Why star delta starter is preferred with induction motor?

Star delta starter is preferred with induction motor due to following reasons:
• Starting current is reduced 3-4 times of the direct current due to which voltage drops and hence
it causes less losses.
• Star delta starter circuit comes in circuit first during starting of motor, which reduces voltage 3
times, that is why current also reduces up to 3 times and hence less motor burning is caused.
• In addition, starting torque is increased and it prevents the damage of motor winding.

State the difference between generator and alternator

Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. Both have the same principle of electromagnetic induction, the only difference is that
their construction. Generator persists stationary magnetic field and rotating conductor which rolls
on the armature with slip rings and brushes riding against each other, hence it converts the
induced emf into dc current for external load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and
rotating magnetic field for high voltages but for low voltage output rotating armature and
stationary magnetic field is used.

Why AC systems are preferred over DC systems?

Due to following reasons, AC systems are preferred over DC systems:

a. It is easy to maintain and change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission and
distribution.
b. Plant cost for AC transmission (circuit breakers, transformers etc) is much lower than the
equivalent DC transmission
c. From power stations, AC is produced so it is better to use AC then DC instead of converting it.
d. When a large fault occurs in a network, it is easier to interrupt in an AC system, as the sine
wave current will naturally tend to zero at some point making the current easier to interrupt.

How can you relate power engineering with electrical engineering?

Power engineering is a sub division of electrical engineering. It deals with generation,

transmission and distribution of energy in electrical form. Design of all power equipments also
comes under power engineering. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of
the power grid i.e. called on grid systems and they might work on off grid systems that are not
connected to the system.

What are the various kind of cables used for transmission?

Cables, which are used for transmitting power, can be categorized in three forms:
• Low-tension cables, which can transmit voltage upto 1000 volts.
• High-tension cables can transmit voltage upto 23000 volts.
• Super tension cables can transmit voltage 66 kV to 132 kV.
Why back emf used for a dc motor? highlight its significance.

The induced emf developed when the rotating conductors of the armature between the poles of
magnet, in a DC motor, cut the magnetic flux, opposes the current flowing through the
conductor, when the armature rotates, is called back emf. Its value depends upon the speed of
rotation of the armature conductors. In starting, the value of back emf is zero.

What is slip in an induction motor?

Slip can be defined as the difference between the flux speed (Ns) and the rotor speed (N). Speed
of the rotor of an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. It is usually
expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed (Ns) and represented by the symbol ‘S’.

Explain the application of storage batteries.

Storage batteries are used for various purposes, some of the applications are mentioned below:

• For the operation of protective devices and for emergency lighting at generating stations and
substations.
• For starting, ignition and lighting of automobiles, aircrafts etc.
• For lighting on steam and diesel railways trains.
• As a supply power source in telephone exchange, laboratories and broad casting stations.
• For emergency lighting at hospitals, banks, rural areas where electricity supplies are not
possible.

9. Explain advantages of storage batteries

Few advantages of storage batteries are mentioned below:

• Most efficient form of storing energy portably.
• Stored energy is available immediately because there is no lag of time for delivering the stored
energy.
• Reliable source for supply of energy.
• The energy can be drawn at a fairly constant rate.

10. What are the different methods for the starting of a synchronous motor.

Starting methods: Synchronous motor can be started by the following two methods:
• By means of an auxiliary motor: The rotor of a synchronous motor is rotated by auxiliary
motor. Then rotor poles are excited due to which the rotor field is locked with the stator-
revolving field and continuous rotation is obtained.
• By providing damper winding: Here, bar conductors are embedded in the outer periphery of the
rotor poles and are short-circuited with the short-circuiting rings at both sides. The machine is
started as a squirrel cage induction motor first. When it picks up speed, excitation is given to the
rotor and the rotor starts rotating continuously as the rotor field is locked with stator revolving
field.

11. Name the types of motors used in vacuum cleaners, phonographic appliances, vending
machines, refrigerators, rolling mills, lathes, power factor improvement and cranes.

Following motors are used: -

• Vacuum cleaners- Universal motor.
• Phonographic appliances – Hysteresis motor.
• Vending machines – Shaded pole motor.
• Refrigerators – Capacitor split phase motors.
• Rolling mills – Cumulative motors.
• Lathes – DC shunt motors.
• Power factor improvement – Synchronous motors.

12. State Thevenin’s Theorem:

According to thevenin’s theorem, the current flowing through a load resistance 

Connected across any two terminals of a linear active bilateral network is the ratio open circuit
voltage (i.e. the voltage across the two terminals when RL is removed) and sum of load
resistance and internal resistance of the network. It is given by Voc / (Ri + RL).

13. State Norton’s Theorem

The Norton’s theorem explains the fact that there are two terminals and they are as follows:
• One is terminal active network containing voltage sources 
• Another is the resistance that is viewed from the output terminals. The output terminals are
equivalent to the constant source of current and it allows giving the parallel resistance. 
The Norton’s theorem also explains about the constant current that is equal to the current of the
short circuit placed across the terminals. The parallel resistance of the network can be viewed
from the open circuit terminals when all the voltage and current sources are removed and
replaced by the internal resistance.

14. State Maximum power transfer theorem

The Maximum power transfer theorem explains about the load that a resistance will extract from
the network. This includes the maximum power from the network and in this case the load
resistance is being is equal to the resistance of the network and it also allows the resistance to be
equal to the resistance of the network. This resistance can be viewed by the output terminals and
the energy sources can be removed by leaving the internal resistance behind.

15. Explain different losses in a transformer.

There are two types of losses occurring in transformer:

• Constant losses or Iron losses: The losses that occur in the core are known as core losses or iron
losses. Two types of iron losses are:
o eddy current loss 
o Hysteresis loss. 
These losses depend upon the supply voltage, frequency, core material and its construction. As
long as supply voltage and frequency is constant, these losses remain the same whether the
transformer is loaded or not. These are also known as constant losses.
• Variable losses or copper losses: when the transformer is loaded, current flows in primary and
secondary windings, there is loss of electrical energy due to the resistance of the primary
winding, and secondary winding and they are called variable losses. These losses depend upon
the loading conditions of the transformers. Therefore, these losses are also called as variable
losses.

16. Explain different types of D.C motors? Give their applications

Different type of DC motors and their applications are as follows:-

• Shunt motors: It has a constant speed though its starting torque is not very high. Therefore, it is
suitable for constant speed drive, where high starting torque is not required such as pumps,
blowers, fan, lathe machines, tools, belt or chain conveyor etc.
• Service motors: It has high starting torque & its speed is inversely proportional to the loading
conditions i.e. when lightly loaded, the speed is high and when heavily loaded, it is low.
Therefore, motor is used in lifts, cranes, traction work, coal loader and coal cutter in coalmines
etc.
• Compound motors: It also has high starting torque and variable speed. Its advantage is, it can
run at NIL loads without any danger. This motor will therefore find its application in loads
having high inertia load or requiring high intermittent torque such as elevators, conveyor, rolling
mill, planes, presses, shears and punches, coal cutter and winding machines etc.

17. Explain the process of commutation in a dc machine. Explain what are inter-poles and why
they are required in a dc machine.

Commutation: It is phenomenon when an armature coil moves under the influence of one pole-
pair; it carries constant current in one direction. As the coil moves into the influence of the next
pole- pair, the current in it must reverse. This reversal of current in a coil is called commutation.
Several coils undergo commutation simultaneously. The reversal of current is opposed by the
static coil emf and therefore must be aided in some fashion for smooth current reversal, which
otherwise would result in sparking at the brushes. The aiding emf is dynamically induced into the
coils undergoing commutation by means of compoles or interpoles, which are series excited by
the armature current. These are located in the interpolar region of the main poles and therefore
influence the armature coils only when these undergo commutation.

18. Comment on the working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer.

Working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer can be explained as

An AC supply passes through the primary winding, a current will start flowing in the primary
winding. As a result, the flux is set. This flux is linked with primary and secondary windings.
Hence, voltage is induced in both the windings. Now, when the load is connected to the
secondary side, the current will start flowing in the load in the secondary winding, resulting in
the flow of additional current in the secondary winding. Hence, according to Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction, emf will be induced in both the windings. The voltage induced in the
primary winding is due to its self inductance and known as self induced emf and according to
Lenze’s law it will oppose the cause i.e. supply voltage hence called as back emf. The voltage
induced in secondary coil is known as mutually induced voltage. Hence, transformer works on
the principle of electromagnetic induction.

19. Define the following terms:-

• Reliability,
• Maximum demand,
• Reserve-generating capacity, 
• Availability (operational).

Reliability: It is the capacity of the power system to serve all power demands without failure
over long periods.
Maximum Demand: It is maximum load demand required in a power station during a given
period.
Reserve generating capacity: Extra generation capacity installed to meet the need of scheduled
downtimes for preventive maintenance is called reserve-generating capacity.
Availability: As the percentage of the time a unit is available to produce power whether needed
by the system or not.

