CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide

electronic stored value

circuits is preserved
o Provide the  Hexadecimal
building blocks notation: A
 Chapter 1 from which shorthand notation
Data Storage computers are for long bit patterns
constructed o Divides a pattern
 Bit: Binary Digit o VLSI (Very into groups of four
(0 or 1) Large Scale bits each
 Bit Patterns are Integration) o Represents each
used to represent A pictorial group by a single
information representation of AND, symbol
o Numbers OR, XOR, and NOT o Example:
o Text characters gates as well as their 10100011 becomes
o Images input and output values A3
o Sound o Was on quiz 1
o And others
 Boolean
Operation: An
operation that
manipulates one or
more true/false
values
 Specific operations
o AND
o OR
o XOR  Flip-flop: A circuit
(exclusive built from gates
or) that can store one
bit.
– One input  Cell: A unit of
line is used main memory
to set its (typically 8 bits
stored value which is one byte)
to 1 o Most significant
– One input bit: the bit at the
line is used left (high-order)
to set its end of the
stored value conceptual row of
o NOT to 0 bits in a memory
 Gate: A device that – While both cell
computes a Boolean input lines o Least significant
operation are 0, the bit: the bit at the
o Often most right (low-order)
implemented as recently end of the
(small) conceptual row of
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
bits in a memory o Example: 3 GB = 3  Representi
cell. times ng Text
 Address: A 1,073,741,824 o Each
“name” that bytes. character
uniquely identifies  Mass Storage (letter,
one cell in the o Additional devices: punctuation,
computer’s main o Magnetic etc.) is
memory disks assigned a
o The names are o CDs unique bit
actually numbers. o DVDs pattern.
o These numbers are o Advantages over o ASCII:
assigned main memory Uses
consecutively o Less patterns of
starting at zero. volatility 7-bits to
o Numbering the o Larger represent
cells in this manner most
storage
associates an order symbols
capacities
with the memory used in
o Low cost
cells. written
o In many
 Random Access English text
cases can be o ISO
Memory (RAM):
removed
Memory in which developed a
 Flash Drives
individual cells can number of 8
o Flash
be easily accessed bit
in any order Memory – extensions
o Dynamic Memory circuits that to ASCII,
traps each
(DRAM): RAM
electrons in designed to
composed of
tiny silicon accommoda
volatile memory.
dioxide te a major
 Measuring
chambers language
Memory Capacity
o Repeated group
o Kilobyte: 210
erasing o Unicode:
bytes = 1024 bytes
slowly Uses
o Example: 3 KB = 3
damages the patterns up
times1024 bytes media to 21-bits to
o Megabyte: 220 o Mass represent
bytes = 1,048,576 storage of the symbols
bytes choice for: used in
o Example: 3 MB = 3 o Digital languages
times 1,048,576 cameras worldwide,
bytes o SD Cards 16-bits for
o Gigabyte: 230
provide world’s
bytes = GBs of commonly
1,073,741,824 storage used
bytes
languages
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
– Used for
• Representing high quality
Numeric Values recordings
• Binary notation: – Records
Uses bits to actual audio
represent a number • MIDI
in base two – Used in
• Limitations of music
computer synthesizers
representations of – Records
numeric values “musical
– Overflow: score” Figure 1.22 An excess eight
occurs  The Binary System
when a o The traditional conversion table.
value is too decimal system is
big to be based on powers of
represented ten.
– Truncation: o The Binary system
occurs is based on powers
when a of two.
value The base ten and binary
cannot be
represented systems
accurately
– Representin
g Images
• Bit map
techniques
– Pixel: short
for “picture
element”
– RGB
– Luminance
and Storing Integers Two’s
chrominanc complement notation: The
e most popular means of
• Vector techniques representing integer values
– Scalable Excess notation: Another
– TrueType means of representing
and integer values
PostScript Both can suffer from
– Representin overflow errors Figure 1.23 An excess
g Sound notation system using bit
• Sampling Two’s complement patterns of length three
techniques notation systems
Was on quiz 1
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
1110012 = 1
1

