Lecture # 4 &5

Differential Equations:
First order and first degree D.E.
(Variable Separation)

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 First order first degree D.E.
A differential equation of the form M(x , y)dy + N(x , y)dx = 0
dy f1(x,y)
or = is called a first order and first degree
dx f2(x,y)
differential equation. For example -
dy 1+ y 2
= is a first order and first degree D.E
dx 1+ x
2

To solve this kind of differential equation, first we have to separate

the variables and after integrating we will find its solution.

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 First order first degree D.E.
Problem : Solve the differential equations
dy 1+ y 2
(a) = (b) sec 2
x tan ydx + sec 2
y tan x dy
dx 1+ x 2

dy ⎛ 2 dy ⎞
(c) y − x = a ⎜ y + ⎟ (d) (e y +1)cosxdx + e y sin x dy = 0
dx ⎝ dx ⎠

Solution: (a) Given that

dy 1+ y 2
=
dx 1+ x 2

⇒(1+ x 2
)dy = (1+ y 2
)dx
Separating the variables, we get
dy dx
2
= 2
30/9/20 1+ y 1+ x 3
 First order first degree D.E.

Integrating both sides, we get

1 1 −1 −1
∫ 2
dy = ∫ 2
dx ⇒ tan y = tan x + c
1+ y 1+ x

⇒
tan −1
y − tan −1
x = tan −1
A ⎡ tan −1 A = c = cons tant ⎤
⎣ ⎦

y−x
−1 y−x
⇒ tan = tan −1 A ⇒ =A
1+ xy 1+ xy

⇒ y − x = A(1+ xy) (Ans.)

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (b): Given that
sec 2
x tan ydx + sec 2
y tan x dy = 0
⇒
sec x 2
tan ydx = −sec y tan x dy2

Separating the variables, we get

sec2 x sec2 y
dx = − dy
tan x tan y
Integrating both sides, we get
sec2 x sec2 y
∫ tan x dx = − ∫ tan y dy

'
log tan x = −log tan y + c f (x)
[∵ ∫ dx = log f (x)]
f (x)
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 First order first degree D.E.

⇒ log tan x + log tan y = log A

⇒ log(tan x tan y)= log A

⇒ tan x tan y = A (Ans)

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (c):
Given that
dy ⎛ 2 dy ⎞
y − x = a ⎜ y + ⎟
dx ⎝ dx ⎠

dy dy
⇒ y−x = ay + a
2

dx dx
dy dy
⇒ y − ay = x2
+a
dx dx
dy
⇒ y(1− ay) = (x + a)
dx
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 First order first degree D.E.

⇒ y(1− ay)dx = (x + a)dy

Separating the variables, we get
dx dy
=
x + a y(1− ay)

dx ⎛ 1 a ⎞ dx ⎛ 1 −a ⎞
⇒ =⎜ + ⎟ dy ⇒ =⎜ − ⎟ dy
x + a ⎝ y 1− ay ⎠ x + a ⎝ y 1− ay ⎠

Integrating both sides, we get f '(x)
[∵ ∫ dx = log f (x)]
log(x + a)+ c = log y − log(1− ay) f (x)

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 First order first degree D.E.

log(x + a)+ log A = log y − log(1+ ay)

y
⇒ log A(x + a)= log
1+ ay

y
⇒ A(x + a)= (Ans.)
1+ ay

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (d):
Given that
(e y
+1)cosxdx + e y
sin x dy = 0
⇒
(e y
+1)cosxdx = −e y
sin x dy
Separating the variables, we get
cos x ey
dx = − dy
sin x 1+ e y

Integrating both sides, we get f '(x)

[∵ ∫ dx = log f (x)]
logsin
x = −log(1+ e y
)+ c f (x)

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 First order first degree D.E.

⇒ logsin x = −log(1+ e )+ log A

y

A
⇒ logsin x = log y
1+ e

A
⇒ sin x = y
(Ans.)
1+ e

Home Task: From Page 7 (attached .pdf in BLC)

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 First order first degree D.E.
Art.: Equations Reducible to the form in which
variables are separable.
dy
If an D.E. equation is of the form = f (ax + by + c) then
dx
we let, ax + by + c = v
dy dv dy 1 ⎛ dv ⎞
∴ a + b = i.e. = ⎜ − a⎟ to separate the variables
dx dx dx b ⎝ dx ⎠

Solve the following D.Es:
dy 2 dy
(a) = (4x + y +1) (b) (x - y) = a2
2

dx dx
2 dy dy
(c)(x + y) = a (d) = sin(x + y)+ cos(x + y)
2

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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (a): Given that

dy
= (4x + y +1) ...........(1)
2

dx
Let 4x + y +1 = v then
dy dv
4+ =
dx dx
dy dv
⇒ = −4
dx dx
Now from (1), we get
dv dv
− 4 = v 2 ⇒ = v2 + 4
dx
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 First order first degree D.E.
dv
= (v 2
+ 4)dx
Now separating the variables, we get
dv
⇒ 2 = dx
v +4
Now integrating both sides, we get
1
∫ 2 2 dv = ∫ dx
v +2
1 −1 v 1 1 −1 x
⇒ tan = x + c ∫ 2 2 dx = tan
2 2 x +a a a
1 −1 4x + y +1
⇒ tan = x + c (Ans.)
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 First order first degree D.E.
Solution (b): Given that
dy
2
(x - y) = a ...........(1)
2

dx
Let x - y = v
dy dv dy dv
Then, 1- = ⇒ = 1−
dx dx dx dx
Now from (1), we get
⎛ dv ⎞
v ⎜ 1− ⎟ = a2
2

⎝ dx ⎠

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 First order first degree D.E.
dv a2
⇒ 1 − = 2
dx v

dv a2 dv v 2 − a2
⇒ = 1− 2 ⇒ =
dx v dx v 2

⇒
v 2
dv = (v 2
− a2
)dx
Now, separating the variables, we get
v2
2 2 dv = dx
v −a
(v 2 − a2 )+ a2 ⎛ a2 ⎞
⇒ dv = dx ⇒ ⎜ 1+ 2 2 ⎟ dv = dx
v −a
2 2 ⎝ v −a ⎠

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 First order first degree D.E.
⎛ a2 ⎞
⇒ ⎜ 1+ 2 2 ⎟ dv = dx
⎝ v −a ⎠

Integrating both sides, we get
⎛ a2 ⎞
∫ ⎜ 1+ 2 2⎟
dv = ∫ dx
⎝ v −a ⎠

1 v −a ⎡ 1 1 x −a⎤
⇒v +a 2
log = x +c ⎢∵ ∫ 2 2 dx = log ⎥
v +a x +a⎦
⎣ x −a
2a 2a

a x − y −a a x − y −a
⇒ x − y + log = x +c ⇒ − y + log =c
2 x − y +a 2 x − y +a

a x − y −a
⇒ y − log =A
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2 x − y +a 17