CHAPTER VIII:
France declared war on Spain and prepared the
The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism
(Mid 1700-1800)
8.1 British Invasion and Occupation
8.2 The Silang and Palaris Revolts
8.3 Basco Economic Plans
8.4 Laissez-Faire and the Opening of Ports
8.5 The Rise of Filipino Middle Class
8.6 The Education for some Filipinos
8.7 The Opening of Suez Canal
8.8 Liberalism in the Philippines
8.9 The Campaign for Secularization
Reporters:
Crystal Grace G. Cano
Jaeos Francesca B. Pomida
8.1 BRITISH INVASION OF THE PHILIPPINES
➢ The first successful foreign invasion of the
Philippines after the Spanish Conquest
which resulted to the British occupation of
Manila from 1762 to 1764.
➢ However, outside Manila, the British could
not make headway because of Simon de
Anda, the fighting Jurist who maintained the
Spanish rule in the provinces with the aid
of patriotic priests and loyal Filipinos.
WHY THE BRITISH CAME?
The British invaded the Philippines as part of
the Seven Years War (1756 –1763). The two
leading
opponents were Britain and France. France was
supported by Spain because King Charles III
and King Louis XV are related and they are part
of Bourbon Family.
August 25, 1761 – King Charles III signed a
dynastic alliance at Versailles known as the
“Family
Contact” in which he agreed to help his
kinsman, King Louis XV in the war against
England.
January 2, 1762 – King George III, an enemy of
know that the ships were hostile enemies
British expeditionary forces to attack the
Spanish colonies in America and the Orient.
Since Philippines is a colony of Spain, it was
dragged into the Seven Years War of the Big
Powers
in Europe.
ARRIVAL OF THE BRITISH INVADERS
Upon King George III’s orders, a British
Expeditionary Force was prepared by the British
East
India Company in Madras, India which was the
colonial authority in India. They prepared the
military expedition for the conquest of the
Philippines, a Spanish colony.
The British expedition had 13 ships:
➢ Norfolk (flagship
➢ Elizabeth
➢ Grafton
➢ Lenox
➢ Falmouth
➢ Weymouth
➢ America
➢ Panther
➢ Argos
➢ Seahorse
➢ Osterly
➢ Seaford
➢ South Sea Castle
The troops numbered 6830 men consisting of
1500 European soldiers (including 250 French
mercenaries), 3000 European seamen and
marines, two artillery companies, 600 Sepoys
(Indian
soldiers), and 1400 Indian laborers. The
commander of the fleet was Admiral Samuel
Cornish
and General William Draper.
September 22, 1762 –on the evening, the
British fleet entered Manila Bay.
The officials and residents of Manila did not
because
the did not receive any news or notice that
Spain was now at war with Britain due to the
difficulty
of overseas communications in those days.
September 23, 1762 – two British officers went
ashore under a white flag or truce. They
presented
the British demand for the surrender of the city
to the Spanish governor general. The acting
Spanish governor general, Mexican Archbishop
of Manila, Manuel Antonio Rojo was surprised
and alarmed but he refused to surrender.
By nightfall, despite the lashing rain and
howling wind, General Draper immediately
ordered the
attack of Manila. The British troops landed at
Malate and occupied the areas of Ermita,
Malate,
and Bagumbayan (Luneta) around Intramuros.
SURRENDER OF MANILA TO THE BRITISH.
September 24, 1762 – the siege of Manila
began.
Two attempts by the Spaniard defenders to
save the city failed. One was led by Cesar Fallet,
a
French soldier-of-fortune, who led some
Filipino – Spaniard troops. The fight raged
furiously all
night but the British and their Sepoy allies
stood their ground and repulsed the attack.
September 25, 1762 – General Draper repeated
his demand for surrender and again,
Archbishop
Rojo turned it down.
The other one was led by Manalastas, a fearless
Pampangueño, who led Filipino warriors from
nearby provinces. The forces led by him proved
Filipino loyalty to Spain.
October 3, 1762 –thousands of Filipino warriors
from Pampanga, Bulacan, and Laguna
reinforced the city garrison and audaciously
assaulted the British posts at Bagumbayan and
Malate. But they, too, were outfought by the
British Invaders.
October 3, 1762 – Archbishop Rojo called a
council of war in the afternoon where they
discussed
the course of action that they should follow.
The military officers, mostly Mexicans, favored
surrender but they were overruled by the
Spanish friars, magistrates, and merchants who
vigorously advocated resistance to the bitter
end.
October 4, 1762 –part of the city walls facing
Luneta was blown open by the British cannons.
Fierce fighting began in the streets of
Intramuros. Hundreds of people tried to escape
through the
Pasig River but the British soldiers killed them
mercilessly.
October 5, 1762 – Archbishop Rojo raised the
white flag at Fort Santiago as a sign of
surrender.
Thus, Manila fell into the hands of British
invaders.
October 6, 1762 – The Spanish authorities
signed the terms of surrender.
➢ According to the agreement, the Spanish
authorities agreed to surrender Manila,
Cavite, and other fortified areas and pay a war
indemnity of ₱ 4,000,000.00. In return,
the British will grant the following:
1. Security of life and property
2. Exercise of Catholic Religion
3. Freedom of commerce and industry
4. Preservation of the Royal Audiencia
5. Parole of all Spanish officers
THE LOOTING OF MANILA
October 6-7, 1762 - After the surrender of
Manila, the British and Indian conquerors
looted
homes, schools, and churches and other
buildings in Manila including private homes and
public
buildings for more than 30 hours. The wild
soldiers stole precious art, valuables, and
anything
else they wanted. They also burned 400 houses
in Tondo and Binondo. They opened the graves
of important officials such as Legazpi and
Salcedo in San Augustin Church. Fortunately,
the
Convent of Santa Clara was protected only
when General Draper ordered it surrounded
with
troops.
The stolen wealth in cash and valuable
treasures was worth ₱ 1,000,000.00
THREE GOVERNORS GENERAL IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1. Governor Dawsonne Drake – British governor
who was appointed by the British East
India Company. The British Governor ruled,
assisted by a legislative body called the
Manila Council.
2. Archbishop Antonio Manuel Rojo – acting
Spanish Governor General. Although, he
surrendered the Philippines, he claimed to be
the real leader of the defeated Spanish
forces and residents. He died on January 30,
1764.
3. Simon de Anda – the rebel governor general
who led the army of Filipino and Spanish
troops that continued the fight. He escaped
from Manila and established his headquarters
in Bacolor, Pampanga which he made as the
temporary capital of the Philippines. He
continued the fight against the British with an
army of volunteers.
PHILIPPINES UNDER THE RULE OF THE EAST
INDIA COMPANY
November 2, 1762 –East India Company
established a civil government in Manila,
headed by
Governor Dawsonne Drake and assisted by the
Manila Council composed of Henry Brooke,
Samuel Johnson, Claude Russel, and John L.
Smith.
As British Governor of Manila, Drake exercised
the executive powers and the Manila Council,
the
legislative powers.
ROLE OF FILIPINOS IN THE BRITISH INVASION
➢ Anda’s success in preserving Spain’s
sovereignty was due mostly to the loyalty and
support of the Filipino people.
➢ It was Filipino loyalty and courage which
really caused the failure of the British invasion
of the Philippines.
➢ The vast majority of Anda’s troops were
Filipinos.
British only conquered Manila, Cavite, and
some nearby areas like Cainta, Taytay, and
Pasig
because Filipinos remained loyal to Spain.
TWO REASONS WHY FILIPINOS DID NIT
WELCOME THE BRITISH
1. They were shocked by the horrible looting of
Manila after it was surrendered to the British.
2. Spanish priests warned them that the British
were Protestants who did not believe to the
Catholic religion.
END OF THE BRITISH INVASION
While the Spaniards and the British were
fighting in the Philippines, the Seven Years War
ended
in Europe.
February 10, 1763 – the European Big Powers
signed the Treaty of Paris to end war.
Supposedly, Britain should return the
Philippines back to Spain but because there was
no
telegraph or telephone, news did not reach the
Philippines until next year, 1764.
May 31, 1764 – the rebel Anda made a
triumphal entry into Manila. At the Patio of
Santa Cruz
Church in Manila, the British handed over the
ruling power back to Spain. The British had
occupied
the Philippines for a year and a half.
HISTORICAL VALUES
1. The British opened the Philippines to the
outside world. Before they came, the Spaniards
had kept the Filipinos away from outside
influence. We were really ignorant of the
outside
world until the British came. Now the British
allowed direct trade with China, India, and
other nearby countries.
Ex. Foreign money (Indian rupee)
New ideas came through foreign books,
newspapers, and travelers from Britain,
France, and Germany.
2. The defeat of Spaniards by the British
invaders destroyed the image of Spanish
power.
Many revolts broke out in the provinces.
3. The British introduced the English language
and free local elections in the country.
(December 1762 –local elections held at
Parañaque).