20. Mention the disadvantages of low power factor? How can it be improved?

Disadvantages of low power factor:

• Line losses are 1.57 times unity power factor.
• Larger generators and transformers are required.
• Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop, hence extra regulation equipment is
required to keep voltage drop within prescribed limits.
• Greater conductor size: To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at fixed voltage, the
conductors will have to carry more current at low power factor. This requires a large conductor
size.

21. State the methods of improving power factor?

Methods of improving power factor:

• By connecting static capacitors in parallel with the load operating at lagging power factor. 
• A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over excited and therefore behaves like a
capacitor.
• By using phase advancers to improve the power factor of induction motors. It provides exciting
ampere turns to the rotor circuit of the motor. By providing more ampere-turns than required, the
induction motor can be made to operate on leading power factor like an overexcited synchronous
motor.

22. State the factors, for the choice of electrical system for an aero turbine.
The choice of electrical system for an aero turbine is guided by three factors:
• Type of electrical output: dc, variable- frequency ac, and constant- frequency ac.
• Aero turbine rotational speed: constant speed with variable blade pitch, nearly constant speed
with simpler pitch- changing mechanism or variable speed with fixed pitch blades.
• Utilization of electrical energy output: in conjunction with battery or other form of storage, or
interconnection with power grid.

23. What are the advantages of VSCF wind electrical system?

Advantages of VSCF wind electrical system are:

• No complex pitch changing mechanism is needed.
• Aero turbine always operates at maximum efficiency point.
• Extra energy in the high wind speed region of the speed – duration curve can be extracted
• Significant reduction in aerodynamic stresses, which are associated with constant – speed
operation.

24. Explain the terms real power, apparent power and reactive power for ac circuits and also the
units used.

• Real Power: It is the product of voltage, current and power factor i.e. P = V I cos j and basic
unit of real power is watt. i.e. Expressed as W or kW.
• Apparent power: It is the product of voltage and current. Apparent power = V I and basic unit
of apparent power is volt- ampere. Expressed as VA or KVA.
• Reactive Power: It is the product of voltage, current and sine of angle between the voltage and
current i.e. Reactive power = voltage X current X sinj or Reactive power = V I sin j and has no
other unit but expressed in VAR or KVAR.

25. Define the following: Average demand, Maximum demand, Demand factor, Load factor.

• Average Demand: the average power requirement during some specified period of time of
considerable duration is called the average demand of installation.
• Maximum Demand: The maximum demand of an installation is defined as the greatest of all
the demand, which have occurred during a given period. It is measured accordingly to
specifications, over a prescribed time interval during a certain period.
• Demand Factor: It is defined as the ratio of actual maximum demand made by the load to the
rating of the connected load.
• Load Factor: It is defined as the ratio of the average power to the maximum demand.

26. Explain forward resistance, static resistance and dynamic resistance of a pn junction diode.

• Forward Resistance: Resistance offered in a diode circuit, when it is forward biased, is called
forward-resistance. 
• DC or Static Resistance: DC resistance can be explained as the ratio of the dc-voltage across
the diode to the direct current flowing through it. 
• AC or Dynamic Resistance: It can be defined as the reciprocal of the slope of the forward
characteristic of the diode. It is the resistance offered by a diode to the changing forward current.
27. How does Zener phenomenon differ from Avalanche breakdown?

The phenomenon when the depletion region expands and the potential barrier increases leading
to a very high electric field across the junction, due to which suddenly the reverse current
increases under a very high reverse voltage is called Zener effect. Zener-breakdown or
Avalanche breakdown may occur independently or both of these may occur simultaneously.
Diode junctions that breakdown below 5v are caused by Zener Effect. Junctions that experience
breakdown above 5v are caused by avalanche-effect. The Zener-breakdown occurs in heavily
doped junctions, which produce narrow depletion layers. The avalanche breakdown occurs in
lightly doped junctions, which produce wide depletion layers.

28. Compare JFET’s and MOSFET’s.

Comparison of JFET’s and MOSFET’s:

• JFET’s can only be operated in the depletion mode whereas MOSFET’s can be operated in
either depletion or in enhancement mode. In a JFET, if the gate is forward-biased, excess-carrier
injunction occurs and the gate-current is substantial.
• MOSFET’s have input impedance much higher than that of JFET’s. Thus is due to negligible
small leakage current.
• JFET’s have characteristic curves more flat than that of MOSFET is indicating a higher drain
resistance.
• When JFET is operated with a reverse-bias on the junction, the gate-current IG is larger than it
would be in a comparable MOSFET.

30. Explain thin film resistors and wire-wound resistors

a. Thin film resistors- It is constructed as a thin film of resistive material is deposited on an

insulating substrate. Desired results are obtained by either trimming the layer thickness or by
cutting helical grooves of suitable pitch along its length. During this process, the value of the
resistance is monitored closely and cutting of grooves is stopped as soon as the desired value of
resistance is obtained.
b. Wire wound resistors – length of wire wound around an insulating cylindrical core are known
as wire wound resistors. These wires are made of materials such as Constantan and Manganin
because of their high resistivity, and low temperature coefficients. The complete wire wound
resistor is coated with an insulating material such as baked enamel

31. What is a differential amplifier? Also, explain CMRR.

Differential Amplifier: The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage difference between
two input-lines neither of which is grounded, is called differential amplifier. This reduces the
amount of noise injected into the amplifier, because any noise appearing simultaneously on both
the input-terminals as the amplifying circuitry rejects it being a common mode signal.
CMRR: It can be defined as the ratio of differential voltage-gain to common made voltage gain.
If a differential amplifier is perfect, CMRR would be infinite because in that case common mode
voltage gain would be zero.
 1. How grounding is different than earthings?
2. What is diversity factor in electric installations?
3. Explain Marx circuit.
4. Why human body feel electric shock?
5. What is the principal of motor?
6. What is power factor?
7. Should power factor be low or high?
8. Difference between field rheostat and armature rheostat.
9. Why field rheostat is kept in minimum position? 
10. Why armature rheostat is kept in maximum position?
11. What is meant by derating factor?
12. What is stiffness factor?
13. What is the dependency of stiffness on load angle??
14. What is 100% protection of generator? Why 100% is not used but 95% is generally
used?
15. What is the difference between a Verilog task and Verilog function?
16. What is the unit of magnetic flux density?
17. Why increase in current leads to increase in conductor temperature?
18. How can a equal potential zone be carried out in conductors?
19. What is essential to prove safe isolation of electrical circuit?
20. What is the ratio of true power to apparent power in an AC circuit?
21. What is power relay?
22. Differentiate between power relay and reverse power relay.
23. What is the suitable transmission voltage?
24. What is the maximum operating temperature for a thermoplastic insulated cable?
25. Explain the working of variable frequency transformer?
26. Which oil can be used in transformer?
27. What is excitation in case of DC motor?
28. Why is the starting current high in DC motor?
29. What is rotary phase converter?
30. Differentiate between digital phase converter and ordinary phase converter.
31. What is knee point voltage?
32. List the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor?
33. Which type of transformer is used for lighting loads?
34. What is star-delta transformer?

1. Question 1. What Is The General System Requirements Of Alternator?

Answer :
For the generation of emf, there should be two basic systems.
 o magnetic field system to produce the magnetic field
o Armature system which houses the conductors on which the EMF is to
be induced.
2. Question 2. Will The Alternators Have Rotating Armature System Or Stationary
Armature System?
Answer :
Generally in alternators, the armature is stationary and the field rotates. Small low-
voltage alternators often have a rotating armature and a stationary field winding.But
in large alternators rotating armature field type is used.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Questions

3. Question 3. What Are The Advantages Of Stationary Armature And Rotating
Field System?
Answer :
o The stationary armature coils can be insulated easily.
o Higher peripheral speed can be achieved in the rotor.
o Cooling of the winding is more efficient.
o Only two slip rings are required to give DC supply to the field system
o Output current can be easily supplied to the load circuit. Slip-rings and
brushes are not necessary.
4. Question 4. What Is Meant By Stator? What Is Meant By Rotor?
Answer :
In any electrical machine ( AC/DC motor or generator) the stationary member is
called as stator. Similarly in all machines the rotating member is known as rotor.

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5. Question 5. What Are The Advantages Of Three Phase Motor Over Single
Phase Motor?
Answer :
Three phase motors are having
o Higher starting torques
o Improved speed regulation
o Less vibration
o Quieter operation
compared to the single phase motors.

Electrical Engineering Interview Questions

6. Question 6. What Is Basic Principle Of Operation Of Alternators/dc
Generators?
Answer :
 They are working on the fundamental principle based on Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction.
This law states that, When a current carrying conductor moves in magnetic field, it
induces an EMF.
7. Question 7. How To Minimize The Eddy Current Losses?
Answer :
When the core is laminated and insulated from each other with paper or varnish the
eddy current loss is minimized.

