EE551L

Luisito F. Taripe jr.

SUBMITTED BY:

ENGR. Roland Valencia

SUBMITTED TO:
Assignment 1: For EE551

Identify the following in Illumination Engineering Design

1. Rules and Guidelines in Lighting Design in Residential, Commercial Building, Parking

Lots and Roadways.
RESIDENTIAL LIGHTINGS
High performance lighting provides basic ambient lighting for all areas of the
home—effective illumination to meet the IES guidelines in The Lighting Handbook, to
provide excellent light quality (e.g., color, color rendering, and glare control [see the
Definitions section of this guide]), and is very energy efficient. Lighting is typically
considered as functioning in three layers: ambient, task, and accent. Ambient lighting,
the principal component of HPL, is the light needed for basic circulation and occupancy
of a room. Task lighting meets the visibility needs of specific functional tasks such as
food preparation or grooming. Accent lighting provides visual relief, visual attraction, and
emphasis. Because builders normally include kitchen cabinets and appliances and
bathroom fixtures in new home construction and often in major retrofits, and because
these components define task areas, the task lighting for kitchens and baths is also a
component of HPL. Task lighting for other functions such as reading or desk work is
considered additional owner-provided fixtures. Accent lighting generally is not a feature
of HPL. It is recommended that the homeowner-provided task and ambient lighting be
installed using high efficiency lamps and fixtures to complement an HPL design. Figure
2 shows an example of ambient lighting with accent lighting, and Figure 3 shows an
example of ambient lighting with task lighting. Figure 2. Ambient lighting with accent
lighting. Figure 3. Ambient lighting with task lighting.
 This guideline addresses a number of key aspects of lighting quality: color,
accuracy of color rendering, control of glare, and presentation of a harmonious
relationship with the architectural characteristics of the home (see Figure 4).

One advantage of HPL is the longevity of the lamps. Screw-in CFL bulbs
generally last up to ten times longer than standard incandescent “A” lamps. Pin-base
CFL lamps last up to twelve times longer than incandescent lamps, linear fluorescents
last up to thirty times longer, and LEDs last up to fifty times longer. With HPL, lamps do
not have to be replaced as often, providing reduced cost and the distinct advantage of
convenience when fixtures are hard to reach or are used frequently. Figure 5 compares
lamp life for LED, fluorescent, CFL, and incandescent lamps.
The lighting designs in this guide are effective in rooms with relatively light-
colored walls, ceilings, and floor surfaces, as shown in Figure 6. Dark-colored room
surfaces, as shown in Figure 7, will reduce illumination levels—in some cases,
drastically. To achieve the same illumination levels, more fixtures or higher wattage
fixtures may be necessary in dark-colored rooms. The amount of increase that is
necessary depends on the extent and intensity of the darkcolored surfaces in the room.
 Many forms of HPL employ fixtures that are “design neutral”; in other words, the
fixtures are incorporated into the basic construction of the house and do not require the
aesthetic choice of a fixture style. With such neutral lighting, it is easier to achieve wide
coverage for basic ambient lighting before requiring the homeowner’s fixture style
decisions.
COMMERCIAL BUILDING LIGHTINGS

Role Of Professional Lighting Designer

A lighting designer brings knowledge and expertise of a quickly expanding array of
available lighting equipment and technology. Because a designer neither sells nor
installs lighting equipment, the design is based on an objective understanding of the
project goals and budget. While electrical engineers can design a lighting system, that
design is most likely based on electrical requirements and code standards but may lack
the aesthetic sensitivities to the overall architectural design.

Art And Science

Lighting design requires a technical understanding of electricity, light sources, and vision
while also a sensitivity to architectural and aesthetic issues. The end design needs to
meet the visual requirements for human eyes performing an endless array of tasks while
also illuminating the architectural forms and immediate environment.

Providing Visibility
Lighting designers understand that most building occupants do not necessarily want
LEDs or wireless control—they want to comfortably see what they are doing. How to
provide for this visibility summarizes the role of the lighting designer. How to provide this
while enhancing the architecture, integrating with the available daylight, minimizing
building energy use, and aligning with the overall construction process and budget
summarizes the role of the lighting designer in a whole building design process.

Lighting In Whole Building Design

In the whole building design process, effective lighting design integrates with many other
building systems and design disciplines.
Architecture:
Probably the largest impacts on electric lighting requirements and design come from the
architectural orientation, massing, ceiling height, and section profiles that determine
daylight availability in the building. Typically, south facing orientations, narrow floor
plates, high ceilings, and open sections tend to bring more usable daylight into the
building and correspondingly reduce the electric lighting use. Lighting designers should
be brought onto the project team early in the design process so that they might have an
impact on these early siting and massing decisions.
Lighting systems should illuminate the architectural forms and surfaces and needs to be
well integrated. It may take the form of coves that uplight the ceiling or walls. Or it may
be carefully selected luminaires that respond to the architectural elements or style.

