DEMONSTRATION ON URINE ANALYSIS

 Name of the student :- Miss Rani tarannum khan

 Name of the guide :- Mrs aline nitin
 Topic :- Urine analysis
 Group :- Bsc nsg 1st year
 Venue :- Index hospital
 Date :- 23/09/2013
 Time :- 11 am
 A.V Aids :- Charts
 Methods of Teaching :- Lecture cum demonstration
 Previous Knowledge :- They have no knowledge about urinary analysis.
 General Objectives :- At the end of the lecture, the group will acquire the knowledge about the urine analysis.
 Specific Objectives:- At the end of lecture , the group will be able to :-

Define urine analysis.

Explain the purposes of urine analysis.
Describe the principles used in urine analysis.
Enlist the equipment used in urine analysis.
Explain the common urine tests.
Discuss the scientific principles used in urine analysis.
S.NO SPECIFIC TIME CONTENT TEACHING/ A.V. AIDS EVALUATION
OBJECTIVES LEARNING
ACTIVITY
1. To give INTRODUCTION:- Urinalysis or analysis of urine is important as Lecture cum Do you know
introduction disturbances of normal physiological functions which are often related to discussion chart about the urine
about urine the urine. Analysis of the urine can provide important clues as soon as analysis?
analysis. going on else where in the body and thus aid in diagnosis. It can also arise
in the monitoring of the disease process and efficacy of treatment.

2. To tell about the DEFINITION;- Urine analysis is the bacteriologic or chemical chart
definition of urine examination of urine. Lecture What is the
analysis. definition of
Urine analysis?
3. To tell about the PURPOSES;- 1. To collect a specimen of body discharge or excreta for
purposes of urine examination. Lecture cum chart
analysis. 2. To aid the doctors to diagnose and provide a guide for treatment. questionnaire
3. To test for any reaction.
4. To test for pregnancy.
5. to check and measure the specific gravity of urine.
6. To check abnormal condition of urine.
7. To confirm the certain diagnosis.

4. To describe the PRINCIPLES;- Chart

principles of 1. All equipments must be clean. Lecture &
urine analysis. 2. Use cleanest table for sugar test, if available. discussion
3. Make second test when there is any doubt.
4. Most of the nitrogen wastes of cellular metabolism are eliminated What are the
by the kidney. principles
5. The larger preparation of the body weight in children is composed applied in urine
of fluids. analysis?

6. The lining of the urinary tract consists of a continous layer of

mucous membrane.
7. Loss of voluntary controls over voiding is a serious threat to an
individual self-esteem.
 EQUIPMENT;-
S.NO EQUIPMENTS/ RATIONALES
5. Enlist the ARTICLES
equipments of 1 Test tubes To test urine Discussion Chart What are the
urine analysis. 2. Test tube holder To hold test tube equipments used
3. Spirit lamp To heat test tube in urine
4. Match box analysis?
5. Kidney tray with lining To discard wastes.
6. Duster or rag piece To wipe the outside of test tube
before heating
7. Aceitic acid To test albumin
8. Nitric acid and h2so4 To test for albumin
9. Red and blue litmus paper To test the reaction of urine
10. Urinometer To measure the specific gravity
11. Benedicts solution To test urine for sugar
12. Sodium nitrospuside crystals To test urine for acetone.
13. Sulphur powder To test for bile salt
14. A glass jar To measure the amount of urine
15. Pippets To measure the drop of urine
16. A small bottle brush/ test To clean the test tube
tube brush

COMMON URINE TESTS;-

 Test for albumin
@ hot test
@ cold test
 Test for sugar.
@ benedicts tests
 Test for bile salts.
 Test for bile pigments

TEST FOR ALBUMIN;-

 Hot test;- Fill the fourth of a test tube with urine, see that the reaction is
acidic, if found alkaline, add one drop of aceitic acid and make it acidic. Lecture cum Enlist the
6. Heat the upper third of urine over the spirit lamp and allow it to boil. A demonstration common types
Describe the cloud may appear either due to phosphate or albumin. Add aceitic acid used in urine
common tests. drop by drop into the test tube. If the urine still remains cloudy, it analysis?
indicates the presence of albumin, if it becomes clear, it indicates the
presence of phophates.
Cold test;- Pour a small quantity of nitric acid or sulpho-salic acid 3%
into a clear test tube. Allow equal quantity of urine to trickle down the Demonstration
slides of the test tube. If albumin is present, a white phophate will be seen
were two fluids meet. Discard the urine and clean the test tube.