4. Lively music and dances (Polka Ingles and
Square Dance)
5. Social customs and dress (High society
women learned to shake hands with men in
public;
Men wore white vests and calico coats).
6. British founded the first Masonic lodge in
Cavite.
7. Many Indian soldiers (Sepoys) married
Filipino women and lived in Cainta. Many
Cainta
families have Indian origins, with tall and dark
features, wavy hair, high nose, and black
round eyes.
8. The British occupied the island of
Balambangan, which is between Palawan and
Borneo.
This became the first British colony in
Southeast Asia earlier than Malaya and
Singapore.
8.2 THE SILANG AND PALARIS REVOLTS
SILANG’S REVOLT (1762 – 1763)
Causes: His imprisonment, Abusive
Government Officials, and Heavy Taxations
Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela led a famous
revolt in Ilocos in 1762 to 1763. This revolt
happened during the British Invasion.
He requested the Spanish authorities to abolish
the tribute and to organize the Ilocos troops to
fight the British, but Alcalde Mayor (Don
Antonio Zabla) considered him agitator and
imprisoned
him but his friends and followers release him.
December 14, 1762 – Diego Silang started the
revolt, he expelled the alcalde mayor,
proclaimed
the abolition of the excessive tribute and
proclaimed independence of his people and
made Vigan
the capital of Free Ilocos.
He successfully defended Vigan from Spanish
reprisals and the news reached the British in
Manila. They tried to get his help against Don
Simon de Anda who was the soul of Spanish
resistance.
December 6, 1763 –a letter of the British
authorities solicited his allegiance in the fight
the
Spaniards. Fearing Anda who massing forces to
attack him, Silang accepted the British offer of
friendship and protection.
May 28, 1763 – Diego Silang was assassinated
by his friend Miguel Vicos, a Spaniard mestizo.
With the help of Pedro Becbec, he visited Silang
in the house at Vigan and shot him at the back.
He died in Gabriela’s arms and so Gabriela
continued the fight.
Maria Josefa Gabriela – named as the “Joan of
Arc of Ilocos” because she won many battles
together her uncle Nicolas Cariño. They
attacked Santa and won and after that they
went to the
wilds of Abra and recruited the savage
Tinggians (Itnegs). In Cabugao, another battle
was fought
against the government troops but this time,
they were defeated. Cariño was slain and
Gabriela
and her shattered forces fled to Abra. Like Joan
of Arc, she rode on a fast horse as she led her
men into the fray.
September 20, 1763 – the brave Gabriela and
her companions were executed at Vigan.
PALARIS REVOLT (1762 – 1765)
Causes: Tribute, Spain’s Loss of Prestige Due to
the British Occupation of Manila
Simultaneous with the Silang revolt was an
uprising in Pangasinan. The local inhabitants
wanted
the abolition of the tribute and the removal of
Joaquin Gamboa, alcalde mayor of the province
for
irregularities in tax collection.
November 3, 1762 – the rebellion began at the
town of Binalatongan under the leadership of
Juan de la Cruz Palaris.
He urged the people to fight since the
Spaniards were very weak because of their
defeat at the
British. For over a year, he succeeded in driving
the Spaniards and friars out of the rebel towns.
March 1764 – Don Manuel de Arza went to
Pangasinan with 3000 loyal Ilocano soldiers to
suppress Palaris revolt and he and his
remaining followers were put to death.
8.3 BASCO ECONOMIC PLANS
Jose Basco Vargas – one of the few efficient and
good governors sent to the Philippines who
arrived in Manila in 1778.
His plan was to make the Philippines self –
sufficient.
➢ He encouraged the cultivation of crops which
he believed could be exported and hence
earn for the country.Ex. Sugar, mulberry trees,
spices, and cotton were among the
plants he encouraged to be planted and
exported.
➢ Seeing the rich natural resources of the
country, he thought of developing commerce,
industry, and agriculture.
➢ He introduced the system of rewards by
which persons were honored and given prizes
for excellence in trade, commerce, and
agriculture.
➢ He encouraged the development of mines
which abound in the country, mines such
as those that produced gold, tin, and copper.
➢ He offered prizes to those excelled in the
manufacture of silk, porcelain, and fabrics of
cotton, hemp, and flax.
➢ He caused the distribution of circulars
regarding methods to improve production,
especially agricultural production.
THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY
Governor Basco founded the Economic Society
of Friends of the Country in 1781. This was
according to the King’s decree which gave him
the right to establish a society of selected
persons
who are capable enough to produce useful
ideas.
In order to make it solvent from the start, the
Spanish traders of Manila gave the Society the
sum
of ₱ 960.00 a year, a sum that during those
days was very big and which today is probably
about
₱ 10,000.00
The Society was divided into sections:
1. Factories and manufacturers
2. Industry and Popular Education
3. Natural History
4. Domestic and foreign commerce
5. Agricultural and rural economy
Under the auspices of the Society,
➢ Economic subjects were discussed by
government officials, traders, and merchants.
➢ Pamphlets on the cultivation of Indigo,
coffee, sugar, cacao, hemp, and other plants
were published and distributed widely.
➢ Agricultural implements from the United
States were imported in order to improve
agriculture and thus increase production.
➢ Advanced agricultural methods were
introduced.
As a result of these activities,
➢ The Society was able to export indigo to
Europe for the first time in Philippine History
in 1784.
➢ It also founded the Academy of Drawing in
Manila in 1824 and granted scholarships
to those who were interested in art of dyeing.
➢ It also founded an agricultural school in
Manila for the purpose of training farmers in
advanced agricultural methods in 1861.
THE GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES
Basco recommended to the King that tobacco
monopoly should be established in the
Philippines.
1780 – the King issued a decree ordering the
establishment of the monopoly but actually
established in 1782.
According to the decree on tobacco monopoly,
1. The cultivation of tobacco outside the
provinces selected to grow tobacco was
prohibited.
2. Contraband sale of tobacco was also
prohibited
3. The government had exclusive right to
purchase all tobacco products, to inspect and
classify the tobacco plant and to prepare and
manufacture cigar and cigarettes.
4. The government had the right to prohibit the
exportation or importation of tobacco by any
agency not connected with thee government.
1808 –the government realized a profit of
about ₱ 500,000.00
1880 to 1881 – the net profit amounted to ₱
3,500,000.00
The monopoly led to the development of
agriculture in provinces like Ilocos, Nueva Ecija,
the
Cagayan Valley, and Marinduque.
DISADVANTAGES OF TOBACCO MONOPOLY
1. The Spanish officials in-charged of inspection
and classification of tobacco committed
abuses like taking the lands away from tobacco
farmers who failed to produce the required
quota of tobacco.
2. Inspectors searched houses of farmers for
the purpose of looking for alleged contraband
tobacco, but in reality the purpose was to
abuse the farmer’s family.
3. The farmers were not paid the value of
tobacco corps and instead, they received
nothing
but paper promises. This amount was not paid
because of the dishonesty of Spanish
employees and officials.
4. Tobacco farmers themselves could not
smoke the tobacco they produced. They could
not
afford to buy cigar manufactured by the
government because of the very high price.
1881 – the King ordered its abolition because of
the anomalies.
1882 – it was actually abolished.
OTHER MONOPOLIES
➢ Wine and liquor, gunpowder, playing cards,
and buyo
➢ These monopolies brought a big income to
the government but burden the Filipinos at
the same time.
THE ROYAL COMPANY
1785 – establishment of the Royal Company of
the Philippines which was capitalized at
₱ 8,000,000.00 and this amount was divided
into 32,000 shares costing ₱ 250.00 a share.
The aims of the company were:
1. To promote the progress of the Philippines
by improving the foreign trade of the colony of
Spain.
2. To develop the natural resources of the
Philippines by encouraging industry,
manufacturing, and agriculture.
4 % of the net profit was to be invested in
agricultural pursuits. In order to implement this
program,
the King granted the Company many privileges.
➢ It was given the monopoly of the trade
between Spain and the Philippines.
➢ Products that the Philippines exported to
Europe were exempted from tariff duties.
➢ Company’s ships were allowed to visit
Oriental ports and the prohibition that ma
Manila merchants could not trade with China
and India was removed.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
1. The Spanish merchants did not cooperate
wholeheartedly with the Company.
2. The Company was not able to establish direct
commercial contact with Japan, China, and
India so that it had to buy commodities from
these countries through Manila merchants,
resulting in paying higher prices
3. The company was not well-managed.
4. Foreign vessels brought to Manila such items
as groceries, canned goods, wine, and other
European products.
1834 – abolition of the Royal Company of the
Philippines.
8.4 LAISSEZ – FAIRE AND THE OPENING OF
PORTS
Laissez Faire – was made popular by the
economist Adam Smith and was accepted by
many
nations in Europe including Spain.