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8. Question 8. What Is Meant By Turbo Alternators?
Answer :
Turbo alternators are high speed alternators. Because of high speed of rotation, the
rotor diameter is reduced and the axial length is increased. Two or four poles are
generally used and steam turbines are used as prime movers.
9. Question 9. What Are The Various Types Of Rotors Used In The Alternators?
Answer :
o Salient pole rotor
o Non- salient pole rotor and Cylindrical rotor
Control Systems-Electrical Engineering Interview Questions
10. Question 10. Define Pole Pitch?
Answer :
The distance between the centres of two adjacent poles is called pole pitch. One pole
pitch is equals to 180 electrical degrees. It is also defined as the number of slots per
pole.
11. Question 11. Define Coil Span?
Answer :
The distance between the two coil sides of a coil is called as coil span. It may be
expressed in electrical degrees or in number of slots.

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12. Question 12. What Is Meant By Full Pitched Winding?
Answer :
If the coil span is equal to pole pitch, the winding is called as full pitched winding.

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13. Question 13. What Is Meant By Short Pitched Winding?
Answer :
 If the coil span is less than the pole pitch, the winding is called as shot-pitched
winding. It is also known as short-chorded winding.
14. Question 14. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Short-pitched
Winding?
Answer :
The advantages are:
o They save copper for end connections
o They improve the waveform of the generated EMF.
o The generated EMF can be made to approximate to a sine wave more
easily and the distorting harmonics can be reduced.
The disadvantages are:
o The total voltage around the coils is some what reduced. Because the
voltage induced in the two coil sides are slightly out of phase.
o Question 15. Why Is The Efficiency Of A Three-phase Induction Motor Is
Less Than That Of A Three-phase Transformer?
Answer :
Three phase Induction motor is nothing but a rotating transformer.
o Due to rotating nature, there are friction and windage losses associated
with it.
o On the other hand, the three-phase transformer is a static device, thus
there are no rotational losses.
o Thus the efficiency of three-phase induction motor is less than that of a
three-phase transformer.
Electrical Power System Interview Questions
o Question 16. Why The Air Gap Between The Pole Pieces And The
Armature Is Kept Very Small?
Answer :
o The air gap between the pole pieces and the armature is kept very small
to keep the field strength at its highest value.
o This is due to the reason the flux lines can pass through iron very easily
than the air gap.
o The small air gap generates high voltage.
o Larger the air gap means stronger must be the magnetising force to
produce the required voltage hence the air gap is kept very small.
o Question 17. Why Does Curving The Pole Faces In A Dc Machines
Contributes To A Smoother Dc Output Voltage From It?
Answer :
For having smoother output voltage from DC machines its commutation must be as
ideal as possible.
 In order to have good commutation the flux density in the air gap must decrease
gradually from maximum value under the centre of the pole to zero on.
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o Question 18. The Series Field Winding Has Low Resistance While The
Stunt Field Winding Has High Resistance. Why?
Answer :
The series filed winding is always connected in series with the armature and thus has
to carry the armature current which directly gets decided by the load.
Thus the current passing through series field winding is of high level.
The voltage drop across series field winding gets added to the voltage drop across
armature winding while deciding the back emf. This voltage drop must be very small.
Hence as the current through series field winding is high, in order to keep voltage
drop across it to a small value, its resistance is very low.
On the other hand, the shunt field winding is directly connected across the rated
supply voltage hence to limit current through it, resistance is very high.

Electrical Engineering Interview Questions

o Question 19. What Are The Conditions To Be Satisfied For Parallel
Operation Of Dc Generators?
Answer :
o The polarities of the generators must be same or the connections must
be interchanged till they become same.
o The voltages of both the generators must be equal.
o The change of voltage with change of load should be of same character.
o The prime movers driving the generators should have stable and similar
rotational speed characteristics.
o The positive and negative terminals of generators must be connected
properly to the positive and negative of busbar.
o Question 20. What Are The Major Parts Of The Dc Generators?
Answer :
o Yoke Poles
o Field winding
o Armature
o Armature winding
o Commutator brushes
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o Question 21. What Is A Commutator?
 Answer :
The commutator is a device which converts alternating induced emf in a generator to
DC emf. In case of motor it produces unidirectional torque.
o Question 22. What Is Meant By Reactance Voltage?
Answer :
o An armature coil has certain self inductance.
o When coil undergoes commutation, there is change in current (di) in that
coil and the commutation takes certain time(dt).
o Thus there is self-induced emf in a coil undergoing commutation given
by L(di/dt).
o This EMF induced in the coil undergoing commutation is called
reactance voltage.
o Question 23. What Is Electric Motors?
Answer :
An electric motor is an electrochemical device that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic
field and current carrying conductors to generate force.

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o Question 24. On What Principle Electric Motor Works?
Answer :
The Motor Principle: when a current-carrying conductor is located in an external
magnetic field perpendicular to the conductor, the conductor experiences a force
perpendicular to itself and to the external magnetic field.The physical principle
behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a
magnetic field.
The right-hand rule for force on a conductor can be used to determine the direction
of the force experienced on the conductor.

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o Question 25. How Many Types Of Electric Motors Are There?
Answer :
Mainly there are two types of electric motors:
o AC motors
o DC motors
o Question 26. What Is Ac Motor?
Answer :
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). It commonly
consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with
 alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached
to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.
o Question 27. What Is Dc Motors?
Answer :
A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct
current (DC). The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore so is its
current. The current in the rotor is switched by the commutator to also be stationary
in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is
maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque.

Control Systems-Electrical Engineering Interview Questions

o Question 28. What Are The Applications Of Electric Motor?
Answer :
Electric motors applications are: industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools,
household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, record players.
o Question 29. What Is Universal Motor?
Answer :
A series-wound motor is known as a universal motor when it has been designed to
operate on either AC or DC power. It operate well on AC because the current in both
the field and the armature (and hence the resultant magnetic fields) will alternate in
synchronism and hence, the resulting mechanical force will occur in a constant
direction of rotation.
o Question 30. What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ac, Dc
Motors?
Answer :
Advantages of AC Motors:
o Low cost,
o long life,
o high efficiency,
o large ratings available (to 1 MW or more),
o large number of standardized types.
Disadvantages of AC Motors:
o Starting inrush current can be high,
o speed control requires variable frequency source.
Advantages of DC Motors:
o Precision positioning,
o High holding torque,
o Long lifespan,
o Low maintenance,
 o High efficiency
Disadvantages of DC Motors:
o Some can be costly,
o Require a controller,
o Higher initial cost,
o Requires a controller.

1. Question 1. What Do You Mean By Zone Of Protection?

Answer :
The protection is organized to provide a ring of security around each and every
element of power system. If there is any fault associated within the ring the relays
associated with it must trip all the allied circuit breakers so as to remove any faulty
element from rest of the power system. This ring of security is called ‘Zone of
protection’.
2. Question 2. What Are Internal And External Faults?
Answer :
Faults that occur within the zone are termed as Internal Faults and that occur outside
the zone of protection are termed as external faults (can also be called as through
faults).

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3. Question 3. What Do You Mean By Reach And Reach Point Of The Relay?
Answer :
The farthest point from the relay which is still inside the zone of protection is called
reach point and the distance between relay and reach point is called reach.
4. Question 4. Why Does The Adjacent Zones Of Protection Overlap?
Answer :
If the adjacent zones do not overlap there will be some portion of the power system
which is left out unprotected.

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5. Question 5. How Do You Select The Pickup Value Of A Relay?
Answer :
The relay should allow normal load as well as a certain degree of overload to be
supplied. So the pickup value of the relay should be more than maximum load. At the
same time, the relay should be sensitive enough to respond to the smallest fault. So,
pickup value should be less than the smallest fault current.

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6. Question 6. How To Set The Operating Time Of The Relay?
Answer :
Naturally when a fault occurs it is sensed by both the primary and backup protection.
As the operating time of primary relay is less than that of the backup relay, it will
operate first. There will be an overshoot time (due to moment of inertia of moving
relay system).
Consider a primary relay A having operating time of 0.1 sec. Assume circuit breaker
operating time as 0.5 sec and overshoot time as 0.4 sec. Now the operating time of
backup relay B will be 0.1+0.5+0.4= 1 sec.
7. Question 7. Explain The Operating Principle Of Dtoc And Idmt Relays?
Answer :
A Definite time over current relay (DTOC) can be adjusted to trip out at a definite
amount of time, after it picks up. It has a time adjustment setting and pickup setting.
The operating principle of IDMT relay is based on the idea that more severe a fault is,
the faster it should be cleared to avoid damage to apparatus.

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8. Question 8. When Will You Go For Idmt And Dtoc Relays?
Answer :
o Though IDMT relays offer significant improvement in fault clearing times
over DTOC relays, DTOC relays have their own advantage.
o Consider a system where .
o Since the fault current as a function of fault location is proportional to , it
would remain more or less constant throughout the length of feeder.
Therefore, the IDMT relay will not be of much help. So DTOC relays can be
used for lines which are short in length.
9. Question 9. When Are The Directional Relays Used?
Answer :
Directional relays are used mainly in single end fed system of parallel feeders, ring
main feeder system etc.