Programming:
Designers must understand the use of each space and the tasks that need to be lighted.
The criteria for both quantity and quality of light depend on the type of task performed in
each space and work area.
:
Interior Design
Interior design choices, such as surface finishes, can have a dramatic impact on the
lighting system and how much light is required to make a space feel bright. Dark wood
finishes require more light (and electricity) to brighten a space than light colored
surfaces. The visual elements of lighting equipment must also coordinate with the
interior design. Lighting designers need to work with interior designers so that both
understand the impact of the other's design decisions.
Electricity Use:
Lighting designers have control over one of the largest energy consuming services in
the building. As mentioned previously, visibility does not always increase with more
light and more electricity. While much attention focuses on minimizing power density,
total energy usage also depends on the total time that lighting is activated.

HVAC:
Lighting designers have the opportunity to not only reduce the electric energy use of
lighting system, but in turn reduce the cooling load on the HVAC system. Coordination
between the lighting and mechanical designers can capture this opportunity. Keeping
plenum space low and avoiding conflicts between luminaires and ductwork also requires
extensive coordination. Without this coordination, HVAC systems may be oversized and
miss energy saving opportunities.

Structural Coordination:
Lighting designers must understand how a lighting system might be incorporated into
structural elements: coves, beams, and columns; as well as what structural components
may become lighted surfaces.
Effective Design (Sustainability)
As part of a whole building design process, lighting designers develop an electric lighting
solution that addresses:
Day lighting—the design should supplement the available daylight.
Task / Ambient / Accent systems—a lighting system that layers these
components provides flexibility in its use and comfort.
Control of systems—with daylight, occupancy, vacancy, schedule, time, and user
preference.
Efficient and effective luminaires—making the best use and distribution of the
light source.
Efficacious light sources—designer should choose the most efficacious (lumens
of light per watt of power) that still accomplishes the design goal for that source
and luminaire.
Exterior Lighting—while enough light needs to be provided for nighttime visibility,
too much can cause glare, adaptation problems, and light trespass.

PARKING LOTS LIGHTINGS

STEP 1: CONDUCT COMPLETE INVENTORY
Consider all lighting opportunities and list the luminaires that you want to replace,
and ask why you want to replace them. Is energy the only issue? If this is a retrofit,
be sure to collect information on each luminaire that you want to replace (e.g.,
lamp type(s), mounting height of luminaires, general lighting information). Please
note, entrances to the parking lot and areas near the building may use different
luminaire types than basic parking areas.
STEP 2: CONSIDER LIGHT QUANTITY AND QUALITY
The lighting for a parking lot is dependent upon the type of building or site that it
supports as well as the surrounding area of the site. A parking lot at a national
park should not have the same lighting requirements as a secure federal
facility. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES)
recommends light levels for basic parking lots and higher light levels for parking
facilities where enhanced security is required. More light does not equal better
quality. Most security cameras are rated for both very low and very high light
levels, but are limited by contrast ranges. Therefore, uniform lighting will aid in
viewing images on the camera as well as those physically in the parking lot.
Lighting uniformity on the pavement surface must also be considered for safe
vehicle and pedestrian interaction. Too much contrast between bright and darker
areas makes it more difficult to see people and vehicles in the darker areas. The use
of luminaires that distribute light evenly on the parking surface and lighting layouts
with appropriate spacing, are crucial to the lighting design. Consequently,
one-for-one replacement may not be an option when specific light levels and uniformity
ratios are targeted. Factors such as trees and other elements on the site
may affect the lighting design. You can refer to IES resources or your local lighting
professional for assistance. Contact the International Association of Lighting
Designers and/or the IES to locate lighting professionals.
STEP 3: CONSIDER CONTROLS FOR ADDITIONAL SAVINGS
Most parking lots are lighted for 13+ hours per day; lighting controls can be used
to save energy at times of infrequent use. Parking lots are often empty during certain
periods at night; using controls to reduce the lighting during these periods
will help save energy. Consider circuiting the luminaires on the site so certain luminaires
can be either reduced in output or turned off during periods of inactivity.
For example, luminaires along the perimeter could be reduced to direct users to
park closer to the building during evening operation hours. Light levels can be
reduced by switching off every other luminaire or selecting bi-level operation as
a feature at the time of installation. To maximize energy savings potential and user
satisfaction, luminaire selection, lighting controls, and installation have to be considered
during the design phase and not as an afterthought.
STEP 4: SOLICIT BIDS After selecting the right technology for your parking lot, and
specifying the appropriate lighting systems and layout to deliver lighting quality and
quantity, a request for proposal can be prepared. (See resources at the end of this guide
for information about selecting the right technology.)
STEP 5: COST-EFFECTIVENESS Once you have pricing and cost inputs from several
sources, you can evaluate the cost-effectiveness including simple payback period,
return on investment, life-cycle cost analysis, and savings-to-investment ratio. This will
allow you to make the appropriate final decision. Free calculators and life-cycle cost
analysis tools are offered by FEMP and by various product manufacturers and utility
programs. Example cost-effectiveness calculations are provided at the end of this guide.
STEP 6: PURCHASE AND INSTALL Clearly identify required specifications and
warranties in your purchase order or contract. Most parking lot lighting systems will not
require commissioning unless controls are involved. If controls are involved, be sure to
identify who is responsible for commissioning before signing the purchase order. Lastly,
remember to file for any utility incentives within the required period of time after project
completion.
ROADWAY LIGHTINGS
There are six basic principles to consider when doing a lighting design.