Smith believed that nations could become rich
if they allowed business to operate without too
much government control. Businessmen should
be given as much freedom as possible to carry
on their business. The government should not
impose any restriction that would hamper the
growth of business. If business grew, the
economy of a nation would improve.
1789 – Spain decided to partially open Manila
to world trade in 1789.
1834 – Spain opened the colony permanently
and completely to foreign trade upon the
recommendation of Governor General Felix
Berenguer de Marquina.
The opening of the Philippines to world trade
brought the colony into mainstream of world
commerce. Ships from such trading nations as
England, the US, France, and Germany traded
freely with the Philippines. Foreign business
firms set up their offices in Manila.
Certain Philippine agricultural products like
hemp, sugar, tobacco, and coffee and among
others
were acquired markets abroad.
Ships of other nations not just brought foreign
goods to the colony but also new political ideas
from Europe and America, ideas such as
freedom, democracy, equality, and human
rights.
In 19th century, there were already scores of
English, American, German, French, and Swiss
Trading Companies doing business in the
colony.
As a result, trade and commerce in the country
increased greatly, and the colony began to
enjoy
a period of economic prosperity for the first
time.
1842 – Upon the recommendation of Sinibaldo
de Mas, an eminent Spanish Economist, the
Spain
opened more Philippine ports to foreign trade.
1855 – Ports of Sual (in Pampanga, Ilo-ilo, and
Zamboanga
1860 –Port of Cebu
1873 – Ports of Legazpi and Tacloban
The opening of these ports accelerated the
economic growth of the Philippines. The
exports of
the colony rose from ₱4.3 M in 1841 and more
than ₱33M in 1894.
8.5 THE RISE OF FILIPINO MIDDLE CLASS
The economic prosperity of the Philippines
gave birth to a new social class – the middle
class.
It was composed of the following:
➢ Merchants and traders
➢ Professionals (lawyers, doctors, etc.)
➢ Planters and Land owners
➢ Creoles – Spanish born in the Philippines
➢ Mestizos – Spanish and Chinese
➢ Some native Filipinos
➢ Ilustrados – educated young Filipinos;
enlightened Filipinos who would spearhead the
movement for reforms and later become the
leaders of the Philippine Revolution.
The Spanish colonial policies and practices
prevented the members of the middle class
from
making further progress. The abuses and
injustices of the friars of the colonial officials
were not
only making life miserable for the masses but
were also harming the economic interests of
the
middle class.
Time came when the grievances of the masses
became also the grievances of the middle class.
Thus, the Ilustrados became the spokesperson
of the oppressed masses.
8.6 THE EDUCATION FOR SOME FILIPINOS
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
➢ First school to be established were parochial
schools
➢ Spanish missionaries – teachers
➢ Children were taught Christian Doctrine, the
3r’s (reading, writing and arithmetic),
music and various arts and trades
➢ Attendance was compulsory
➢ Teachers were paid by parents
➢ The lessons were memorized – Filipino’s
were good at this (memorizing) and so
they were able to pick up the lessons
immediately.
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
➢ Established for the preparation for higher
education
JESUITS
➢ 1589 – College of Manila (became College of
San Ignacio)
-Was ranked as a University in 1621 by Pope
Gregory XV
-Closed 1768 when Jesuits was expelled from
the Philippines
➢ 1595 – College of San Idelfonso
- Founded in Cebu
-Closed but reopened in 1783 as the Colegio-
Seminario de San Carlos (which
became the University of San Carlos in 1948)
➢ 1601 – College of San Jose
➢ 1859 – took charge of the Escuela Pia, a
public school for boys in Manila and
transformed it into the Ateneo de Manila, now
one of the prestigious universities in
the country
DOMINICANS
➢ 1611 – Our Lady of Rosary
-College of Santo Tomas – University of Santo
Tomas
-Founded by Miguel de Buenavides, third
archbishop of Manila
-Only Royal and Pontifical University in all Asia
-25 years older than Harvard University (oldest
university in the US)
➢ 1630 – College of San Juan de Letran
-Oldest existing college for boys in the
Philippines
➢ UNIVERSITY OF SAN FELIPE
-Government sponsored university
-Established in Manila by a royal decree of King
Philip V of Spain.
-Never gained popularity and was closed in
1726
The universities, particularly the University of
Santo Tomas, offered the same courses as
those given in the universities of Europe, such
as law, medicine, pharmacy, philosophy,
theology, and humanities. All universities
during the Spanish times were exclusively for
men.
SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
➢ Colegio – Regular school for girls
➢ Beaterio – Combined school and nunnery
➢ The curriculum commonly offered in these
schools consisted of reading, writing,
arithmetic, music, religion, history, art, and
embroidery. The girls were also taught
to sing in the choir to the accompaniment of
the organ.
Some of the school for girls are:
➢ College of Santa Potenciana (1594)
-Not intended for all girls but only for the
daughters of Spanish soldiers and
orphans
➢ College of Santa Isabel (1632)
-Absorbed the College of Santa Potenciana
-Oldest existing college for girls in the
Philippines
➢ Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus (1694)
-Founded by a Filipino nun, Sor Ignacia de
Espiritu Santo
-Only college exclusively for Filipino girls
-Now St. Mary’s College in Quezon City
➢ Beaterio de Santa Catalina (1696)
➢ Beaterio de San Sebastian (1719)
➢ College of Santa Rosa (1750)
➢ College of LA Concordia (1869)
➢ Assumption Convent School (1892)
NORMAL SCHOOLS
➢ 1855 – a commission was created for to
study the education system in the
Philippines
➢ 1861 – mandating the opening of the normal
schools for boys and girls
➢ 1863 – promulgated an educational law that
provides for the opening of a normal
school for men
1865 – normal school for men was opened;
managed by the Jesuits
➢ 1871 – opened the normal school for girls
➢ 1875 – another normal school for boys was
opened in Naga
➢ 1893 – another normal school for girls was
opened
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
➢ Government sponsored
➢ Compulsory but free
➢ Boys were taught history of Spain,
geography, farming, arithmetic, Christian
Doctrine, writing, singing, etiquettes.
➢ Girls were taught embroidery, cooking,
crochet, geography and history of Spain.
In 1867 there were in the Philippines, 593
elementary schools with an
enrolment of 133,990 children. At the end of
Spanish rule in 1898, the schools
numbered 2,150, with a total enrolment of
more than 200,000.
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
➢ Also promoted by the Spanish authorities
➢ The seeds of Philippine vocational education
were sown by the missionaries who
taught the people not only religion, but also
better methods of farming, the
cultivation of foreign plants’ (indigo, corn,
cotton, wheat, etc.) and various crafts
(printing, carpentry, masonry, and dyeing)
In 19th century various vocational and technical
schools were established by the Spanish
government:
➢ Nautical Academy (1820)
➢ School for Commerce (1840)
➢ Academy of Fine Arts (1849)
➢ School of Agriculture (1889)
➢ School for Arts and Trades (1890)
All these schools were in Manila
➢ March 16, 1861 – private school of arts and
trades was founded by Filipinos, Father
Juan P. Zita and Felino Gil, in Bacolor
Pampanga. It is now the Pampanga School of
Arts and Trades, a public school.
8.7 THE OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL
➢ November 17, 1869 - Opening of Suez Canal
➢ Suez Canal measures 103 miles long. It
connects the Mediterranean and the Gulf of
Suez
and hence with the Red Sea and the Indian
Ocean
➢ This resulted in the shortening of the
distance between Spain and the Philippines.
Because of this, many Spaniards with
progressive ideas migrated to the Philippines.
Later on, they influenced some educated
Filipinos and soon both were asking the
government to introduce changes in the
administration of the colony.
➢ In previous years, a steamer from Barcelona
had to sail around the Cape of Good Hope,
and reached Manila after a hazardous voyage
of more than three months. With the shorter
route via the Suez Canal, the trip was reduced
to only 32 days.
➢ Another effect of the shortening of the
distance between Spain and the Philippines was
that the sending of the progressive books and
periodicals to the Philippines became easy
and cheap. These books and periodicals were
read by the educated Filipinos who learned
about democratic practices in Europe, the
freedom of the press, the freedom of speech,
and the free exchange of ideas among people.
➢ The shortening of the distance between the
Mother Country and the colony also
encouraged many educated Filipinos to go to
Europe to continue their studies and to prove
that they were the equal of the Spaniards.
➢ Before the opening of the Suez Canal, the
voyage from Spain to the Philippines or from
here to Spain was so long and dangerous that
many Filipinos who could afford to go to
Europe were afraid to undertake the voyage.
8.8 LIBERALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
➢ 1868 – a revolution took Place in Spain
➢ The revolutionists were against the
autocratic reign of Queen Isabel II. The
revolutionist
won and Queen Isabel was forced to flee to
France. As a result of this, the Republic of
Spain was set up. It lasted from 1868-1870.
➢ The triumph of the revolutionists in Spain
who were for popular suffrage and for freedom
of speech, of the press, and of religion, led to
the sending of progressive or liberal
Spaniards to the Philippines.