Control Systems-Electrical Engineering Interview Questions

10. Question 10. What Is Difference Between Fuse And Breaker?
Answer :
Fuses are burned at the time of over current flows in the circuit but breakers are just
open (not burn) at the time of over current flow. Fuses are used in only one time but
breakers are used by multiple number of times.
11. Question 11. What Is Different Between Resistance Grounding System And
Resistance Earthing System?
 Answer :
Resistance grounding system means connecting the neutral point of the load to the
ground to carry the residual current in case of unbalanced conditions through the
neutral to the ground whereas resistance earthing system is done in an electric
equipment in order to protect he equipment in occurrence of fault in the system.

Linear integrated circuit Interview Questions

12. Question 12. What Is The Power Station?
Answer :
Power Station is a place where Power is Generated and Transmitted , eg. Thermal
power station, Hydel power station, Nuclear power station etc.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Questions

13. Question 13. What Is Slack Bus ?
Answer :
Slack Bus is the responsible for the delivering losses in the power system. in this bus
the magnitude of voltage and phase angle are specified. This bus is first to respond
to a changing load condition.
14. Question 14. What Is Critical Disruptive Voltage?
Answer :
The minimum voltage at which the breakdown of the insulating properties of air
occurs and corona start is called D C V .
15. Question 15. How Many Types Of Fault Occurs In The 3p Power System ?
Answer :
Faults in the 3 P system can be classified under the following :-
o single line to ground (LG) fault
o line to line (LL) fault
o Double line to ground (LLG) fault 
o Three Phase short circuit (LLL) fault
o Three phase to ground (LLLG) fault
Switchgear Interview Questions
16. Question 16. How Many Methods Uses For The Load Flow Solution ?
Answer :
o Gauss-seidel method using Ybus
o Newton- Raphson method (NR)
o Power flow through line and slack bus power
o Decouple load flow method
o Fast Decouple load flow method.
o Question 17. What Is Skin Effect ?
Answer :
When the AC passed through the conductor the density of the current is not uniform
over the cross-section of the conductor, the density of the current is very high near
the surface of the conductor and very low at middle this effect is called skin effect.
this effect is only in the ac.

Control Systems Interview Questions

o Question 18. What Is The Bundle Conductor And Why Is Used ?
Answer :
A bundle conductor consists of two more parallel subconductors at a spacing of
several diameters.this is use to reduce the corona and skin effect.

1. Question 1. What Are The Functions Of Protective Relays?

Answer :To detect the fault and initiate the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate
the defective element from the rest of the system, thereby protecting the system
from damages consequent to the fault.
2. Question 2. Give The Consequences Of Short Circuit?
Answer :
Whenever a short-circuit occurs, the current flowing through the coil increases to an
enormous value. If protective relays are present , a heavy current also flows through
the relay coil, causing it to operate by closing its contacts.The trip circuit is then
closed , the circuit breaker opens and the fault is isolated from the rest of the
system. Also, a low voltage may be created which may damage systems connected
to the supply.

Electronics and Communications Engineering Interview Questions

3. Question 3. Define Protected Zone?
Answer :
Are those which are directly protected by a protective system such as relays, fuses or
switchgears.If a fault occurring in a zone can be immediately detected and or
isolated by a protection scheme dedicated to that particular zone.
4. Question 4. What Are Unit System And Non Unit System?
Answer :
A unit protective system is one in which only faults occurring within its protected
zone are isolated.Faults occurring elsewhere in the system have no influence on the
operation of a unit system.A non unit system is a protective system which is
activated even when the faults are external to its protected zone.
5. Question 5. What Is Primary Protection?
 Answer :
Is the protection in which the fault occurring in a line will be cleared by its own relay
and circuit breaker.It serves as the first line of defence.

Electronic Circuits Interview Questions

6. Question 6. What Is Back Up Protection?
Answer :
Is the second line of defence , which operates if the primary protection fails to
activate within a definite time delay.
7. Question 7. Name The Different Kinds Of Over Current Relays?
Answer :
Induction type non-directional over current relay,Induction type directional over
current relay & current differential relay.

Electrical Engineering Interview Questions

8. Question 8. Define Energizing Quantity?
Answer :
It refers to the current or voltage which is used to activate the relay into operation.
9. Question 9. Define Operating Time Of A Relay?
Answer :
It is defined as the time period extended from the occurrence of the fault through the
relay detecting the fault to the operation of the relay.

Electronic Communications Interview Questions

10. Question 10. Define Resetting Time Of A Relay?
Answer :
It is defined as the time taken by the relay from the instant of isolating the fault to the
moment when the fault is removed and the relay can be reset.
11. Question 11. What Are Over And Under Current Relays?
Answer :
Overcurrent relays are those that operate when the current in a line exceeds a
predetermined value. (eg: Induction type non-directional/directional overcurrent relay,
differential overcurrent relay)whereas undercurrent relays are those which operate
whenever the current in a circuit/line drops below a predetermined value.(eg:
differential over-voltage relay)

ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION Engineering Interview Questions

12. Question 12. Mention Any Two Applications Of Differential Relay?
Answer :
 Protection of generator & generator transformer unit; protection of large motors and
busbars .

Electronics and Communications Engineering Interview Questions

13. Question 13. What Is Biased Differential Bus Zone Reduction?
Answer :
The biased beam relay is designed to respond to the differential current in terms of
its fractional relation to the current flowing through the protected zone. It is
essentially an over-current balanced beam relay type with an additional restraining
coil. The restraining coil produces a bias force in the opposite direction to the
operating force.
14. Question 14. What Is The Need Of Relay Coordination?
Answer :
The operation of a relay should be fast and selective, ie, it should isolate the fault in
the shortest possible time causing minimum disturbance to the system. Also, if a
relay fails to operate, there should be sufficiently quick backup protection so that the
rest of the system is protected. By coordinating relays, faults can always be isolated
quickly without serious disturbance to the rest of the system.
15. Question 15. Mention The Short Comings Of Merz Price Scheme Of Protection
Applied To A Power Transformer?
Answer :
In a power transformer, currents in the primary and secondary are to be compared.
As these two currents are usually different, the use of identical transformers will give
differential current, and operate the relay under no-load condition. Also, there is
usually a phase difference between the primary and secondary currents of three
phase transformers. Even CT’s of proper turn-ratio are used, the differential current
may flow through the relay under normal condition.

Electrical Machines Interview Questions

16. Question 16. What Are The Various Faults To Which A Turbo Alternator Is
Likely To Be Subjected? failure Of Steam Supply; Failure Of Speed; Overcurrent;
Over Voltage; Unbalanced
Answer :
loading; stator winding fault 
17. Question 17. What Is An Under Frequency Relay?
Answer :
An under frequency relay is one which operates when the frequency of the system
(usually an alternator or transformer) falls below a certain value.
 Electronic Devices and Circuits Interview Questions
18. Question 18. Define The Term Pilot With Reference To Power Line Protection.
Answer :
Pilot wires refers to the wires that connect the CT’s placed at the ends of a power
transmission line as part of its protection scheme. The resistance of the pilot wires is
usually less than 500 ohms.

Electronic Circuits Interview Questions

19. Question 19. Mention Any Two Disadvantage Of Carrier Current Scheme For
Transmission Line Only.
Answer :
The program time (ie, the time taken by the carrier to reach the other end-upto .1%
mile); the response time of band pass filter; capacitance phase-shift of the
transmission line .
20. Question 20. What Are The Features Of Directional Relay?
Answer :
High speed operation; high sensitivity; ability to operate at low voltages; adequate
short-time thermal ratio; burden must not be excessive.

Electrical Power System Interview Questions

21. Question 21. What Are The Main Types Of Stator Winding Faults?
Answer :
Fault between phase and ground; fault between phases and inter-turn fault involving
turns of the same phase winding.
22. Question 22. Give The Limitations Of Merz Price Protection?
Answer :
Since neutral earthing resistances are often used to protect circuit from earth-fault
currents, it becomes impossible to protect the whole of a star-connected alternator.
If an earth-fault occurs near the neutral point, the voltage may be insufficient to
operate the relay. Also it is extremely difficult to find two identical CT’s. In addition to
this, there always an inherent phase difference between the primary and the
secondary quantities and a possibility of current through the relay even when there is
no fault.
23. Question 23. What Are The Uses Of Buchholz’s Relay?
Answer :
Bucholz relay is used to give an alarm in case of incipient( slow-developing) faults in
the transformer and to connect the transformer from the supply in the event of
 severe internal faults. It is usually used in oil immersion transformers with a rating
over 750KVA.
24. Question 24. Why Neutral Resistor Is Added Between Neutral And Earth Of An
Alternator?
Answer :
In order to limit the flow of current through neutral and earth a resistor is introduced
between them.