1. Safety – pedestrian and driver safety. Creating a lighting level sufficient

that drivers are aware of any pedestrians and or objects near the roadway.
2. Security – providing a setting that will deter some forms of criminal
activity through the use and placement of lights.
3. Limit the amount of Light Trespass – avoiding the over lighting of
areas such as in residential neighbourhoods where the backlight
may shine on houses.
4. Environmental Responsibility – consideration should be given to the following:
Energy usage
Lighting levels – to determine the correct level of light output
required as per Transportation Association of Canada
(TAC) recommendations, which use the following criteria:
road classification
 pedestrian conflict activity
road type
calculation of lighting
Lamp type – through the use of one of four different luminaires that can
provide varied lighting patterns. These types are: Full Cutoff , Cutoff,
Semi-cutoff, and Non- cutoff
It is a SaskPower requirement to only install full cutoff
luminaires and all other types are being phased out
5. To provide uniformity and consistency in lighting designs throughout the
province while meeting the industry standard.
6. Cost – Take into account the initial capital cost of the installation as
well as long term maintenance. The cheapest cost up front may not be
the cheapest over the life of the luminaire.

2. Steps in Lighting Design Process.

The key steps in the design process are:

1. Identify the requirements
2. Determine the method of lighting
3. Select the lighting equipment
4. Calculate the lighting parameters and adjust the design as required
5. Determine the control system
6. Choice of luminaire
7. Inspect the installation upon completion

1. Identifying the requirements

This involves gaining a full understanding of what the lighting installation is intended to
achieve. This includes the following:
Task Requirements
Illuminance
Glare
Mood of the space
Relation to shape of space
Things to be emphasised
Things to hide
Direction of light
Interaction of daylight

2. Determine the method of lighting

At this stage, consideration is given to how the light is to be delivered, e.g. will it be
recessed, surface mounted, direct or indirect, or will up-lighting be used, and its
primary characteristics, e.g. will it be prismatic, low brightness or mellow light.
Consideration should be given at this stage to the use of daylight to minimise the need
for artificial light.

3. Select the lighting equipment

Once the method of lighting has been selected, the most appropriate light source can
then be chosen followed by the luminaire.

The following attributes should be studied when choosing the light source:
Light output (lumens)
Total input wattage
Efficacy (lumens per Watt)
Lifetime
Physical size
Surface brightness / glare
Colour characteristics
Electrical characteristics
Requirement for control gear
Compatibility with existing electrical system
Suitability for the operating environment

Characteristics of the light source and control gear

Luminaire efficiency (% lamp light output transmitted out of the
fixture) Light distribution
Glare control
Finish and
appearance Size
Accessibility of components for maintenance
Ability to handle adverse operating conditions
Aesthetics
Thermal management
5. Determine the control system

The effectiveness and efficiency of any lighting installation is affected as much

by the control system as by the light sources and fixtures chosen.
Give consideration to:
Providing multiple switches to control the number of lights that come on at any
one time. Using one switch to turn on all the lights in a large room is very inefficient.
Placing switches at the exits from rooms and using two-way switching
to encourage lights to be turned off when leaving the room.
Using ‘smart’ light switches and fittings which use movement sensors to turn
lights on and off automatically. These are useful in rooms used infrequently
where lights may be left on by mistake, or for the elderly and disabled.
 Using timers, daylight controls and motion sensors to switch outdoor
security lights on and off automatically. controls are particularly useful for
common areas, such as hallways, corridors and stairwells, in multi-unit housing.
Using solar powered lighting for garden and security lights.
Using dimmer controls for incandescent lights (including halogens). This can
save energy and also increase bulb life. Most standard fluorescent lamps cannot be
dimmed, but special dimmers and lamps are available. If lamps are to be dimmed it
is important to ensure that the correct equipment is used, especially when retrofitting
more energy efficient lamps.