Jal Tarang : Musical Instrument

Jal Tarang or the "jalatharangam" is an Indian melodic percussion

instrument. It consists of a set of ceramic or metal bowls filled  

Cups for Mandra Swar (notes of the lower octave) are large while those for
Taar Swar (notes of higher octaves) are smaller in size. The bowls are usually
arranged in a semi-circle in front of the player to reach them all easily.

Water is poured into these cups and the pitch is changed by adjusting the
volume of water in the cup. The number of cups depends on the melody being
played. The player softly hits the cups with a wooden stick on the border to get
the sound.

Jal-Tarang is one of the Oldest Indian Melodic percussion instrument . 

Jal means water and Ta-rang means waves in water.

The instrument includes a series of china clay bowls of decreasing sizes laid in a
semicircular fashions

 Where the person playing it strikes it with wooden sticks. 

The cups are used to produce the notes of "  Lower Octave " are larger in size
and one with middle octave are medium sized.High Octaves are small sized
porcelain cups.The cups are tuned to produced desired raga by adjusting the
amount of water in it.

When the edge of bowl is stuck, vibrations are produces in water and are
transmitted to surroundings air to produce sweet melodic sounds.

The earliest mention of the Jal-Taranga is found in book

'Vātsyāyana's Kamsutra' as playing on musical glasses filled with water.
[1]
 It is one of the 64 Arts and Science to be studied by a maiden. [1] Jal-
tarang was also found mentioned in medieval Sangeet Parijaat text,
categories this instrument under Ghan-Vadya (Idiophonic instruments in
which sound is produced by striking a surface, also called
concussion idiophones.) SangeetSaar considered one with 22 cups to
be complete jal tarang and one with 15 cups to be of mediocre status.
Cups, of varying sizes are made of either bronze or porcelain. Jal-tarang
was also called jal-yantra in the medieval times, poets of Krishna cult
(also called Asht-chhap poets) have mentioned this instrument. [2]
In modern days, it has fallen into obscurity. Literally, jal tarang means
'waves in water' but indicates motion of sound created or modified with
the aid of water. In the wave-instruments, it is the most prominent and
ancient instrument. This traditional instrument is used in Indian classical
music. Some scholars think that in the ancient period these were in
routine use around the eastern border of India.
History
The earliest mention of the Jal-Taranga is found in book
'Vātsyāyana's Kamsutra' as playing on musical glasses filled with water.
[1]
 It is one of the 64 Arts and Science to be studied by a maiden. [1] Jal-
tarang was also found mentioned in medieval Sangeet Parijaat text,
categories this instrument under Ghan-Vadya (Idiophonic instruments in
which sound is produced by striking a surface, also called
concussion idiophones.) SangeetSaar considered one with 22 cups to
be complete jal tarang and one with 15 cups to be of mediocre status.
Cups, of varying sizes are made of either bronze or porcelain. Jal-tarang
was also called jal-yantra in the medieval times, poets of Krishna cult
(also called Asht-chhap poets) have mentioned this instrument. [2]
In modern days, it has fallen into obscurity. Literally, jal tarang means
'waves in water' but indicates motion of sound created or modified with
the aid of water. In the wave-instruments, it is the most prominent and
ancient instrument. This traditional instrument is used in Indian classical
music. Some scholars think that in the ancient period these were in
routine use around the eastern border of India.

Details[edit]
Today only porcelain bowls are preferred by artists, numbering around
one in normal use. Cups for Mandra Swar (notes of lower octave) are
large while those for Taar Swar (notes of higher octaves) are smaller in
size. Water is poured into the cups and the pitch is changed by adjusting
the volume of water in the cup. The number of cups depends on the
melody being banged . The bowls mostly are arranged in a half-circle in
front of the player who can reach them all easily. The player softly hits
the cups with a wooden stick on the border to get the sound. It's not
easy to tune the instrument it needs some skill. During playing fine
nuances can be reached if the performer is accomplished. SangeetSaar
mentions that if the player can rotate the water through a quick little
touch of the stick, nuances and finer variations of the note can be
achieved.
Teflon Coating
Teflon coating also known as anti-rust coating, is done on the surface of the
car. Teflon is chemically synthesized from fluoropolymer. It is a brand
originally owned by Dupont, but now has become generic to the category of
PTFE paint sealants. This protects the car’s painted finish and offers a brilliant
shine, doing away with the problem of corrosion and wear and tear in high as
well as low temperatures, keeping the vehicle like new for a long time.

