Annex-T (TOR) Amendment#1

Terms of Reference (TOR)

Provision of Consultancy Services
For
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

For

Construction and rehabilitation of Water and sanitation projects,

sanitary landfills, WASH facilities in schools and health care centers,
School Buildings in Iraq

April 2019

ACTONYMS

ESIA – Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

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MoHEnv – Ministry of Health and Environment
MoCHPM – Ministry of Construction, Housing and public Municipalities
MoE – Ministry of Education
MOLSA – Ministry of Labor and Social affairs
DoW – Directorate of Water
DoS – Directorate of Sewerage
DoE – Directorate of Education
DoH – Directorate of Health
PC– Province Council
CSO– Civil Society Organization
NGO– Non-Governmental Organization

Table of Contents

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 3

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSULTANCY SERVICES .................................................................................... 5
3. SCOPE OF THE CONSULTANCY SERVICES ........................................................................................... 5
STAGE 1: ESIA SCOPING STUDY ....................................................................................................... 5
STAGE 2 : ESIA STUDY...................................................................................................................... 7
4. MAIN ACTIVITIES AND TIMEFRAME PROPOSED................................................................................ 8
5. TEAM COMPOSITION AND LEADERSHIP ........................................................................................... 9
6. OUTPUTS, DELIVERABLES, AND SCHEDULE OF PAYMENTS ............................................................... 9
7. QUALIFICATIONS OF THE SUCCESSFUL BIDDER ............................................................................... 10
8. SELECTION CRITERIA ....................................................................................................................... 10

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1. PROJECT BACKGROUND

Decades of wars and violence have severely damaged Iraq’s water supply and sanitation infrastructure and
weakened the Government’s capacity at all levels to manage WASH services and resulted in lack of access to
potable water and basic sanitation facilities. MICS-6 shows that only 39.2 per cent of Iraq population have
access to water service that meet the JMP standard (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply, and Sanitation) of 'safely managed' service and 23.6 per cent have access to 'safely managed'
sanitation service.

The situation for sanitation is considerably worse. Only 17 per cent of wastewater is treated before being
discharged into the environment. This translates into about five million tons of untreated waste discharged
daily into the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (over 1.5 tons million in Baghdad only), leading to waterborne
diseases including frequent outbreaks of acute watery diarrhea (AWD) as well as cholera, which is endemic in
Iraq. Reports indicate that bacteriological contamination in the water supply varies between governorates,
ranging from 2.5% up to 35%1. The average of 18% bacteriological contamination in water supply highly
exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (less than 5%). High capital investment, operation and
maintenance cost and high level of skilled human resources requirements for sewerage treatment systems
also constitute substantial challenges and, to date, sustainability does not play a prominent role in design of
facilities.

The solid waste sector, including medical wastes, faces the greatest challenges in comparison with the other
WASH sub-sectors. Almost all household waste is taken to ill-maintained dump sites, open areas/streets or is
simply burned on open land, posing a serious public health threat especially in densely populated areas.
Improper dumping of waste has resulted in severe negative impact on the environment, and on public health.

Safe WASH in health care facilities is critical for maternal and new born health, however, water and sanitation
coverage in childbirth settings in most Iraq governorates is extremely low. Inadequate water supply, sanitation
facilities and services, and handwashing facilities can act as barrier to children’s attendance and performance
in schools, especially young female adolescents.

Geographic disparity in education access existed in Iraq before the current armed conflict - in 2013. There
were an estimated 1.1 million children (772,000 girls) of primary or lower secondary age out of school, of
which 15.8 per cent were in central and southern regions, compared to only 5.8 per cent in the Kurdistan
Region2. Since this last analysis however, more than 1 million school-aged children have been displaced, of
whom an estimated 700,000 have lost at least one to two years of formal learning.3 Quality of education is a
concern, with only 44 per cent of enrolled students completing primary school within the six-year timeframe4.
Household’s economic status is a key factor in attendance at school, as is a child’s sex and location; primary
school-age children from the poorest quintile are 10 times more likely to be out of school than those in the
richest quintile, and only 80 per cent of rural girls aged 6 to 10 years old are in school, compared to 90 per
cent of rural boys5. Due to mass displacement from northern and western Iraq into northern, central and
eastern areas since 2014, one third of Iraq’s schools run multiple shifts which negatively affects children’s
learning.

