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A review of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies: Effects on thermo-

mechanical and rheological properties

Ali Behnood

PII: S0959-6526(20)30864-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120817
Reference: JCLP 120817

To appear in: Journal of Cleaner Production

Received Date: 15 October 2019

Accepted Date: 27 February 2020

Please cite this article as: Ali Behnood, A review of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies:
Effects on thermo-mechanical and rheological properties, Journal of Cleaner Production (2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120817

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A review of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies: Effects

on thermo-mechanical and rheological properties

Ali Behnood
Research Associate
Lyles School of Civil Engineering
Purdue University
550 Stadium Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA
E-mail: abehnood@purdue.edu

October 2019

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Abstract

In pavement industry, warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies provides a wide variety of

environmental, technical, and economic benefits. WMA includes a series of technologies to mix

and compact asphalt mixtures at temperatures lower than the temperatures normally used in the

production of hot mix asphalt (mainly by reducing the viscosity of asphalt binders). Different

WMA technologies affect in different ways on the performance of binders and mixtures. Much

has been learned about the WMA technologies used in pavement industry and their effects on the

thermo-mechanical properties of WMA mixtures and rheological properties of asphalt binders.

The literature on the different WMA technologies and their effects on the performance of WMA

binders and mixtures is reviewed in this paper. Moreover, the performance of the WMA

technologies in mixtures containing other materials such as reclaimed asphalt pavement, polymers,

and crumb rubber is reviewed in here. The findings in this review indicate that, in pavement

industry, WMA technologies can reduce the environmental pollution, production cost, and energy

usage. Moreover, an appropriate WMA technology can provide several technical benefits. The

findings in the current paper can help pavement engineers to better utilize the WMA technologies

in designing the asphalt mixtures. It is also hoped that this review will be helpful for asphalt

researchers to find future avenues of research about WMA technologies.

Keywords: Asphalt Binder; Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA); Crumb Rubber; Reclaimed Asphalt

Pavement (RAP); Rheology; Mechanical Properties

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1 1. Introduction

2 The use of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) in road infrastructure negatively affects the environment

3 due to the high CO2 emissions and energy consumption. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) has been

4 given lots of attentions in recent years due its excellent technical, environmental, and economic

5 benefits such as enhanced workability, reduced emissions, reduced energy consumption, improved

6 working condition (because of reduced emission of toxic gases), reduced binder aging, and

7 extended construction time (Bower et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2019). European

8 countries and Australia started to use the WMA in paving industry in 2000 (Vaitkus et al., 2009).

9 A few years later, the WMA technology attracted the researchers and engineers in North America.

10 WMA represents a number of additives and technologies that can be used to produce asphalt

11 mixtures at temperatures lower than the conventional temperatures used in the production of HMA

12 (about 20-60 ºC). Although WMA has been widely reported to have a wide range of environmental

13 and technical benefits, it has its own technical limitations.

14 So far, many studies have been conducted to develop various types of WMA technologies and

15 to investigate their effects on the performance of the WMA binders and mixtures. Different WMA

16 technologies may potentially have several advantages and disadvantages. In some cases,

17 contradicting findings have been reported by different researchers regarding the performance of

18 WMA technologies, which could be attributed to the type of the WMA technology, amount of

19 WMA additive, type and amount of other materials/additives (e.g., recycled materials) in WMA,

20 temperature- and time-dependent behavior of the binder, and various test methods used for the

21 evaluation of WMA binders and mixtures. It is important to understand the effects of various

22 WMA technologies at different conditions and have a fair comparison in their performance. Hence,

23 this paper aims to provide a summary of the findings on the performance of various WMA

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24 technologies through a systematic literature review. More specifically, this paper provides a review

25 on the following items: (a) benefits and drawbacks of WMA, (b) various technologies and

26 additives used in WMA, (c) the effects of various WMA technologies on the high, intermediate,

27 and low temperature properties of WMA binders (d) the effects of various WMA technologies on

28 the high, intermediate, and low temperature properties and moisture susceptibility of WMA

29 mixtures, (e) WMA mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and recycled materials, (f)

30 WMA containing other additives such as polymers, and (g) WMA containing crumb rubber.

31 2. Methodology

32 The current study applies a systematic literature review method to investigate the influence of

33 various WMA technologies on the performance of WMA binders and mixtures, to identify the

34 benefits and drawbacks of various WMA technologies, and to compare these technologies with

35 each other. The methodology used in this research systematically collect information on a specific

36 subject area by involving a number of steps (Tranfield et al., 2003). Through this methodology,

37 the questions related to the topic are answered and suggestions for future research are

38 recommended. Following a recent study on the applications of rejuvenators (Behnood, 2019), a

39 five-step structure was used to complete the systematic review in this study: (1) defining the

40 problem and selecting the subject area, (2) selecting the databases, (3) selecting the relevant

41 studies, (4) evaluating the selected documents, and (5) synthesizing. These steps are further

42 described in the following paragraphs.

43 To define the problem and to select the subject area in the first step, the overall objective of

44 the study was on the evaluation of the WMA technologies and their influence on the performance

45 of WMA binders and mixtures. In the second step, the databases used in the current study included

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46 Transport Research International Documentation (TRID), Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of

47 Science. To find the relevant documents, a search string as follows was used:

48 [Warm mix asphalt or WMA] AND [Bitumen OR Asphalt OR Binder OR Mixture].

49 The above-mentioned search was resulted in 1940 documents before removing the duplicates

50 and 1374 documents after removing the duplicates. The irrelevant documents were removed after

51 reviewing the abstract of the documents. More relevant documents were identified after checking

52 the references of the documents selected in the previous step. Several parameters were used to

53 select the relevant documents, which are given in Table 1.

54 Table 1. Parameters used to select the relevant documents

Category Selection parameter

Database  Google Scholar (title); TRID, Web of Science, and Scopus (keywords, abstract, title)
Type of document  Journal article, Conference proceeding, Technical report, Dissertation, and thesis
Inclusion criteria  Language: English
 Period: Documents published between January 2000 and October 2019
 Relevant documents: documents focusing on the WMA technologies
Exclusion criteria  Language: Other languages
 Period: Documents published before January 2000 and after October 2019
 Irrelevant documents: not related to the influence of WMA technologies on the
performance of binders and mixtures
55

56 In the final step, the selected documents were thoroughly read, and the main findings were

57 summarized. The cumulative number of publications over the years from January 2000 to October

58 2019 is shown in Fig. 1. It can be seen that there is rapid increases in the number of publications

59 starting from 2008.