1⋅25+1⋅24+1⋅23+0 1
0
8
⋅22+0⋅21+1⋅20 = 0
0

5710 1
0
9
A) 0101 = 0
1

 Floating-point
0∙2 +1∙2 +0∙2 +1∙2  
3 2 1 0
1
o Notation: Consists = 0+4+0+1 = 5 0
1
1
0
of a sign bit, a 0
B) 1101 =
mantissa field, and
1∙23+1∙22+0∙21+1∙20 = 1
an exponent field. 0 1

o Related topics 8+4+0+1 = 13 1

1
1

include C) 01001101
1
o Normalized form = 0∙27+1∙26+0∙25+0∙24+1∙23+1∙ 1 1
0 2
o Truncation errors 22+0∙21+1∙20 = 0
0+64+0+0+8+4+0+1 = 77
1
What was on Quiz 1 1 1
Binary to decimal 0 3
1
Fill in the blank conversion table
1
1 1
1 4
0
D
B
e 1
i 1 1
c 1 5
n
i 1
a
m
r 1
a
y 0
1
l 0
6
0
0
0 0

1
1 1 0
1
0
7
1 0
2
0 1

1 1
3
1 0
1
0
8
1
1
Binary Number System 0 4
0
0
Example: find the 1
decimal value of 1
0
0
1
0 5 9
1110012: 1
1
1
binary
1 1 1 0 0 1 1
number: 1
1 6
0
0 2
power of 1
0
25 24 23 22 21 20 0
2: 0
1 7
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
1  
0 Two’s binary notion with 6
2
1
1 bits.
0
1 21 = 21/2=10 R=1
10/2=5 R 0
1
0 5/2=2 R 1
2
1
2 2/2 =1 R 0 Please complete the
1
0
½=0 R 1 following operations in
Ans= 010101 2’s complements:
1
0 0= 000000 7 – 12 =
2
1000101
1
3
1
1 -1 1001
complement 000110
1
add 1 111011 12 001100
1
0
2
4
-1 = 111111 -7 111001 -- to get this,
0
0
-10 001010 invert all bits of 7
complement 110101 (000111) and add 1
1 add 1
1
0 25
-10 = 110110
----------
0
1
5 1000101
1
1
0
1
0
26

By using of 8 bits, please 123 + 5 =

convert decimal to
123 0010111
1

binary, binary to decimal

1
0 27

+5 101 -- to get
1

for the following values:

1

1 this, invert all bits of 123

1
1 28
(0010111)
100011
0
0
35 = 128 11100
1

10111
1
Divide
1
0
29
35 1 23 =
1
by 2
Divide
1
23
17 1 1 P,q,r Boolean Variables with
by 2
1
1 30 \ ones and zeros
1
0 11 1
8 0 [(p ∨ q)

q r q∨ P xor A
∧ (p → r)

1 ∼r
q
1
5 1 ∼r L
1
1
31
4 0
1 L
2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1
0 2 0
0
32
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 1
0
1 1
1
0
0
-43 =- 101011 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0
0
64
Divide 43 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
0
by 2
0

0 0 1 1 1 1 0
21 1
1
0
0
0 12
-27 = -11011 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0
0
8
10 0
Divide
0 27 1 1 0 1 1
0
0 1 0
by 2 5 1
1
0 13 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0
0
25
0
0
6 2 0
0
0
6 0
0

1 1
3 1

1 1
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
Unicode system
patterns up to 21 bits
to represent the
symbols uses in
language worldwide.
UTF-32 represents each
21-bit code point value as
a single 32-bit code unit.
(In Unicode, code points
are 21-bit integers). UTF-
32 is optimized for systems
where 32-bit values are
easier or faster to process
and space is not an issue. It
is popular where memory
space is of little concern,
but fixed width, single
code unit access to
characters is desired.
Convert 536247 to the
corresponding decimal
number.
digits:  5 3 6 2 4
numbering:  4 3 2 1 0
Then I'll do the multiplication
and addition:
5×74 + 3×73 + 6×72 + 2×71 +
4×70
= 5×2401 + 3×343 + 6×49 +
2×7 + 4×1
= 12005 + 1029 + 294 + 14 + 4
= 13346
Then 536247 =
Names and identifiers
1334610. You must give your
Convert 1334610 to the program a name.
corresponding base-seven
number. public class GangstaRap {
 
