EMAT 251: Materials Science

Mechanics of Materials
(Chapter 6)

1
 Mechanics of Materials

Topics:

• Stress and strain

• Elastic deformation

• Plastic deformation

2
 Common States of Stress
Ski lift
-
• tension
cable
F F

• Torsion
M

drive shaft

3
 Common States of Stress
• Compression

4
 Elastic Deformation
Fixed End

bonds returns
stretch
-
. a
.
to

. .
.

initial
-
.
.
. state

O
∆𝑙
1. Initial )

3. Unload
F
2. Apply Force

Hast .
'

c ( linear )

F
µ
∆𝑙
5
 Stress (𝜎)

Force
A0 = original area Stress =

Area
before loading
as
←
e
-

T =

y tone ;]
[ Pa ,kR,MR Gpa psi ,hsi]
, ,

Note : Pa
-

-
Yui

6
Stress (σ) can be positive or negative

Negative Stress

Positive Stress C compression )

( Tension )

7
 Strain (ϵ)
cha-sein6us#
Strain =

original length

×
find le Sth
-
original length
I I

He I
E
=
=
lo lo

I
original
length

"

"
strain
report percent
Sometimes we

0.01 strain
strain
=
I !/ .

8
Strain (ϵ) can be positive or negative

9
Shear Stress (τ)

Shear Force
[N, lbf]

𝐹
𝜏=
𝐴0

Shear Stress
Original shear area
[Pa, MPa, GPa, psi, ksi]
[mm2, m2, in2, ft2 ]
Note: N/m2 = Pa

Shear strain (γ ): γ = tan θ

[unitless]

10
 Stress-Strain Testing
Tensile test machine Tensile test specimen

(measures force)

extensometer specimen

• How does this machine work?

• What data does it give you? Force and Strain (ϵ)
• Then what can you calculate? Stress (σ) = Force/Area
11
 Tensile stress-strain behavior for a steel alloy
𝜎

𝜖
12
If a stress of 300 MPa is applied, what is the resulting strain? € .
- 0.0015

𝜖
13
What stress is required to produce 0.1% strain? C- -
O It =
G. 001 f- 200hPa
⇒
.
-
.

𝜖
14
 Young’s Modulus (E) (Modulus of elasticity)
Measure of stiffness

of the stress strain curve

E = slope of the elastic

-

region
.

" ⇒

I
.

C-
.

s q
How does E relate to the [ gpa] witless
𝜎

stress-strain graph?

15
 What does Young’s Modulus (E) mean?

•
𝜎

• •

𝜖
Steel is roughly 3 tins more stiff

than
aluminum .

16
Table 6.1 in textbook (both 8th and 9th Ed.)

17
Example Problem: Copper in Tension

Given F. nd : Sl Lockup

lo 305am 110,000 Mpa

Ecoppir-HOS.PL#MPa=
gpa
Ti 276hPa

E -

-
I ⇒
E = IT =
7,7%1%7=0 .
oozsy

tb
€ = 0.00251 =
SI =

3051mm

t.no?-65#

18
 Plastic (Permanent) Deformation
Fixed End

bonds
stretch
bonds
stretch & planes
“slip”

1. Initial
∆𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐
∆𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐+𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 0
∆𝑙𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐

F
2. Apply Force 4. Unload
F
3. Apply More Force plastic

Plastic deformation
F
is
permanent

∆𝑙
∆𝑙𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 19
 Plastic (Permanent) Deformation

• Tensile test:

Plastic
deformation
Stress

Elastic
initially
Remove Load:
Elastic Recovery

ϵp Strain

plastic Iper t )

20
“Yielding”: Transition from Elastic to Plastic Deformation

At what stress did yielding occur?

Need to zoom in!

21
“Yielding”: Transition from Elastic to Plastic Deformation

Yield shush
go

. Draw a
line with the

E but
same slope as ,

offset O .
002 strain .

'

When we intersect the

draw a line
curve
,

to the left to find

M the Yield Stenseth

22
 Neck forms

£
Tensile Stash

← . .

Stress

Fracture
←

Strain
Tensile strength is a maximum on a
stress - strain e -
we

23
Stress-strain curve for a brass specimen

j
Struth -
250hPa
Yield
-

Tensile Strength = 450hPa

TS •

Modulus of
Elasticity

:÷÷÷
÷
:*
y
.

, '
. @

24
Which “strength” is used for design purposes? (e.g. designing a bridge)
The Yield Stems th

Tensile Strength

Yield Strength
Stress

Strain

25
 New Yield
- -
-
-
.

- - .
- .
.

strength

Original
Yield
strength

Test 1 Test 2

Reapply
Load

E -7 stays the same

Ty -7 Increased

26
Ductility: measure of plastic deformation before fracture

Brittle Ductile
Fracture Fracture

27
 Before Test / After Test
Two ways to quantify Ductility:
-

Lengths
-
Cross - Sectional Ama

For a
cylinder
FDI
A =

4
𝐴𝑜
𝑙𝑓
𝐴𝑓
.

𝑙𝑜 -
-

28
 Ductility: measure of plastic deformation at fracture
Can be expressed quantitatively in two ways:

! Elongation
=µ) . 100
𝑙0 Ao
Af 𝑙𝑓

I Red
f-o-a.tt) too
'

.
i - - .

29
 Ductility: measure of plastic deformation at fracture
After
Test
Before Test
What is A for a cylindrical sample?

A -

FYI
𝐴𝑜
𝑙𝑓
𝑙𝑜 𝐴𝑓

30
 Ductility: measure of plastic deformation at fracture

smaller / El smaller I RA )
Brittle I Brittle Ductile
'
.

Fracture Fracture

Ductile
stress ( larger f El i t .

RAJ

strain

Brittle materials have f- Elongation

less than 5-I .

31
 Temperature Effects: Fe in Tension

÷
increasing
Te - P

As temperature increases, ductility __________

:
yield strength (σy) ___________
tensile strength (TS) __________
modulus of elasticity (E) __________
is constant

32
 Safety Factors
Why do we need Safety Factors?
• Uncertainties in applied loads
• Uncertainties in material properties
• Imperfections or Damage 𝜎𝑦
Therefore, we use Safety Factor (N) to reduce the risk of failure

I
f- Forking

Twohig I
TI
N

𝜎𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔
8 N 7
Bridges 5 -

Buildings 8N4 -
-
-

Autos : 3

2.0
: 1.5
Airplanes
-

33
 Another Mechanical Property: Hardness
• Resistance to localized plastic deformation (e.g. small dent or scratch).

known
Apply a

force
e.g.,
Me . the
10 mm sphere
✓
.

D d

Brasses, Common Cutting Nitrided

Al alloys steels tools steels

Increasing Hardness

34
 Hardness Measurements
• Rockwell Hardness Tests:
– Most common method
– Automated

– Each scale runs from 0-130

– e.g. “80 HRB” means:
“a Rockwell hardness of 80 on the B scale”
35
Hardness Measurements

36
 Vickers Microhardness Testing

Diamond pyramid indenter Indentation in case-hardened steel after

a Vickers test.

37
Different
Hardness
Scales

38
For testing
thin specimens:

39
Correlation between Hardness and Tensile Strength

HIB
Strength lurk )
=3 .
45 .

Tensile

= 40