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The Jugaad Technology (Indigenous Innovations) (A Case Study of Indian Origin)

Article · April 2011

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APJRBM Volume 2, Issue 4 (April, 2011) ISSN 2229-4104

The Journal of Sri Krishna Research & Educational Consortium

ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Internationally Indexed & Listed Referred e-Journal

THE JUGAAD TECHNOLOGY

(INDIGENOUS INNOVATIONS)
(A CASE STUDY OF INDIAN ORIGIN)

SANJEET SINGH*; GAGANDEEP SHMARMA**; MANDEEP MAHENDRU***

*BBSB Engineering College Fatehgarh Sahib

E-mail: singh.sanjeet2008@gmail.com
**BBSB Engineering College Fatehgarh Sahib
E-mail: gagan.is.sharma@gmail.com
***Gyan Jyoti Institute of Management Chandigarh
E-mail: mandip129@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

"The jugaad mindset is crucial. It's not just jargon." says Ananth Krishnan, chief
technology officer of Tata Consultancy Services. Jugaad or Indigenous
innovation is the tool not a jargon it is the basically a mindset of the innovator. In
which he used his/her skills and traits to make things in productive way. Jugaad
is the most economical way to do task or a particular work. In India there is huge
problem of employment in rural as well in urban areas jugaad is the new
opportunity to those youth who has some new ideas and they are willing to do the
work this provide self employment to the youth in their own areas or regions it
also helps in inclusive growth of the India. This study will find the scope of the

so that everyone can use these as per in Indian rural areas the scarcity is more
for employment as well as for resources. We used the case study method for the
evaluation. The cases are taken from different parts of rural India.

KEYWORDS: Jugaad, Indigenous innovation, Rural India, Patent.

___________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION economical way to do task or a particular

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
Jugaad or Indigenous innovation is the tool
not a jargon it is the basically a mindset of
the innovator. In which he used his/her
skills and traits to make things in
productive way. Jugaad is the most
work. Jugaad is mostly used in small scale
or cottage industries in India. In India
Jugaad is an Indian philosophy, but it's not
unique to India.
"The jugaad mindset is crucial. It's not just
jargon." says Ananth Krishnan, chief