Governador- General Carlos María de la Torre –
a liberal Spaniard, arrived in Manila
in June 23, 1869 he put into practice the liberal
principles of the revolutionists in Spain.
➢ He showed his democratic ways by living
simply, by avoiding luxury, by dismissing the
halberdiers of his palace, and by walking the
streets of Manila in civilian clothes. This was
something new, because in the past governors-
general wore their military uniforms
complete with medals and ribbons
➢ The educated Filipinos, mestizos and
Spaniards born in the Philippines who
sympathized
with the Filipinos, serenaded the governor (July
12, 1869).
They wanted to show their appreciation of the
governor’s kind attention and
democratic ways. The governor welcomed the
serenaders, while a Spanish
woman (Mrs. Maria de Sanchiz, wife of an
artillery colonel) recited a patriotic
poem. The Spaniards who were for the
monarchy were scandalized but they
remained quiet. They were waiting for the time
when a governor to their liking
would assume office in Manila.
➢ The campaign for the Filipinization of the
parishes gained greater momentum.
➢ De la Torre’s administration of the Philippine
was significant because he
(1) Abolished the censorship of the press
(2) Abolished flogging as a punishment, and
(3) Solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite
To many Filipinos, mestizos, and Spaniards of
progressive ideas,
Governor de la Torre was the best governor the
Philippines ever had.
➢ 1871 - change of government in Spain
The Spanish Cortes restored the monarchy. An
Italian prince, Amadeo of Savoy,
became the King of Spain
➢ A new Spanish governor-general – Gen.
Rafael de Izquierdo – was sent to the
Philippines to replace de la Torre. Upon
assuming office in April 1871, he promptly
ended
the freedom the Filipinos enjoyed briefly under
de la Torre administration.
The anti liberal elements among the friars and
other Spaniards in the
colony were pleased by the turn of events.
They enthusiastically
supported the autocratic rule of Izquierdo. And
they looked for an
opportunity to hit back at those who were
advocating for a change.
8.9 THE CAMPAIGN FOR SECULARIZATION
➢ Priests are of two classes: the regular and
secular
Regular: those who belong to the religious
orders like the Dominican, the
Recollect, the Augustinian, and the Franciscan.
Their work is to spread
Christianity
Secular: not a member of any religious order.
Took care of or administered the
parishes.
➢ Filipino nationalism received a big boost
from the secularization movement. This was a
campaign waged by the secular priests to win
control of the parishes from the regular
priests or missionaries
➢ In the beginning, the secularization
movement was primarily a struggle between
two kinds
of Spanish priests- the friars who came from
Spain (peninsulares) and the secular priests
who were born in the Philippines (creoles).
➢ As the colony's economy improved, more
native families became rich enough to send
their children to school. Many of these families
wanted their children to become priests.
To be a priest in those days was an honor. The
priesthood was considered by native
Filipinos as a prestigious profession or career.
➢ The secularization controversy more heated
with the return of the Jesuit priests in 1859.
The Jesuits had been expelled from the colony
in 1768 by King Charles III. The Spanish
King believed that the Jesuits were plotting to
kill him. The Jesuit parishes in Manila and
in Mindanao were given to the Recollects.
➢ With the return of the Jesuits to the
Philippines, their former parishes were given
back to
them by the Spanish monarch. As
compensation to the parishes they had to
return to the
Jesuits, the Recollects were given new parishes
in the provinces near Manila. The
parishes given to the Recollects included those
already in the hands of Filipino secular
priest. Thus a number of Filipino priests lost
their parishes. This made the Filipinos more
bitter towards the Spaniards.
➢ The later secularization movement may be
called "Filipinization" because the Filipino
seculars led the movement to transfer the
administration of parishes from Spaniards to
Filipinos
➢ Spanish Filipinos (creoles) joined forces with
the native Filipinos secular priests in
demanding that the parishes be turn over to
them by friars or missionaries.
➢ By 1870, only 181 out of 792 parishes in the
colony were in the hands of the secular
priests, native and Spanish Filipinos alike.
➢ Many friars did not want to give up their
parishes although there were competent
secular
priest who could take over. As a result, very few
Filipino priests were given parishes at
their own. Many native priests were assigned
to work as coadjustors or assistants, to the
Spanish friars running their own parishes.
➢ The leaders of the Filipino campaign to
secularize the parishes was at first Father Pedro
Pablo Peláez (1812-1863), but after his death
he was succeeded by Father José A.
Burgos (1837-1872). Other Filipino seculars
involved in the secularization were Father
Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Gomes, *Toribio del
Pilar, Mariano Sevilla, Pedro Dandan, Josè
Guevara, and others.
References:
✓ Philippine History (Second Edition) pp. 99 to
100 - Maria Christina Halili
✓ Philippine History and Government pp. 92;
98 to 102; 104 - Dr. Sonia M. Zaide
✓ Ang Pilipinas at mga Pilipino pp. 107 to 115;
126 to 128 - Teodoro A. Agoncillo
✓ Kasaysayan ng BansangPilipinas pp. 95 to
114; 117 to 118; 120 - Teodoro A. Agoncillo
✓ History of the Republic of the Philippines pp.
131 to 139; 154 to 156; 168 to 169; 183 to
186; 207 to 208 - Gregorio F. Zaide
✓ Introduction to Filipino History pp. 76 to 78;
60 to 61; 66 - Teodoro A. Agoncillo
✓ A Journey Into the Past: A History of the
Philippines pp. 56 to 57; 58 to 63 - Alberto S.
Abeleda Jr. et.al
✓ The Educational System of the Philippines
pp. 1 to 12 - Aldana
✓ History of the Filipino People pp. 110 to 126 -
Teodoro A. Agoncillo
CHAPTER 9: THE REFORM MOVEMENT
Banico, John Lester
Piolen, Alyssa
BSA 1-A
Readings in the Philippine History
Professor Estarlita Dela Cruz
THE REFORM MOVEMENT
The ten years that elapsed after
the execution of Gomez, Burgos, and
Zamora were peaceful years. It was
peaceful period because the Filipinos
were cowed into silence by the Spanish
authorities.There were threats if
persecution of those who would oppose
or criticize Spanish rule.
The people were discontented
because they remained poor and
burdened with heavy taxes. The educated
and the wealthy were discontented
because of the abuses of the Spaniards
and because they could not participate in
the administration of the government.
Even so, the educated and
wealthy were able to leave for Spain
where there was freedom. There they
studied and worked for the introduction
of reforms in the Philippines.
The reform movement which
they initiated, began in 1882 and lasted
upto early months of 1896, when the
important reformists died.
The reform movement includes:
- making the Philippines a province of
Spain and not a colony.
- making Filipinos as Spanish citizens so
they could enjoy rights and priveleges of
Spanish citizens.

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
- was the great orator of The Triumvirate.
- was born in Jaro, now part of Iloilo City,
on December 18, 1856.
- His parents were Placido Lopez and
Maria Jacobo Jaena
- He studied in Seminary of Jaro in order
to be a priest, but later in changed his
mind and wanted to be a physician.
- He was observant and saw the injustices,
immorality and greed of the friars and
civil officials alike.
- He wrote a long story about a certain
friar named Fray Botod. This friar was
greedy, immoral, and cruel.
-He went to Manila to escape persecution
and also to continue his studies but the
Spanish authorities were looking for him
so he secretly sailed for Europe in 1880
- He studied medicine in Spain but later on
gave it up and devoted his time and
energy to writing articles.
La Solidaridad
In 1889, Jaena founded a fortnightly
newspaper La Solidaridad (Solidarity). He
became its first editor.
According to him, the aims of the
newspaper were:
1. To fight reaction
2. To stop all steps tending to make
Philippines a backward country
3. To extol liberal ideas
4. To defend progress.
Copies of newspaper were sent secretly to
the Philippines and distributed to
educated Filipinos.
Jaena not only wrote articles but he also
delivered speeches defending the Filipinos
from cruel charges of Spanish writers who
were anti Filipinos.
Lopez Jaena suffered from hunger and
illness and on January 20 1896, he died in
Barcelona, Spain.
JOSE RIZAL
 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y
Alonso Realonda
 Born in Kalamba, Laguna on
June 19, 1861.
 7th son of Francisco Mercado
and Teodora Alonzo
 He was excecuted and of his
peaceful way to achieve liberty.
 At the age of 8, he wrote a
poem called, “Sa Aking mga
Kabata”, that tackles about love
of one’s language.
 Preliminary Education:
Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan,
Laguna
 Ateneo Municipal de Manila –
June 1872 – 1877 (Sobresiliente
or Excellent)
 He observed how Spaniards
maltreated Filipinos.
 Spanish Authorities ordered his
mother to walk from Kalamba to
town of Sta. Cruz because of
false charge. (imprisoned)
 At the age of 18, he won
different contests, including
other rich Spanish students.