Electrical Engineering Interview Questions

25. Question 25. What Is The Backup Protection Available For An Alternator?
Overcurrent And Earth Fault Protection Is The Backup Protections. What Are Faults
Associated With An Alternator?
Answer :
External fault or through fault
Internal fault
1. Short circuit in transformer winding and connection
2.Incipient or slow developing faults
26. Question 26. What Are The Main Safety Devices Available With Transformer?
Answer :
Oil level guage, sudden pressure delay, oil temperature indicator, winding
temperature indicator .
27. Question 27. What Are The Limitations Of Buchholz Relay?
Answer :
Only fault below the oil level are detected.
Mercury switch setting should be very accurate, otherwise even for vibration, there
can be a false operation.
The relay is of slow operating type, which is unsatisfactory.

Electronic Communications Interview Questions

28. Question 28. What Are The Problems Arising In Differential Protection In
Power Transformer And How Are They Overcome?
Answer :
Difference in lengths of pilot wires on either sides of the relay. This is overcome by
connecting adjustable resistors to pilot wires to get equipotential points on the pilot
wires.
Difference in CT ratio error difference at high values of short circuit currents that
makes the relay to operate even for external or through faults. This is overcome by
introducing bias coil.
 Tap changing alters the ratio of voltage and currents between HV and LV sides and
the relay will sense this and act. Bias coil will solve this.
Magnetizing inrush current appears wherever a transformer is energized on its
primary side producing harmonics. No current will be seen by the secondary. CT’s as
there is no load in the circuit. This difference in current will actuate the differential
relay. A harmonic restraining unit is added to the relay which will block it when the
transformer is energized.
29. Question 29. What Is Ref Relay?
Answer :
It is restricted earth fault relay. When the fault occurs very near to the neutral point of
the transformer, the voltage available to drive the earth circuit is very small, which
may not be sufficient to activate the relay, unless the relay is set for a very low
current. Hence the zone of protection in the winding of the transformer is restricted
to cover only around 85%. Hence the relay is called REF relay.
30. Question 30. What Is Over Fluxing Protection In Transformer?
Answer :
If the turns ratio of the transformer is more than 1:1, there will be higher core loss
and the capability of the transformer to withstand this is limited to a few minutes
only. This phenomenon is called over fluxing.
31. Question 31. Why Busbar Protection Is Needed?
Answer :
Fault level at busbar is high.
The stability of the system is affected by the faults in the bus zone.
A fault in the bus bar causes interruption of supply to a large portion of the system
network.
32. Question 32. What Are The Merits Of Carrier Current Protection?
Answer :
Fast operation, auto re-closing possible, easy discrimination of simultaneous faults .
33. Question 33. What Are The Errors In Ct?
Answer :
Ratio error
Percentage ratio error = [(Nominal ratio – Actual ratio)/Actual ratio] x 100 The value
of transformation ratio is not equal to the turns ratio.
Phase angle error:
Phase angle       =180/π[(ImCos δ-I1Sin δ)/nIs]

ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION Engineering Interview Questions

34. Question 34. What Is Field Suppression?
 Answer :
When a fault occurs in an alternator winding even though the generator circuit
breaker is tripped, the fault continues to fed because EMF is induced in the generator
itself. Hence the field circuit breaker is opened and stored energy in the field winding
is discharged through another resistor. This method is known as field suppression.
35. Question 35. What Are The Causes Of Bus Zone Faults?
Answer :
o Failure of support insulator resulting in earth fault
o Flashover across support insulator during over voltage Heavily polluted
insulator causing flashover Earthquake, mechanical damage etc.
36. Question 36. What Are The Problems In Bus Zone Differential Protection?
Answer :
o Large number of circuits, different current levels for different circuits for
external faults.
o Saturation of CT cores due to dc component and ac component in short
circuit currents. The saturation introduces ratio error.
o Sectionalizing of the bus makes circuit complicated.
o Setting of relays need a change with large load changes.
Electrical Machines Interview Questions
o Question 37. What Is Static Relay?
Answer :
It is a relay in which measurement or comparison of electrical quantities is made in a
static network which is designed to give an output signal when a threshold condition
is passed which operates a tripping device.
o Question 38. What Is Power Swing?
Answer :
During switching of lines or wrong synchronization surges of real and reactive power
flowing in transmission line causes severe oscillations in the voltage and current
vectors. It is represented by curves originating in load regions and traveling towards
relay characteristics.
o Question 39. What Is A Programmable Relay?
Answer :
A static relay may have one or more programmable units such as microprocessors or
microcomputers in its circuit.
o Question 40. What Is Cpmc?
Answer :
It is combined protection, monitoring and control system incorporated in the static
system.
 Electronic Devices and Circuits Interview Questions
o Question 41. What Are The Advantages Of Static Relay Over
Electromagnetic Relay?
Answer :
o Low power consumption as low as 1mW
o No moving contacts; hence associated problems of arcing, contact
bounce, erosion, replacement of contacts
o No gravity effect on operation of static relays. Hence can be used in
vessels ie, ships, aircrafts etc.
o A single relay can perform several functions like over current, under
voltage, single phasing protection by incorporating respective functional
blocks. This is not possible in electromagnetic relays
o Static relay is compact
o Superior operating characteristics and accuracy
o Static relay can think , programmable operation is possible with static
relay
o Effect of vibration is nil, hence can be used in earthquake-prone areas o
Simplified testing and servicing. Can convert even non-electrical quantities
to electrical in conjunction with transducers.
o Question 42. What Is Resistance Switching?
Answer :
It is the method of connecting a resistance in parallel with the contact space(arc).
The resistance reduces the restriking voltage frequency and it diverts part of the arc
current. It assists the circuit breaker in interrupting the magnetizing current and
capacity current.