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APJRBM Volume 2, Issue 4 (April, 2011)
technology officer of Tata Consultancy
Services.
Many forgein companies come to India to
for new ideas specially in the field of
information technology they set up their
branches in India they see that Indian
minds are full of new ideas. They make
close look on the Indian industries to see
new innovation or jugaad.
Jugaad is the technique to add value in the
product. Jugaad is the different way to do
job or task which may not be performed in
the present system or condition. Basically
it is brainstorming process in which many
ideas come in mind and taking them into
feasible arena weather they are practical or
not after that choosing the best alternative
solution for that problem which is
economical at that time.
In jugaad technology the innovator or
jugaadee men have to rational in the
nature. He has to thinking new ideas or
finding new paths to get the mission
completed these path are easy to use and
easy to understand and easy to apply
without much changing the current system
it is the process to manage the available
resources in a such a way that maximum
output can be generated in many of the
cases the jugadee person use the scrap
stuff things in such a way that it full fill its
all needs. Jugaad is not used in India but it
is globally accepted thing in some nations
this is might be known as innovation but in
Indian context it is called as jugaad.
In India there is huge problem of
employment in rural as well in urban areas
jugaad is the new opportunity to those
youth who has some new ideas and they
are willing to do the work this provide self
employment to the youth in their own
areas or regions it also helps in inclusive
growth of the India. Jugaad If we
ingenuity and improvisation required to
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get around, or deal with, prohibitive rules
seems to embody it. Jugaad is shortcut to
the approaches but it does not include the
in legal work it is done in the four coroner
of the law.
The concept of jugaad technology is also
related with the innovation. To understand
the jugaad properly there is a need to
understand that what is innovation?
MAHATMA GANDHI
Innovation can be defined as the
application of knowledge to create
additional value and wealth. Innovation
involves using knowledge to find new
ways to create and bring about change for
the better. This definition of innovation
has implications for the types of activities
within businesses that can be considered
innovative. First, innovation does not
necessarily involve technology and
technological knowledge. Successful
innovation can involve the use of any type
of knowledge, provided its application
results in additional value and wealth.
Second, innovation is not invention.
Innovation may not even require the
creation of new knowledge be it to the
world or to the firm. What it does require
is the inspired application of knowledge
(old or new) to create additional value.
Given this, it is problematic to equate
business innovation with business R&D
expenditure. R&D involves the creation of
new knowledge which can be an
important, but is not a necessary
component in the innovation process.
Moreover, R&D is associated only with
the creation of a specific type of
knowledge, while innovative activities can
involve the creation and use of a broader
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APJRBM Volume 2, Issue 4 (April, 2011)
range of knowledge. While R&D is an
indicator of scientific knowledge creation
it says little about how that knowledge is
applied to create value and wealth. For
instance, the potential disconnect between
expenditure on R&D and the creation of
value was highlighted in a recent global
survey of corporate R&D spending by
Booz Allen Hamilton which found no
direct relationship between R&D spending
and significant measures of corporate
success. R&D is undoubtedly an important
innovative activity in business, but the
above analysis calls into question the
usefulness of business R&D expenditure
as an indicator of total business
innovation. This point is borne out in a
number of studies that have found little
correlation between business R&D
expenditure and the level of reported
innovation within firms.
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To understand the benefits of
innovation in production.
To explore the concept and application
of jugaad technology for innovation
purposes.
To bring out suggestion for making
jugaad technology more successful in
the global production scenario.
To find out the available ways for the
patent (exclusive rights) of jugaad
technology.
3. NEED OF THE STUDY
It was clearly seems that there are so many
researches take places in every field
whether it relates to production, marketing,
human resources, fianace, these reserves
take place in the western world or in the
east of Asia(Japan) but in the south east
Asia there is no such research is done.
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Jugaad is most popular thing in India but it
has not undergone through the research
them and use for self-purpose. This study
will find the scope of the indigenous
the patent of the technology so that
everyone can use these as per in Indian
rural areas the scarcity is more for
employment as well as for resources.
In the northern region i.e. Punjab,
Haryana, there are so many villages where
the people used the jugaad as the mean of
transport or caring goods one place to the
other place. With the help of their
available resources they make the vehicle
with the help of Peter engine which is used
as the pump in the farm or in other course
of action.
In this I would explore the entire jugadee
thing in my research in the context of
Indian prospect.
There are so many research take place but
no such thing research is done in the
jugaad field.This is exploratory research in
which I explain the jugaad is new tool of
production which would add value in the
product jugaad is so much helpful to the
new entrepreneur jugaad provided new
idea of production which is economical.
4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Scope means that where this approach is
applicable the scope is jugaad in this
research is basically divided into two parts.
4.1 GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
In this study geographical means study is
done in north region of the India basically
it includes Punjab, Haryana rural area
where the people mind set is innovator
they used scrape thing into the used full
manner.
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4.2 SUCCESS MEASURE AS
INNOVATION
In this study success is measure as new
innovation it means there is no such
parameter to measure the success, but
changing to the new environment leads to