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1600
1400

Cumulative number of
1200

publications
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
60

61 Fig. 1. Cumulative number of publications on WMA over years

62 3. Results and discussion

63 3.1. Benefits and drawbacks

64 The use of WMA technologies provides a wide range of environmental, technical, and

65 economic benefits. The benefits of WMA technologies are highly dependent on the type of

66 technology, which can also be influenced by other factors such as the properties of other materials

67 (i.e., binder, aggregate, and recycled materials) in WMA mixtures as well as the dose of WMA

68 additives. Overall, in terms of environmental benefits, WMA technologies reduce the energy

69 consumption by 18-30% as they need lower mixing and compaction temperatures compared to

70 conventional HMA (Almeida-Costa and Benta, 2016; Hamzah et al., 2010; Rodríguez-Alloza et

71 al., 2015). In addition, the specific manufacturing process used in WMA leads to reduced toxic

72 and greenhouse gases emissions, which can improve the working conditions by reducing the

73 exposure to toxic gases and fumes. Through the lifecycle analysis of WMA, it was found that this

74 technology was associated with 18% reduction in fossil fuel usage and 24% reduction in air

75 pollution (Hassan, 2010). Higher reduction in energy consumption and air pollution can also be

76 expected in some of the WMA technologies. WMA makes the paving operation easier by

77 providing improved workability, earlier opening to traffic, longer hauling distances, and longer

78 construction season. WMA technologies also provide economic benefits as it is associated with up
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79 to 20-25% reduction in fuel usage (Capitão et al., 2012; Pérez-Martínez et al., 2014). Overall,

80 depending on the technology, about 10-30% cost reduction has been reported in the lifecycles cost

81 assessment of WMA technologies (Almeida-Costa and Benta, 2016; Saboundjian et al., 2011).

82 The WMA technologies may also have some economic and technical drawbacks. WMA

83 may have two cost-related drawbacks (Capitão et al., 2012): first, the initial production of WMA

84 may require some additional equipment and second, the use of WMA additives adds to the cost of

85 production, which may be only partially compensated by the reduced energy consumption. With

86 regard to the technical drawbacks, some WMAs have been reported to show less resistance to

87 moisture damage compared to HMA and bonding/coating problems (Garcia Cucalon et al., 2016;

88 Rubio et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2018). Reduced optimum binder content in WMA compared to

89 HMA is one of the main reasons leading to these problems. Moreover, due to the reduced oxidative

90 aging and air void content in WMA, it may suffer from some distresses such as rutting, although

91 these factors may improve the durability of the WMA.

92 3.2. Technologies and selection approach

93 Overall, the WMA technologies can be classified into three main categories of foaming

94 technologies, chemical additives, and organic or wax additives (Capitão et al., 2012). To select the

95 appropriate technology in paving projects, various factors should be considered including both

96 technical and economic points. The WMA technologies reduce the mixing and compaction

97 temperatures by adjusting various properties (e.g., viscosity) of the asphalt binder. Depending on

98 the type of the technology, the adjustment in the binder properties can be temporary or permanent.

99 In addition to viscosity, the temperature- and time-dependent properties of asphalt binders and

100 thermo-mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures can be affected upon the use of WMA

101 technologies. Therefore, an efficient approach for selection of an appropriate WMA technology
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102 and its optimized dosage will optimize its effects on the rheological properties of the binders and

103 the mechanical and durability properties of the mixtures. To compare different WMA additives,

104 Jamshidi et al. (2015) defined three non-dimensional parameters to characterize the changes in

105 viscosity, rutting factor, and fatigue parameter. Such approach can allow for determining the

106 changes in the rheological properties as a result of the changes in the additive content.

107 In the remining of this section, various types of WMA technologies used in asphalt industry

108 are explained. In some technologies, water is used to improve the workability of asphalt mixtures

109 and to reduce the mixing and compaction temperatures. Some other technologies chemically

110 improve the adhesion between the aggregates and the asphalt binder. Surfactant-wax based

111 additives improve the workability by reducing the friction at the interface of aggregates and

112 binders.

113 3.2.1. Foaming technologies

114 Foaming technologies include a wide array of technologies to add pulverized cold water into

115 preheated binder to obtain foamed binder. Other liquids such as ethanol has also been used instead

116 of water in the foaming process of binder (Mohd Hasan et al., 2019), the use of which might not

117 be cost effective due to their higher cost than water. As the temperature of the binder increases,

118 the water is vaporized, and the steam is encapsulated in the binder. The encapsulated steam can

119 temporarily expand the volume of the binder and reduce its viscosity, which can lead to improved

120 workability of the asphalt mixture. As the expansion decays over time, the binder returns to its

121 original volume. Foaming technologies can be categorized into two main groups of water

122 containing additives and water-based technologies (Anderson et al., 2008; Mohd Hasan et al.,

123 2017). Water containing additives such as Aspha-min and Advera involve adding finely crushed

124 powders that contain water in their structure to the binder. Above a specific temperature, which
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125 depends on the type of the additive, the water vaporizes and creates foamed asphalt binder by

126 expanding the volume of the binder for about 5-15 times. The chemical and physical properties of

127 common water-containing additives are given in Table 2. Aspha-min is a synthetic zeolite while

128 Advera can be either natural or synthetic. It should be noted that synthetic zeolite is more effective

129 than natural zeolite as a water containing agent. One of the main differences between Aspha-min

130 and Advera is in their particle size. To use as a compaction aid, lower dosages of these additives

131 would be recommended while higher dosages would be recommended for the mixtures with more

132 than 7% binder content. Although Aspha-min and Advera are two of the common zeolite structures

133 used as water containing additives, other structures of natural and synthetic zeolite have also been

134 reported in the literature as asphalt foaming agents (Woszuk et al., 2017).

135 Table 2. Properties of commonly used water-containing additives in WMA (Mohd Hasan et al.,
136 2017; Xiao and Amirkhanian, 2010; Zelelew et al., 2013)

Recommended
Particle Density at
Physical Solubility pH Dosage (%) by
Additive Ingredients Color Odor size room temp.
state in water value weight of total
(mm) (g/cm3)
mix

Sodium–
aluminum–silicate; White to Granular
Aspha-Min Odorless Insoluble 0.300 11-12 0.45-0.55 0.3
18-22% crystalline gray powder
water
Sodium–
Advera aluminum–silicate; White to Granular
Odorless Insoluble 0.075 11-12 0.5-0.6 0.25
18-22% crystalline gray powder
water

137 In water-based technology, a specific equipment is used to add water directly to the binder.

138 Compared to water containing processes, water-based technologies allow for the addition of more

139 water to the binder, which can lead to more volume expansion. A list of foaming techniques used

140 in the production of WMA mixtures is given in Table 3.

141 Usually, two parameters can be used to quantitatively measure the effectiveness of foaming

142 process: 1) maximum expansion rate, and 2) half-life period. The first parameter, which reflects

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143 the expansion volume of asphalt, is the volume-based ratio of max foamed binder to non-foamed

144 binder. A greater value of this parameter can ensure a better binder-aggregate mixing. The second

145 parameter, which measures the time that it takes for the foamed binder to fall from its maximum

146 value to half of it, reflects the stability of the binder. An increase in the value of half-life time

147 improves the quality of the mixture. In previous research studies, to achieve a good quality of

148 foamed mixture, the minimum values of maximum expansion ratio and half-life were suggested

149 as 10 and 10s, respectively (Arega et al., 2015; Dong et al., 2018; He and Wong, 2006).

