parameters. Tree diversity basal area increment were positively correlated because
both are similarly affected by soil condition. The result concluded that
extraordinary high tree species richness in the area is primarly caused by three
factors i.e existence of steep altitudional and topographic gradient, the
intermingling of Amazonian lowland plant species that reach their upper
disturbance limit and geographical position of the study (Siegmar Wet al., 2010).
The study conducted along an altitudional gradient 1500-2850 m above sea level
in moist tropical montane valley slope of the Mandal Chopta r=area in Garhwal
region of India showed that forest type growing at higher altitude >2400 m had
low species richness and stem diversity. Tree density showed positive relationship
with species richness and Shanon Weinner Diversity Index. Forest type growing at
higher altitude showed geometric dominance diversity curve. The values of stem
diversity and total basal area in most of the forest type were higher than the earlier
reported values from other parts of the Uttarakhand Himalayas(Sumeet G et al.,
2011).
A total of 470 species ,292 genera and 103 families of vascular plants occurred in
43 sample of 0.1 ha, stratified at 100 melevational intervals between 1500-2500m.
There were 97 tree species,76 shrubs,70 vines, 181 restial herbs, 39 epiphytes, 3
hermiparasites, 3 sucullent and 1 saprophyte. Species richness decreased sharply
with altitude due to mainly decreases in terrestrial herbs, shrubs and vines. The
average number of species per 0.1 ha declined from 134 at 1500 m to 43 at 2500
m.The number of species, genera and family per sample declined nearly with
elevation. Species composition of sample within an altitudional band showed
greater positive turnover at lower elevation showing that low elevation forest are
not locally more diverse but spatially more patchy. Community composition varies
roughly six times as rapidly with elevation as with the same elevation horizontally
(Thomas J et al., 1998).
32
5.3.1 Study Area
Our study of altitudinal gradient was conducted on dhorpatan hunting reserve

which is situated at the altitudinal range from 2,850m to 5,500m. The reserve is
located on the southern flanks of Dhaulagiri Himalayan range and is surrounded
by village from all sides except in the north. The southern border limits to the
Surtibang and holy river Utterganga(Wilson 1981). Dhorkhani, Jalke and
Lamakyang range border the eastern part and Kharibanh khola, Pelma khola,
Kulta, Bhanjyang and Jangla limit the western border. our study was conducted till
4000m elevation.
5.3.2 Methods
This includes the descriptions of study area, different tools and technique and
methods.
a. Research Design
The research procedure adopted for the study is presented below as:
33
Literature review
Problem identification,
topic selection and study
Field Survey
Data collection and analysis
Conclusion and recommendation
On the basis of result
Report presentation
and submission
b. Sample Design (Random Sampling)

A random sampling is a subset of sample chosen from large set. Each
sample is chosen randomly and entirely by chance. Such that each sample
has same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling
process. In the process of altitudinal gradient of species composition the
elevation selection is randomly done to identify the species of that elevation.
c. Field Methods
We compare different GPS location of elevation 2,800m to nearly 4,000m
of Dhorpatan hunting reserve in mainly Baglung District in random
sampling process. In the altitude of 2,858m there are mainly Junperous
indica found. Similarly, in altitude 2,900m, 2,970m, 3,105m, 3,212m
mainly Pinus wallichae, Rhododendron campaculatum, Avis sps are found
respectively.
34
d.Numerical / Data Analysis
SN Altitude/Elevation Species
1 2,858m Junperous indica
2 2,900m Junperous indica
3 2,970m Pinus wallichae
4 3,105m Rhododendron campaculatum
5 3,212m Avis sps
5.4 Results
From the above study it found that the species composition or diversity and
richness are in decreasing pattern towards the high altitude. This is due to lack of
sufficient resources, cold climate and habitat. Similarly, different species are
dominant in different altitudes. This is mainly due to adaptation capacity of
species in certain altitude and temperature.
5.5 Discussions
From the above data analysis there are different species of fauna are found in the
altitude between 2,800m - 4,000m. In the lower altitude of range 2,800m – 2,900m
mainly Junperous indica found. Similarly, in the range of 2,970m, 3,105m,
3,212m Pinus wallichae, Rhododendron campaculatum, Avis sps etc species are
found and towards 4,000m species are totally decreased. Only range land is
available.
5.6 Conclusions
The composition of the tree along the gradient found to be varying along the
altitudinal gradient in the Himalayan region of the Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.
The composition and trend in species richness of tree was somehow monotonic
The species composition and richness inversely related to the altitudinal height.
The richness goes on decreasing as we move above the gradient and eventually
there are no tree species above 3500 m asl.
35
CHAPTER 6
ENUMERATION OF FLORAL AND FAUNAL DIVERSITY
6.1 Introduction:
6.1.1 Background:
Nepal’s rich biodiversity is a reflection of this unique geographic position as well
as its altitudinal and climatic variations. Nepal possesses a disproportionately large
diversity of flora and fauna at genetic, species and ecosystem levels. This diversity
is found in the dense tropical monsoon forests of the Terai, the deciduous and
coniferous forests of the subtropical and temperate regions, and the sub-alpine and
alpine pastures and snow covered peaks of the Himalayan mountain range.
The biological resources of the Terai and Siwalik are mostly dominated by Sal
trees (Shorea robusta), tropical deciduous riverine forest and tropical evergreen
forest. These ecosystems are of international importance both in terms of the
number of globally threatened wildlife and floral species found in them as well as
their diversity. Unfortunately, the Terai is also heavily populated, resulting in high
pressure on the forest and agricultural resources.
The mid-hills have the greatest diversity of ecosystems and species in Nepal. This
is due to the great variety of terrain types and the occurence of subtropical to
temperate climatic zones comprising a rich flora and fauna. Nearly 32% of Nepal’s
forests occur in the mid-hills.
The mountains are the meeting place of the Palaearctic region to the north and the
Indo- Malayan region to the south. There are 38 major ecosystems in the sto Mid-
hills and lowlands because of harsh environmental conditions, they are
nevertheless characterised by a large number of endemic species.
36
This research helps for sustainable and eco-friendly mining project development
by studying biological environment. This research helps site managers to elicit
information about local plants, animals and birds. This research is one of the
important aspects in environmental impact assessment in view of the need for
conservation of environmental quality.
6.1.3Objectives of the study:

