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    Workshop Practical PDF

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    Workshop Practical PDF

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    Govind
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    workshop practical.pdf

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    Workshop Practical PDF

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    Govind

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Carpentry may be defined as the process of making wooden components. It starts from a ‘marketable form of wood and ends with a finished product. It deals with the building work, famiture, cabinet making etc. Preparation of joints is one of the important operations in all ‘wood-works. It deals withthe specific work ofa carpenter like making different types of joints to form a finished product. Introduction to Carpentry shop and to study various types of tools used in carpentry and to prepare simple types of two wooden joints. Various types of tools used in carpentry are’: 1. Measuring Tools. 2, Marking Tools. 3. Cutting Tools. 4, Planing Tools. 5. Drilling and boring tools. 6. Striking Tools. 7. Sharpening Tools. 8, Holding devices. go, neem and babul are kyesfa as hard woods. ; aa Jour and weight, -— easy to work on soft wood, but itis less durable. Hard wood is dark in colour difficult tg Work on hard wood, but it is highly durable. : C based on the name of the trees like feak, babul, shisham, neem, kal, chit ete. tains a considerable moisture content. Ifthis isnot removed, the timberis likely to recs neti ac ret ee oul be used forall earpentry works Seasoning makes the wood resilient and lighter. oe er itismade into an object. The following methods are used forthe seasoning oftimber, in Timber : The defects in timber Detects developed during the growth of tee: lO narden Gi Sar Shake (iii) Cup shake Gv) Knots (¥) Twisted fibres ake i WORKSHOP PRACTICE: ‘Scanned with CamScanner pefeetsdeueloped after fing F Gp Honey combing iv) Case hardening () Dry rot fasuring Tools folded from three places. Itis marked with inch and mil}. + fold bpx wood rule tis generally 2 feet long and is Fout rmetef scale, | 7 8 8 a Mt 8S 27 2 29, 9 | boo ofoocLo cocci | ST Ke FIG. 5.1. FOUR FOLD BOXWOOD RULE. Cate: eis made up of stainless steel and is marked with centimeter scale and inch scale. rary 5 ew (Correos FIG.5.2. STEEL RULE. Foch Tape : It is made up of a flexible thin see stip. Iti folded around a centre pin attached with 2 small handle. FIG. 5.3, INCHTAPE. fing ina Tos 6 lead pencil is generally used for marking purposes. | a) “ eg FIG.5.4, PENCIL, ber Ithas a sharp conical arp conical edge used to mark on even hard surfaces, The front edge is hardened to reduce the we? tear. IL is made up of carbon steel. —SSS FIG.5.5. SCRIBER, ae ng is similar to the markiny 1 gauge but is ined while the oer smuveables mankewa PIs FIG.5.6. MORTISE GAUGE. ‘Scanned with CamScanner 4, Marking gauge :Itis used to scribe panillel 0 and at a desired distance ‘a finished face or edge. Stock is the ple portion and can be adjusted at any pasonon teste with the help ofthe thumis « Sowecan adjust the space between the frkng pin which is fastened atthe stem and thestock. 4, Try square : It is used to draw | gaallellines atthe right angles orto check the | tents of the planed surface. It is made up cfasteel blade with a heavy base. (Fig, 5.8) | 7% evel : It consists of a wooden blade can be adjusted in the space of tf handle and can be rotated 180° with | regect to the handle. It is used for marking ‘arious angles. (Fig. 5.9) 7. Compass/dividers : These are used j swing ares and circles, These are also tOeansfer any dimensions. It consist ‘oftwo legs with a spring on the top of the lkgs.A screw is also attached for adjustment, ig. 5.10) | The cutting tools may be broadly \ (sified into following three groups : | (A) Saws (B) Chisel (C) Adze. (A)Saws, saw consist ofa thin spring steel blade _ Bached with a wooden handle. The front ‘Wing dlvider 3c SaW i toe . eee called toe and the bac resmmome \ ‘i g (length of blade). The width of blade is about 120 mm to \ AL Rip saw ; It is « hand saw measuring 30 em to 75 em long (length 'S9mm near the handle and 60 mm to 70 mm at the toe. ‘Spring dviser FIG. 5.12 TENON SAM, 1 in length and is supported by back or wrought Irn. Ht has a5. niP SAW toddem from 20 cm 10 , Ren ane nso i 1200s 00 among