Exposure to extreme levels of violence and deprivation can cause children to suffer from severe stress which
can have significant consequences for long-term physical and mental health if they do not receive adequate
support. Parents can also be overwhelmed and feel unable to adequately support their children when they
themselves feel unable to cope with significant life changes, or loss of loved ones. In this context, structured
and sustained psychosocial support (PSS) is a key way to offer children and their teachers and caregivers a

1
Iraq, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Environment reports
2
UNICEF, Iraq Country Report on Out-of-School Children, 2014.
3
OCHA, Iraq: Humanitarian Crisis Situation Report No.55, 29 July to 4 August 2015.
4
UNESCO-UIS 2011.
5
UNICEF, Iraq Country Report on Out-of-School Children, 2014.

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chance to develop positive coping mechanisms and begin to re-build lives with a sense of normalcy. Specialized
protection services continue to be a critical need. Children who lived under ISIL have most likely witnessed,
survived, or been forced to participate in some of the most extreme forms of violence, exploitation and abuse,
including sexual violence. These children are likely to need mental health and/or PSS support.

UNCEIF , through a fund from the Government of German, is at the stage of Building post-conflict resilience
for children in Iraq through support provision of quality water and sanitation services, improved educational
services and delivering of quality and community based mental health and psychosocial support in selected
districts, including those that have been negatively affected by multiple, prolonged, or successive
humanitarian situations where government capacities have been overstretched and municipal services
provision is found to be below standard.

The project will therefore include the following components:

Component No.1: Construction and/or rehabilitation of water and sanitation projects, sanitary landfills, WASH
facilities in schools and health care centers, UNICEF will conduct the following activities:

• Establish a new landfill site in Al Ma’amel district, Baghdad, including design, construction, and
procurement of necessary equipment.
• Rehabilitation of Al Qaqa’a water treatment plant in Baghdad (Mahmoudiyah);
• Construct a new water treatment plant serving villages in Jolokhan and Ali Rashin Hamdaniya district,
Ninawa;
• Construction of Waste water treatment plant for Abu Ghraib hospital
• Rehabilite a water treatment plant in East Mosul, and extension of a feeding pipeline to the Zohur
quarter of the city;
• Rehabilite Al Abbas water treatment plant in Basrah;
• Rehabilite Maqtab Khaled and Al Riyade water projects in Kirkuk;
• Rehabilite Al Nasiriyah and Al Shatra water projects in Thi Qar.
• Rehabilite the Diwaniyah main sewerage treatment plant, including diversion of the sewage line from
the river to the sewage plant;
Introduce the ‘Smart City’ concept in Baghdad and Mosul Cities (two of the most densely-populated
urban areas in Iraq).

Rehabilite WASH facilities in schools and health care centers in vulnerable locations in Basrah, Baghdad,
Kirkuk, Najaf, Ninewa, and Qadisiyah.

Component No.2: UNICEF will support physical assessment of schools hosting vulnerable children in targeted
locations and support the rehabilitation – or if needed construction – of learning spaces to accommodate
additional learners, including gender-segregated bathroom (WASH) facilities6. The lack of adequate bathroom
facilities has been identified as a factor in children’s attendance at school, and specifically for girls’ non-
attendance at school (e.g. during their monthly periods) and for children with disabilities.

Component No.3: UNICEF will work with partners to engage existing community-based entry points to
providing Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) and case management for children and caregivers.
This could include existing primary health centers, schools, or community centers. In the absence of trained

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Construction and rehabilitation of WASH facilities in school will be coordinated jointly with WASH to maximize on resources

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human resources, strong system and sufficient services to meet the needs for MHPSS and case management,
UNICEF will continue to support strengthening of community based formal and non-formal support and
systems, deliver services, where possible through government, but also through community-based or non-
governmental partners.

2. OBJECTIVE AND DELIVERABLES OF THE CONSULTANCY SERVICES

The objective of this assessment is to improve integration of projects into their environmental and social
setting; reduce environmental damage; more effective projects in terms of meeting their financial and/or
socio-economic objectives; and. a positive contribution toward achieving sustainability.