dynamic of the person which is new
innovation so success is measure as
changing in the environment or adjustment
in that system.
5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology, used for this
study, is case study method because this is
a new concept and there were not much
study or data available so the exploratory
study is the most suitable for this. I used
interview method and interviewed people
who are using the jugaad technology for
their agriculture purpose or for others as
well.
5.1 SAMPLE
The samples are taken from the rural
Punjab. The sample was taken from the
farmers or other people who are using
jugaad in one way or the other.
5.2 DATA COLLECTION
PRIMARY DATA
Primary data is that data, which is
collected for the first, time and thus
happened to be original in nature.
The primary data has been collected
through the personal interviews of the
I asked them about the story behind that
innovation and about the usefulness as
well as about the number of people or
SECONDARY DATA
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Secondary data is that data which already
been collected and passed through the
statistical process.
Published Sources such as Newspapers
and Magazines etc.
This research is based on both primary
data & secondary data. Secondary data are
used for three research purposes. First,
they till a need for a specific reference or
citation on some point perhaps in a
research proposal, to demonstrate why the
proposed research fills a void in the
knowledge base. Research typically calls
for early exploration to learn if the past
can contribute to the present study. Data
from secondary sources to help you decide
what further research needs to be done and
can be a rich source of hypotheses.
Secondly, Secondary data are an integral
part of a larger research study or of a
research report to justify having bypassed
the costs and benefits of doing primary
research. Finally, secondary data may be
used as the sole basis for a research study,
since in many research situations one
cannot conduct primary research because
of physical, legal, or cost influences
Retrospective research often requires the
use of published data.
5.3 DATA ANALYSIS
In this study only the text tool is applied
for the data analysis. Text tool is applied
on the case study method this research
study is also a case study on the jugaad
technology so no such type of test can be
conducted on this research study.
This research is done by the method of
case study, in this I have consider many
case where the jugaad technology is used
for the value addiction or to solve the
problem in the economical way. In this
study I have to consider only those cases
which are relevant to the jugaad
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technology or indeed the jugaad
technology works in it.
6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Not much research has been done on
Jugaad technology or indigenous
innovation. There are only some work
done by the Universities and researchers in
the same context.
Prasad Kaipa, a former manager at
Apple's (AAPL) in-house training
university, uses jugaad in the courses he's
teaching at Hyderabad's Indian School of
Business. The University of Michigan's
Ross School of Business, where high
profile Indian-born professor C.K.
Prahalad teaches, has opened a research
office near Infosys' headquarters in India
so faculty members can observe how
Indian software companies come up with
ideas. McKinsey consultants have begun
talking up jugaad principles with clients,
too. Jugaad has been a colloquialism for
decades throughout India. Sandeep Vij,
vice-president and general manager of
Cisco Systems in Bangalore who heads a
new unit that makes energy-monitoring
systems, says a good example is an Indian
villager who constructs a vehicle to
transport goats and cattle by turning an
irrigation hand pump into a makeshift
diesel engine for a wooden cart. Its
application also can be seen in Tata
Motors' (TTM) much-hyped Nano, a bare-
bones subcompact car that the Indian
company sells for the equivalent of $2,500
to so-called bottom-of-the-pyramid
consumers who had been priced out of the
auto market. "At Tata Group, we're used to
thinking like this," says Ananth Krishnan,
chief technology officer of Tata
Consultancy Services. "The Jugaad
mindset is crucial. It's not just jargon."
U.S. companies are starting to put jugaad
into practice. At Best Buy's headquarters,
in Richfield, Minn., Kalendu Patel, the
retailer's executive vice-president for
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emerging business, is holding Jugaad
workshops to help store personnel and
managers come up with new products or
services that could be added easily and
inexpensively to generate more sales per
store. Among the ideas: home health-care
equipment. Top executives at Cisco, which
opened what the San Jose (Calif.)
company calls a second global
headquarters in Bangalore in 2007, are
importing the Indian mindset as they meld
teams of U.S. engineers with Indian
supervisors. "The innovation agenda in
India is affordability and scale," says Wim
Elfrink, Cisco's chief globalization officer,
who moved from San Jose to Bangalore in
2007. "People are masters of managing
costs down, but not creativity. If Indian
engineers find out an executive has an
MBA, they will say, 'Unlearn, and
observe.' " The effort is beginning to show
up in the marketplace. Last January, Cisco
acquired Richards-Zeta Building
Intelligence, a 21-year-old company whose
software measures a building's energy
usage through wall sensors and displays it
via the Web. Although Richards-Zeta still
is headquartered in Goleta, Calif., it has
been managed from Bangalore, where
Cisco's emerging technologies group
researches real estate and energy-related
software. The Bangalore staff approaches
its work with a different set of assumptions
than Americans typically do: that power
supplies are unreliable and that demand is
surging as urban populations expand.
Sensing a broader market for the Richards-
Zeta technology, the Indian-led teams
have, in just a few months, come up with
products such as software that allows
companies to monitor energy consumption
across all buildings on a campus or even
internationally. Clients include Google
which is using the program at its Mountain
View (Calif.) headquarters, and data-
storage company Net App, which uses it at
all its properties, from Sunnyvale, Calif.,
to Amsterdam. Other Jugaad proponents
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such as Kaipa of the Indian School of
Business say companies are adopting
Indiastyle innovation without even
knowing it. The ex-Apple researcher
points out that the iPhone maker is a
champ at repurposing existing ideas and
technologies in simple ways which enables