 1st prize in Literary Contest (A
La Juventude Filipina)
 Allegorical Play (El Consejo de
los Dioses), but didn’t won, the
fact that he is a Filipino.
 He studied in Medical School of
Santo Tomas specializing in
Opthalmology. Because his
mother was going blind.
 In May, 1882, he continued to
study medicine in Madrid, Spain
at Universidad Central de
Madrid at the age of 21.
Hidden Purposes of Rizal’s Voyage
 To be known in the field of
journalism
- El Amor Patrio (Love
of Country), his first
article written in
Spain.
- Laonglaan is his
pseudonym.
- Aug. 20 1882, it came
out in Diariong
Tagalog. Rizal used the
word Tierra Exranjera
or Foreign Land
referring to Spain.
- Rizal stopped creating
nationalistic articles:
- disagreement of his
mother
- can’t recognize in
foreign country
- desire to finish his
studies
 To observe and study
European society
 To prepare himself for the
task of liberating the
Filipinos from Spanish
Tyranny.
 In September, 1882, He
enrolled to Universidad
Central de Madrid.
 June 5-26, He took the
medical examinaion and
passed it.
 June 21, 1884, Rizal was
awarded as degree of
licentiate in medicine.
Licentiate – a degree below PhD, given by
university.
Rizal and the Flipino Expatriates in
Madrid
Expatriates – a person living outside his
native country.
 Rizal met Pedro Paterno,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Gregorio
Sanciano, Juan Luna, Felix
Hidalgo, Marcelo H. Del Pilar
and others.
 Rizal, Jaena and Del Pilar are
called the Triumvirate of the
Propaganda Movement.
 These 3 as the founders of the
Reform Movement are also
known as the Ilustrados.
Ilustrados – means erudite, learned,
or enlightened ones in Spanish.
Constituted the Filipino educated
class during the Spanish colonial
period in the late 19th century
 Members of ilustrados
include: Jose Rzal, Marcelo
 H. Del Pilar, Mariano
Ponce, and Antonio Luna.
Aims of the Ilustrados
 legal equality for both
Peninsulares and natives—
Indios, Insulares, and
mestizos, among others.
 the Philippines be
represented in the Cortes
and be considered as a
province of Spain" and
"the secularization of the
parishes."
 The sentiment of
nationalism became
strongest due to the
GomBurZa who had been
charged in leadng the
military of the mutiny in
Cavite.
 At the age of 26, Rizal
released his novel, Noli Me
Tangere (Touch Me Not).
 Exposed the defects of the
Spanish adnibistration of
the Philippines, the greed
of innorality and
Superstitions of the
Filipinos.
 Example of defect
Administration:
- Forced Labor
- Frailocracy
- Haciendas owned by
friars
- Racial Discrimination
- Guardia Civil
- Human Rights demand
to Filipinos
- Corrupt colonial
officials
 Noli Me Tangere became
popular but limited number of
copies entered the Philippines.
 Archbishop Payo had the copy
of the novel and sent to UST for
the examination on August 18,
1887.
 It is found that the book is :
- Unpatriotic
- Subversive of public order
- Offensive to the
government of Spain
 Anybody caught it reading was
punished severely.
 Friars found their:
- Ignorance
- Defects
- Immoality
- Bogus culture
- And their vices
 First attack happened when an
anonymous man sent a letter to
Rizal and said he was an
ungrateful man.
 On December 28, 1887, Fray
Salvador Font, the cura of
Tondo and chairman of the
Permanent Commission of
Censorship composed of laymen
and ordered that the circulation
of this pernicious book" be
absolutely prohibited.
 Father Jose Rodriguez released a
pamphlets that warned filipinos
reading the novel.
 Cuestiones de Sumo Interes
 Rizal responded and published
his answer through satirical
pamphlet entitled, La Vision del
Fray Rodriguez.
- A satire that exposed the
ignorance of friars.
 Rizal also wrote a satirical essay
called, Por Telefono as his
response to fray Font’s critique
against the novel.
 According to Father Garcia, if
the Noli is a work of literature, it
should be judged that way and
not in a doctrinal level.
 He also said that if reading the
Noli is a mortal sin, then Father
Rodriguez committed a sin.
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar made a
pamphlet entitled, Caiingat
Cayo (Beware or Be Slippery as
an Eel) to defend Jose Rizal.
 The result of all of his writings
antagonized the Spaniards.
 On 1891, Rizal published his
second novel, the El
Filibusterismo or Reign of
Greed/The Rebel
 Valentin Ventura helped him to
print the book.
 El Filibuterismo- remembering
the unjust execution of the 3
Filipino priests
 A political novel predicting the
coming revolution
 Continuation of the first novel
 Through El Filibusterismo, Rizal
wanted to educate the people
so that they would know how to
discharge their duties correclty
and faithfully.
 1887- first coming of Jose Rizal
to the Philippines
 1892- second coming
 He was then arrested and
thrown to Fort Santiago.
 July 7, 1892- Banishment to
Dapitan, Mindanao for 4 years.
 Same year he founded La Liga
Filipina
 He was charged of treasonand
complicity in the revolution
Reasons Why Jose Rizal was
Sentenced to Death
- Publishing anti catholics
and anti friar books and
articles
- Dedicating his novel El Fili
to GomBurZa and
emphasizing the title page,
“The only salvation for the
Philippines was separation
from the mother country”.
- Simply criticizing the
religion.
 Rizal was sentenced to die by
musketry.
 Early in morning of december
30, 1896, he was shot amids the
frenzied shouts of Spaniards in
Bagumbayan.
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
- was called by his Spanish enemies
as "the greatest journalist produced
by the Filipino race"
- he was born in the barrio of
Kupang, Bulakan, Bulakan, on
August 30, 1950.
- he studied at the College of San
Jose and later at the University of
Sto. Tomas where he finished his law
studies in 1880.
- In ghe same year, he began his
campaign against the abuses of the
friars and the Spanish civil officials.
- he spoke in meetings especially in
the crowded cockpit where the
common people heard him criticize
the friars
Diariong Tagalog
- In 1882, he founded the Tagalog-
Spanish newspaper Diariong Tagalog
 which although short-lived, published
suggestions on how to improve the
administration of the country.
-He also published mild criticisms of
the Spaniards.
- In 1888, the Spanish friars of
Bulakan, Bulakan persuaded the
Spanish officials of the province to
arrest del Pilar. But his admirers
warned him and he secretly left for
Spain.
- a year after, he became the editor
of La Solidaridad
- Due to his heavy work and lack of
proper food, del Pilar contracted
Tuberculosis. During winter when it
was veet cold in Spain, he would pick
up cigarette butts in the streets and
smoked them to keep warm.
- He wanted to return to the
Philippines because he believed that
the campaign for reforms was a
failure and that it was time to shift to
revolutionary action
- But he died on July 4, 1896
PRO-FILIPINO SOCIETIES
 Led by Juan Atayde
 Group of pepole who are in
favor to Filipino (in Madrid)
students’ liberal ideas.
 1882 – Circulo Hispano-Filipino
 Revista del Circulo Hispano
Filipino
 Brings attention of the Spanish
Authorities in Spain the
condition in the Philippines and
introduction of reforms which
would benefit the Filipinos
 Died because if natural death:
 Lack of financial support and
lack of leadership
 January 29, 1883 Disbanded
 Notable Members:
- Jose Rizal
- Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- Antonio Luna
- Graciano Lopez
 Associaions divided into 3
- Political Section- Del Pilar
- Literary Section- Mariano
Ponce
- Sports Section- Tomas
Arejola
Associacion Hispano Filipina
 January 12, 1889
 “to work for the material and
moral movement of the
Philippines”
 Aims of the Association
- Abolition of diezmos
rediales and sanctorum
- Compulsory teaching of
Spanish in all schools in the
Philippines
- Radical reform in the UST
- Abolition of Flogging
- Establishment of
agricultural banks
- Tax reforms and others
 Filipino Members:
- Jaena
- Del Pilar
- Rizal
- Luna
- Ponce
- Jose M. Panganiban
- Eduardo de Lete
 Spanish Members:
- Miguel Morayta
- Felipe de la Corte
 Associacion lived longer than
the Circulo but also died
because it never realize its aims
because high officials in Spain
were too busy with the state
problrm to solve the Phiippine
Problem.
MASONRY AND ITS ROLE
The Filipino reformists in spain
did not spare any effort to win friends for
the sake of the country. During the last
two decades of the nineteenth century,
Masonry was popular in Europe, even in
Spain. Many Spaniards with liberal ideas
were Masons. The Filipino reformists,
included Rizal, Lopez Jaena, del Pilar,
Antonio Luna and others decided to join
Masonry not only because they wanted to
win friends among the Spanish Masons,
but also because they hated the friars in
the Philippines, the friars hated Masonry
as they hated the Filipinos who were
questioning their right to remain in the
Philippines.