Electrical Power System Interview Questions

o Question 43. What Do You Mean By Current Chopping?
Answer :
When interrupting low inductive currents such as magnetizing currents of the
transformer, shunt reactor, the rapid deionization of the contact space and blast
effect may cause the current to be interrupted before the natural current zero. This
phenomenon of interruption of the current before its natural zero is called current
chopping.
o Question 44. What Are The Methods Of Capacitive Switching?
Answer :
o Opening of single capacitor bank
o Closing of one capacitor bank against another
o Question 45. What Is An Arc?
 Answer :
Arc is a phenomenon occurring when the two contacts of a circuit breaker separate
under heavy load or fault or short circuit condition.
o Question 46. Give The Two Methods Of Arc Interruption?
Answer :
High resistance interruption:-the arc resistance is increased by elongating, and
splitting the arc so that the arc is fully extinguished
Current zero method:-The arc is interrupted at current zero position that occurs100
times a second in case of 50Hz power system frequency in ac.
o Question 47. What Is Restriking Voltage?
Answer :
It is the transient voltage appearing across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc
being extinguished.
o Question 48. What Is Meant By Recovery Voltage?
Answer :
The power frequency rms voltage appearing across the breaker contacts after the
arc is extinguished and transient oscillations die out is called recovery voltage.
o Question 49. What Is Rrrv?
Answer :
It is the rate of rise of restriking voltage, expressed in volts per microsecond. It is
closely associated with natural frequency of oscillation.
o Question 50. What Is Circuit Breaker?
Answer :
It is a piece of equipment used to break a circuit automatically under fault conditions.
It breaks a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal conditions and
under fault conditions.
o Question 51. Write The Classification Of Circuit Breakers Based On The
Medium Used For Arc Extinction?
Answer :
o Air break circuit breaker Oil circuit breaker
o Minimum oil circuit breaker Air blast circuit breaker
o SF6 circuit breaker
o Vacuum circuit breaker
o Question 52. What Is The Main Problem Of The Circuit Breaker?
Answer :
When the contacts of the breaker are separated, an arc is struck between them. This
arc delays the current interruption process and also generates enormous heat which
may cause damage to the system or to the breaker itself. This is the main problem.
o Question 53. What Are Demerits Of Mocb?
 Answer :
Short contact life
Frequent maintenance Possibility of explosion
Larger arcing time for small currents Prone to restricts
o Question 54. What Are The Advantages Of Oil As Arc Quenching
Medium?
Answer :
It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have excellent
cooling properties
It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between line conductors and
earthed components
o Question 55. What Are The Hazards Imposed By Oil When It Is Used As
An Arc Quenching Medium? There Is A Risk Of Fire Since It Is Inflammable. It May
Form An Explosive Mixture?
Answer :
with arc. So oil is preferred as an arc quenching medium.
o Question 56. What Are The Advantages Of Mocb Over A Bulk Oil Circuit
Breaker?
Answer :
o It requires lesser quantity of oil
o It requires smaller space
o There is a reduced risk of fire
o Maintenance problem are reduced
o Question 57. What Are The Disadvantages Of Mocb Over A Bulk Oil
Circuit Breaker?
Answer :
o The degree of carbonization is increased due to smaller quantity of oil
o There is difficulty of removing the gases from the contact space in time
o The dielectric strength of the oil deteriorates rapidly due to high degree
of carbonization.
o Question 58. What Are The Types Of Air Blast Circuit Breaker?
Answer :
o Arial-blast type
o Cross blast Radial-blast
o Question 59. What Are The Advantages Of Air Blast Circuit Breaker
Over Oil Circuit Breaker?
Answer :
o The risk of fire is diminished
 o The arcing time is very small due to rapid buildup of dielectric strength
between contacts
o The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas oil
deteriorates with successive operations
o Question 60. What Are The Demerits Of Using Oil As An Arc Quenching
Medium?
Answer :
The air has relatively inferior arc quenching properties
The air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to variations in the rate of rise of
restriking voltage
Maintenance is required for the compression plant which supplies the air blast
o Question 61. What Is Meant By Electro Negativity Of Sf6 Gas?
Answer :
SF6 has high affinity for electrons. When a free electron comes and collides with a
neutral gas molecule, the electron is absorbed by the neutral gas molecule and
negative ion is formed. This is called as electro negativity of SF6 gas.
o Question 62. What Are The Characteristic Of Sf6 Gas?
Answer :
It has good dielectric strength and excellent arc quenching property. It is inert, non-
toxic, noninflammable and heavy. At atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is
2.5 times that of air. At three times atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is
equal to that of the transformer oil.
o Question 63. Write The Classifications Of Test Conducted On Circuit
Breakers?
Answer :
o Type test
o Routine test Reliability test
o Commissioning test
o Question 64. What Are The Indirect Methods Of Circuit Breaker
Testing?
Answer :
o Unit test
o Synthetic test
o Substitution testing o Compensation testing o Capacitance testing
o Question 65. What Are The Advantages Of Synthetic Testing Methods?
Answer :
o The breaker can be tested for desired transient recovery voltage and
RRRV.
 o Both test current and test voltage can be independently varied. This
gives flexibility to the test
o The method is simple With this method a breaker capacity (MVA) of five
time of that of the capacity of the test plant can be tested.
o Question 66. How Does The Over Voltage Surge Affect The Power
System?
Answer :
The over voltage of the power system leads to insulation breakdown of the
equipments. It causes the line insulation to flash over and may also damage the
nearby transformer, generators and the other equipment connected to the line.
o Question 67. What Is Pick Up Value?
Answer :
It is the minimum current in the relay coil  at which the relay starts to operate.
o Question 68. Define Target?
Answer :
It is the indicator used for showing the operation of the relay.
o Question 69. Define Reach?
Answer :
It is the distance upto which the relay will cover for protection.
o Question 70. Define Blocking?
Answer :
It means preventing the relay from tripping due to its own characteristics or due to
additional relays.
o Question 71. Define A Over Current Relay?
Answer :
Relay which operates when the current ia a line exceeds a predetermined value.
o Question 72. Define An Under Current Relay?
Answer :
Relays which operates whenever the current in a circuit drops below a predetermined
value.
o Question 73. Mention Any 2 Applications Of Differential Relays?
Answer :
Protection of generator and generator-transformer unit: protection of large motors
and bus bars
o Question 74. Mention The Advantages Of Field Tests?
Answer :
The circuit breaker is tested under actual conditions like those that occur in the
network. Special occasions like breaking of charging currents of long lines ,very short
 line faults ,interruption of small inductive currents etc. can be tested by direct testing
only.
o Question 75. State The Disadvantages Of Field Tests?
Answer :
o The circuit breaker can be tested at only a given rated voltage and
network capacity.
o The necessity to interrupt the normal services and to test only at light
load conditions.
o Extra inconvenience and expenses in installation of controlling and
measuring equipment in the field.
o Question 76. Define Composite Testing Of A Circuit Breaker?
Answer :
In this method the breaker is first tested for its rated breaking capacity at a reduced
voltage and afterwards for rated voltage at a low current.This method does not give a
proper estimate of the breaker performance.
o Question 77. State The Various Types Of Earthing?
Answer :
Solid earthing, resistance earthing , reactance earthing , voltage transformer earthing
and zig-zag transformer earthing.
o Question 78. What Are Arcing Grounds?
Answer :
The presence of inductive and capacitive currents in the isolated neutral system
leads to formation of arcs called as arcing grounds.
o Question 79. What Is Arc Suppression Coil?
Answer :
A method of reactance grounding used to suppress the arc due to arcing grounds.
o Question 80. State The Significance Of Single Line To Ground Fault?
Answer :
In single line to ground fault all the sequence networks are connected in series. All
the sequence currents are equal and the fault current magnitude is three times its
sequence currents.
o Question 81. What Are Symmetrical Components?
Answer :
It is a mathematical tool to resolve unbalanced components into balanced
components.
o Question 82. State The Three Sequence Components?
Answer :
Positive sequence components, negative sequence components and zero sequence
components.
o Question 83. Define Positive Sequence Component?
Answer :
has 3 vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle 120
degrees and having the phase sequence as original vectors.
o Question 84. Define Zero Sequence Component?
Answer :
They has 3 vectors having equal magnitudes and displaced from each other by an
angle zero degees.
o Question 85. State The Significance Of Double Line Fault?
Answer :
It has no zero sequence component and the positive and negative sequence
networks are connected in parallel.
o Question 86. Define Negative Sequence Component?
Answer :
It has 3 vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle 120
degrees and has the phase sequence in opposite to its original phasors.
o Question 87. State The Different Types Of Faults?
Answer :
Symmetrical faults and unsymmetrical faults and open conductor faults. 92. State
the various types of unsymmetrical faults.
Line to ground ,line to line  and double line to ground faults
o Question 88. Mention The Withstanding Current In Our Human Body?
Answer :
9mA
o Question 89. State The Different Types Of Circuit Breakers?
Answer :
Air ,oil,vacuum circuit breakers.
o Question 90. Define Per Unit Value?
Answer :
It is defined as the ratio of actual value to its base value. 96. Mention the inductance
value of the peterson’s coil.
L=1/3ωc2
o Question 91. Define Single Line Diagram?
Answer :
Representation of various power system components in a single line is defined as
single line diagram.
o Question 92. Differentiate Between A Fuse And A Circuit Breaker?
Answer :
 Fuse is a low current interrupting device. It is a copper or an aluminium wire.Circuit
breaker is a high current interrupting device and it act as a switch under normal
operating conditions.
o Question 93. How Direct Tests Are Conducted In Circuit Breakers?
Answer :
o Using a short circuit generator as the source.
o Using the power utility system or network as the source.
o Question 94. What Is Dielectric Test Of A Circuit Breaker?
Answer :
It consists of overvoltage withstand test of power frequency lightning and impulse
voltages.Testa are done for both internal and external insulation with switch in both
open and closed conditions.

electronics

1. Question 1. Define Electronics?

Answer :
The branch of engineering which deals with conduction of current through vacuum or
gas or a semiconductor.
2. Question 2. Define Semiconductor?
Answer :
Semiconductor is a substance has its resistivity in between conductors and
insulators. E.g. silicon, Germanium.

Basic Simulation Interview Questions

3. Question 3. Define Conductor?
Answer :
The substances, which allow electric current to pass through them, are called
conductors. E.g. Copper.
4. Question 4. Define Insulator?
Answer :
Material, which does not allow the passage of electric current through them.E.g.
Glass, wood, etc.
5. Question 5. Define Energy Band Diagram?
Answer :
It is diagram drawn between interatomic spacing along the X-axis and the band
energy along the Y-axis.
 Verilog Interview Questions
6. Question 6. What Are Free Electrons?
Answer :
The valence electrons, which are very loosely attached to the nucleus, are known as
free electrons.
7. Question 7. Define Doping?
Answer :
The process of adding impurities to an intrinsic semiconductor is called doping.

Automobile Engineering Interview Questions

8. Question 8. Define Intrinsic Semiconductor?
Answer :
Semiconductor in an extremely pure form is called intrinsic semiconductor. Its
valence shell must be tetravalent in nature.
9. Question 9. Define Extrinsic Semiconductor?
Answer :
Semiconductor in an impure form is called extrinsic semiconductor.
They are two types
o P-type
o N-type. 
Aerospace Interview Questions
10. Question 10. Define Valence Band?
Answer :
The range of energy possessed by valence electron in an atom is called Valence
band.
11. Question 11. Define Conduction Band?
Answer :
The range of energy possessed by conduction electron in an atom is called
conduction band.

VHDL Interview Questions

12. Question 12. Explain Forbidden Energy Gap?
Answer :
The separation between the conduction band and the valence band on the energy
band diagram.

Basic Simulation Interview Questions

13. Question 13. Define P-n Junction?
Answer :
When P-type and N-type are suitably joined together by the conducting surfaces of
these two semiconductors is called P-N junction.
14. Question 14. Define Forward Biasing?
Answer :
When a diode is forward biased the current is produced because the holes in the P-
region and electron from N-region moves towards the junction. The depletion region
formed will be very small hence recombination occurs and current will be produced.
15. Question 15. Define Reverse Biasing?
Answer :
When a reverse biased voltage is given an electron from N-region and holes from P-
region moves away from the junction,hence the depletion region formed is very high
and hence a small current will be produced due to minority carriers.