it to reduce R&D outlays and produce
high-margin products. "Jugaad is an Indian
philosophy, but it's not unique to India,"
Kaipa says. "Companies in all parts of the
world can learn from it and make it work
for them, too."
7. THE CASES AND
INTERPRETATION
In this chapter I discuss the jugaad
technology with the help of various case
study along with the picture of product in
which the jugaad is applied. How the value
can be added by using the jugaad
technology in the production.
7.1 JUGGAD IN THE AGRICULTURE
MOTORBIKE TO SPRAY
PESTICIDE IN THE FARM
A farmer shows with his motorbike to spry
pesticide in the farm.
In the upper image Cleary shows that a
farmer sprays pesticides with the help of
the motorbike. This is displayed at the
exhibition at farmer mela.
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FEATURE OF THIS JUGAAD.
(a) Cover more area in less time.
(b) Economical in use.
(c) No harm to health.
(d) Easy to drive in the farm.
(e) Ideal for medium or small
farm those are in 1acre to 5
acre.
(f) Benefits in cash crops.
(g) No need to refill.
HOW ITS WORKS?
In this type there is no need to buy
anything new from the market just to
manage the current item in proper way. In
above it Cleary shows that using the power
of motorbike engine run the pump and
create the air pressure in the tank in which
the pesticide kept due to the air pressure it
releases from the nozzle those are behind
the rider it very easy to set the set and
easy to remove from the bike for other
purpose.
It easy to drive in the small space of the
farm, it cover maximum area in the
minimum time only one person can make
all the farm pest free in his one shift. There
is no need to refill the spry pump in the
tradition way only the 25 to 35 liters of
drug is carried but in this way capacity is
increased by 4times now without any
problem one man can carry 125liters to
150 liters of drug which save the time as
well as the it leads to proper mixing of
consternation with the water.
It also helpful in the health of the farmer,
in the village most of the people fall to ill
and many of them died due to inhaul the
pesticide along the breath. With the use of
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this jugaad of spray the person not spent
much time in that infected area he just
passes out in quick time.
It is also economical to use only one
person can spry whole the field in single
shift without the help of other. It save the
cost of the farmer which is spent on labour
used to spry the pesticide.
In case of cash crop where the number of
times of spry is used it ideal for those
farmer.
TOOL USED TO PULL OUT THE
GRASS OUT OF THE PADDY
This is used in the west Bengal region
where the main crop is paddy the phases a
problem how to pull out grass from the
paddy field rather to use the pesticide in
the farm because the most of the framer
are below the poverty line so the hardly
manage the seeds to cultivate the farm. So
they make a comb type tool to pull out the
grass from the field.
They make this by modification in the tool
which is used in dairy farming, this is
commonly known as digging purposes it is
very easy to use and there is no maintained
cost.
7.2 JUGAAD AS
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
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Dharamvir (46), who once used to pull a
rickshaw in New Delhi, spent four days at
Rashtrapati Bhawan last week. The
middle-aged farmer from Damla was one
of the 36 innovators from rural India who
were hosted by Rashtrapati Bhawan at the
National Grassroots Innovation Exhibition
held for the first time on its sprawling
campus.
As a rickshaw-puller, Dharamvir found the
going tough in New Delhi and returned
home in 1987. However, he had only two
acres and a little more. He started growing
Aloe Vera, but had no money to buy even
a manual extractor to squeeze out the
juice. Extracting the juice manually was
expensive and time consuming.
The determined farmer resolved to jig a
machine for his own use. After several
years of hard work, he came up with a
low-cost multi-processing unit, which
works as a juicer, grinder, mixer, steamer
and boiler, besides performing other tasks.
-processing machine can crush
and extract juice or oil from herbs, fruits
of course his first visit to Rashtrapati
Bhawan, where the innovators were
treated as special guests. Overwhelmed
after his visit to the Mughal Gardens and a
meeting with President Pratibha Patil and
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her husband Devisingh Patil, Dharamvir is
even more elated at the response his
machine received at the exhibition.
Devisingh Patil and Delhi Chief Minister
Sheila Dikshit evinced keen interest in the
unit and wanted to buy a few of these
machines. He even received orders for
supplying his machines to several other
countries, including Kenya. While he
admits to earn Rs 60,000 to Rs 80,000
every month, he has provided employment
to 30 women in his village, who help him
grow strawberry, Aloe Vera, mushroom
and several fruits.
The plantation and juice processing keep
them busy while Dharamvir spends time in
fine-tuning his machine.
JUGAAD ON WHEELS
manufactured from discarded parts of
tractors, cars, and in one case, aircraft
tires. It runs on a 5 horse power diesel
engine and it costs under Rs. 10,000 (US
$225). But it adequately serves the purpose
for which it was built. It takes produce
from the farm to the market. It drops
children to school. It transports old people
around the village. The fare is about Rs. 2
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(5 cents) and can vary depending on the
local transport system for farmers. It was
conceived to meet a transportation need.
n
Haryana because automobile companies
protested to the government. Madhya
Pradesh also banned it, but the ban was
ignored after many people complained.
The lobbying for the bans was
spearheaded by auto makers on the pretext
of safety. That is a difficult argument to
5 miles per hour.
that no luxury automobile can claim
there is no individual inventor! Moreover,
because it is made from waste materials, it
is good for the environment. Technology
must be accessible and controllable. When
technology becomes too big, and is not
subject to democratic and social controls,
it leads to a lot of corruption. One of the
greatest technology needs of urban India is
non-polluting public transport that can
create millions of jobs.
JUGAAD IN THREE WHEELS
This type is most popular in sub urban area
where the first part of motorbike is used as
engine and rest or rear part is the caring
trolley it can easily carried five to six
person and load up to 1000kg. it solve the
two main issue of the villager one is the
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pickup truck and public transport it is not JUGAAD ON SCOOTER