Jaena founded the lodge
Revolution in Barcelona in 1889. This
lodge was exclusively for and by Filipinos.
When Revolution was dissolved,
another lodge was founded-- it was La
Solidaridad in Madrid.
Unity among Filipinos in Spain
was maintained by this Masonic lodge. In
time it was thought to establish Masonic
lodge in the Philippines.
Early in 1891, Filipinos who had
been to Spain met and decided to
establish Masonic lodge Nilad in Manila.
Masonry became popular in the
Philippines and by May 1893, there were
35 Masonic lodge in the country, which
nine were in Manila. Even the women
fouded their Masonic lodge Walana. The
prominent women Masons included
Rizal's sisters Josefa and Trinidad,
Rosario Villaruel, Marina Dizon, Valeriana
Lagazpi, Romualda Lanuza, Sixta Fajardo,
and Purification Leyva.
The Masons were anti-friars
and wanted friars shipped back to Spain.
LA LIGA FILIPINA
 July 31, 1892founded by Rizal
and Andres Bonifacio became
one of the founders.
 La Liga Officers:
- President: Ambrosio
Salvador
- Fiscal: Agusting dela Rosa
- Treasurer: Bonifacio
Arevalo
- Secretary: Deodato
Arellano
 Mutual aid and self help society
dispensing scholarship fund,
legal aid, loaning capital, and
setting up cooperatives.
 Aims of La Liga Filipina:
- To unite the whole
archipelago into one strong
body
- Mutual protection of all
members in case of
necessity
- The encouragement of
agriculture, commerce, and
education;
- Defense against any kind of
violence and inustice; and
 - Study and application of
reforms
 Society was governed by:
- Supreme council
- Provincial council
- Popular council
 All members must pay 10
centavos monthly
 Aims of the money
- A member or his son
without financial means
but with enough ability and
industry shall be supported
- The poor shall be
supported against the rich
and powerful
- Any member who suffered
losses shall be given
financial help
- Stores and shops shall be
opened which would sell
goods to members at low
prices; and
- Machines shall be
introduced in order to
promote industries
 July 6, 1892, Rizal was arrested
as Spanish Authorities in order
of governor general considered
it as dangerous
 Liga became recognized through
the efforts of Domingo Franco
and Apolinario Mabni (became
the secretary) and Bonifacio.
 Cuerpo de Compromisarios
(Body of Compromisers).
 All societies for the purpose of
working for reforms did not last
long.
WHY THE REFORM MOVEMENT
FAILED?
The campaign to introduce
reforms waged by patriotic Filipinos
in Spain and in the Philippines failed.
It is true that some laws
beneficial to the Philippines were
passed, but these laws were not
implemented in the Philippines. They
were therfore, dead laws.
The reasons were:
1.The Spanish officials in Spain were
too busy with their own problems to
listen to the collective voice of the
reformists.
2. The reformists in the Spain and in
the Philippines did not have
thenecessary financial means with
which to make their campaign
effective.
3.The reformists themselves were
not reunited. There were jealousies
among them. There wereother
quarrels which were not good for the
cause of the Filipinos.
4.The friars in the Philippines had
influential friends and supporters in
Spain. These supporters opposed the
introduction of reforms in the
Philippines. Against the rich and
powerful friars, the poor Filipino
reformists could not do much to
benefit the country.
REFERENCES:
 Agoncillo, T. (2012). History
of the Filipino People
 Zaide, G. & Zaide S. (2004).
Philippine History and
Government
INTRODUCTION
Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan
on early 1892 proved to be the last breath
of the Propaganda Movement. The Liga
Filipina continued for four more years
until1896 when the masses, led by Andres
Bonifacio, were forced to take to the field
against the Spaniards. Andres Bonifacio, a
man of scanty education but nevertheless
highly intelligent, founded the Katipunan
on the very night that the news of Rizal’s
deportation to Dapitan leaked out. He did
not join the Los Compromisarios or
Cuerpo de Compromisarios led by
Domingo Franco because he was both
poor and a man of action and radical
views. He believed that the happiness and
welfare of the Filipino people could not be
achieved by peaceful requests, but by
violent revolution.
SUBTOPICS:
Bonifacio and the Katipunan (1892-1896)
a) The Founding of Katipunan
b) The Aim of Structure of
Katipunan
c) The Teachings of the Katipunan
d) The Women in the Katipunan
e) The Kalayaan
f) Twin Souls of the Katipunan
 History of the Filipino People
(Teodoro A. Agoncillo) p. 149-166
 History of the Republic of the
Philippines (Sonia M. Elaide) p. 222-228
 Readings in Philippine History
(John Lee P. Candelaria & Veronica C.
Alphara) p.22-26
 Philippine History (Maria
Christine N. Halili) p.137-142
 The Philippines Unique Nation
(Sonia M. Zaide) p.227-233
 Philippine History and
Government (Gregorio F. Zaide& Sonia M.
Zaide) p.113-115
 Kasaysayan ng Bayang Pilipino
(Teodoro A. Agoncillo) p.136-146

https://www.slideshare.net/ErnsElizabeth
Concon/bonifacio-and-the-katipunan-
66605750

https://www.slideshare.net/TeacherKheys
ie/bonifacio-and-the-katipunan

https://www.slideshare.net/janey013/bon
ifacio-and-the-katipunan-65864798

https://www.slideshare.net/MarcyTrinida
d/birth-and-death-of-the-katipunan-
slideshare
THE FOUNDING OF THE
KATIPUNAN
JULY 7, 1892
Andres Bonifacio and other
patriotic Filipinos met secretly at Deodato
Arellano’s house in No.72 Azcarraga St. (Supreme Council)
Tondo, Manila (Now Claro M. Recto)
Highest govering body  1892
 Andres Bonifacio
Equivalent of the Central  Pacto de Sangre
 Deodato Arellano Government
Camara Negra
 Valentin Diaz  Sangguniang Bayan
(Dark Chamber)
 Teodoro Plata (Provincial Council)
Blood compact as a sign of membership
 LadislaoDiwa Equivalent of the Provincial
Government KINDS OF MEMBERSHIP
 Jose Dizon
 Sangguniang Balangay  Katipon
 And others
(Popular Council) (First grade)
Organized a society called
Equivalent of the Municipal member
KataastaasangKagalanggalangang Government
 Kawal
Katipunan ng mgaAnak ng Bayan  Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial
(Second grade)
Council)
(Highest and Respected Society of the
Sons of the People),also known as K.K.K or soldier
A court of justice to pass
simply Katipunan. These men gathered judgment on any member who violated
 Bayani (Third grade)
around a flickering lamp, performed the the rules of the society or to mediate
ancient blood compact, and signed their between quarreling brethren or factions Patriot
membership papers with their own blood.
 Katipunan Assembly The Katipon could graduate to the
THE FUNDAMENTAL
Kawalclass if he had brought several
Composed of the members of
members into the society, while the Kawal
OBJECTIVES the Supreme Council and the presidents
could become a Bayani upon being
of the Provincial and Popular Councils
 The political goal was to elected as an officer of the society. 
completely separate the Philippines from Secret Chamber
Spanish
Spain.
Composed of Andres Bonifacio,
Alphabet Katipunan Alphabet
 The moral goal was to teach the Emilio Jacinto, and Pio Valenzuela
Spanish
Filipinos good manners, cleanliness,
hygiene, fine morals, and how to guard Sentence members who
Alphabet Katipunan Alphabet
themselves against religious fanaticism. exposed the secrets of the Katipunan
A Z M V
 The civil goal was to encourage
Filipinos to help themselves and to defend B B N I
the poor and oppressed. THE KATIPUNAN
C O O C
Other Aim: ELECTIONS
D D P P
 To unite Filipinos into one solid  
nation E Q Q E
 
 To fight for the Philippine F H R R
KATIPUNAN MEMBERSHIP
independence from Spain
G G S S
 Triangle system
THE STRUCTURE OF THE KATIPUNAN
H F T T
A method in which an original member
The three governing bodies:
would take in two new members who did I Ñ U X
 KataastaasangSanggunian not know each other but knew only the
original member who took them in. J L V M
K K W W
L J X U
LL N Y Y IV.
THE KATIPUNAN CODE
THE KATIPUNAN FLAGS
Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de Jesus,
made a flag. This was the first official flag
of the society.
Andres Bonifacio had a personal flag
General Mariano Llanera's, this banner
was humorously called "Llanera's Skull" by
Bonifacio.
General Pio del Pilar’s Flag
Magdalo and MagdiwangFaction Flag
In the Naik Assembly of March 17, 1897,
the Katipunan Military Leaders decided to
adopt a flag with a new design
Gregorio Del Pilar’s Flag. This design was
patterned after the flag of Cuba, then in
revolt against Spain
THE TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN
• Bonifacio’s Katungkulang
Gawain ng mga Z. Ll. B.
o Is also considered to be a
reference of the teachings of the
katipuneros
• Jacinto’s Kartilla/Kartilya
o A word from the Spanish cartilla
o Consisted of “teachings” of the
Katipunan
DUTIES OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE
I. Love God with all your heart.
II. Bear always in mind that the
love of God is also the love of Country,
and this, too, is love of one’s fellow-men.