The main deliverable are as follows:

• The ESIA Consultant shall prepare and present to UNICEF and Ministry of Health and Environment
(MoHEnv) the ESIA package including all necessary documentation that will be needed to satisfy the
requirements listed below.

• The ESIA Consultant shall thoroughly study, summarize and present to the stakeholders that all
environmental and social impacts have been taken into consideration, that the public has been
properly consulted, as well as mitigation measures and monitoring has been identified and agreed.

3. SCOPE OF THE CONSULTANCY SERVICES

The ESIA shall be undertaken in two stages: first a scoping study and then the ESIA study as such. The scoping
study shall define the issues that need to be addressed in the ESIA study, considering the specific context in
which the project will be implemented.

1. Scoping study

• Overview of the Project and its Alternatives

• Review Legislative and Institutional Framework
• Description of the key Stakeholders and their Concerns
• Description of the Project Key Environmental Aspects

2. ESIA study

• Environmental Baseline Study

• Impact Identification and Evaluation
• Proposed Mitigation Measures of Impacts
• Environmental and Social Management Plan
• Limitations of the ESIA
• Conclusions on Environmental Impacts
• ESIA Disclosure Session

STAGE 1: SCOPING STUDY

The consultant in coordination with UNICEF, MoHEnv, MoCHPM, MoE and MoLSA shall conduct scoping
sessions. The consultation sessions shall ensure the participation of all related project stakeholders in order
to identify valued environmental and social components to be addressed in the ESIA study (scope of work).

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The ESIA shall assess significance of the anticipated impacts of the proposed project (activities) on each
identified component.

The ESIA scoping study will deliver the following information:

• Overview of the Project and its Alternatives

The consultant will describe the project and major project alternatives, especially those which are significantly
different from an environmental perspective. The consultant will also define the constraints to be taken into
account in proposing mitigation measures and other changes to the project. They will assess whether
variations to the proposed alternatives are worth being studied.

• Review Legislative and Institutional Framework

A description must be made of the institutional and legislative framework relevant to the project and its ESIA
study, including an indication of the key applicable legislation, planning processes (e.g. land use planning),
standards and norms that will have to be addressed in the ESIA study. Reference should be made to Iraq
Environmental Profile or similar analysis and to any existing Strategic Environmental Assessment (if relevant).

• Description of the key Stakeholders and their Concerns

The consultants should identify key stakeholders (key groups and institutions, environmental agencies, NGOs,
representatives of the public and others, including those groups potentially affected by the likely significant
environmental impacts of the project). Attention should be paid to typically less represented groups such as
children, women, indigenous peoples and under privileged people. Stakeholders will be engaged in order to
identify their concerns and values with respect to the project under consideration, including aspiration and
fear of the community as it relates to their future and that of their children.

This will contribute to the identification of key project–environment interactions that will need to be
addressed in the ESIA study. The stakeholder engagement strategy to be employed should be explained in the
consultants’ proposal. Records must be kept of all consultations and comments received. Undertake analysis
of potential conflicts between stakeholders and provide suggestions on possible resolution processes.

• Description of the Project Key Environmental Aspects

Attention should be paid to the (direct or indirect) impacts that are likely to be the most significant,
considering the sensitivity of the environment, the pressures resulting from the project and the expectations
of the stakeholders. Based on these considerations and on background information on the local environment,
the consultants should identify environmental issues to be specially considered under the following
categories:

Physical Environment: including microclimate, air quality, water resources (surface and groundwater),
geology, geomorphology, soil quality and risk of natural disasters.

Biological Conditions: biodiversity (including rare, endangered and endemic biodiversity components), and
biological resources of cultural, social, or economic importance.

Socioeconomic Conditions: consider the aspects that depend on environmental changes such as but not
limited to public health, vulnerability and access to natural resources, resettlement, potential loss of
property/land acquisition, loss of agricultural land, loss of right of use, easement/access arrangements, loss
of income, property damages to nearby PAPs, etc.

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Description of the Scope of the Environmental Baseline: on the basis of the information obtained above and
on an appreciation of the areas of project influence, the consultants must provide indications on the scope of
the environmental baseline needed for the ESIA.

Impact Identification and Evaluation Methodologies to be used in the ESIA: the consultants should provide
an indication of the most appropriate impact identification and evaluation methodologies to be used in the
ESIA. Special attention should be given to those environmental interactions that require quantitative analysis
and those for which qualitative analyses should be carried out.