BioPerl Interview Questions

16. Question 16. Define Reverse Resistance?
Answer :
The resistance offered by the diode in its reverse biased condition is called reverse
resistance.
17. Question 17. Define Forward Resistance?
Answer :
The resistance offered by the diode in its forward biased condition when a voltage is
given is called forward resistance.

Digital Logic Design Interview Questions

18. Question 18. Define Transition Capacitance?
Answer :
The P-N region on either of the dielectric media act as the plates hence we have
components for making a   plate capacitor the junction capacitance is called
transition capacitance.

Verilog Interview Questions

19. Question 19. Define Power Rating?
Answer :
The power rating of a diode is defined as the maximum value of power  that can be
dissipated without failure if V f is the forward biased voltage and I f is the forward
biased current.  
Pd= V f x I f.
20. Question 20. Define Diffusion Capacitance?
Answer :
This capacitance effect is present when the junction is forward biased it is called
diffusion capacitance.

Cmos Interview Questions

21. Question 21. Define Drift Velocity And Drift Current?
Answer :
When an electric field is applied the charge carriers moves in the opposite direction
and produce current this result is drift current and net average velocity is called drift
velocity.
22. Question 22. Define Transition Time?
Answer :
Only after the minority carriers are swept of the junction the diode voltage begins to
reverse and the diode current decreases exponentially the time which elapses
between and when the diode normally recovered is the called transition time.
23. Question 23. Define Storage Time?
Answer :
When the conduction diode is reverse biased the voltage does not become zero.
Immediately up to time t 1 the diode is conducting in the forward direction. The time
interval t = t 2 –t1 during which the stored minority carriers reduces to zero is called
storage time (t s)

1. Why we use 3-phase supply? Why are not 4 or

something else?
Answer:

3 phase power generating and delivering is more efficient than 2 phase which in
turn is more efficient than 1 phase. Similarly, going up in the number of phases
result in increased efficiency as well, i.e. 4 phase and 5 phase is more efficient
than 3 phase. The increase of efficiency as the number of phases increase is
attributed to that power delivery becomes more continuous as the number of
phases increases and It affects the Installation cost of transmission of
Transmission towers.

2. Why is the starting current high in a DC motor?

Answer:
 In DC motors,
Voltage equation is V=Eb-IaRa (V = Terminal voltage, Eb = Back emf in Motor,Ia
= Armature current, Ra = Armature resistance).

At starting, Eb is zero.
Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra , where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will
become enormously increased.

3. What are the advantages of star-delta starter with

induction motor?
Answer:

 The main advantage of using the star delta starter is the reduction of
current during the starting of the motor. Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times
Of current of Direct online starting.
 Hence the starting current is reduced; the voltage drops during the starting
of the motor in systems are reduced.

4. Why are Delta-Star-Transformers used for Lighting

Loads?
Answer:

For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary must be
star winding. And this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three phases. To
minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in the
primary. So delta/star transformer is used for lighting loads.

5. Why can series motor not be started on no-load?

Answer:

Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque.
Series motor is used in Trains, Crane etc.

6. What is 2 phase motor?

Answer:
A two-phase motor is a motor with the starting winding and the running winding
have a phase split. e.g; ac servo motor.where the auxiliary winding and the
control winding have a phase split of 90 degrees.

7. what is the difference between synchronous generator

& asynchronous generator?
Answer:

In simple, synchronous generator supply’s both active and reactive power but
asynchronous generator(induction generator) supply’s only active power and
observe reactive power for magnetizing.This type of generators is used in
windmills.

8. What is Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)?

Answer:

AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator.It is important part in

Synchronous Generators, it controls the output voltage of generator by
controlling its excitation current. Thus it can control the output Reactive Power of
the Generator.

9. Why the capacitors work on ac only?

Answer:

Generally, capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components(i.e., block the dc

components). it allows the ac components to pass through.

10. What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit

breaker?
Answer:

When the breaker is closed at one time by close push button, the anti-pumping
contactor prevents reclose the breaker by close push button after already close.

11. Define IDMT relay?

Answer:
 It is an inverse definite minimum time relay. In IDMT relay its operating is
inversely proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time after which this
relay operates. It is inverse in the sense, the tripping time will decrease as the
magnitude of fault current increase.

12. What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?

Answer:

SF6 is Sulpher hexa Fluoride gas… if this gas is used as arc quenching medium
in a Circuit breaker means SF6 CB.

13. What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit

breaker?
Answer:

when the breaker is close at one time by close push button he anti-pumping
contactor prevent reclose the breaker by close push button after if it already
close.

14. How many types of cooling system it transformers?

Answer:

 ONAN (oil natural, air natural)

 ONAF (oil natural, air forced)
 OFAF (oil forced, air forced)
 ODWF (oil direct, water forced)
 OFAN (oil forced, air forced)

15. What is frantic effect?

Answer:

The output voltage is greater than the input voltage or receiving end voltage is
greater than the sending end voltage.

16. What are HRC fuses and where it is used?

Answer:
HRC stands for “high rupturing capacity” fuse and it is used in the distribution
system for electrical transformers.

17. What is electrical diversity factor in electrical

installations?
Answer:

Electrical diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum
demands of the various subdivisions of a system, or part of the system, to the
maximum demand of the whole system, or part of the system, under
consideration. Electrical diversity factor is usually more than one.

18. What is the difference between delta-delta, delta-star

transformer?
Answer:

Delta-delta transformer is used at generating station or a receiving station for

Change of Voltage (i,e) generally it is used where the Voltage high & Current is
low.Delta-star is a distribution kind of transformer where from secondary star
neutral is taken as a return path and this configuration is used for Step down
voltage phenomena.

19. Why are transformer ratings in kva?

Answer:

Since the power factor of the transformer is dependent on load we only define VA
rating and does not include power factor. In case of motors, power factor
depends on construction and hence the rating of motors is in K Watts and include
power factor.

20. what is a stepper motor? What are its uses?

Answer:

Stepper motor is the electrical machine which acts upon input pulse applied to it.
it is one type of synchronous motor which runs in steps in either direction instead
of running in a complete cycle. so, in automation parts, it is used.
Electrical engineer interview questions - basic electrical engineering
1.Define electric current ?

Electric current is the movement or flow of electrons through a conductive

material

2.Define “emf” / Electromotive force?

In order to cause the ‘free’ electrons to drift in a given direction an electromotive

force must be applied
The ‘emf’ is the driving force in an electric circuit .The symbol of ‘emf’ is E and
the unit of measurement is the volt ‘V’

3.Define potential difference?

Whenever current flows through a circuit element in a circuit such as

resistor,there will be a potential difference developed across it.The unit is ‘volt’

4.Define resistance

Resistance is the opposition to the current flow measured in ohms

5. Expain ohms law

It states that the current in a resistive circuit is directly proportional to its applied
voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance provided that all other factors
remain constant

V=IR

6.Define power

Power is defined as rate of doing work .Unit is watts

P = W/t

Electrical Engineering Interview Question and Answer

1.Why use the vcb at high transmission system ? why cant use ACB?

Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to air
because in VCB,the DIE ELECTRIC strength equal to 8 times of air. That’s why
always vacuum used as in HT breaker and air used as in LT.
2.What are the operations carried out in a thermal power plant?

The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is
obtained.This steam is allowed to hit the turbine,the turbine which is coupled with
the generator generates the electricity.

3.What is a 2 phase motor?

A 2 phase motor is often a motor with Starting winding and running winding have
a phase split.

4.What are the types of power in electrical power ?

Three types of power are counted in electrical power

a)Apparent power
b)Active power
c)Reactive power

5. What is KVAR?

Kilo Volt Amperes with reactive components

6.What is the difference between MCB and MCCB?

MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and used for short
circuit protection in small current rating circuit.

MCCB moulded case circuit breaker is thermal operated for over load current
and magnetic operation for instant trip in short circuit condition.

7. What is ACSR cable and where we use it?

ACSR means aluminium conductor steel reinforced,this conductor is used in

transmission and distribution .
8.What is the difference between generator and alternator ?

Generator and Alternator are two devices,which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy, Both have the same principles of electromagnetic induction,the
only difference is that their construction.Generator persist stationary magnetic
field and rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip rings and
brushes riding against each other ,hence it converts the induced emf into dc
current for external load.
An alternator has a stationary armature and rotating magnetic field for high
voltages but for low voltage output rotating armature and stationary magnetic
field is used.

Electrical Engineering Interview Questions and Answers

Question 1.Why back emf used for a DC motor ?

Answer 1 -The induced emf developed when the rotating conductors of the
armature between the poles of magnet in a DC motor,cut the magnetic
flux,opposes the current flowing through the conductor,when the armature
rotates,is called back emf.Its value depends upon the speed of rotation of the
armature conductors.In starting the value of back emf is zero.

Question 2.What is Slip in an induction motor?

Answer 2 -Slip can be defined as the difference between the flux speed and the
rotor speed.Speed of the rotor of an induction motor is always less than its
synchronous speed.It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous
speed and represented by the symbol “S”.

Question 3.Explain different losses in a transformer ?