III. Engrave in your heart that the
true measure of honor and happiness is to
die for the freedom of your country.
All your good wishes will be
crowned with success if you have serenity,
constancy, reason, and faith in your acts
and endeavor.
V. Guards the mandates and aims
of the K.K.K. as you guard your honor.
VI. It is the duty of all to deliver, at
the risk of their own lives and wealth,
anyone who runs great risks in the
performance of his duty.
VII. Our responsibility to ourselves
and the performance of our duties will be
the example set for our fellow-men to
follow.
VIII. Insofar as it is within your
power, share your means with the poor
and the unfortunate.
IX. Diligence in the work that gives
sustenance to you is the true basis of love-
love for own self, for your wife and
children, and for your brothers and
countrymen
X. Punish any scoundrel and traitor
and praise all good work. Believe, likewise,
that the aims of the K.K.K. are God-given
for the will of the people is also the will of
God.
KARTILLA/KARTILYA
I. Life which is not consecrated to
a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree
without a shadow, if not a poisonous
weed.
II. A good deed that springs from a
desire for personal profit and not from a
desire to do good is not kindness.
III. True greatness consists in being
charitable, in loving one’s fellow-men and
in adjusting every movement; deed and
word true Reason.
IV. All men are equal, be the color
of their skin black or white. One may
superior to another in knowledge, wealth
and beauty, but cannot be superior in
being.
V. He who is noble prefers honor
to personal gains; he who is mean prefers
personal profit to honor.
VI. To a man with a sense of shame,
his word is inviolate.
VII. Don’t fritter away time; lost
riches may be recovered, but time lost will
never come again
VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight
the oppressor.
IX. An intelligent man is he who is
cautious in speech and knows how to
keep the secrets that must be guarded.
X. In thorny path of life, man is the
guide of his wife and children; if he who
guides move toward evil, they who are
guided likewise move toward evil.
XI. Think not of woman as a thing
merely to while away time with, but as a
helper and partner in the hardships of life.
Respect her in her weakness,and
remember the mother who brought you
into this world and who cared for you in
your childhood.
XII. What you do not want done to
your wife, daughter and sister, do not do
to the wife, daughter and sister of
another.
XIII. The nobility of a man does not
consist in being a king, nor in the highness
of the nose and the whiteness of the skin,
nor in being priest representing God, nor
in the exalted position on this earth, but
pure and truly noble is he who, though
born in the woods, is possessed of an
upright character; who is true to his
words; who has dignity and honor; who
does not oppress and does not help those
who oppress; who knows how to look
after and love the land of his birth.
THE KATIPUNAN CELEBRATION
February 17
The nationalistic temper of the society
was shown in its annual celebrations.
February 17 of every year was recalled as
the da of prayer in memory of the three
Filipino priests Gomez, Burgos, and
Zamora. On that date, all popular councils
were instructed to erect a catafalque,
shrouded in black, with a torch at each of
the four corners. The catafalque was
adorned with wreaths made of the
makabuhay plant, the symbol of
immortality. The members entered in a
single file and prayed for the souls of the
departed martyrs and swore to avenge
their death.
THE WOMEN’S CHAPTER OF KATIPUNAN
Because the women were
becoming suspicious of the nocturnal
absences of their husbands and the
reduction of their earnings, the door of
the Katipunan was opened to them,
thereby bringing them into the confidence
of their menfolk.
The women who are eligible for
membership
 Wife
 Sister
 Daughter of a Katipunero
 Few selected women
KATIPUNERA’S DUTY:
 To help the male members in
their work of propagating the ideas and
ideal of the society
 To make sure that the meetings
of the katipuneros were not disturbed by
surprise raids of the authorities
PROMINENT WOMEN MEMBERS
 President:Josefa Rizal
 Vice President:Gregoria de Jesus
 Secretary:Marina Dizon
 Fiscal: Angelica Lopez Rizal
THE KATIPUNAN NEWSPAPER
Kalayaan -The official newspaper of the
Katipunan
 Emilio Jacinto
 Ulpiano Fernandez & Faustino
Duque
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela
 Yokohama
 Marcelo H. del Pilar
 Emilio Jacinto’s
Pahayag(Manifesto)
 Andres Bonifacio’s Poem(Pag-
ibigsaTinubuangLupa) Love of Country
PEN NAMES:
 Jacinto: Pingkian&
Dimas-Ilaw
 Bonifacio: Agapito
Bagumbayan
 Valenzuela: Madlang-Away
TWIN SOULS
Andres Bonifacio
 Its founder Andres Bonifacio
was born on November 30, 1863 in
Azcarraga St. Tondo, Manila
 His parents Santiago Bonifacio
and Catalina de Castro, belonged to the
lower middle class
 Has 3 brothers: Ciriaco,
Procopio, and Troadio
 Has 2 sisters: Espiridiona and
Maxima
 He sold canes and paper fans in
his early years.
 He worked as a messenger of
J.M. Fleming and Co., an English trading
firm, and later, as an agent of the German
 At night, he read newspaper and
books, which were all written in Spanish.
 He felt sad and angry about Rizal
Execution on December 30, 1896.
 He was anti-friar and anti-
Spanish.
 “Tagpuan ng Lingap and Ang
MgaCazardrones”
 He called the Spaniards “White
Cattle”
 “HulingHikbi ng Pilipinas”
Emilio Jacinto
 Andres Bonifacio found a twin
soul in the Katipunan, the younger and
intelligent Emilio Jacinto.
 Emilio Jacinto born in Tondo,
Manila on December 15, 1875.
 He lived a hard life when he was
young like Bonifacio.
 He first studied at San Juan de
Letran and later transferred to University
of Santo Tomas where he studied Law.
 At 18, Jacinto joined Katipunan
and left his studies
 Bonifacio warmed up to him and
a deep friendship developed between the
two, then greatly influenced the
Katipunan
 He believed that the people
could be reached only through their own
language
 It is the reason on how Bonifacio
and Jacinto succeeded in uniting people
behind them
 “Kartilla”, “Liwanag at Dilim”,
“Pahayag”, “Sa mgaKababayan” and
others.
 He died in Mahayhay, Laguna on
April 6, 1899 at young age of 24.
CHAPTER XI:
THE REOLUTION OF 1896
A written report for Readings in Philippine
History
Submitted by
Mariano, Alex Joshua C.
Singson, Sofia Angela B.
BSA 1-A
October 2019
CONDITIONS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION
Late 1895, friars presentiment about Filipinos
plan to end Spanish rule, were all correct. The
cause includes the martyrdom of GomBurZa.
(Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, Jacinto Zamora)
The Discovery of Katipunan
August 19, 1896, quarrel of two (2) Filipinos
lead to the discovery of Katipunan through Fr.
Mariano Gil.
(Teodoro Patiño, the one who told Fr. Mariano
Gil about the Katipunan, and Apolonio de la
Cruz.)
Teodoro, first, revealed to his sister the plans.
Then, her sister confess to the mother portress.
Then, the mother portress adviced Teodoro to
tell it to Fr. Mariano Gil. (Honoria - a nun, sister
of Teodoro)
(Sor Teresa de Jesús - mother portress)
Fr. Mariano Gil then rushed to the authorities,
later that night Policemen arrested many
innocent Filipinos.
Cry of Pugadlawin
Bonifacio asked help to the wealthy Filipinos,
but they'd refused him.
Upon the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio
stayed in Kalookan with his wife, then decided
to move in Balintawak.
August 23, 1896, Bonifacio ordered his
"runners" to tell all the Katipuneros to join him
in a meeting. On this date, all of the
Katipuneros tore their cedulas that symbolized
their determination to fight their oppressors to
death.
THE FIGHTING BEGINS
Pasong Tamo - August 25, 1896
- This was the first skirmish fought in
the struggle of national emancipation.
- The weapons of Filipinos are inferior
to those of the civil guards so they decided to
retreat.
- The Spaniards finding themselves
greatly outnumbered, also decided to retreat.
- Both campus retreated and
prevented a bloody encounter.
- 2 Katipuneros and 1 Spaniard were
killed.
The proposed attack on Manila on August 30,
1896 did not take place because Bonifacio and
his men lacked the necessary arms and
ammunition to carry out the plan.
Battle at San Juan Del Monte – The first real
battle.
- On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio
ordered his men to attack the Powder
Magazine located in San Juan Del Monte.
- At first Filipino succeded and they
took the collection of weapons and military
equipment.
- Later on, Spaniards came back and
more than 153 Katipuneros were killed and
more than 200 were arrested.