TEST FOR SUGAR;-

Benedict solution;- Take 5 ml of Benedict solution in a test tube. Boil it
over the spirit lamp, holding the test tube away from your face. If there is
no colour change, add 8 drops of urine with a pipette into the test tube and
shake it well. Boil it again. Remove the test tube and allow it to cool. The
result may be recorded accordingly to the colour as blue, green, yellow,
orange and red.
Blue liquid with no deposition ----------- absence of sugar.
Green liquid without deposition ---------approxmately 1% sugar.

Green liquid with yellow deposition-----approxmately 2 % sugar.

Colourless liquid with orange deposition—approx. 3% sugar.
Brick red ------ 5% or above.

TEST FOR ACETONE;-

Rothera’s test:- Take 2 cm depth of ammonium sulphate crystals in a
small test tube and equal volume of urine and one crystal of sodium
nitropruside. Close the test tube with cork and shake the test tube. Take
liquor ammonia and add it to the urine, trickling through the sides. Read
the result immediately.
 If acetone is present, a permagnate purple coloured ring is formed at the
junction of urine and ammonia. Discard the urine and clean the articles.
TEST FOR BILE SALTS:-
HEY’S TEST;- Take a test tube, half full of urine sprinkle powder on the
surface of the urine. If the powder sinks down to the test tube, it indicate
the presence of bile salts.

TEST FOR BILR PIGMENTS

Smith’s test:- fill ¾ of a test tube with urine. Add iodine drops along the
sides of the test tube, so as to form a layer on the surface of the urine. A
green colour at the junction of the two liquids indicates the presence of
bile pigments. Discard the urine and clean the test tubes.
Lecture cum
demonstration

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES:-
Anatomy & Physiology:-
7.
1. The kidney extent from the level of the last thoraxic vertebrae to
To describe the
the third lumber vertebrae.
scientific Charts What are the
2. The right kidney is smaller than left kidney.
principles applied scientific
3. the outer border of kidney is convex and inner border is concave ,
in urine analysis. principles
it is called hilum.
applied in urine
4. Blood vessels enter and leave the kidney through hilum.
analysis?
5. Kidney is surrounded by an outer fibro as capsule.
6. Each kidney weigh is about 150 gms.
7. Kidneys regulate the PH of blood.
8. Kidneys main function is regulation formation excretion of urine.
Micro Biology:-
1. Use sterile or clean technique while taking specimen.
2. If there is infection, it affects the continuity of the urinaty tract
mucous membrane.
3. Handwashing is important before and after the procedure.
Pharmacology;-
1. Drugs which increase the flow of urine is called diuretics.
2. Drug which decrease the flow of urine is called anti diuretics.
 Physics:- Pascular principles states that an increase in the presence of any
protein of a continued liquid is transmitted undiminished to all cases of
the liquid. If large quantity of urine is collected in the bladder causes pain
also.
Chemistry;- Urine is normally yellowish pale or amber in colour . reaction lecture
of the normal urine is slightly acidic and its PH is below 7. Specific
gravity of urine varies from 1.016 to 1.025.

SUMMARY;- Urine analysis has been discussed as an essential activity

8. of the body closely related to preventing the body’s homeostasis
To summarize the condition. Urine analysis is necessary in various conditions. Common
topic tests for urine analysis are test foe acetone, test for sugar, test for bile, & Charts Summarize the
pigments. Strict aseptic technique must be used during urine analysis. topic.
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