Cardiac Physiology Physiology

p.med tutorials 2020 REVIEWER

NUMBER: 1
outline  B2-Adrenergic receptors are found on arterioles
I. Circuitry of the cvs of skeletal muscle.
II. Hemodynamics  CAPILLARIES
III. Cardiac electrophysiology o LARGES TOTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AND
IV. Cardiac muscle and cardiac output SURFACE AREA
V. Cardiac cycle o SINGLE LAYER OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
VI. Regulation of arterial pressure SURROUNDED BY BASAL LAMINA
VII. Microcirculation and lymph o THIN WALLED
VIII. Special circulations o SITE OF EXCHANGE
IX. Integrative Functions of the CVS: Gravity,  VENULES
Exercise, and Hemorrhage o MERGED CAPILLARIES
 VEINS
CIRCUITRY OF THE CVS
o PROGRESSIVELY MERGE TO FORM
Cardiac output of the left heart equals cardiac output
of the right heart LARGER VEINS
 VENA CAVA
 SYSTEMIC BLOOD FLOW
o CARDIAC OUTPUT OF THE LEFT SIDE  LARGEST VEIN
 RETURNS BLOOD TO THE HEART
 PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
o THIN WALLED
o CARDIAC OUTPUT OF THE RIGHT SIDE
o LOW PRESSURE
DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW
o CONTAIN THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF
 lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium
 left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle through BLOOD
o A1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
the mitral valve
 left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta Velocity of blood flow

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 aorta -> systemic arteries and the systemic tissues
o
 tissues -> systemic veins and vena cava
V = Q/A
V: VELOCITY
o Q: BLOOD FLOW
 vena cava (mixed venous blood) -> right atrium
o A: CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
 right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle
 right ventricle -> pulmonic valve -> pulmonary  Velocity is directly proportional to blood flow and
artery inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area at
any level of the cardiovascular system
 pulmonary artery -> lungs for oxygenation
blood flow
HEMODYNAMICS
Components of the vasculature  CARDIAC OUTPUT
o CO = (MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE – RIGHT
 ARTERIES
o DELIVER OXYGENATED BLOOD TO TISSUE ARTERIAL PRESSURE) / TOTAL
PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
o THICK WALLED; ELASTIC TISSUE AND
 ANALOGOUS OF OHM’S LAW
SOOTH MUSCLE
 BLOOD FLOWS FRON HIGH TO LOW
o HIGH PRESSURE
PRESSURE
 ARTERIOLES
 BLOOD FLOW IS INVERSELY
o SMALL BRANCHES OF THE ARTERIES
PROPORTIONAL TO THE RESISTANCE OF
o SITE OF HIGHEST RESISTANCE IN THE CVS BLOOD VESSELS
o SMOOTH MUSCLE INNERVATED BY ANS Resistance
FIBERS  POISEUILLE’S Equation
o ARTERIOLAR RESISTANCE
 REGULATED BY ANS
 A1-Adrenergic receptors are found on the
arterioles of the skin, splanchnic, and renal
circulations.
 o The greater the amount of elastic tissue there is in a
blood vessel, the higher the elastance is, and the
lower the compliance is.
 directly proportional to volume and inversely
proportional to pressure
 much greater for veins than for arteries. As a result,
more blood volume is contained in the veins
o R = resistance (unstressed volume) than in the arteries (stressed
o n = viscosity of blood volume)
o l = length of blood vessel
o r4 = radius of blood vessel to the fourth power
 Resistance is directly proportional to the viscosity of
the blood
 Resistance is directly proportional to the length of
the vessel
 Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth
power of the vessel radius
 PARALLEL RESISTANCE
o SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
o artery is added in parallel, the total resistance
decreases
o each parallel artery, the pressure is the same
 SERIES RESISTANCE
o arrangement of blood vessels within a given organ
o largest proportion of resistance in this series is

o
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contributed by the arterioles
As blood flows through the series of blood vessels,
the pressure decreases
 LAMINAR FLOW
o streamlined (in a straight line); turbulent flow is
not
o Reynolds’ number predicts whether blood flow
will be laminar or turbulent
 ⬆️REYNOLD’S NUMBER = MORE
TRUBULENT (BRUITS)
 ⬇️BLOOD VISCOSITY = ⬆️REYNOLD’S
NUMBER
 ⬇️BLOOD VELOCITY = ⬆️REYNOLD’S
NUMBER
 SHEAR
o consequence of the fact that adjacent layers of
blood travel at different velocities within a blood
vessel
o highest at the wall, where the difference in blood
velocity of adjacent layers is greatest
o lowest at the center of the vessel, where blood
velocity is constant
CAPACITANCE (COMPLIANCE)
 describes the distensibility of blood vessels
 inversely related to elastance, or stiffness.

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