whishisereved el bl mm to 100 mm width. ing blade about 200 ee Seemann consists of a a uti inside ofthe wood easily a " oe $ jing Saw)? itean cut t= ——s = A r) ==) 1) IG. 5.14. KEY HOLD SAW iG. 619, COMPASS SAW. guanar®— woncancn PMASriCeS: N ‘Scanned with CamScanner TTT nternal curv ceyhote sane or 1 create the Reytes satan (Ue iso foci thick I ‘one at each provide with wo handle, sya Ts tw 8 joy Bon ne e1HNH CHE HAN persons are emp FIG. 6.16. BOW SAW. lever and two handles. It is used to produce curved surface Za woodlen thames 8 bat) ‘tightened with the help of string and lever. con with quick turns, The blade {b) Chisols IWis a at thick piece of tool stool, whoxe one et wooden handle, There are five types of Chisels commonly used in grounded to from a cutting edge and the other is provided with a 1 in a carpentary shop. These are : 1 work. It carries a wide blade. Itis used for taking wider cuts 1. Firmer Chisel : His a medium duty tool used for general and banishing flat surfinc inside the grooves, Width ‘of the blade varies from Smm to 35mm. en natn ——— oe) See DOVETAIL CHIESEL. FIG. 5.17, FINMEN CHISEL FIG. ~spaxctail Chisels : Ht has a long carbon steel blade with a bevelled back so that it canyenter into the sharp comers to finish them, I is BEnecally required in dovetall joints, 3. Mortise Chisels bade hikes aro from $m — Cae: 7 Tih) FIG. 6.19, MOTE CH 3.5.20. SOCKET CHISEL. 4. Socket Chisel : Very high stock removal ‘The wooden handle is fited into the soc rossible by of the tang, cket chisel because itis having a socket type construction. (4) ourBIDE GHOUND GxuaE (8) INSIDE GROUND GauGi = Fas, weno Whas outer fee is ned os velled to form a satfny edye,. AN edge ix bevelled to form w cutting edge, Concave und edge is bevelled in Shim These aes one ie plac sod he Wee CONVEX, i Read hs conven i fae concave end FG. 8.22. ze VA HHANAT" ~ WORKBHOP PRACTICES ad ‘Scanned with CamScanner Maintain the job nly used planes are ; 40 smooth and f proper size, Some tn (j Wooden Jack Plane : The Imes grooves can also be produced. Parts of a wooden J ‘lade or Iron cutter is fitted in the st ack Plane are shown in the e of the stock), lock sucha ir e. The main cut “ay hastens at angle of 45> with ce Pah as with the sole (The bottem portion ne , | a Xt | j | | dy} | wa (2) Wooden jack plane @) Wedge (©)euting ten (a)Bscktron | 0) FIG. 5.23. WOODEN JACK PLANE, ie (i) Tron Jack Plane : It gives better surface finish and is more durable than the wooden jack plane. Its use is similar to ) the wooden Jack Plane. 1 Pos Jthe= | ss (A) IRON JACK PLANE iegken is applied afer the Jack Plane to produce a true at (i) ‘eying Plane Is nothing but a longer wooden Jack Pane. t's a rying Plane : surface. Caan | ain susan roe practices NY pay” = WORKEHOR PRAD IN rn aw ‘Scanned with CamScanner the Jack Plane and trying plane. It has np 1e wooden surface after (ix) Siivathing plane: It is used for smoothening tht handle. (9) Special planes upon the job, for example: Rebate plane, umber of special planes are used dF ake shave etc. (A) SPOKE SHAVE >. Rasp :Itisalso known as rasp file. Iti finishing used to make the wood surface smooth, remove sharp ‘edge, finishing fillet and other interior surfaces. Sharp cutting teeth are provided on its surface and can be used for woodwork only. FIG. 5.28. RASP. Drilling aya Boring Tools Bevel gears are fitted on | In its operation, handle | SCREWED END FIG. 5.31. GIMLET DRILL. 3. Gimet Dei : rill: Iisa : directio and caries fluted body up tow ection, the chuck and the bit do not (to the wooden work-piece made up of n twists At itis rotated and press! ‘Scanned with CamScanner king Tools “Main striking tools are as under : aco FIG. 5.39. CLAW HAMMER. FIG. 5.34. MALLET. Sharpening To For sharpening of 3. Grinding wheel of grinder. be Holding Devices ait! The holding tools are used to hold the work so that it can work easily and efficiently. The various devices used are : oi Bench Hook : Bench hook i used to prevent ‘work\rom moving forward when being planed. So it | avery simple type of holding tool 2. Clamping Vice : One jaw of the clamping vice is fixed to the tale while the other is kept ‘oveable by means of a screw and a handle, The ‘tole vice is made up of Iron and steel. Vice is made “Pof cast steel and jaws are lined with hard wood. “Clamp : C- Clamp is a simple type of ing device. It is generally used to paste one the other and sometimes for alignment Wood) FIG. 5.37.C-CLAMP. RKB orices