150 Table 3. A list of water-based foaming technologies used in the production of WMA (Mohd Hasan
151 et al., 2017; Prowell et al., 2012)
Amount of
water Recommended
Additive added to production Remarks
the binder temperature (ºC)
(%)
A nozzle is used to inject the water into the center of the asphalt flow.
Gencor 1.25 – 2 100-120 The water can be injected at various flow rates, pressures, and
temperatures.
It is a two-step process: in the first step, heated coarse aggregate is blended with
hot binder, and in the second step, cool wet fine aggregate (or the blend of fine
Low-Emission
0.2 < 100 aggregate and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)) is added to the mix. An
Asphalt (LEA) adhesion and coating (5% by mass of the binder) additive is also added to the
binder
It is a two-step process: in the first step, a soft binder (i.e., 20-30% of the total
binder) is applied to coat the coarse aggregate, and in the second step, a hard
WAM-FoamTM 2-5% 100-120
binder is foamed onto the pre-coated coarse aggregate. The mix of soft and hard
binders produces the target PG binder.
The foamed binder is produced outside the drying drum, which allows for the
Terex WMA system ~2 130
immediate injection of it into the mixing drum.
Depends on This technology allows for the simultaneous addition of water and other
Accu-Shear™ the additive 122-158 additives such as liquid additives and the WMA chemical additives into the
type asphalt.
This technology uses very high pressures to create micro bubbles and greater
Aquablack WMA 1.5-3 125-140
expansion of the foam.
Astec Green
Systems
~2 116-135 To microscopically foam the asphalt binder, a multi-nozzle device is used.
LEAB Royal BAM 0.1 special To promote the adhesion and coating, this technology adds a special additive to
90
Group additive the binder before mixing.
~0.5-1
Special nozzles are used to mix a special penetration graded binder with
LT Asphalt Nynas hydrophilic 90
preheated aggregates.
additive
152

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153 3.2.2. Chemical additives

154 During the production process of WMA, chemical WMA additives can be added to the binder

155 to improve the adhesion and enhance the coating of the aggregates by the binder. These additives

156 usually do not significantly affect the other properties of the binders, but they can enhance the

157 adhesion and increase the bonding strength. Chemical additives can be formulated in package of

158 products such as anti-stripping, aggregate coating promotors, emulsification agents, and

159 surfactants. Examples of chemical additives that have been used in WMA mixtures include

160 Evotherm, Cecabase, Rediset, Iterlow T, and HyperTherm/QualiTherm.

161 Evotherm, which can be used in three main processes, enhances adhesion, coating, and

162 workability of the WMA. Evotherm Emulsion Technology (ET), as the original process developed

163 in 2004, uses hot aggregates mixed with an emulsion to decrease the mixing temperature. In 2007,

164 Evotherm Dispersed Asphalt Technology (DAT) diluted the same chemical additive in Evotherm

165 ET with small amount of water. The third process (i.e., Evotherm Third Generation (3G)) does not

166 contain water and can be added to the asphalt binder or asphalt mixture. Due to the benefits

167 provided by Evotherm 3G and Evotherm DAT, the first process of Evotherm is not used in WMA

168 anymore. It should be also noted that higher reduction in production temperature is provided by

169 Evotherm DAT than Evotherm 3G compared to Evotherm ET. The physical and chemical

170 properties of the commonly used chemical additives used in WMA mixtures are given in Table 4.

171 3.2.3. Organic additives

172 The viscosity of the binder can be reduced by using an organic wax added to the asphalt binder

173 or blended to the asphalt mixture at high temperatures. The cooling process of asphalt mixture

174 crystalizes the additive, which can also make the binder stiffer. One of the common methods to

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175 produce organic additive is through a process known as Fisher–Tropsch (FT) using natural gas.

176 Sasobit, as one of the most commonly used WMA additives, is produced through this process.

177 There are also some other organic additives (e.g., SonneWarmix, BituTech PER, Thiopave,

178 LEADCAP, RPPW, Licomont BS 100, Rh-WMA, and Asphaltan-B) that have been used in WMA

179 mixtures and have been produced through some other methods. Table 5 shows the properties of

180 the commonly used organic additives.

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181 Table 4. Physical and chemical properties of chemical additives used in WMA (Abd et al., 2018; Covarrubias et al., 2019; Xiao et al., 2012a)
Density
Recommended
Flash Melting Boiling at
Physical Solubility in Dosage (%) by
Additive Ingredients Color Odor point point/Dropping point pH value room
state water weight of the
(̊C) point (̊C) (̊C) temp.
binder a
(g/cm3)
Fatty amine Partially
Evotherm Amber. 150- 0.97-
derivatives, Liquid Amine-like > 260 soluble in 8-9 0.25-0.75
3G b (Dark) 170 1.0
Alkylamines water
Polymer, Fatty acid
Light
Cecabase amine, 1,2- Liquid > 100 Insoluble 0.3 – 0.5
yellow
Ethanediamine
Insoluble in
Fatty polyamines, Brown/
cold water/ Not
Rediset Polymer, non-ionic Light Pastilles Amine-like >90 80-95 >100 1.5 – 2.5
practically applicable
components brown
insoluble
Dark Partially 10 at 0.1
Rediset Liquid Slight 165 215 <1
brown soluble solution
Hydrocarbon chains
Greasy Brown Ammoniacal
of diamine and Flakes 118 1.5-3
diamide solid odor
carboxylic acid
a Provided by supplier or obtained from research findings – Recommended dosage can be different for unmodified binders and modified binders.
b Evotherm DAT is similar to Evotherm 3G in many aspects. However, its color is caramel, and it has a slightly higher pH value (i.e., 9-10). The recommended dosage for

Evotherm DAT is about 5%.

182
183

184

185

186

187

188

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189 Table 5. Physical and chemical properties of organic additives used in WMA (Abd et al., 2018; Xiao et al., 2012a; Yang and Liu, 2018)
Density
Recommended
Flash Melting Boiling at
Physical Solubility Dosage (%) by
Additive Ingredients Color Odor point point/Dropping point pH value room
state in water weight of the
(̊C) point (̊C) (̊C) temp.
binder a
(g/cm3)
Off-
Long-chain aliphatic
white Pastilles, 70-120, mainly 0.9-
Sasobit Hydrocarbon; Odorless 285 N/A Insoluble Neutral <3
to pale flakes 99-115 0.96
Solid saturated
brown
Long-chain aliphatic Olive 0.96-
Deurex Solid > 250 125-135 Insoluble
hydrocarbon green 1.02
56# paraffin Solid saturated Light-
Solid Odorless N/A N/A Insoluble N/A 0.85 1.5
wax hydrocarbons white
Polyethylene 0.91-
98-108 <3
wax 0.93
Asphaltan-B Fossil fatty acid esters 2-4
Sonne
0.5-1.5
Warmix
a Provided by supplier or obtained from research findings – Recommended dosage can be different for unmodified binders and modified binders.