Teflon coating is also done under the body of the car. The under body
coating that is most commonly used on cars in India and supplied by
companies such as 3M is a thick, rubberized paint that forms a 2-3 mm thick
coating all along the underside of the car when sprayed on. You also get a
thinner clear coat under body coating which is like a lacquer that coats the
entire underside of the car. Some even inject rust-preventive coating material
into crevices such as the bottom of doors and door sills, to protect them from
rust.

Teflon Process on Cars

1. Washing: The first step of process, to make the car free from dirt and
dust the painted areas and the plastic parts like mudguards,
speedometer etc are washed with a mild shampoo, the surfaces are
then wiped and dried. This is done so that the paint remains free of
dust particles once the coating is applied. A soft cloth is used to make
sure no unwanted scratches are also caused so as to ensure maximum
quality.
2. Polishing: This step involves the application of polish on the painted
surfaces. Typical car waxes and polishes are used in this step and in
this case, 3M Car Wax. This is done so that the paint has maximum
possible shine and gloss before it is coated with Teflon. This process
can make dull paints look significantly brighter. Older cars would have
a much better appearance once this step is done. Differences are
noticeable on shades like black which visibly fade easily and are the
hardest to maintain.
3. Teflon Coating: The final step in the process, this is the time to see the
tiny bottle of prized liquid, Teflon. It has a particularly pungent smell to
it when it is applied onto the paint. This smell however, disappears
 once it is dried. A soft cotton cloth is used to apply this liquid onto all
the painted areas over the car. It is then left to dry for a few minutes.

When the drops of Teflon dry up, it bonds to the surface, this is the time to
start to use another piece of dry cotton to massage it onto the surface and
turn it into another transparent layer, shiny coating. This can be quite
laborious as a lot of effort is required; which is why at some centers polishing
equipment is used. Once signs of the drops have disappeared, it is wiped
once again with a clean cloth to make it free of any residue or dust.

The polishing of other plastic parts is done using a typical liquid car-
dashboard polish. This brings out the shine in the non-shiny parts and can
leave the bike looking better than what it was when it came out of the
showroom.

   Things to remember:

 Once the coating is done, it is advised by the centers not to use soap or
other detergents on the paint as this can reduce the thickness of the
coating. They recommend the use of Ph.-neutral shampoo which is
essentially car-shampoo that you can buy from any car-
accessories store.
 Teflon coating can recover from faded paints but it has its limits. It
cannot completely remove scratches, the swirl marks on the surface is
reduced considerably after the entire process. If you want to recover
faded paint in a simple way, just use car waxes made by 3M, Formula 1,
Preston, or any other major brand. Scratches can also be taken care of
by using Scratch Out, from Formula 1 which is a liquid rubbing
compound.

Pros of Teflon Coating on the surface of the car

1. Minor scratch protection: Teflon is a thick clear coat surface that is

very slippery. It protects the cars surface from swirl marks and
scratches caused by dust and cleaning with a dirty cloth.
2. Enhances gloss: Putting a clear coat hard wax or Teflon coating on a
car evens out the unevenness in the painted surface by filling up minor
pits and cracks. This enhances the reflective capability of the paint,
giving the car a high-gloss finish that looks like a mirror.
 3. Rust protection: in humid weather the car will be more prone to
rusting. Teflon acts as an Anti-Rusting Layer.

Human intelligence
Human intelligence is the intellectual prowess of humans, which is marked
by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness.
[1]
 Through their intelligence, humans possess the cognitive abilities
to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the
capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, solve
problems, make decisions, retain information, and
use language to communicate. Intelligence enables humans
to experience and think.

