We will assess Left atrium function by using the volumes method : biplane area–

length method

1. measurement at end-systole, just before the opening of the mitral valve (at the

end of the T-wave on the ECG) – the LA maximum volume in Apical 4- and 2-chamber

views (LAVmax) (fig 7).

2. then at end-diastole, just before mitral valve closure (at the beginning of the

QRS complex on the ECG) – minimum LA

volume (LAVmin) .

3. length will be measure from the mid-line of the plane of mitral annulus to the

opposite superior aspect of the left atrium LA volume in this study will calculated

according to this formula:

LA Volume (AL) = 0.85 × (A4CH × A2CH)/ L . the L is average of the 2 lengths

To calculate LA function we use this formula :

LA total emptying volume= LAVmax – LAVmin

LA total emptying fraction = (LAVmax – LAVmin)/LAVma

 Data analysis

 The data will be analyzed using the statistical package for the social
sciences (version 14.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) software for
Windows.
 Continuous variables will be expressed as mean ± SD and categorical
variables will be expressed as an absolute numbers and percentage.
 A p value less than 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.
 correlation will be used to measure the correlation between two
quantitative variables.
 Comparisons of continuous variables will be performed using the
unpaired Student's t-test and categorical variables will be compared with
the Chi-square test.
.
 Budget

Preparation of the protocol LE 500

Echocardiography LE 10000

Statistical analysis LE 2000

Printing LE 3000

Preparation of the thesis LE 500

Total LE 16.000