Naming convention:
capitalize each word (e.g.
MyClassName)
Your program's file must
match exactly
(GangstaRap.java)
includes capitalization
(Java is "case-sensitive")
identifier: A name given
to an item in your program.
When I got to that "5" on top,
must start with a letter or
I had to stop, because 7 can't _ or $
divide into 5. subsequent characters can
be any of those or a
number
Then 1334610 = 536247.
legal:
Java Chapter _myName
TheCure
1&2 ANSWER_IS_42
A Java program $bling$
public class Hello { illegal:
public static void me+u
main(String[] args) { 49ers
side-swipe
System.out.println("Hello, Ph.D's
world!");
System.out.println(); Keywords
keyword: An identifier that
System.out.println("This you cannot use because it
program produces"); already has a reserved
meaning in Java.
System.out.println("four
lines of output"); abstract default if
} private this
boolean do
}
Its output: implements protected
Hello, world! throw
This program produces
four lines of output
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
break double compiler to string: A sequence of
import public fail. characters to be printed.
throws – Missing Starts and ends with a "
byte else semicolon quote " character.
instanceof return – Too many The quotes do not appear
transient or too few { in the output.
case extends int } braces
short try – Illegal Examples:
catch final identifier
interface static void for class "hello"
char finally long name "This is a string. It's very
strictfp volatile – Class and long!"
class float native file names
super while do not Restrictions:
const for new match May not span multiple
switch lines.
continue goto Syntax error
package synchronized example "This is not
1 public class Hello { a legal String."
syntax: The set of legal 2 pooblic static void
structures and commands main(String[] args) { May not contain a "
that can be used in a 3 character.
particular language. System.owt.println("Hello,
– Every basic world!")_ "This is not a "legal"
Java 4 } String either."
statement 5 }
ends with a Escape sequences
semicolon ; Compiler output: A special sequence of
– The characters used to
contents of Hello.java:2: <identifier> represent certain special
a class or expected characters in a string.
method pooblic static void
occur main(String[] args) { \t tab character
between ^ \n new line
{ and } Hello.java:3: ';' expected character
– syntax } \" quotation
error ^ mark character
(compiler 2 errors \\ backslash
error): A character
problem in The compiler shows the
the structure line number where it found Example:
of a the error. System.out.println("\\hello\
program The error messages can be nhow\tare \"you\"?\\\\");
that causes tough to understand!
the
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
Output: System.out.println(3 * 4);
\hello System.out.println("This is prints 12
how are "you"?\\ message2.");
message1();
Questions
What is the output of the System.out.println("Done
following println with message2.");
statements? }
}
System.out.println("\ta\tb\t
c"); Output:
System.out.println("\\\\"); This is message1.
System.out.println("'"); This is message2.
System.out.println("\"\"\"") This is message1. The % operator computes
; Done with message2. the remainder from integer
System.out.println("C:\nin\ Done with main. division.
the downward spiral"); 14 % 4 is 2
Expressions 218 % 5 is 3
expression: A value or
Write a println statement to operation that computes a Applications of %
produce this output: value. operator:
Obtain last digit of a
/ \ // \\ /// \\\ Examples: 1 + 4 * 5 number:
(7 + 2) * 6 / 3 230857 % 10 is 7
Methods calling methods 42 Obtain last 4 digits:
public class 658236489 % 10000 is
MethodsExample { Arithmetic operators 6489
public static void operator: Combines See whether a number is
main(String[] args) { multiple values or odd: 7 % 2 is 1
message1(); expressions. 42 % 2 is 0
message2();
+ addition precedence: Order in
System.out.println("Done - subtraction (or which operators are
with main."); negation) evaluated.
} * multiplication Generally operators
/ division evaluate left-to-right.
public static void % modulus (a.k.a. 1 - 2 - 3 is (1 - 2) - 3
message1() { remainder) which is -4
System.out.println("This is But * / % have a higher
message1."); As a program runs, its level of precedence than +
} expressions are -
evaluated. 1+3*4 is 13
public static void 1 + 1 evaluates to 2 6+8/2*3
message2() { 6+ 4 *3
6 + 12 is 18
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