band yet because it has engine number and
registration vehicle number. Because its
first part is motorbike which full fill the all
the obligation.
It cost to 10,000 to 15,000Rs. But in same
way they are customized product which
means there prices can be vary to product
and feature.

SUGARCANE JUICE EXTRACTOR

IN MOVING TROLLEY
In the summer season this the common
seen in the north region a sugarcane
extractor is everywhere but now there is
change in that change is that it can run up
to the speed of 15km per hour and it is
easily to drive on the road and it can also
carries the load which included sugarcane
and other products it full fill the all the
requirement of the juice vender.
In this jugaad a peter engine is used which
done all the jobs like run the trolley and
also run the juice extractor as well it
consumes 5litrs diesel per day which
means that it is very economical it is also
certified by the MCD (municipal
corporation) it is made of some scrap
product it include parts of cycle and also
some part of the motorbike it easily drive
on the roads of city as well as on rural
areas also. By using this jugaad a person
can easily go to the good point where the
sale can be improved, person can easily
earn up to the Rs.300 to 350 per day.
In the above a juice extractor or oil seed
extractor is fitted on the scooter. This rear
seen in the normal day. In this the rear seat
of the scooter is removed and a extractor is
fitted on the back seat this is easily carried
to one place to another it is run by the
power of scooter engine and the speed is
controlled by the race of the scooter. The
idea was generated when a person sold his
old scooter to a scrap dealer in between a
person also sold a juice extractor to him.
On a mean while a person came and
bought both the things and makes them
into the value addiction. The wheel of the
juice extractor is connected by a belt with
the scooter engine from where it received
the kenotic energy and comes in function.
7.4 JUGAAD AS SHED
This type of shed is made of empty tin of
ghee. These are most common in the north
west area of the India this type of shed is
made up of couple of empty tin they joined
by the wire or same type of stuff where the