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191 3.3. Asphalt binders containing WMA additives

192 The properties of the asphalt binders containing WMA additives depend on various factors

193 such as the chemical structure and composition of the base binder, the characteristics and source

194 of the base binder, and the type and amount of the WMA additive (or the technology used in the

195 production of WMA) (Akisetty et al., 2009; Jamshidi et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2012a). In addition,

196 because of the time- and temperature-dependent behavior of the base binder and the WMA

197 additive, different effects would be expected under different service/test conditions. Table 6 shows

198 the effects of various WMA technologies on the properties of asphalt binders. Chemical additives

199 usually do not have considerable effects on the high, intermediate, and low temperature properties

200 while technologies based on foaming of the binder may have slight effects on the properties of

201 binders at high temperatures. Among the various WMA additives, organic additives (specifically

202 Sasobit) have the highest positive impacts on the high-temperature properties. Above the melting

203 point of Sasobit (i.e., ~115 ̊C), it can be dissolved in the asphalt binder and improve the workability

204 of the mixture. Below the melting point, the structure of Sasobit looks like a mesh lattice which

205 can increase the binder resistance to permanent deformation. As the additive content increases,

206 Sasobit linearly decreases the apparent viscosity above 110 ºC and exponentially increases

207 dynamic viscosity at 60 ºC (Zhang et al., 2015). Sasobit has been widely reported to increase the

208 rutting resistance of binders while additives such as Advera and Rediset have been found to slightly

209 reduce it (Jamshidi et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2012a; S. Zhao et al., 2012). The Sasobit-modified

210 asphalt binder should be engineered to obtain the desired Performance Grade (Hurley and Prowell,

211 2006).

212

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213 Table 6. Effects of various WMA technologies on the properties of asphalt binders (Capitão et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2018; Topal et al., 2014;
214 Xiao et al., 2012a; Zelelew et al., 2013)

Stiffness at low
Softening point

cracking factor
Rutting factor

mixing temp.
temperatures

Reduction in

Reduction in
temperature

Phase angle

compaction
compliance
Penetration

(G*/sin δ)

temp. (°C)
(G*.sin δ)
modulus

modulus
Additive

PG high

m-value
Viscous

Fatigue
Elastic

Creep

(°C)
Aspha-min Slightly ↑ Slightly ↓ Slightly ↑ Slightly ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓

Advera Slightly ↑ Slightly ↑ Slightly ↓ Slightly ↑ ↔ ↑ ~30 ~30

Gencor Slightly ↑ Slightly ↑ Slightly ↓ ~25 ~40
LEA Slightly ↓ Slightly ↓ Slightly ↑ > 40 > 40
WAM-Foam
Greasy diamide ↔ ↓ ↔ Slightly ↓
Evotherm 3G ↑↔ ↓↔ ↑↔ ↓↔ ↑↔ ↑↔ ↑↔ ↔ ↓ ↑
Evotherm DAT Slightly ↑ Slightly ↑ ↑ ↓
Deurex ↑ Slightly ↓ ↔ ↑ ~25-35 ~25-30
Cecabase ↓↔ ↑↔ ↓↔ ↑↔ ↓↔ ↔ ↔ ↔
Rediset ↑↔ ↓↔ ↑↔ ↓↔ ↑↔ ↑↔ ↑↔ ↔ ↓↔ ~25-35 ~25-30
Sasobit ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑↔ ↓↔ ~20-30 ~20-25
LEADCAP ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓↔ ↑↔ ~20-30 ~20-25
Polyethylene
↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ Slightly ↓ ↑↔ ↓↔ ~20-30 ~20-25
wax
Note:
(↓) Decrease; (↑) Increase; (↑↔) Depends on the binder source, mainly increase; (↓↔) Depends on the binder source, mainly decrease; (↔) Depends on the binder source/no significant effect
215

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216 The aging of the asphalt binders decreases the resistance to thermal cracking and fatigue

217 cracking as it increases the stiffness of binders (Behnood, 2019; Behnood and Modiri Gharehveran,

218 2019). The stiff and aged asphalt binders in the Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) also increase

219 the construction temperatures. The use of WMA additives can decrease the construction

220 temperatures of the asphalt mixtures containing RAP or aged binders. However, some of the

221 common WMA additives used in asphalt industry increase the stiffness of the binders at low

222 temperatures. Therefore, carful considerations should be given when using WMA additives with

223 recycled and aged binders; especially with regard to the performance of the binders and mixtures

224 at low temperatures. To offset the rheological changes in the aged asphalt binders containing

225 WMA additives, it would be recommended to use a binder with a lower performance grade (e.g.,

226 PG 58-28 instead of PG 64-22) (Kim et al., 2011). To obtain a good quality foamed asphalt

227 mixture, higher foaming water content and temperature would be recommended as the degree of

228 aging in the binder increases (Dong et al., 2018).

229 3.4. Asphalt mixtures containing WMA additive

230 3.4.1. High, intermediate, and low temperature properties

231 The high temperature properties of WMA depend on various factors such as the type of

232 WMA technology, amount of WMA additive, binder source, and service conditions (i.e., load and

233 temperature). Overall, WMA mixtures would be expected to have less rutting resistance compared

234 to HMA mixtures due to the less aging condition used in their preparation (W. Zhao et al., 2012).

235 However, among different WMA additives, Sasobit has been widely reported to increase the

236 rutting resistance of WMA mixtures (Jamshidi et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2010). WMA additives such

237 as Advera and Rediset have been found to reduce the rutting resistance (Hossain et al., 2012; Mo

238 et al., 2012). Water-based technologies have been reported to show lower rutting resistance and

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239 flow number values than water containing technologies such as Advera (Mohd Hasan et al., 2013).

240 Increased production temperatures can improve the rutting resistance of WMA mixtures prepared

241 by water-based technologies (Mohd Hasan et al., 2013), which could be associated to the increased

242 aging of the binder related to the increased production temperatures and improved bonding and

243 coating. WMA mixtures containing Advera have been found to show better fatigue life compared

244 to those obtained through water-based technologies (Mohd Hasan et al., 2013). To improve the

245 fatigue life of mixtures containing Sasobit, the use of a soft binder would be recommended (Silva

246 et al., 2010). With regard to the volumetric properties, the incorporation of WMA additives could

247 decrease the voids in the mineral aggregates (VMA) and voids filled with asphalt (VFA) (Akisetty,

248 2008). The decreased VMA and VFA values indicate increased density and compaction degree.

249 There are also some studies that show no considerable difference between the volumetric

250 properties of the WMA and the corresponding HMA.

251 A summary of the effects of different WMA technologies on the properties of WMA

252 mixtures is given in Table 7.

253

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254 Table 7. Summary of various WMA technologies on the properties of WMA mixtures (Brian et al., 2013; Zelelew et al., 2013; Zhao et al.,
255 2013)

Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic Hamburg test Low-

Fatigue
modulus modulus modulus modulus Flow (number of passes temperature
Additive cracking
(|E*|) @ (|E*|) @ (|E*|) @ (|E*|) @ number to reach a certain cracking
resistance
54.4 ̊C 38.8 ̊C 21.1 ̊C 4.4 ̊C rut depth) resistance

Sasobit ↑ Slightly ↑ Slightly ↓ Slightly ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓

Evotherm 3G ↓
Cecabase ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↔
Rediset ↓ ↑
Aspha-Min ↓ ↓
Advera Slightly ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Gencor Slightly ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
LEA ↔ ↓ ↓ ↓ Slightly ↑ ↓
WAM Foam ↓
Licomont BS 100 ↔ ↔
Note:
(↓) Decrease; (↑) Increase; (↔) Depends on the binder source/no significant effect

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257 3.4.2. Moisture susceptibility

258 During the service life of asphalt mixtures, their resistance to moisture damage may decrease

259 due to the reduced adhesion between the binder and the aggregate and/or cohesion in the binder-

260 filler mastic. The moisture susceptibility of WMA mixtures is a complicated phenomena that could

261 be affected by various factors such as the type, gradation, and moisture content of the aggregates,

262 the type, source, and aging condition of the binder, and the binder-aggregate adhesion (Xu et al.,

263 2017). Various types of WMA technologies have different effects on the moisture susceptibility

264 of the WMA mixtures. Water containing additives such as Aspha-min and Advera and organic

265 additives such as Asphaltan B and Sasobit have been found to reduce the moisture damage

266 resistance of the WMA mixtures (Mohd Hasan et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2017). With regard to the

267 moisture damage resistance, chemical additives such as Cecabase, Rediset, and Evotherm can be

268 used to enhance the adhesion properties, however, careful consideration is needed to be taken since

269 a reduction in asphalt’s surface tension occurs without modifying the rheological properties (J. Liu

270 et al., 2018). Surfactants due to their polarized extremities can attract the materials (aggregates)

271 with opposite charges and increase the adhesion properties.