STAGE 2 : ESIA STUDY

The ESIA study will deliver the following information:

• Environmental Baseline Study

Existing Environment: The environmental baseline study includes a description of the initial state of the
environment in the selected boundaries of the study area, focusing on those aspects that can be influenced
by the project. If appropriate, the consultant should also consider those conditions that could influence the
efficiency or sustainability of the project. As far as possible, indicators (e.g. environmental quality indices)
should be identified for all key environmental variables to be studied and their state (environmental quality)
established as a baseline for impact identification and future monitoring. All indicators must be adequately
explained and justified. If location alternatives are considered, the study should focus on the differences in
the appropriateness and sensitivity of the environment to the pressures resulting from the project.

Expected Future Situation without the Project: The consultants should describe the expected trends and
situation of environmental variables on the short- medium- and long-term, assuming that the project will not
be implemented. This ‘no project’ scenario will be considered as a benchmark for predicting the project’s
environmental impacts. Nevertheless, if the situation without project seems unrealistic, the most probable
alternative should be used as a reference. Assumptions used to predict the future situation and trends should
be discussed.

• Impact Identification and Evaluation

The consultants will identify and describe the potential significant environmental impacts of the project
alternatives and evaluate them. Significant potential environmental impacts (direct and indirect) must be
identified, making use of impact identification methodologies proposed by the scoping study. Impact
identification should take into consideration factors such as the sensitivity of the environment, the legislative
framework, the pressures resulting from the project and the expectations of stakeholders. Impact
identification must address the environmental aspects identified by the scoping study.

• Proposed Mitigation Measures of Impacts

Measures must be proposed to enhance positive effects and to eliminate/mitigate/compensate undesired

effects. These measures must be technically feasible, economically sound and socially acceptable (i.e. they
must take into account the views of the main stakeholders). The consultants must seek ways to optimize such
measures, such that one mitigation measure does not reduce the effectiveness of another or, worse yet, cause
an undesired significant impact itself.

The residual impacts (i.e. the final environmental impact after the application of the proposed mitigation
measures) must be identified and assessed. Based on this assessment the alternatives must be compared and
recommendations made on the best alternative. The comparison of alternatives must be summarized in
tabular form.

• Environmental and Social Management Plan

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The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is a document that identifies the actions needed to
implement the ESIA recommendations, including environmental monitoring required during the
implementation phase of a project. The ESMP should clearly translate the recommendations from the ESIA
into an operational plan. The ESMP of the project should include:
- A table (logical framework type) showing the objectives, expected results, objectively verifiable
indicators, activities (mitigation/optimization measures), and responsibilities for the implementation
of those activities;
- Institutional arrangements for its implementation and for environmental monitoring: responsibilities,
role of the environmental authorities, role and participation of stakeholders;
- Suggestions for contracts (environmental clauses: standards, potential requirement to prepare an
Environmental Management Plan of the enterprise) and contracting modalities (such as payments
linked to results);
- A monitoring and supervision plan (including appropriate indicators, frequency of monitoring, means
to gather and analyze the data, reporting system);
- A response plan in case of accidents or unexpected results from the environmental monitoring;
- A proposed schedule for activities (monitoring and mitigation/optimization measures);
- An indication of means (including personnel, vehicles) and costs of implementing the ESMP.

• Limitations of the ESIA

The consultants should underline all the major limitations, weaknesses and uncertainties of the study. The
consultants are required to state any assumptions made in the prediction and assessment of the potential
environmental impacts and risks, to highlight areas where information is deficient and to make clear how the
assessment of significance has been determined, for example the use of established standards, quality
objectives, stakeholder views and professional judgement.

• Conclusions on Environmental Impacts

This section will summarize the key results of the ESIA, the recommendations and the assessment of the
residual impacts. The consultants are also required to provide any information relevant for further economic
and financial analyses or for the general formulation study. The limitations of the ESIA and its key assumptions
should be articulated.