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empty tin are avail in the scrap it are used
for these type of sheds it provide cool
shadow in the days of June and July.
It is based on the significance theory that
the hot air goes upward the empty tin
contain hot air and rest of the area is filled
with the cold air. These shads are also very
durable in the life of use these are mostly
seen in the Rajasthan area where the
people are not above the poverty line they
collect the tin tin the scrap and make them
into the productive way. This is the basic
rule of jugaad is adding the value in the
non productive things.
8. FINDINGS & CONCLUSION
Jugaad is not new tool in the production,
it is not explored or defined by the user
who use it first it is just used for his own,
benefits and end at his own home. Jugaad
is the economical way of production and
used for value addiction in the production
line.
8.1 FINDINGS
Jugaad is very much beneficiary as
well as economic. People who are
using jugaad save a huge money by
this so that they are earning more profit
than the others.
Jugaad is basically the mindset of the
jugadee (innovator) and it is the
customized technology, which means it
is different from place to place.
Basically jugaad is the mixture of art
and science because it has no fixed
rules but it needs some technical
knowhow for taking its benefits. It is
an art in the sense it is used in different
situation according to the condition of
the job in this part Jugadee person uses
his own traits and skills of the person.
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There is a need that we commercialize
need of government initiative as well
as there is a need that the innovators
will not just use the innovations for
themselves but provide those
techniques for the well-being of the
society as well. There is a requirement
from the government that they identify
this kind of work and provide them
sufficient funds as well as
infrastructure as well because in the
country like India the jugaad will be
very beneficiary as well as effective.
8.2 BENEFITS OF MARKETING
JUGAAD
In the case study of jugaad as vehicle the
cost of that vehicle is so cheaper that it
comes in the Rs.10,000. Because it made
from the scrap of tractor parts or old diesel
engine parts. In the market there is huge
demand of this product which can easily
come in the lower level of income people.
In the most of the villages where single
shopkeeper provide all the products such
as food items, departmental product e.tc.
To full fill that demand he used to go
nearby towns or city from where he buys
that product. Mostly these people used
scooter or bicycle as the medium of the
transport or a loading vehicle. If the jugaad
vehicle is marketed to those people who
came in just ten thousand rupees they
surely bought those vehicle.
If we consider the case of TATA Ace, or
TATA Nano car these product are made to
fill the gap in the market of lower income
people. But these products are still very
costly to those Indian who are using the
bicycle. Or dreamed about ht motorbike,
jugaad fill the gap of the market.
LOW COST OF MAINTENANCE
Jugaad is the low maintenance vehicle
because it has no such complication in the
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APJRBM Volume 2, Issue 4 (April, 2011)
operating laymen can understand all the
function of the vehicle it is made up of
peter engine which is used a pump in the
farm. If there is any troubleshoot arises the
owner or the user can easily rectified that
problem.
JUGAAD AS THE MEDIUM OF
TRANSPORT
In rural India most of parts are facing the
problem of transport facility for their daily
use or in case of medical help to the
villagers all the vans are costly but he
Jugaad can the solution of their problem
which have the capacity to fit more than 8
to 10 person in one time and the
consumption is fuel is also very low and
the cost is also very cheap. It can be easily
purchased by the Panchat of the village.
8.3 CONCLUSION
According to the study the only thing is
matter is the will power of the innovator or
the Jugadde person. It is art of manage
things in a way, so that the maximum
output can be obtained.
Demand is unlimited, but sources are
scare, choosing that option which provides
CHOOSING THE BEST ONE IS THE
JUGAAD
Jugaad is the basically the mindset of the
jugadee (innovator) and it is the
customized technology means it is
different from place to place. Basically
jugaad is the mixture of art and science
because it has no fixed rules and but it
needs some technical knowhow for take its
benefits. Art in the sense it is used in
different situation according to the
condition of the job in this part Jugadee
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ISSN 2229-4104
person use its own traits and skills of the
person.
Jugaad is the tool not a jargon it is the
basically a mindset of the innovator. In
which he used his/her skills and traits to
make things in productive way. Jugaad is
the most economical way to do task or a
particular work. Jugaad is mostly used in
small scale or cottage industries in India.
In India Jugaad is an Indian philosophy,
but it's not unique to India.
Jugaad is the technique to add value in the
product. Jugaad is the different way to do
job or task which may not be performed in
the present system or condition. Basically
it is brainstorming process in which many
ideas come in mind and taking them into
feasible arena weather they are practical or
not after that choosing the best alternative
solution for that problem which is
economical at that time.
In jugaad technology the innovator or
jugadee men have to rational in the nature.
He has to thinking new ideas or finding
new paths to get the mission completed
these path are easy to use and easy to
understand and easy to apply without
much changing the current system it is the
process to manage the available resources
in a such a way that maximum output can
be generated in many of the cases the
jugadee person use the scrap stuff things in
such a way that it full fill its all needs.
Jugaad is not used in India but it is
globally accepted thing in some nations
this is might be known as innovation but in
Indian context it is called as jugaad.
9. REFERENCES
Bhavan, U. (2006), The National Strategy
, New Delhi National
Manufacturing Competitiveness.
Chandler, A.D. (1990), Scale and Scope:
the dynamics of Industrial Capitalism,
Harvard University Press.
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