272 WMA mixtures obtained through foaming technologies may lead to stripping and moisture

273 susceptibility problems. This is due to the fact that during the mixing process, some part of the

274 foamed binder collapses to its original shape and adhere to the fine particles rather than the coarse

275 ones (Mohd Hasan et al., 2013; Van de Ven et al., 2007). Therefore, to mitigate the stripping and

276 moisture sensitivity problems, it would be suggested to use coating or adhesion promoters and

277 anti-stripping agents (Kavussi and Hashemian, 2011; Sanchez-Alonso et al., 2011; Xiao and

278 Amirkhanian, 2010). The results of the NCHRP Project 09-43 showed that by using anti-stripping

279 agents, the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) values of 67% of the WMA mixtures were the same or

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280 better than those of the HMA mixtures while TSR values of 79% of the WMA mixtures were less

281 than those of HMA mixtures in the absence of anti-stripping agents (Bonaquist, 2011). The use of

282 higher production temperatures in preparing the WMA mixtures obtained through foaming

283 technologies can also improve the resistance to moisture damage and lead to higher TSR values

284 (Hurley and Prowell, 2006; Mohd Hasan et al., 2013). Increased curing time is another factor that

285 can lead to enhanced moisture damage resistance and other improved performance-related

286 properties such as rutting resistance, fatigue and thermal cracking resistance (Al-Qadi et al., 2012;

287 Wu and Li, 2017). Moisture damage resistance and rutting resistance can also get increased by

288 reheating and short-term aging of the WMA mixtures (Al-Qadi et al., 2012; Punith et al., 2012b;

289 Xiao et al., 2013). The use of other modifiers such as polymers, crumb rubber, and hydrate lime is

290 another effective approach to improve the moisture resistance of WMA mixtures (Chamoun et al.,

291 2015; Mogawer et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2009).

292 WMA mixtures obtained through water-based technologies have been widely reported to show

293 lower wet and dry Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) values than HMA mixtures. However, similar

294 or even better TSR values could be expected from water-based WMA mixtures compared to HMA

295 mixtures (Ali et al., 2013; Kavussi and Hashemian, 2012; Sebaaly et al., 2015).

296 Table 8 shows the effects of various WMA additives on the ITS values, TSR values, and

297 moisture susceptibility of WMA mixtures. Contradicting findings can be seen with regard to the

298 effects of some of these additives on the moisture susceptibility of WMA mixtures. This is due to

299 the fact that various types of binders, aggregates, and compaction temperatures have been used in

300 previous research.

301

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302 Table 8. Effects of various WMA additives on ITS and TSR values

Additive ITS TSR Remarks References

Many research studies have reported that Sasobit slightly decreases the
ITS and TSR values. However, there are also a few studies that
(Punith et al., 2012a; Xu
Sasobit ↓ ↓ reported slight increase in the ITS and TSR values in the presence of
et al., 2017)
Sasobit. The type of aggregate plays an important role in the moisture
susceptibility of WMA mixtures containing Sasobit.
Contradicting results have been reported by various researchers on the
(Brian et al., 2013; Cao
Evotherm - effects of Evotherm on the moisture susceptibility of WMA mixtures.
- and Liu, 2013; Sebaaly et
3G The aggregate type and compaction temperature play important roles
al., 2015)
in the moisture susceptibility of WMA mixtures containing Evotherm.
Overall, slight improved moisture susceptibility could be expected in (Kakar et al., 2016; Mohd
Cecabase ↓ ↑ the presence of Cecabase. However, there are a few studies reporting Hasan et al., 2015; Xiao
the opposite. Compaction temperature plays a significant role. et al., 2013)
Overall, slight improved moisture susceptibility could be expected in (Brian et al., 2013;
Rediset - ↑ the presence of Rediset. However, there are a few studies reporting theHesami et al., 2015; Xiao
opposite. Compaction temperature plays a significant role. et al., 2013)
(Punith et al., 2012a;
Aspha-min has been reported to reduce the surface free energy and
Aspha-Min ↓ ↓ Sargand et al., 2012; Xiao
increase the sensitivity to moisture damage.
et al., 2012b)
(Chamoun et al., 2015;
Advera ↓ ↓ Increased Advera content increases the resistance to moisture damage. Hossain et al., 2012;
Zelelew et al., 2013)

303 3.5. WMA mixtures containing other materials

304 In this section, the properties of WMA containing other materials and modifiers such as

305 recycled aggregates, polymers, and crumb rubber are discussed.

306 3.5.1. WMA mixtures containing recycled aggregates

307 The use of RAP in asphalt mixture provides many environmental, economic, and technical

308 benefits such as (a) reduced energy consumption, (b) reduced emissions, (c) reduced pressures on

309 landfills, (d) reduced demand for non-renewable sources and virgin aggregate, and (e) improved

310 mechanical properties (e.g., improved high temperature performance such as increased resistance

311 to rutting) (Ameri and Behnood, 2012; Behnood et al., 2015; Dinis-Almeida and Afonso, 2015).

312 However, production of asphalt mixtures containing RAP (especially high percentages of RAP)

313 may present some challenges in terms of workability and compactibility. Asphalt mixtures

314 containing RAP may also show some distresses such as reduced resistance to low temperature

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315 cracking and fatigue cracking. Increased production temperature and excessive aging are other

316 concerns when RAP is used in asphalt mixtures. Generally, the use of 10-30% of RAP in asphalt

317 mixtures has been reported to perform equal or better than the mixtures without RAP

318 (Widyatmoko, 2008; Xiao et al., 2019). RAP can also be used in higher percentages in asphalt

319 mixtures with the addition of other additives and/or for specific traffic and environmental

320 conditions (Daniel and Lachance, 2005; Li et al., 2019; Song et al., 2018). All the above-mentioned

321 issues and challenges can be addressed by using WMA technologies. An appropriate WMA

322 technology can allow to produce asphalt mixtures with high RAP contents (Howard et al., 2013;

323 Tao and Mallick, 2009; Vidal et al., 2013). It should also be noted that both RAP and WMA

324 technologies can reduce environmental pollutions and production costs.