Answer 3-There are two types of losses occurring in transformer

Constant losses - The losses that occur in the core are known as core losses or
iron losses.
Two types of iron losses are -
Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss

These losses depends upon the supply voltage,frequency,core material and its
construction.As long as supply voltage and frequency is constant,these losses
remain the same whether the transformer is loaded or not.These are also known
as constant loss.

Variable loss or Copper Loss - When the transformer is loaded current flows in
primary and secondary winding,there is loss of electrical energy due to
resistance of primary winding and secondary winding and they are called variable
losses.These losses depend upon the loading conditions of the
transformers.Therefor these losses are also called as variable losses.
 Question 4. Define following electrical Terms
Reliability,Maximum Demand,Reverse Generating Capacity,Availability
Answer 4.
Reliability - It is the capacity of the power system to serve all power demands
without failure over long periods.

Maximum demand - It is maximum load demand required in a power station

during a given period.

Reserve Generating Capacity - Extra generation capacity installed to meet the

need of scheduled downtime for preventive maintenance is called reserve-
generating capacity.

Availability - As the percentage of the time a unit is available to produce power

whether needed by the system or not.

Question 5.Define Real power,Apparent power,Reactive power

Answer 5.

Real power - It is the product of voltage current and power factor.

Apparent power - It is the product of voltage and current.

Reactive power - It is the product of voltage,current and sine of angle between

the voltage and current

1.The unit of the rate at which energy is expended?

 Watt

2. What is a tap‐changing transformer?

 It is a transformer that has one or more leads wire output so the switch can
be used to change the output voltage from a reference wire.

3. Different Tests conducted on Transformers?

 Some of the tests that are conducted on transformers 2 are:

 Polarity Test:
Polarity test on the transformer helps to determine the same instantaneous
polarity of the transformer. The relative polarities of the primary and secondary
terminals at any instant must be known for connecting the windings of the same
transformer in parallel

 Open Circuit Test:

This test is also called as no load test. This test helps to determine the core
losses in the transformer.

 Short Circuit Test:

Short Circuit test of a transformer helps to determine the full load copper losses
for a given
transformer.

 Sumpner’s Test:
This is also called back to back test. In open circuit and short circuit tests, no
information is obtained about the temperature rise.

4. What are the advantages of a star-delta starter with an induction motor?

 The main advantage of using the star delta starter is a reduction of current
during the starting of the motor. Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times Of
current of Direct online starting.

 Hence the starting current is reduced; the voltage drops during the starting
of the motor in systems are reduced

5. What are CT and PT?

 CT is the current transformer and PT is the Potential transformer both

are instrument transformers 1. CTs and PTs are used with voltmeters and
ammeters where measurement of a large value of current may damage the
measuring device.

The working of CT and PTs are based on the electromagnetic flux linkage as
common transformers.
 6. Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?

 For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary
must be star winding. And this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three
phases. To minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding
in the primary. So delta/star transformer is used for lighting loads.

7. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?

 MCB is a miniature circuit breaker that is thermally operated and used for
short-circuit protection in a small current rating circuit. The MCCB molded case
circuit breaker is thermally operated for current overload and magnetic operation
for instantaneous trip in short circuit condition. Low voltage and low frequency
can be incorporated. Normally used where the normal current is more than 100A.

8. What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker?

 The isolator is an offload device which is used for isolating the downstream
circuits from upstream circuits for the reason of any maintenance on downstream
circuits. It is manually operated and does not contain any solenoid, unlike circuit
breaker. it should not be operated while it is having a load.

 Circuit breaker is on load automatic device used for breaking the circuit in
case of abnormal conditions like short-circuiting, overload etc., it is having three
specification 1 is rated current and 2 is short circuit breaking capacity and 3 is
instantaneous tripping current.

9. What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?

 SF6 is Sulpher hexa Fluoride gas… if this gas is used as arc quenching
medium in a Circuit breaker means SF6 CB.

10. What are the types of cooling system it transformers?

 ONAN (oil natural, air natural)

 ONAF (oil natural, air forced)

 OFAF (oil forced, air forced)

 ODWF (oil direct, water forced)

 OFAN (oil forced, air forced)

11. Difference between megger test equipment and contact resistance

meter test instruments?

 Megger test equipment used to measure cable electric resistance,

conductor continuity, phase
identification whereas contact resistance meter test instruments used to measure
low resistance like relays, contactors.

12. What is a 2 phase motor?

 A two phase motor is a motor with the starting winding and the running
winding have a phase split. eg: AC servo motor.

13. What is meant by armature reaction?

 The effect of armature flux to main flux is called as armature reaction. The
armature flux may support main flux or opposes main flux.

14. What is Automatic Voltage regulator (AVR)?

 AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator. It is important part

in Synchronous Generators; it controls the output voltage of the generator by
controlling its excitation current. Thus it can control the output Reactive Power of
the Generator.

15. Why use the VCB at High Transmission System? Why can’t use ACB?

 Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to
air because in VCB, the die electric strength is equal to 8 times of air. That y
always vacuum used as in HT breaker and air used as in LT.
 Interview Questions and answers - Electrical engineer,Electrician and
Electrical apprentice trainee.

 1.What is meant by reach point of a relay?

 Ans - The farthest point from relay location,which is still inside the zone of
protection,is called the reach point.

 2.What is difference between fuse and breaker?

 Ans - Fuses are burnt when over current flows in the circuit but circuit
breaker will just open during over current.Thus fuses are used for only
once but breakers can be used by multiple number of times.

 3.What is the difference between isolators and electrical CB?

 Isolators are mainly for switching purpose under normal conditions but they
cannot operate in fault conditions. Actually they used for isolating the CB
for maintenance. Whereas CB gets activated under fault conditions
according to the fault detected.

 4.Explain the working of an OC relay and mention type of it?

 An over-current relay has a single input in the form of ac current.The

output of the relay is normally open contact,which changes over to closed
state when the relay trips.

 The relay has two settings.These are the time setting and the plug
setting.The time setting decides the operating time of relay while the plug
setting decided the current required for the relay to pickup.

 Three types of over current relay.

1.Instantaneous over current relay
2.definite time current over relay
3.Inverse time current over relay.

 5.Explain the working of an IDMT relay?

 In an IDMT (Inverse definite minimum time) relay,the operating principle is

based on the idea that with the more severe a fault is,the faster it should
be cleared to avoid damage to the apparatus. It is inverse in the sense,the
tripping time will decrease as the magnitude of fault current increase.

 6.How to select pickup value of a relay?

 We can set the pick-up value of the relay,keeping in mind that the relay
should allow normal load as well as a certain degree of overload to be
supplied.
  Thus the pick-up value of the relay should be more than the allowable
maximum load.At the same the relay should be sensitive enough to
respond to the smallest fault.Thus,the pick-up value should be less than
the smallest fault current.

 7.How to set the operating time of a relay?

 A relay must get an adequate chance to protect the zone under its primary
protection. Only if the primary protection does not clear the fault,the back-
up protection should initiate tripping.Thus as soon as the fault takes
place,it is sensed by both primary and back-up protection.

 Naturally the primary protection is the first to operate,it’s operating time

being less than that of the back-up relay.We have to allow for the
overshoot of the primary delay so that there is a proper coordination the
primary and the back-up

1. What is your background?

2. Why did you decide to become an electrical engineer?
3. What are your strengths and weaknesses?
4. What are your short term and long term goals?
5. What motivates you to succeed?
6. What do you think separates you from other candidates?
7. What electrical engineering computer software are you comfortable with?
8. Where did you get your electrical engineering degree and which classes did you
excel in?
9. What qualities do you have that would be helpful on this job?
10. What is your specialty within electrical engineering?

1. Describe a challenge that you ran into at work and how you solved it.
2. Tell me about a time when you made a mistake. How did you recover?
3. Describe your most successful teamwork experience. What made it so successful?
4. Describe a time when you had to meet a strict deadline. How did you manage to get
your work done on time?
5. What was the toughest decision that you’ve had to make within this last year?
6. Explain some of the projects that you have helped design. How did your involvement
affect the outcome?
7. Tell me about a time you had to raise an uncomfortable issue with your boss.
8. How do you prioritize when in charge of multiple projects or tasks?
9. Have you ever had to make an important decision quickly? What was the outcome?
10. Tell me about a time when you went above and beyond to get the job done. Did you
face any challenges along the way?
  

1. Can you explain the difference between direct and alternating current? 
2. Explain Norton’s Theorem in a single sentence.
3. What are some of the most common causes of transformer humming?
4. What is the difference between a single pole and a double pole circuit breaker?
5. A capacitor has a label on it saying, “100 WVDC”. What does this label mean and
what is the consequence of exceeding this rating?
6. What is the difference between generator and alternator?
7. What is your understanding of Australian engineering standard 61508?
8. What is analog-to-digital conversion of signals?
9. What are the various types of numbers for network identity?
10. A client is using Chlorine gas as a sanitiser. However, the facility is only 300m from a
public area and poses a significant risk. What decision making process would you take the
client through to remove the risk?