Name : Suciati Ningrum

NIM : 2201417045
Class : English Language Curriculum Development A

THE DEFINITION OF CURRICULUM:

1. Cunningham – “Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist (teacher) to mould his material
(pupils) according to his ideas (aims and objectives) in his studio (school)”.

2. Morroe – “Curriculum includes all those activities which are utilized by the school to attain
the aims of education.

3. Froebel – “Curriculum should be conceived as an epitome of the rounded whole of the

knowledge and experience of the human race.”

4. Crow and Crow – The curriculum includes all the learners’ experience in or outside school
that are included in a programme which has been devised to help him developmentally,
emotionally, socially, spiritually and morally”.

5. T.P. Nunn-“The curriculum should be viewed as various forms of activities that are grand
expressions of human spirit and that are of the greatest and most permanent significance to
the wide world”.

http://www.preservearticles.com/education/complete-information-on-the-meaning-and-
principles-of-curriculum-construction/2598

6. Albert Oliver (1977): curriculum is “the educational program of the school” and divided into
four basic elements: 1) program of studies, 2) program of experiences, 3) program of
service, 4) hidden curriculum.

7. Bobbit (1918): Curriculum is that series of things which children and youth must do and
experience by way of developing abilities to do the things well that make up the affairs of
adult life; and to be in all respects what adults should be.

8. Hass (1980): The curriculum is all of the experiences that individual learners have in a
program of education whose purpose is to achieve broad goals and related specific
objectives, which is planned in terms of a framework of theory and research or past and
present professional practice.

9. J. Galen Saylor, William M. Alexander, and Arthur J. Lewis (1974): "We define curriculum
as a plan for providing sets of learning opportunities to achieve broad goals and related
specific objectives for an identifiable population served by a single school center for persons
to be educated."
10. Jon Wiles and Joseph Bondi (1989): curriculum is a goal or set of values, which are
activated through a development process culminating in classroom experiences for students.
The degree to which those experiences are a true representation of the envisioned goal or
goals is a direct function of the effectiveness of the curriculum development efforts.

11. Ralph Tyler (1957): The curriculum is all of the learning of students which is planned by
and directed by the school to attain its educational goals.

http://www.homeofbob.com/pedagogy/plan/curDev/defList.htm