FIG, 5.36. CLAMPING VICE- guanar’ — WORKSHOP PRA ‘Scanned with CamScanner Wood working Joints end to end by Lap, but for scarf joints eas follows ¢ fe joints are the obtain large to obtain greater width sints can be classifi ‘Joints : These are used 10 “These joints are use lengths. Pieces are joine Wood working} Rebated, butt and tongue and g ALengthejns 2. Widening oints + various widening joitys 3. Framing Joi amples are:= mortise od tenon, bridle, rater, “These are used to join the pieces at an angle. Is © comer Aap dovetail et. eens taints THe jin ae used to olan the Dox fyPE structs such as lap rebgt@d, comer halve mitre, Jooking joints ete. circa Joints: The joints are used to obtain the hollow cylindrical structure. examples are:- butt, hammer, blind poate and enon ete, Detail Study of Carpentry Joints ‘arpentry operations. The main among theny/re the Following : nade as half joints with the purpose St securing comers and intersections in the same “tap joint, comer halflap joint, efoss lap joint. and lap-dovetal half joint as shown _Avarieyy of joints are used in} 1. Hatving joints. Many joints place. The important half joints includ (OR HALF-LAP Jou K-DOVETAIL JOINTS. ise oes nd Tenoa feta, INT), (8) CORNER HALF-LAP JOINT, ‘Most commonly used. fom of sin are posse depending place of use as shown Fig. $39, ~ ()Monmise, (On wano Toon ONT s - Mons i FIG. 5.20, DirEEocse—— We Stour seg PONT ‘Scanned with CamScanner 43. Bridle joints. These se and tenon joint, Lot of, R88 shown in Fig 5.39(c), 4. Dovetail joints. There are t joi Neos! common join used in fumtureand Wher ewpersy vet Various variations are possible, Basically connec sockets with matching pins fitting to each other A> Fig 540. §. Corner joints, Comers/angles can Arent ways, One can even use any type teen lscussed above to get comer/angle ¥ ae shown in Fig, 541, The joints made in wood-wor/are usually secured firmly ‘by means of suitable mechanical neans such as nails, screws, thls and nuts, and other adhesi¥es. ‘basic joint have ous comer joints Commonly used sfety precautions in Wood working : 2 debris. 3. The sop floor should always be kept clean and free from debris. 4. Wooden pieces with projected nails should not be allowed to remain lig onthe shop floor 5. Blunt tools should not be used. | 6. No machine should be operated without the permission of the shop inchare 1. 8 the safety guards are in op . Before starting a machine it should be ensured that all aries a Dade and always Keep your While working on a circular saw, don’t stand in a line with the plane fingers at a distance from the blade. faster than the cutting 9. The woodep pieces should not be fed tothe swing machines gon wood lathes, the job should be property Belt se defective or damaged 1008. ails, screws should be properly kept i ed of the machine, To prepare a Lap T joint serber, chisel, crosmcut sa tenon 9 Material aa on 25 oun rms apg enters vice, tel rule jack panes ae x °C size 50 mm x 35 mm * 250 mm a ajiteuon rnacvioc X suanar Wi ‘Scanned with CamScanner Procedure ; 1. The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct size. 2. The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenter are checked for squareness with the try-square. * : ; nao Fe etand fines are drawn at 30 and 45 mm, tomarkthe thickness and width ofthe model respectively ‘The exeese material is fist chiscled out with firmer chisel and then planed to correct size. “The mating dimensions ofthe parts X and Y are then marked using seale and marking gauge. — Using the eross-cut sav, the portions to be removed are eut in both the pieces, followed by chiseling and also the parts X and are separated by eoss-cuting, using the tenon saw as shown in Fig. 5.42. 7, The ends of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths. 8. A fine finishing is given to the parts, ifrequired so that, proper fitting is obtained. 9. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint. Result ‘The T-lap joint is thus made by following the above sequence of operations. whe 0 40 nm || L_tI-; . Ts ‘l o_O ee FIG. 5.42. FLAP JOINT. Precautions 1, While cutting groove hold the block in vice proper! say Fgh ene olde lack in vce properly so that saw eth doesnot touch the vie. To make a dovetail lap. Material Carpenter's vi : jack plane, ty. Reaper of size 50 mm = ,ry-square, marking gauge, (i. of size 50mm 250mm and mallet, 8 gauge, 25 mm firmef chisel, cross-cut saw, tenon sav, seriber, Procedure fice and any two adjacent faces are planed by the jack plane and the 2. The reaperis firmly clamped in : rite ena mas pr any ‘wo adjacent faces are planed by the jack plane and the » sare drawn ab ‘ Tce er ent te thins an width the model espe 1 Remarc aranst paca og geen MU Ps wy tng ada & Affine finishing is given oe a 9. The pars sr ited to ‘Scanned with CamScanner |, Pattern : Apattern may be\efined as a model ofthe desired produet (called casts ‘be used for forming an impression called mould (cavity) in damp sand. When this metal, it solidifies and products a casting (desired product). So the pattem is the ‘materials are generally used the cavities or holes to be produced in the casting. of making cores is called core-making. 1, Hand tools like moulding tools, 2. Moulding boxes (Flasks) 3. Moulding machines. Foundry Hand Tools tools is given below ; ‘pan fitted with a wooden handle. It is used for tan FIG. 6.2 STRIKE OFF BAR, GaN en ice EEN BN ‘Scanned with CamScanner cor metallic bar having a true edge. It the ramming has been completed. we. It is used to remove the lumps (Gi) Strike off bar : Itis a wood is used for removing the surplus sand a (ii) Hand ridale :Itisalso known as ie and foreign particles from the sand. (Fig. 6.3 (iv) Vent wire : It is similar to a needle. the excess sand, i is used to make small holes in exit of gases and steam during casting. (9) Trowels : These are used for finishing flat sur i after w(thdrawing the pattern. Yer ramming and striking off : sand mould to allow the | an been withdrawn. (sii) Li section ofa mould. rammer, PEENEND FIG. 6.5.1YPES OF RAMMERS yo enenns— nomenon rnasrice ‘Scanned with CamScanner nl | Sled drag and intermediate parts are (all) Draw screw apd rapping plate: The ¢ scewatthe othe. I is liyys used in conjunction serews are accommodatin clamped 0 the pattem, raw screw is a strai ‘The pattern ean be withdra ight mild-stce! rod car (ili) Smothers and corner slicks : Thesd\are surfaces and edges ete, According to their use and sl Giiv) Clamps : Clamps are made of steel and a forholding and clamping the moulding box in proper posi Moulding Boxes or Flasks Theboxes used in sand mouldi ‘st Iron or steel. It is a container m which sa ‘ore parts, The upper Seprovided with suitable clamps to help in Jocating ths Postion during casting, ladies Lads are used transport molten met fo “Ss! shel inked with a suitable refractory mpterial 6.0. LADLE. i se ti felt the metal in a furnaes wy be made of wood, is packed tnd rammed, In moulding sand, there is a cavity in which ‘olten metal is poured. Moulding boxes consist of two or used to repair and finish the round and square comers, round and flat ferent names. put in this aw Yyateral (metal serap) is js packed inside the furace and ra ‘Scanned with CamScanner lowing steps ? duced and is sed man} terial ipa foundry sI rocess reparing a Casting? ess comprises the fo times is easting production, ae hop. The quality of the casting siding mat a ? xing of sand Be moulding me ynjtic and is used for mould ‘and core-making, .f mixing of snd, ; ; aan ear voulds are prepared with fe help of PALS to produce a cavity of desired ver But somyAimes permanent metal moulds are also used. For ones, Moulds and cores are baked 9 impart strength. Ited in a suitable furnace. pydper composition is mel stains pouring temperature it 8 taken into ladles and ! Casting ‘Steps in 1. Making 2. Prepari depends upon be the 43. Preparing a ou! shape. Usually the mou is “cbtaining hollow portions core 4, Melting the Metal The requit «Pouring the metal Yyto the mous poured into the moulds. 6. Cooling Le, Saliditicatie the metal solidifies. 7. Removing the Soliiied cleaned by removing adhering | sand. 8, Feiting: The unwanted projeyion inthe wif. 9, Heat Treatment: The castings Casting proe pat mould of the casting t0 Be Pro Moulding S: ection an a Yyould and ¢* san: Sand is the pri sh may be nature ofS sore making: made of sand and is used only ons are prepared separately in core ied quantity of the metal with ‘When the molten met ¢ mould eavity it is allowed to cool down so that ‘ter pouring the molten metal into th solidified casting are extracted by breaking the mould ané risers ete. are cut offand the entire surface is cleaned and made form of gates, xy need heat reatment depending on the specific properties required. js inspected to ensure that it is free from casting defects and is as pet

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