1.To assess the nature and distribution of vegetation,
2.To assess the biodiversity and to understand the resource potential,
3.To assess the distribution of animal life species,
4.To ascertain migratory routes of fauna and possibility of breeding grounds,
5.Identifying current pressures and threats on biodiversity.
6.1.4 Limitation of the study:

There are many limitations for the proper study and identifications of species.
Some of the major limitations are as follows:
Insufficient time to conduct proper research
Lack of money for time to time visit in the study area
37
6.2 Literature Review:
This article is mainly based on review of the literature (Bista et al., 2002;
Bhandari,1998; BPP, 1995; Hara et al., 1978, 1979 and 1982; Sah, 1997;
IUCN,1998; Jha, 2000; Siwakoti and Sharma, 1996; Siwakoti and Verma, 1999;
Press et al., 2000; WMI/IUCN Nepal,1994) and field observations.
Jean-Francois Dobremez (1972, 1976) recognized four domains (western,
northwestern, central, and eastern); six levels, and 11 sublevels of bioclimatic
zones. Under these bioclimatic zones, Dobremez et al. (1970-1985) in their eight
ecological maps of Nepal identified 136 ecosystems. These were later reduced to
118 by ICIMOD/MENRIS in 1995, by grouping closely allied types together
during the process of map digitisation (BPP, 1996).
38
6.3 Study Area:
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is only one hunting reserve of Nepal established in
1987. It covers an area of 1,325 square km (512 square mile) western part of Nepal
in Dhaulagiri Himal Range. It adjoins Rukum, Myagdi and Baglung districts.
Management objectives of the reserve allow sports trophy hunting and preserve a
representative high altitude ecosystem in western Nepal. This single hunting
reserve of Nepal fulfil to meet the needs of hunting for Nepalese and Foreign
hunters of Bluesheep, Himalayan Thar and some game animal Leopard, Ghoral,
Serow, Himalayan Black Bear, Barking Deer, Muntjac and Wildbour etc. But now
here are only four hunting animal are allowed to hunt in this reserve and whole
Nepal. There are also some endangered animals as like Musk Deer, Wolf, Red
Panda, Cheer Pleasant and Danphe in this reserve.
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is dividing in six hunting block for the management
of best sport trophy hunting, stop poaching and preserve a representative
ecosystem. In short, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is a stiking destination for
wildlife and bird enthusiasts who wish to visit this composed area.
Study Methods:
1.Sample collection
Sample species of flora where collected at the site.
2.Questionnaire method
Structure questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information on floral and
faunal diversity
3.Interview
Interview with the army personnel and hotel staff was carried out.
39
6.4 Results:
List of species of Flora Common name
Name of species
Pinus wallichiana Pinus
Juniperus indica Juniper
Rhododendron Rhododendron
arboreum
Quercus Oak
Rheum emodi wall Padamchal
Dactylorhiza hatagirea Panchaule
Ophiocordyceps Yarshagumba
sinensis
6.5 Discussion:
The reserve is characterized by alpine, sub-alpine and high temperate vegetation.
Common plant species include fir, pine, and birch, rhododendron, hemlock, oak,
juniper and spruce. Pastureland occupies more than 50% of the area of the Reserve
at higher elevation. The Reserve is one of the prime habitats for blue sheep, a
highly covered trophy. Other animals found here include leopard, ghoral, serow,
Himalayan thar, Himalayan black bear, barking deer, wild boar, rhesus macaque,
langur and mousehare. Pheasants and partridge are common and their viable
population in the reserve permits controlled hunting. Endangered animals in the
Reserve include musk deer, wolf, red panda, cheer pheasant and danphe.
40
6.6 Conclusion:
Hence Floral and Faunal diversity of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve was enumerated.
This hunting reserve supports several endemic, endangered and medicinal species.
However these are getting lost or degraded by human activities, animal movements
and by some natural processes. Major threats are unsustainable management of
lands, over exploitation of resources, over grazing, animal movements etc.
41
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Ecology; exploitation and threats. Himalayan journal of sciences.1 (2): 126-128.
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5. Koirala M 2004.Vegetation composition and diversity of piluwa micro-