6*3-9/4
Parentheses can force a (5 - 7) * 4 What is the decimal equivalent of
each of the following binary
certain order of evaluation: 6 + (18 % (17 - 12)) numbers?
(1 + 3) * 4 is 16 a. 100
Answers: b. 1011
c. 101010
Spacing does not affect 1 d. 1001110
order of evaluation 15 a. 100 = 4
1+3 * 4-2 is 11 37 b. 1011 = 11
47 c. 101010 = 42
• 1*2+3*5%4 9 d. 1001110 = 78
• \_/ 16
| -8 Which of the following
2 +3*5%4 9 can be used in a Java
• \_/ program as identifiers?
| Real Numbers println first-name
2 + 15 % 4 2.0 * 2.4 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0 AnnualSalary "hello" ABC
• \___/ \___/ 42isTheAnswer for
| | sum_of_data _average B4
2 + 3 4.8 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0
• \________/ \___/ The legal identifiers shown
| | are println, AnnualSalary,
5 4.8 + 9.0 / 2.0 ABC, sum_of_data,
\_____/ _average, and B4
1+8%3*2-9 |
\_/ 4.8 + 4.5 What is the output
| \____________/ produced from the
1+ 2 *2-9 | following statements?
\___/ 9.3 System.out.println("\"Quot
| es\"");
1+ 4 -9 On the test System.out.println("Slashe
\______/ s \\//");
| 2. Convert each of the System.out.println("How
5 -9 following decimal '\"confounding' \"\\\" it
\_________/ numbers into its is!");
| equivalent binary
-4 number: "Quotes"
a. 6 Slashes \//
What values result from b. 44 How '"confounding' "\"
the following c. 72 it is!
expressions? d. 131
What is the output
9/5 a. 6 = 110 produced from the
695 % 20 b. 44 = 101100 following statements?
7+6*5 c. 72 = 1001000 System.out.println("name\t
7*6+5 d. 131 = 10000011 age\theight");
248 % 100 / 5
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
System.out.println("Archie
\t17\t5'9\"");
System.out.println("Betty\t
17\t5'6\"");
System.out.println("Jughea
d\t16\t6'");
name age height
Archie 17 5'9"
Betty 17 5'6"
Jughead 16 6'
9. What is the output
produced from the
following statements?
System.out.println("Shaq
is 7'1");
System.out.println("The
string \"\" is an empty
message.");
System.out.println("\\'\"\"")
; sometimes seen,"
Shaq is 7'1
The string "" is an empty
message.
\'""
10. What is the output
produced from the
following statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\t
c");
System.out.println("\\\\");
System.out.println("'");
System.out.println("\"\"\"")
; produce the following
System.out.println("C:\nin\
the downward spiral");
abc
\\
' You're bound to "get it
"""
C:
in he downward spiral
11. What is the output
produced from the
following statements?
System.out.println("Dear
\"DoubleSlash\"
magazine,");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("\tYour
publication confuses me. Is
it");
System.out.println("a \\\\
slash or a //// slash?");
System.out.println("\nSinc
erely,");
System.out.println("Susan
\"Suzy\" Smith");
12. What series of println
statements would produce
the following output?
"Several slashes are
said Sally. "I've said so."
See?
\ / \\ // \\\ ///
Dear "DoubleSlash"
magazine,
Your publication
confuses me. Is it
a \\ slash or a //// slash?
Sincerely,
Susan "Suzy" Smith
13. What series of println
statements would
output?
This is a test of your
knowledge of "quotes"
used
in 'string literals.'
right"
if you read the section on
''quotes.''
14. Write a println
statement that produces the
following output:
/ \ // \\ /// \\\
System.out.println("\"Se
veral slashes are
sometimes seen,\"");
System.out.println("said
Sally. \"I've said so.\"
See?");
System.out.println("\\ / \\
\\ // \\\\\\ ///");
19. What is the output of the
following program? (You may
wish to draw a structure diagram
first.)
1 public class Tricky {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 message1();
4 message2();
5 System.out.println("Done with
main.");
6}
7
8 public static void message1() {
9 System.out.println("This is
message1.");
10 }
11
12 public static void message2() {
13 System.out.println("This is
message2.");
14 message1();
15 System.out.println("Done with
message2.");
16 }
17 }
This is message1.
This is message2.
This is message1.
Done with message2.
Done with main.
20. What is the output of the
following program? (You may
wish to draw a structure diagram
first.)
1 public class Strange {
2 public static void first() {
3 System.out.println("Inside first
method");
4}
5
6 public static void second() {
7 System.out.println("Inside second
method");
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
8 first(); I am method 2. 17. What is the output of
9}
10 I am method 1. the following loop?