• ESIA Disclosure Session

The consultant shall upload the Final Draft ESIA study to be available and accessed by public in order to receive
public feedback and comments on the study outcomes. Furthermore, the consultant in coordination with
UNICEF, MoHEnv, MoCHPM, MoE and MoLSA shall conduct ESIA disclosure sessions to ensure that all
feedback and comments from the related project’s stakeholders are being addressed and incorporated in the
final ESIA Study.in

4. MAIN ACTIVITIES AND TIMEFRAME PROPOSED

The expected duration of this assignment is four (4) months. The Consultant shall begin work upon signing the
contract. This time reflects the actual calendar working time of the assignment and also foresees minimum
intermediate time for comments, approvals, consultations, etc. In case of delays related to these activities,
additional time should be added respectively.

The expected deliverables and the timeline are as follows:

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 Reporting/ outputs Time (Calendar Weeks)
Inception Report outlining the consultant’s understanding of
the assignment. The inception report will also contain
Two weeks
timeline; fees, payment schedule; team composition and
outlines of each expected report.
Pre-Scoping Report
Draft Scoping Report
Final Scoping Report and TOR
Draft ESIA Report
Final ESIA Report

All documents/reports shall be issued in draft. The consultants will receive comments on the drafts from
UNICEF, MoHEnv, MoCHPM, MoE and MoLSA as soon as possible to issue the final revised version based on
all the comments received. All documents/reports shall be issued in English and Arabic Languages and
delivered in both hard and soft copies per as UNICEF directives. Final ESIA report shall include Technical and
Non-Technical Executive Summaries in Arabic and English languages.

5. TEAM COMPOSITION AND LEADERSHIP

The service provider is expected to work with other stakeholders, including Province Councils, Municipalities,
water, sanitation, education, health and environment directorates, academic institutions, various CBOs and
NGOs, as well as MoHEnv, MoCHPM, MoE, MoLSA and various community leaders and stakeholders, in order
to obtain necessary information and complete tasks and assignments necessary for the submission of the
study. The proposed mission shall be conducted by a team of experts, who should have the following profiles:

Title Qualifications Years of

Experience
Project Team Leader - ESIA Expert PhD./Master’s degree in Environmental Engineering 10-15
or sciences with broad range of experience in ESIA
studies and municipal service management.
Water and Sanitation Expert Master’s/bachelor’s degree in civil engineering or 10-15
related field with broad range of experience in water
and sanitation.
Solid Waste Management Expert Master’s/bachelor’s degree in environmental 10-15
engineering or related field with broad range of
experience in municipal waste management.
Socioeconomic Expert Master’s/bachelor’s in social sciences, development 10-15
studies, economics, law, political science, sociology or
related fields with demonstrated experience in
environmental and solid waste related studies
The team is expected to include experts with local or regional knowledge/expertise. The experts should have
excellent skills in Environmental and Social studies. English and Arabic will be the working language; the final
report must be presented in English and Arabic Languages. For each specialist proposed, a curriculum vita
must be provided of no more than (five) pages setting out their relevant qualifications and experience.

6. OUTPUTS, DELIVERABLES, AND SCHEDULE OF PAYMENTS

Output Due Date Payments

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 1. Pre-Scoping Report 2 calendar weeks from the Signing the %10
Contract
2. Draft Scoping Report 3 calendar weeks from submitting the Pre- %15
Scoping Report
3. Final Scoping Report and TOR 3 calendar weeks from submitting the Draft %15
Scoping Report
4. Draft ESIA Study 3 calendar weeks from submitting the Final %40
Scoping Report and TOR
5. Final ESIA Study 5 calendar weeks from approval of the %20
study by the Ministry of Health and
Environment and UNICEF

7. QUALIFICATIONS OF THE SUCCESSFUL BIDDER

The bidders should meet the below requirements:

• Proven track record in producing high-quality reporting from primary and secondary research, including
through the fielding of questionnaires, surveys, conducting of focus groups and interviews.
• Prior experience in Iraq, specifically on Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Studies.
• Prior experience of working with relevant stakeholders, including local municipalities, DoWs, DoSs,
DoEs, DoHs, PCs, and MoHEnv, MoCHPM, MoE and MoLSA .
• Prior experience of working with the UN system is preferred.

