URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

R.S.W.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY - 4

“PLUMBING MATERIALS”

INSTRUCTOR: AR. KING GANANCIAL UAP,

STUDENT: HEIZEL MAE Q. NIPANGUI
 Pluming Materials

(Figure 1, plug)

Plug

Plug is a component of plumbing component which is generally used to close

pipe opening during inspections and repairs. Plug are generally contains male

threads.

(Figure 2, Cap)

Cap

Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function is same as plug but the only

difference is plug contain male threads and cap contain female threads which is

screws on the male thread of pipe. These are available in different materials like

rubber, copper, steel, plastic etc.

(Figure 3, Nipple)

Nipple

consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a male pipe thread
at each end, for connecting two other fittings.

(Figure 4, Valves)

Valves

Valves used to control the flow of fluids and gases through a system. In

addition, some valves are also used to control temperature.

Some important types of valves and its applications are listed below.

 GATE VALVE, PLUG VALVE AND BALL VALVE – used for isolation only.

 GLOBE VALVE – used for throttling.

 CHECK VALVE – used for preventing reverse flow (non-return).

 BUTTERFLY VALVE – used for isolation as well as throttling.

 DIAPHRAGM VALVE – used for isolation as well as throttling.

(Figure 5, PVC PIPE – (Poly Vinyl Chloride)

PVC PIPE – (Poly Vinyl Chloride) plastic material

PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and

flexible. The rigid form of PVC is used in construction for pipe and in profile

applications such as doors and windows. It is also used in making bottles, non-
food packaging, food-covering sheets, and cards (such as bank or membership

cards).

It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the

most widely used being phthalates. In this form, it is also used in plumbing,

electrical cable insulation, imitation leather, flooring, signage, phonograph

records, inflatable products, and many applications where it replaces rubber.

With cotton or linen, it is used in the production of canvas.

 Most common pipe for plumbing.

 common replacement for metal piping.

 most widely used plastics in the world.

 Used for unheated water as well as vent and drainage system.

 PVC pipe and fittings usually comes in white or dark gray.

(Figure 6, PE Pipe)

PE Pipe

Plastic pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic. It is

usually, but not necessarily, of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey

substances which can flow—liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and

masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; hollow

pipes are far stiffer per unit weight than solid members.

Plastic pipework is used for the conveyance of drinking water, waste water,

chemicals, heating fluid and cooling fluids, foodstuffs, ultra-pure liquids, slurries,
gases, compressed air, irrigation, plastic pressure pipe systems, and vacuum

system applications.

 Polyethylene plastic material

 intended for long span water system installation.

 allows cost savings in installation.

 lengths of pipe are joined together and to other pipe materials.

 including distribution of pressurized natural gas, pipelines carrying

petroleum and petroleum products and chemicals, underground loops for

geothermal heating and cooling systems, distribution of compressed

gases and air, potable water mains and service lines, and sanitary and

storm sewer systems.

(Figure 7, CI Pipe)

CI PIPE

Cast iron pipe was frequently used uncoated, although later coatings and

linings reduced corrosion and improved hydraulics. In cast iron pipe, the

graphite forms flakes during the casting process, when examined under a

microscope. Cast iron pipe was superseded by ductile iron pipe, which is a direct

development, with most existing manufacturing plants transitioning to the new

material during the 1970s and 1980s.

Ductile iron pipe is different than cast iron, because the introduction of

magnesium during the casting process causes the graphite to form spheres

(graphite nodules) rather than flakes. While this allows the material to remain
castable, the end product is much tougher than cast iron, and allows elastic

behavior at lower stress levels.

Little cast iron pipe is currently manufactured, since ductile iron pipe is

widely accepted as a superior product. Many public utilities, municipalities, and

private industries still have functional cast iron pipe in service to this day.

 Cast iron pipes are used in sewage networks for the purpose of

conveying sewage from homes and offices.

 They are one of the oldest piping systems present today and are being

largely replaced by high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes and polyvinyl

chloride (PVC) pipes.

(Figure 8, Gi Pipe)

GI PIPE

Galvanization or galvanizing (also spelled galvanisation or galvanising)[1] is

the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent

rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are

submerged in a bath of molten hot zinc.

 GI (Galvanized Iron) is steel, which has been galvanized by the

application of a protective coating of zinc, which reduces rust and

corrosion.

 GI pipes are preferred due to their strength and durability.

 life expectancy of about seventy years.