325 The performance of the WMA containing RAP depends on the RAP source, RAP content,

326 WMA technology, and WMA additive content. Therefore, the optimum RAP content in WMA

327 depends on the type of WMA technology used in the production of WMA mixtures (Oner and

328 Sengoz, 2015). Overall, the use of RAP materials in either HMA or WMA can increase the rutting

329 resistance and improve the high temperature performance of the mixtures due to the aged and stiff

330 binder in the RAP (Behnood, 2019; Guo et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2013). In other words, WMA

331 mixtures containing RAP materials are more resistant to rutting than the WMA mixtures without

332 RAP. However, WMA mixtures containing RAP materials may exhibit less resistance to rutting

333 than the control HMA mixtures containing RAP materials (Dong et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2013).

334 Depending on the WMA technology, it would be also possible to obtain RAP-WMA mixtures with

335 higher resistance to rutting than RAP-HMA mixtures.

336 Fatigue life of WMA containing RAP has also been the focus of some previous studies.

337 Reduced fatigue resistance upon the addition of RAP has been reported in some studies (Kusam

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338 et al., 2017; Mogawer et al., 2012). Some studies also reported increased fatigue resistance in

339 WMA mixtures containing RAP (Dinis-Almeida and Afonso, 2015; Saberi.K et al., 2017; Singh

340 et al., 2017).

341 With regard to the moisture susceptibility, some studies have reported increased resistance

342 to moisture damage upon the addition of RAP (Brian et al., 2013; Shu et al., 2012; Zhao et al.,

343 2013), while some others have reported insignificant effects (Doyle and Howard, 2013; Kusam et

344 al., 2017; Mogawer et al., 2013) or even decreased resistance to moisture damage after the addition

345 of RAP (Guo et al., 2014; Moghadas Nejad et al., 2014). The amount of RAP in HMA or WMA

346 significantly affects the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. Previous research has shown

347 that up to 30% RAP content can enhance the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures while a

348 RAP content more than 30% may reduce the resistance to moisture damage (Singh et al., 2017).

349 In terms of the ITS, several research studies have reported enhanced performance when RAP is

350 added to WMA (Goh and You, 2012; Sengoz and Oylumluoglu, 2013).

351 The low temperature performance assessment of WMA containing RAP has shown that

352 the addition of RAP decreases the resistance to thermal cracking compared to control mixtures

353 (Guo et al., 2017, 2014; Martinho et al., 2017; Xin et al., 2017). There are also a few studies that

354 reported equal or even better performance at low temperatures in WMA mixtures containing RAP

355 compared to control mixtures (Mallick et al., 2008; Xiao et al., 2016). The performance of WMA

356 mixtures containing RAP at low temperatures depends on the WMA technology and the production

357 temperature. Overall, RAP negatively affects the performance of asphalt mixtures at low

358 temperatures. An appropriate WMA technology can offset this effect and can potentially improve

359 the performance of the asphalt mixtures at low temperatures. Table 9 shows a summary of findings

360 in previous studies on the use of RAP in WMA.

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361 Table 9. Summary of the findings from previous studies on the use of RAP in WMA mixtures
RAP content (%) WMA technology Main findings Reference(s)
WMA (0, 30, 40, 50)  Foamed asphalt  RAP increased the moisture resistance of both HMA and WMA. (Shu et al., 2012)
HMA (0, 30)
WMA (0, 15)  Advera  RAP increased tensile strength in both porous HMA and WMA. (Goh and You, 2012)
HMA (0, 15)  RAP increased dynamic modulus values.
0, 25, 40  Sonne Warmix  RAP increased resistance to rutting while WMA additive decreased that. (Mogawer et al., 2013)
 RAP decreased resistance to reflective and fatigue cracking. WMA additive further decreased the resistance to
reflective and fatigue cracking.
0, 15, 45  Sasobit  Sasobit showed the best performance in terms of resistance to rutting. (Brian et al., 2013)
 Advera  RAP increased resistance to rutting and moisture damage in HMA and WMA mixtures.
 Evotherm 3G  RAP reduced thermal cracking resistance.
 Rediset LQ  In WMA containing RAP, thermal cracking needs further investigation.
WMA (50, 75, 100)  Sasobit  Asphalt mixtures with 10% and 15% RAP were used as control mixtures and contained no WMA additive. (Howard et al., 2013)
HMA (10, 15)  WMA mixtures with 50% showed the best performance in terms of resistance to moisture damage.
WMA (0, 15, 20, 30, 35, 40)  Foamed asphalt  Compared to HMA-high RAP, WMA-high RAP showed less moisture resistance and rutting resistance. (S. Zhao et al., 2012; Zhao et
HMA (0, 15, 30)  Evotherm  Compared to WMA-low RAP, WMA-high RAP showed better moisture resistance and rutting resistance. al., 2013)
 In WMA-high RAP made with foamed asphalt or Evotherm, rutting still remains as an issue, but fatigue cracking
may not be a concern.
0, 15, 30, 50, 60  Sasobit  RAP increased rutting resistance and decreased moisture resistance and TSR values. (Moghadas Nejad et al., 2014)
 The WMA mixture with 50% RAP showed the optimal performance.
0, 40  S-I WMA  RAP did not significantly affect the low temperature cracking resistance. (Guo et al., 2017, 2014)
 Evotherm DAT  RAP decreased the moisture resistance and TSR values. Short-term aging slightly improved the moisture resistance
and increased the TSR values.
 RAP reduced the fatigue resistance.
HMA (0, 25, 50, 75)  Sasobit  The incorporation of RAP in asphalt mixtures increased the values of the resilient modulus. (Behbahani et al., 2017)
WMA (0, 25, 50, 75)  Zycotherm  Sasobit increase the resilient modulus while Zycotherm did not show significant effects on it.
 Sasobit increased the flow number while Zycotherm decreased it.
30, 60  Sasobit  The use of RAP and crumb rubber in WMA made with Sasobit increased the resistance to rutting, moisture damage, (Saberi.K et al., 2017)
and fatigue cracking compared to control HMA without RAP and crumb rubber.
HMA binder (0, 30,40, 50)  RH-WMA  RH-WMA improved the elasticity and increased the creep compliance (both by the multiple stress creep recovery (Gungat et al., 2016)
WMA binder (30, 40, 50) tests) of asphalt binders containing RAP binder.
0, 10, 20, 30  Natural zeolite  The incorporation of RAP in WMA mixtures did not significantly affect the moisture sensitivity, increased stiffness, (Valdes-Vidal et al., 2018)
and reduced fatigue life.

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363 Several other recycled materials have also been used in WMA mixtures including steel

364 slag, recycled concrete aggregate, and Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) (Buss et al., 2014; Fakhri

365 and Ahmadi, 2017; Martinho et al., 2018). Fakhri and Ahmadi (2017) investigated the effects of

366 partial replacement of coarse aggregate with steel slag and/or partial replacement of fine aggregate

367 with RAP on the mechanical properties of WMA made with Sasobit. The results of their study

368 showed improved resilient modulus, rutting resistance, and fatigue resistance in the presence of

369 RAP and steel slag. The incorporation of RAP also improved the moisture sensitivity of the WMA

370 mixtures while steel slag did not show specific trend on the moisture sensitivity of the mixtures.