Correlates
As a construct and measured by intelligence tests, intelligence is one of the
most useful concepts used in psychology, because it correlates with lots of
relevant variables, like the probability of suffering an accident, earning a
higher salary, etc.[2]
Education
According to a 2018 metastudy of educational effects on intelligence,
education appears to be the "most consistent, robust, and durable method"
known for raising intelligence.[3]
Myopia
A number of studies have shown a correlation between IQ and myopia.
[4]
 Some suggest that the reason for the correlation is environmental, whereby
intelligent people are more likely to damage their eyesight with prolonged
reading, while others contend that a genetic link exists.[5]
Aging
There is evidence that aging causes decline in cognitive functions. In one
cross-sectional study, various cognitive functions measured declines by about
0.8 in z-score from age 20 to age 50, the cognitive functions included speed of
processing, working memory and long term memory.[6]
Howard Gardner describes his first seven intelligences as follows:[11]
 Linguistic intelligence: People high in linguistic intelligence have an
affinity for words, both spoken and written.
 Logical-mathematical intelligence: It implies logical and mathematical
abilities.
 Spatial intelligence: The ability to form a mental model of a spatial world
and to be able to maneuver and operate using that model.
 Musical intelligence: Those with musical Intelligence have excellent
pitch, and may even be absolute pitch.
 Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The ability to solve problems or to
fashion products using one's whole body, or parts of the body. Gifted
people in this intelligence may be good dancers, athletes, surgeons,
craftspeople, and others.
 Interpersonal intelligence: The ability to see things from the perspective
of others, or to understand people in the sense of empathy. Strong
interpersonal intelligence would be an asset in those who are teachers,
politicians, clinicians, religious leaders, etc.
 Intrapersonal intelligence: It is a capacity to form an
accurate, veridical model of oneself and to be able to use that model to
operate effectively in life.

 Darwin once famously said “there is no fundamental difference between

man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties” – he firmly
believed that the difference between human and animal intelligence was
one of degree and not of kind. To illustrate, he cited various examples
which showed that non-human animals had similar cognitive traits, such
as curiosity, wonder, long-term memory, the ability to imitate others, to
pay attention and to reason. In fact, he stated that any animal that could
not learn would be “killed off” by natural selection – thus, only intelligent
genes would remain in the gene pool and the overall intelligence of
each species would gradually increase over time, as has occurred in
human evolution.

 Most of us, however, would argue that there is a distinct difference

between human and animal intelligence and that human brains are
arguably superior. In fact, many believe that humans are the most
complex and intelligent animals on earth. For example, no other species
matches our ability to use language. We are also believed to be more
advanced in the areas of abstract thought, self-awareness and self-
expression.

 Differences in Human Brains

 It is natural to assume that our superior ability in several areas of mental
function correlates to distinct characteristics of the human brain that are
not evident in other animals, in particular those of our closest
 evolutionary relatives, the primates. One of the key differences is the
size of the human brain – there is ongoing debate over the usefulness
of brain size in understanding intelligence as research has not produced
any significant evidence of a relationship between brain size and IQ.
However, there is some support for the theory that brain enlargement
leads to an increase in neuron connections and this is the crucial factor.
The number of brain cells actually remains relatively constant across
different species but there is significant variation in their degree of
interconnection as well as the complexity of the neuron networks.

Diversity of Butterflies:

Ecology
Parasitoids, predators, and pathogens
Butterflies are threatened in their early stages by parasitoids and in all stages
by predators, diseases and environmental factors. Braconidand other parasitic
wasps lay their eggs in lepidopteran eggs or larvae and the wasps' parasitoid
larvae devour their hosts, usually pupating inside or outside the desiccated
husk. Most wasps are very specific about their host species and some have
been used as biological controls of pest butterflies like the large white
butterfly.[68] When the small cabbage white was accidentally introduced to New
Zealand, it had no natural enemies. In order to control it, some pupae that had
been parasitised by a chalcid wasp were imported, and natural control was
thus regained.[69] Some flies lay their eggs on the outside of caterpillars and
the newly hatched fly larvae bore their way through the skin and feed in a
similar way to the parasitoid wasp larvae. [70] Predators of butterflies include
ants, spiders, wasps, and birds.[71]
Butterflies are distributed worldwide except Antarctica, totalling some 18,500
species.[18] Of these, 775 are Nearctic; 7,700 Neotropical; 1,575 Palearctic;
3,650 Afrotropical; and 4,800 are distributed across the combined Oriental and
Australian/Oceania regions.[18] The monarch butterfly is native to the Americas,
but in the nineteenth century or before, spread across the world, and is now
found in Australia, New Zealand, other parts of Oceania, and the Iberian
Peninsula. It is not clear how it dispersed; adults may have been blown by the
wind or larvae or pupae may have been accidentally transported by humans,
but the presence of suitable host plants in their new environment was a
necessity for their successful establishment.[19]