 (Figure 9, Solvent weld or Solvent Welding)

Solvent Weld or Solvent Welding

Plastic welding is welding for semi-finished plastic materials, and is described

in ISO 472 as a process of uniting softened surfaces of materials, generally with

the aid of heat (except solvent welding). Welding of thermoplastics is

accomplished in three sequential stages, namely surface preparation, application

of heat and pressure, and cooling. Numerous welding methods have been

developed for the joining of semi-finished plastic materials. Based on the

mechanism of heat generation at the welding interface, welding methods for

thermoplastics can be classified as external and internal heating methods,

Classification of welding methods for semi-finished polymeric materials.

Production of a good quality weld does not only depend on the welding

methods, but also weldability of base materials. Therefore, the evaluation of

weldability is of higher importance than the welding operation (see Rheological

weldability) for plastics.

 is a way of joining two pieces of plastic waste pipes using a glue which is

called solvent weld cement.

 The cement is liberally applied to both parts of the connection and the

solvent literally welds the parts together.

 (Figure 10, Teflon Tape)

Teflon Tape

Thread seal tape (also known as PTFE tape, Teflon tape, or plumber's tape)

is a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film tape commonly used in plumbing for

sealing pipe threads. The tape is sold cut to specific widths and wound on a

spool, making it easy to wind around pipe threads. Thread seal tape lubricates

allowing for a deeper seating of the threads, and it helps prevent the threads

from seizing when being unscrewed. The tape also works as a deformable filler

and thread lubricant, helping to seal the joint without hardening or making it

more difficult to tighten, and instead making it easier to tighten.

Typically the tape is wrapped around a pipe's thread three times before it is

screwed into place. It is commonly used commercially in applications including

pressurized water systems, central heating systems, and air compression

equipment.

Temperature Range: -450°F to +500°F (-268°C to +260°C). PTFE is

completely stable up to +500˚F or +260˚C. Decomposition is slow up to 750°F

or 400°C. Decomposition will occur on contact with open flames. is specifically

used for attachment threaded pipe on fittings.

 (Figure 11, ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT)

ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT

 is an adhesive material used by a plumbean when working with ABS

pipes.

Fittings

are any pipe part used to join two sections of pipes. - detachable piece of pipe

or tubing that either connects to another piece of pipe or tubing or connects

two such pieces.

(Figure 12, Fittings, Elbow Pipes)

Elbow Pipe Fittings

 Elbows are used to change the direction of flow between two pipes.

Elbows are generally available with an angle of 22.5o45o and 90o

 If pipes are of same diameter then normal elbows are used otherwise

Reducer elbows are used.

 Also known as "ells,"

 (Figure 13, Reducer Pipes Fittings)

Reducer Pipe Fittings

 Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces the flow size from

larger to smaller by reducing size of pipe.

2 TYPES OF REDUCER

 Concentric reducer - cone shaped with gradual decreasing around the

pipe but in this case accumulation of air may possible and it results in

cavitation.

 Eccentric reducer - one edge parallel to connecting pipe due to which air

accumulation is not possible.

(Figure 14, Tee Type Pipe Fittings)

Tee type Pipe Fitting

Tee type fitting is a component of plumbing system which is in Tshape. It is

having one inlet and two outlets, outlets are arranged at 90o to the main line

connection (inlet). It can also be used to combine the flow from two inlets to

one outlet. They are also available in different materials and different sizes. If

the 3 sides of T-fitting are similar in size then it is called as Equal tee otherwise

it is called as Unequal tee.

 (Figure 15, Cross Types Fittings)

CROSS TYPE OF FITTING

Cross type fittings contains 4 opening in 4 directions. These are connected

when there are 4 pipes are meeting at a point. These fittings generate more

amount of stress on pipe as the temperature changes, because they are located

at the center of four connection points. Cross fittings are generally used for fire

sprinkler systems.

(Figure 16, Coupling, Compression Coupling, Slip Coupling)

Coupling

A coupling is used to connect the pipes of same diameter. Coupling are also

useful if the pipe is broken or leakage occurs.

2 TYPES OF COUPLING

COMPRESSION COUPLING - is regular coupling which is connected between

two pipes and it prevents leakage by the arrangement of gaskets or rubber seals

on both sides, otherwise glue is provided.

SLIP COUPLING - is easier to install and it contains two pipes which are

arranged as one into other, inner pipe can slide up to some length. So, we can
fix long length damaged pipe by slip coupling.

(Figure 17, Unions)

Unions

Union is a type of fitting, which functions as similar to coupling. But coupling

cannot be removed after fixing but in this case we can remove the union

whenever we needed. Unions consists nut, male and female ended threads.

(Figure 18, Adaptors, male and Female)

Adaptors

If the pipes are not having special ends or plain ends then adaptors make them

threaded either male or female whichever is needed. Adopters are generally

used for copper and PVC pipes. Male adapters contain male threads and female

adapters contains female threads. One end of adapter is plain which is glued or

welded or soldered to the plain pipe end.