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9. Bhuju, U.R., Shakya, P.R., Basnet, T.B. Shrestha, S. (2007): Nepal Biodiversity
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43
ANNEX I
DBH of floral species
S Common Scientific name DBH( Remarks

N name cm)
1 Pine Pinus wallichiana 24.8
2 Pine Pinus wallichiana 10
44
45
99 Pine Pinuswallichiana 16.88
0
1
2
10 Juniper Juniper usindica 10.5
3
4
10 Juniper Juniper usindica 11
5
46
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
11 Rhododendro Rhododendron arboreum 28.2
6 n
7 n
11 Rhododendro Rhododendron arboreum 46
8 n
9 n
0 n
1 n
2 n
3 n
4 n
47
5 n
6 n
7 n
8 n
9 n
0 n
1 n
2 n
3 n
4 n
5 n
6 n
7 n
8 n
13 Rhododendro Rhododendron arboreum 31.8 DBH 10-20 =108
9 n
14 Rhododendro Rhododendron arboreum 25 DBH 20-30= 40
0 n
14 Rhododendro Rhododendron arboreum 57.5 DBH 30-40= 32
1 n
14 Rhododendro Rhododendron arboreum 12 DBH 40- 80 =.9
2 n
3 n
4 n
48
5 n
6 n
14 Abscess Abscess 11
7
14 Abscess Abscess 28
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
49
4
5
6
7
8 n
9 n
0 n
1 n
2 n
3 n
4 n
5 n
6 n
7 n
8
9
0
1
2
3
50
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
51
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
52
ANNEX II
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve Socio-economic survy
Disturbance gradient Regeneration pattern
53
Faunal diversity Floral diversity
54

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BIODIVERSITY PATTERN OF DHORPATAN HUNTING

RESERVE, WESTERN NEPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

TRI CHANDRA MULTIPLE CAMPUS

Ashok Prasad Acharya 5370081 Manoj Kumar GC 5370114

Padam Dhakal 5370124 Bishnu Chudali 5370097

Santosh Upadhyaya 5370155 Rudra Prasad Mudbary 5370140

Pema Lama 5370126 Santosh Paudel 5370154

Jyoti Aryal 5370105

I would like to thank Mr.Kishor Maharjan,Head of the Department of

DHR Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

CNP Chitwan National Park

NAD Net Area Damage

SWR Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve

NTFP Non Timber Forest Product

DBH Depth at Breast Height

MoFSC Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation

Title of the page page no

CHAPTER II: SPECIES COMPOSITION ALONG DISTURBANCE GRADIENT 5-

CHAPTER III: PARK-PEOPLE RELATION AT DHORPATAN HUNTING RESERVE 14-

CHAPTER V: SPECIES COMPOSITION ALONG ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT 29-

CHAPTER VI: ENUMERATION OF FLORAL AND FAUNAL DIVERSITY 36-

Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve was established based on twin principle ie: To

1.2 Rationale of the study:

The major issues identified in the area are as follows :

1.3 Objectives of the study:

1.3.1 General objectives:

1.3.2 Specific objectives :

1.4 Limitations of the study :

Some of the limitations of the study are as follows;

1. Time constraints is one of the limiting factor.

2. Finance is also one of the accounting factor to cover wide range

3. Geographical barrier and inaccessible transportation facility is another

This study was conducted in the Dhorpatan municipality of different places

The reserve supports 14 ecosystem types represented in mid hills to higher

SPECIES COMPOSITION ALONG DISTURBANCE GRADIENTS

Species composition refers to the contribution of each plant species to the

Areas with high vegetative diversity tend to be threatened by habitat fragmentation

Livestock grazing in natural ecosystems results changes in vegetation structure

2.1.2 Rational of the study

highly disturbed by the community disturbance. Species number and diversity is

being disturbed due to antropogenic activities such as overgrazing, over

exploitation of resourse etc. This study tries to explain decrease in number of

helps to make people aware about the negativeimpact of disturbance on the

disturbation pattern os species.

2.1.3 Objectives of the study :

The specific objective of the study sre as follows :-

 To find out the species composition along disturbance gradients i.e

2.1.4 Limitation of the study :

2.2 Literature review:

The intermediate disturbance category of the disturbance gradient encompasses

Among different type of anthropogenic impacts, habitat loss and fragmentation

2.3.1 Study area :

Plot no 10 of semi- disturbed area.

S.N Nameof Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

S.N Name of Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Disturbed area: plot no 18

S.N Name of Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

PARK PEOPLE RELATION AT DHR

3.1.3 Objectives of the study:

The main objectives of the study are as follows :-

3.1.4 Limitation of the study:

1. Time constraints is one of the limiting factors.