Many butterflies, such as the painted lady, monarch, and

several danaine migrate for long distances. These migrations take place over
a number of generations and no single individual completes the whole trip.
The eastern North American population of monarchs can travel thousands of
 miles south-west to overwintering sites in Mexico. There is a reverse migration
in the spring.[20][21] It has recently been shown that the British painted lady
undertakes a 9,000-mile round trip in a series of steps by up to six successive
generations, from tropical Africa to the Arctic Circle — almost double the
length of the famous migrations undertaken by monarch. [22] Spectacular large-
scale migrations associated with the monsoon are seen in peninsular India.
[23]
 Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and
also using stable hydrogen isotopes.[24][25]
Butterflies navigate using a time-compensated sun compass. They can see
polarized light and therefore orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized
light near the ultraviolet spectrum appears to be particularly important. [26]
[27]
 Many migratory butterflies live in semi-arid areas where breeding seasons
are short.

How to Start a Butterfly Garden

 Do your research first. Before you make your own butterfly garden,

you first have to learn more about what kind of butterflies are native to your
area. Knowing which butterflies you’re trying to attract is essential in selecting
the nectar and host plants for your butterfly garden. In addition to consulting a
guide on butterfly species and distribution, you might also take some time to
observe which butterflies are common in your area.
 Plan the garden. Planning your butterfly garden is important to both
you and the butterflies. On the one hand, planting in groups lets butterflies find
flowers and plants more easily, and on the other – proper landscaping will
allow you to observe more closely butterfly activities. A suitable layout should
consider the size which mature plants reach and grouping them by bloom time
and colour. Place taller plants at the back of the garden, or plant a butterfly
bush and start adding smaller plants in the front. Think also about locating the
garden so you can view it from your window or patio.
 Plant in the sun. Both the butterflies and the plants which attract them
need a lot of sunlight – at least 6 hours every day. Nectar-producing flowers
should be placed where they receive sunshine from mid-morning to mid-
afternoon. Butterflies require warmth to fly and they usually feed only in the
sun. Make sure the place is sheltered from winds.
 Plant nectar-producing flowers. One of the most straightforward ways
how you can make your garden butterfly-friendly is to entice them with flowers
which produce lots of pollen and nectar. Using sense receptors on their
antennae and legs, as well as receptors in their feet, butterflies can not only
smell flowers but also determine whether the nectar is edible. However,
butterflies don’t just rely on their sense of smell. Colour is another criteria in
finding food. Different species of butterflies prefer different types of nectar in
terms of both colour and taste. The best way to attract butterflies to your
garden is to plant a variety of food plants which will provide them with the
greatest diversity. Combine wild and cultivated plants and plant blocks of
plants rather than single flowers so that they are easily found by butterflies.
 Give butterflies a place to lay their eggs. In addition to planting
nectar-producing flowers, you also need to incorporate some vegetable plants
and herbs in your landscape to give butterflies a place to lay their eggs. Such
plants include parsley, dill, carrots, chives, or sage. The female butterfly
attaches the eggs to leaves or stems of plants that will also serve as a suitable
food source for the larvae when they hatch.
 Go organic. If a butterfly garden is started as a conservation attempt,
then it is only logical that no harsh chemicals for pest and weed control are
used near them. Simply – butterflies are insects. Hence, garden pesticides
and insecticides are toxic to them. Use biological methods to get rid of the
pests and keep the butterflies safe and sound.