371 3.5.2. WMA mixtures containing polymers

372 Many types of modifiers have been utilized in previous studies to improve the performance of

373 asphalt binders and mixtures at a wide range of temperatures and load conditions (Behnood et al.,

374 2016; Behnood and Olek, 2017a, 2017b; Hassanpour-Kasanagh et al., 2020). The use of WMA

375 additives (e.g., Sasobit) in combination with other additives such as polymers (e.g., Styrene-

376 Butadiene-Styrene (SBS)), crumb rubber, Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA), natural bitumen, and

377 graphene oxide has been reported to provide many technical benefits (Ge et al., 2017; Ozturk and

378 Kamran, 2019; Sobhi et al., 2020). In addition, the use of WMA additives in the mixtures

379 containing other polymers or rubber can decrease the high mixing and compaction temperatures

380 associated with the production of these mixtures. In a composite modifier containing WMA

381 additive and another modifier such as polymer or crumb rubber, two main objectives can be

382 achieved. The first objective could be related to the role of WMA additive in improving the

383 performance of polymer/rubber-modified asphalt (e.g., by reducing the viscosity). The second

384 objective can be related to the role of the other modifier in enhancing the performance of WMA

385 mixtures (e.g., by improving the rutting or fatigue cracking resistance). Overall, the combined

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386 effects of the WMA additive and other modifier(s) would be expected to improve the overall

387 performance of the asphalt mixture. The properties of the mixtures containing WMA additives and

388 other types of modifiers depend on the interaction conditions (e.g., mixing temperature, order, and

389 time) and the characteristics of the base materials (e.g., type and dose of additives and binder

390 composition). Therefore, the type of WMA technology and its optimum content in the composite

391 modifiers should be carefully determined considering the environmental conditions.

392 The addition of Sasobit to the SBS-modified asphalt was reported to decrease the softening

393 point and penetration grade, which is an indication of increased temperature susceptibility (Li et

394 al., 2016). However, asphalt mixtures containing SBS and Sasobit has better durability and

395 mechanical properties than the mixtures containing unmodified binders or SBS-modified binders.

396 Chemical additives such as Rediset can have a great influence on the compactability of WMA

397 containing SBS compared to unmodified binder (Mo et al., 2012).

398 To offset the increased production temperatures associated with the addition of Gilsonite in

399 Gilsonite-modified asphalt mixtures, Sobhi et al. (2020) proposed the use of Sasobit as a WMA

400 additive. They found that the addition of Sasobit allowed for preparing asphalt mixtures with

401 higher contents of Gilsonite. Compared to the asphalt mixtures containing neat binder, asphalt

402 mixtures containing Sasobit and Gilsonite showed significantly reduced production temperatures,

403 increased resistance to permanent deformation, and increased ITS values. Similar findings have

404 been reported about the combined effects of Sasobit and graphene oxide. The combination of

405 Sasobit and graphene oxide in a composite modifier for asphalt binders can increase the resistance

406 to permanent deformation and improve the workability of the asphalt mixtures (K. Liu et al., 2018;

407 Liu et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2019). Graphene oxide can increase the rutting resistance and improve

408 the moisture susceptibility. However, this happens by significantly increasing the mixing and

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409 compaction temperatures. Sasobit can be added to asphalt mixtures containing graphene oxide to

410 further improve the rutting resistance and reduce the mixing and compaction temperatures. In hot

411 regions, this mix would be expected to have a very good performance in terms of rutting resistance.

412 Graphene oxide can also slightly decrease the resistance of asphalt mixtures to cracking. In cold

413 regions, where low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures is important, Sasobit, may

414 also add to the reduced resistance to low-temperature cracking. Therefore, in cold regions, it would

415 be recommended to use other WMA additives (e.g., waste cooking oil) that could improve the

416 performance of the mixtures at low temperatures.

417 Tables 10 show a summary of other previous research studies on using WMA additives in

418 combination with modifiers such as polymers.

419

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420 Table 10. Summary of previous research on using WMA additives in combination with other
421 modifiers
WMA Other Main findings Reference(s)
additive additive(s)
Sasobit PPA  The addition of PPA to Sasobit-modified binder increases the viscosity, (Ge et al.,
Evotherm softening point, dynamic shear modulus, and low-temperature stiffness and 2017; Liu et
DAT decreases phase angle, penetration grade, and m-value. al., 2016)
 It was recommended to limit the content of PPA in Sasobit and Evotherm
DAT-modified binders, respectively, to 1.0% and 1.5% to guarantee the
adequate performance of asphalt binder at low temperatures.
Sasobit Waste  Asphalt mixtures containing waste packaging tape showed similar (Yu et al.,
packaging performance with that of containing SBS. However, the low temperature 2019)
tape performance was weak.
 WMA additive allows for the production of the mixture with waste
packaging tape modified mixture at a temperature used for unmodified
mixture.
Deurex SBS  The addition of Deurex to SBS-modified binder can decrease the viscosity (Yang and
of SBS-modified binder. Liu, 2018)
 For SBS-modified binder, Deurex can also improve the high temperature
properties and lower the intermediate and low temperature properties.
 Deurex and Sasobit show similar effects on the properties of SBS-modified
binders.
Sasobit SBS  Sasobit and Rediset decreased the viscosity while Advera increased the (Kataware
Rediset viscosity. and Singh,
Advera  Sasobit increased resistance to rutting while Rediset decreased resistance to 2017)
rutting and fatigue cracking.
 Advera did not show significant effects on the rutting resistance or fatigue
cracking.
Sasobit SBS  The addition of SBS to WMA made by Sasobit or Aspha-min increased the (Fakhri et al.,
Aspha-min TSR value. 2013)

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423 3.5.3. WMA mixtures containing crumb rubber

424 Asphalt mixtures containing crumb rubber provide better performance than the mixtures

425 without crumb rubber at a wide range of temperatures by increasing the resistance to rutting,

426 fatigue and thermal cracking, and aging (Behnood and Olek, 2017a, 2017b; Oliveira et al., 2013).

427 However, the use of crumb rubber in rubber-modified asphalt mixtures increases the mixing and

428 compaction temperatures. WMA additives such as Aspha-min, Sasobit, or Evotherm 3G can be

429 added to the rubber-modified asphalt mixtures to reduce the viscosity and production temperatures

430 and to further enhance other properties such as resistance to rutting, thermal cracking, and fatigue

431 cracking (Akisetty et al., 2011, 2009; Leng et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2017). Moreover, the addition

432 of WMA additives allows for better haul management. In hot regions, the use of WMA additives

433 such as Sasobit, Asphaltan A, Asphaltan B, and Licomont BS 100 would not be suggested since

434 they negatively affect the performance of the rubberized asphalt mixtures at low and intermediate

435 temperatures. Additives such as Evotherm 3G, Evotherm DAT, and Aspha-min would be

436 recommended for cold regions since they either improve the low temperature performance or have

437 insignificant effects at low temperatures (Rodríguez-Alloza et al., 2016, 2014, 2013).

438 The order of adding the modifiers to the asphalt binders can also affect the properties of the

439 modified binders. For example, in a recent study by Yu et al. (2017), three mixing process of

440 Evotherm DAT and crumb rubber with asphalt binder were evaluated: 1) preparing rubber-

441 modified binder first and then adding Evotherm DAT, 2) blending rubber and Evotherm DAT first

442 and then mixing this blend with the binder, and 3) adding Evotherm DAT during the preparation

443 of rubber-modified binder. The second and the third approaches were reported to lead to more

444 energy saving. However, they were found to negatively affect the rheological properties. The

445 addition of Sasobit to asphalt mixtures containing crumb rubber in a dry mixing process has been

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446 found to improve the workability and compactability and to reduce the compaction temperature (~

447 15 ºC) without negatively affecting the rutting and cracking resistance (Ozturk and Kamran, 2019).