8. SELECTION CRITERIA

The Evaluation of the bidders will be carried out as follows:

1. The Bid shall be evaluated based on technical and financial criteria. The ratio weight between
technical and financial criteria is (70:30).

a. Technical Evaluation: (70% weight for technical proposals)

- The Bid shall be technically evaluated as below
- The passing score of the technical criteria is (45 out of 70). See the criteria on annex below.

b. Financial Evaluation: (30% weight for financial proposals)

- The bidder will be financially scored based on below technical evaluation criteria
Bidder (A) = (Maximum score for price proposal (30 points) x Price of lowest priced proposal
among technically passed bidders)/Price of proposal (A)

The total weight of the bidder will be the cumulative of the two above formulas (Technical and
Financial).

Technical Evaluation Criteria:

10
 Score Points
Summary of Technical Proposal Evaluation Forms
Weight Obtainable

1. Expertise of Institute/Organization. 33% 23

2. Proposed Methodology, Approach and Implementation Plan. 34% 24
3. Management Structure and Key Personnel related to this assignment. 33% 23
Total 70

Form (1): Expertise of Institutions/Organization

Form (2): Proposed Methodology, Approach and Implementation Plan
Form (3): Management Structure, Key Personnel, and Trainers related to this assignment.

Points
Technical Proposal Evaluation - Form (1)
Obtainable

Expertise of the Firm/Organization

1.1 Profile and Reputation of the institution/organization 3
General Institution/Organization Capability which is likely to affect implementation:
- Financial stability (Approved by legal auditor) for last 2 years. (2017 & 2018). 3
- Age/size of the institution/organization. (at least 5 years) 3
1.2
- Experience in developing and conducting EIA, ESIA and socio-economic 4
researches and assessment.
Quality assurance procedures, warranty
2
1.3 - Effective reporting skills.
- Quality controlling system 2

Relevance of:
- Specialized Knowledge. 2
1.4
- Experience on Similar Programme/Projects. 2
1.5 Management Structure of the Institution/Organization 2
Sub-Total 23

Technical Proposal Evaluation Form 2

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 Points
Obtainable
Proposed Methodology, Approach and Implementation Plan
2.1 To what degree does the Proposer understand the task? 5
2.2 Have the important aspects of the task been addressed in sufficient detail? 5
2.3 Is the scope of task well defined and does it correspond to the TORs? 4
Is the presentation clear and is the sequence of activities, time schedule and the
2.4 4
planning logic, realistic, promise efficient implementation to the assignment?
2.5 Is the proposed methodology suitable to implement the project and all stages? 6
Sub-total 24

Technical Proposal Evaluation Form 3 Points Obtainable

Management Structure, Key Personnel, and Trainers related to this assignment.

Project Team Leader - ESIA Expert - PhD. /master's degree in

Environmental Engineering. (Proposer Must Have PD/master's
3.1 degree otherwise it will not be considered for the technical
evaluation and give a Zero score).

- Suitability for the project. 1

- At least 10 years of experience in environmental studies particularly

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environmental impact assessment.

- Previous experience and good knowledge solid waste management projects 2

1
- Fluency in Arabic and English.

- Water and Sanitation Expert -Master’s/bachelor’s degree in civil

engineering. (Proposer Must Have Master/Bachler's degree otherwise
3.2 it will not be considered for the technical evaluation and give a Zero
score).

- Suitability for the project.

1
- At least 10 years of experience in water and sanitation studies particularly 2
environmental impact assessment.

- Previous experience and good knowledge waste water management 1

projects.
- Fluency in Arabic and English. 1

- Solid Waste Management Expert -Master’s/bachelor’s degree in

3.3
Environmental Engineering. (Proposer Must Have Maste/Bachler's

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Technical Proposal Evaluation Form 3 Points Obtainable

degree otherwise it will not be considered for the technical

evaluation and give a Zero score).

- Suitability for the project. 1

- At least 10 years of experience in environmental studies particularly

2
environmental impact assessment.
- Previous experience and good knowledge solid waste management projects.
1

- Fluency in Arabic and English. 1

- Socioeconomic Expert -Master’s/bachelor’s in development studies,
economics, law, political science, sociology or related field. (Proposer
3.4 Must Have Master/Bachler's degree otherwise it will not be
considered for the technical evaluation and give a Zero score).

- Suitability for the project. 1

- At least 10 years of experience in environmental and social studies. 3
- Fluency in Arabic and English. 1
Sub-Total 23

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