11 public static void third() { I am method 2. int total = 25;
12 System.out.println("Inside third
method"); I am method 3. for (int number = 1;
13 first(); I am method 1. number <= (total / 2);
14 second();
15 } number++) {
16 15. Complete the code for total = total – number;
17 public static void main(String[] args)
{ the following for loop: System.out.println(total + "
18 first(); for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) " + number);
19 third();
20 second(); { }
21 third(); // your code here
22 }
23 } } 24 1
Inside first method so that it prints the 22 2
Inside third method
Inside first method following numbers, one 19 3
Inside second method per line: 15 4
Inside first method
Inside second method –4 10 5
Inside first method 14
Inside third method 32 18. What is the output of
Inside first method
Inside second method 50 the following loop?
Inside first method 68 System.out.println("+---
86 +");
23. What is the output of the for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
following program? (You may
wish to draw a structure diagram
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) System.out.println("\\ /");
first.) { System.out.println("/ \\");
1 public class Confusing { // your code here }
2 public static void method2() {
3 method1(); System.out.println(18 * i System.out.println("+---
4 System.out.println("I am method 2."); 22) +");
5}
6 ;
7 public static void method3() { } ++
8 method2();
9 System.out.println("I am method 3."); \/
10 method1(); /\
11 }
12 16. What is the output of \/
13 public static void method1() { the following oddStuff /\
14 System.out.println("I am method 1.");
15 } method? \/
16 public static void /\
17 public static void main(String[] args)
{ oddStuff() { 19. What is the output of
18 method1(); int number = 4; the following loop?
19 method3();
20 method2(); for (int count = 1; count <= for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
21 method3(); number; count++) { System.out.println("How
22 }
23 } System.out.println(number many lines");
I am method 1. ); System.out.println("are
I am method 1. number = number / 2; printed?");
I am method 2.
I am method 3. } How many lines
I am method 1. 4 How many lines
I am method 1. 2 How many lines
 CSC 1303 Midterm Study Guide
are printed? 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 25. What is the output of
20. What is the output of 40 the following sequence of
the following loop? 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 loops? Notice that the
System.out.print("T-minus 50 code is the same as that
"); 23. What is the output of in the previous exercise,
for (int i = 5; i >= 1; i——) the following sequence of except that the placement
{ loops? of the braces has
System.out.print(i + ", "); for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) { changed.
} for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) { for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Blasto for (int k = 1; k <= 4; k++) for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
ff!"); { for (int k = 1; k <= 4; k++)
System.out.print("*"); {
Tminus } System.out.print("*");
5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Blastoff! System.out.print("!"); System.out.print("!");
} }
21. What is the output of System.out.println(); System.out.println();
the following sequence of } }
loops? * }
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { *** ************!
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) ***** ************!
{ *******
System.out.print((i * j) + " *********
"); ***********
} *************
System.out.println(); ***************
} *****************
22. What is the output of *******************
the following sequence of 24. What is the output of
loops? the following sequence of
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) loops? Notice that the
{ code is the same as that
for (int j = 1; j <= 10 — i; in the previous exercise,
j++) { except that the placement
System.out.print(" "); of the braces has changed.
} for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 2 * i — for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
1; j++) { for (int k = 1; k <= 4; k++)
System.out.print("*"); {
} System.out.print("*");
System.out.println(); }
} }
System.out.print("!");
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 System.out.println();
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 }
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 ****!****!****!
****!****!****!