448 However, in this process, a reduction in mixing temperature can decrease the rutting and cracking

449 resistance (Ozturk and Kamran, 2019).

450 Tables 11 show a summary of other previous research studies on using WMA additives in

451 combination with crumb rubber.

452

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453 Table 11. Summary of previous research on using WMA additives in rubberized binders and
454 mixtures
WMA additive Main findings Reference(s)
 Sasobit  Sasobit, RH, and Advera increased the rutting resistance of crumb rubber-modifier (Wang et al.,
 RH binder. 2012a,
 Advera  Sasobit showed the most remarkable effects while Advera showed only minimal 2012b)
effects.
 Advera was found to enhance the low temperature performance of rubberized binders
while Sasobit and RH showed the opposite effects.
 Sasobit  All WMA additives enhanced the workability of asphalt rubber mixtures. (Leng et al.,
 56# paraffin wax  Evotherm DAT slightly increased the fatigue resistance of asphalt rubber mixture while 2017; H. Yu
 Evotherm-DAT other additives slightly decreased it. et al., 2018;
 Evotherm 3G  Evotherm DAT slightly decreased resistance to moisture damage while other additives Yu et al.,
 Aspha-min did not have significant effects on the moisture susceptibility. 2016, 2013)
 Evotherm DAT decreased resistance to rutting while Sasobit slightly increased
resistance to rutting. The other additives slightly decreased resistance to rutting.
 Evotherm 3G  In asphalt mixtures containing crumb rubber, Evotherm 3G improved fatigue life, (Yang et al.,
enhanced resistance to moisture damage, and showed similar rutting resistance and low 2017)
temperature performance.
 Sasobit  All WMA additives decreased the penetration grade and increased the softening point (Rodríguez-
 Licomont BS 100 of base binder and rubber-modified binder. Alloza et al.,
 Asphaltan A  4% of Asphaltan A and 4% of Sasobit had the greatest reduction in the production 2016, 2014,
 Asphaltan B temperatures of the mixtures with rubber-modified and base binders, respectively. 2013)
 All WMA additives negatively affected the low temperature performance.
 Sasobit  The addition of Sasobit or Aspha-min to the rubberized binders increased the rutting (Akisetty et
 Aspha-min resistance. al., 2010)
 The addition of Sasobit to rubberized binder increased the m-value while the addition
of Aspha-min to rubberized binder did not show significant effects on the low
temperature performance.
 Evotherm DAT  The addition of WMA decreased the fatigue resistance of rubberized binders, mortars, (J. Yu et al.,
 Sasobit and mixtures while showing improved fatigue resistance compared to the unmodified 2018)
 Aspha-min binders, mortars, and mixtures.
 Sasobit  Both additives reduced the viscosity and increased the resistance of rubberized binders (Kim et al.,
 LEADCAP to rutting. 2018; Kim
 LEADCAP increased the resistance to fatigue cracking while Sasobit decreased it. and Lee,
 LEADCAP slightly improved the performance at low temperature while Sasobit had 2015)
the opposite effect.
 Foaming process  An increase in the water content in the foaming of rubberized asphalt reduced the high (Yu et al.,
temperature process and improved the fatigue resistance, low temperature 2014)
performance, and temperature stability.

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456 4. Major findings and future research

457 The findings from this review indicate that much has been learned about the WMA

458 technologies in the past two decades. However, there are still some concerns about these

459 technologies that need to be addressed in the future research. The followings are suggested to be

460 investigated in the future research:

461  Previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of various WMA technologies on the

462 thermo-mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures and the rheological properties of the

463 asphalt binders. Further investigation is needed on the effects of curing time, aging, and

464 reheating on the performance of the WMA binders and mixtures.

465  WMA mixtures containing RAP show improved performance in terms of workability,

466 moisture damage resistance, and rutting resistance. The fatigue resistance of these mixtures

467 could be improved with organic additives while it could be decreased in the presence of

468 chemical additives and foaming technology. Further investigation is required in terms of

469 the performance of WMA mixtures containing RAP at low temperatures.

470  The reduction in the production temperature of WMA can negatively affect the thermo-

471 mechanical properties of the WMA mixtures. The WMA technology can benefit from a

472 guideline for a balanced mix design to reduce the WMA production temperatures without

473 compromising the mechanical properties.

474  The addition of polymers and recycled materials such as crumb rubber to WMA mixtures

475 can potentially provide many technical benefits such as improved resistance to rutting,

476 fatigue cracking, and thermal cracking (Behnood and Modiri Gharehveran, 2019). Further

477 research is needed to investigate the effects of various composite modifiers containing

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478 WMA additives and other modifiers such as polymers, crumb rubber, natural bitumen, and

479 PPA on the properties of WMA mixtures.

480  The performance of the WMA additives in the presence of other modifiers (e.g., polymers

481 and crumb rubber) depends on a wide range of factors including the interaction condition

482 (e.g., mixing temperature, time, and order) and the characteristics of the base materials

483 (e.g., type and dose of WMA additive). Further research is required to investigate the

484 interaction of WMA additives and other modifiers under various loading and

485 environmental conditions.

486 5. Conclusions

487 Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) provides a series of technologies to mix and compact asphalt

488 mixtures at temperatures lower than those normally used in the production of Hot Mix Asphalt

489 (HMA). WMA technologies provide a wide variety of economic, environmental, and technical

490 benefits. The reduction in the production temperatures occurs through different mechanisms used

491 by various WMA technologies. The WMA technologies mainly reduce the viscosity of the asphalt

492 binders and improve the workability and compactibility. These technologies can also have

493 different effects on the thermo-mechanical and durability characteristics of asphalt mixtures and

494 the rheological properties of asphalt binders. Overall, WMA technologies can be classified into

495 three main groups of foaming technologies, organic additives, and chemical additives. Among

496 different classes of technologies, chemical additives usually do not significantly affect the

497 rheological properties of the binders.

498 A wide range of factors can affect the properties of asphalt mixtures containing WMA

499 additives, including the source of base binder, type and amount of WMA additive, presence of

500 recycled materials and binder modifiers, and production temperatures. Although the use of WMA
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501 additives could improve the mechanical and durability properties of asphalt mixture, they might

502 also lead to some negative impacts on the properties of asphalt mixtures such as increased

503 susceptibility to moisture damage. Therefore, it is a critical task to select the appropriate type and

504 amount of the WMA additives to avoid any potential durability- and performance-related issues.

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Declaration of Conflict of Interest:

None
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Highlights
 WMA technologies provide a wide range of environmental, economic, and technical
benefits.
 Various WMA technologies and their advantages/disadvantages are discussed.
 The effects of WMA technologies on the thermo-mechanical properties of asphalt
mixtures are reviewed.
 WMA mixtures containing polymers, crumb rubber, and/or reclaimed asphalt pavement
are discussed.