Martial Law
- Governor-general Ramon Blanco issued a
decree on August 30, 1896 placing under
martial law the first 8 provinces which rose in
arms.
1. Manila
2. Cavite
3. Laguna
4. Batangas
5. Bulacan
6. Pampanga
7. Nueva Ecija
8. Tarlac
Blanco’s Policy of Attraction - A decree
provided that those who surrender within 48
hours would not be tried by the military court.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela and a few of his companions
took advantage of this provision and
surrendered to the government.
Persecution Continues
- Fort Santiago was packed with more
than 500 of prisoners and most of them were
innocent.
- Many died when the water of the
Pasig entered the lower portion of the cells.
- 56 prisoners died because of
suffocation.
September 4, 1896 - Four (4) katipuneros were
executed in Bagumbayan field. September 12,
1896 - Thirteen (13) were put to death at Plaza
de Armas near the Fort of San Felipe in Cavite
and are now remembered as “Los Trece
Martires or “The Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite”.
September 16, 1896 - Twenty-two (22)
prominent residents of Manila were imprisoned
at Fort Santiago for alleged involvement in the
resurrection.
RIZAL EXECUTION
1886, he published Noli Me Tangere
1891, he published El Filibusterismo
In 1895, he asked for a favor if he can work as a
doctor in Cuba, it is approved. But, in August,
1986, upon the discovery of Katipunan, he was
arrested thereafter.
November 3, 1896, Rizal arrived in Manila and
brought to Fort Santiago, to start his trials.
December 19, 1896, Rizal was tried as traitor to
Spain and found guilty, and condemned to
death by a firing squad.
On his last 24 hours, he received members of
his family and wrote his letter of farewell. He
gave an old petroleum lamp to his sister,
Trinidad, which consisted of his fare well poem.
He also married his Irish girlfriend, Josephine
Bracken. (Mi Ultimo Adios)
December 30, 1896, Rizal walked from Fort
Bonifacio to Bagumbayan bringing his
confidence without any fear in his face. As he
positioned himself opposite to his executioners,
before he died his last words were,
"consummatum est." (it is finished.)
Due to this, the Filipinos have been encouraged
to fight, against the Spaniards, heroically for
their country and independence.
Katipunan in Cavite
Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two
factions:
Magdalo - It was led by Baldomiro Aguinaldo
with headquarters at Kawit, Cavite.
Magdiwang - It was led by Mariano Alvarez with
headquarters at Noveleta.
- The Magdalo led by Candido Tirona,
took the offensive against the enemy garrison
which was captured without much difficulty.
- On Semptember 5, 1896 Aguinaldo
defeated the Spanish troops under the
command of General Aguirre. The Spaniards
lost hundreds of men and sixty guns with
ammunition.
- Successive defeats of Spaniards led
friars to agitate against Governor-General
Blanco. He was relieved as governor by brutal
General Camilo de Polavieja.
Rivalry between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio
- Magdalos and Magdiwangs
competed for leadership.
- Magdalos supported Aguinaldo as a
leader because he won his battles. They
favored a change of government.
- Magdiwangs supported Bonifacio as
a leader because he started the revolution.
They favored the retention of katipunan.
- Rivalry hurt the cause of revolution
and made them lose many battles.
Tejeros Convention
- On March 22, 1897 both rival groups
decided to have a meeting at Tejeros, Cavite.
- They wanted to settle controversy
on leadership because a revolution must have
only one leader.
- Aguinaldo won the majority vote for
new President of the First Revolutionary
Government.
- They decided to elect the officers of
a Revolutionary Government.
President - Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice President - Mariano Trias
Captain General - Artemio Ricarte
Director of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios
Director of Interior - Andres Bonifacio
- Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo stood up
and said a lawyer should be elected as Director
of Interior, instead of Bonifacio.
- Bonifacio lost his temper and he
walked out of the Tejeros meeting. He refused
to accept the results of election
Death of Bonifacio
- The Filipinos started to fight among
themselves instead of fighting against
Spaniards.
- General Aguinaldo's men haunted
Bonifacio and his followers.
Battle of Limbon - Bonifacio and his men lost
the fight and were taken prisoner. His brother
was killed and his wife is one of the prisoners.
- Without strong evidence, the
military court pronounced Bonifacio and his
brother, Procopio guilty of treason and they
were sentenced to death. The military court
was composed of men hostile to him.
May 10, 1897 - Andres and Procopio Bonifacio
were shot by a squad of Aguinaldo's soldiers
under the command of Major Lazaro
Makapagal. They were executed at Mount
Buntis, near Maragondon.
BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC
- After the death of Bonifacio,
revolution went from bad to worse for Filipinos.
- Aguinaldo lost one battle after
another.
- The new Spanish governor general,
Primo de Rivera, brought fresh reinforcements
from Spain.
- Aguinaldo moved his war camps
many times away from Cavite and finally, he hid
in the mountain barrio of Biak na Bato, San
Miguel, Bulacan.
On November 1, 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo
established a republican government at Biyak-
na-bato. This has been called the Biak na bato
Republic.
Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer - They
prepared the constitution for Biak na bato
Republic based on the Cuban Constitution of
Jimaguayu. It declares the aim of Revolution
the separation of the Philippines from Spanish
Monarchy and to be an independent state with
its own governement called the Philippine
Republic.
November 2, 1897 - The officials for Biak na
Bato Republic were elected.
President - Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice President - Mariano Trias
Secretary of Interior - Isabelo Artacho
Secretary of Foreign Affairs - Antonio
Montenegro
Secreatry of Treasury - Baldomero Aguinaldo
Secretary of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios
The Truce of Biak na Bato
Pedro A. Paterno - Assigned by Governor-
General Primo Rivera to be a mediator between
Filipinos and Spaniards.
Pact of Biak na Bato was signed by Paterno as
representative of revolutionists and by Primo
Rivera by Spanish Government.
November 18, 1897 – First document was
signed
December 14, 1897 – Second document was
signed
December 15, 1897 – Third document was
signed.
1. That Aguinaldo and his companions
would go into voluntary exile abroad.
2. That Governor-General Primo de
Rivera would pay the sum of P800,000 to the
rebels in three installments:
• P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his
departure from Biak-na-Bató,
• P200,000 when the arms
surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded
700, and
• the remaining P200,000 when the
arms surrendered and Te Deum had been sung
as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace.
3. That Primo de Rivera would pay the
additional sum of P900,000 to the families of
the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered
during the revolution.
Aguinaldo’s exile to Hongkong
Peace was proclaimed in the Philippines after
the sign of Pact of Biak-na-bato. On December
27, 1897, General Aguinaldo and other
revolutionary leaders went to exile in
Hongkong. This was the part of agreement to
end the fighting. They landed Hongkong on
December 30, 1897.
No Peace after Biyak-na-Bato
Both the Philippines and Spaniards broke their
peace agreement in Biaknabato.
- Spain did not pay the P1,700,000
war indemnity to Filipinos. Only P600,000 was
paid.
- Spanish officials continued to punish
and arrest and punish Filipinos who
surrendered.
The Filipinos also cheated
- Aguinaldo and his companions used
the Spanish money to buy more arms and
ammunition.
- The Filipino patriots did not
surrender all their weapons and they still
wanted to continue revolution.
In some places in the Philippines, local patriots
kept on fighting the Spanish government. There
was no real peace after the Pact of Biak na
bato.
References:
Ang Pilipinas: Kasaysayan, Kultura at
Pamahalaan (Theresa S. De Jesus)
History of the Republic of the Philippines
(Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia M. Zaide)
Introduction to Filipino History (Teodoro A.
Agoncillo)
Philippine History and Government (Gregorio F.
Zaide and Sonia M. Zaide)
The Philippines, A Unique Nation (Sonia M.
Zaide)
12. He is a governor -general that issued a 15-16. Magdalo and Magdiwang
decree on August 30, 1896 placing under
martial law the first 8 provinces which rose in 17-18. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
arms.
19-20. Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer
13-14. Give at least 2 provinces that was placed
under martial law on August 30, 1896.
15-16. Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two
factions:
17-18. Give two literary works of Jose Rizal in
1886 and 1891. CHAPTER XII:
19-20. They prepared the constitution for THE
Biyak-na-bato Republic based on the Cuban
STRUGGLE
Constitution of Jimaguayu.
CONTINUES
Answers:

1. Teodoro Patino

Questions (Chapter XI: (The Revolution of 1896) 2. Pasong Tamo

1. He is the one who told Fr. Mariano Gil about 3. Manila

the katipunan.
REPORTERS:
4. December 30, 1896
2. This was the first battle fought in the struggle
BELARO, HANIELYN B.
of national emancipation. 5. Battle at San Juan Del Monte

CAGANG, HILLARY JANE C.

3. The proposed attack on _______ on August 6. Blanco’s Policy of Attraction
30, 1896 did not take place because Bonifacio BSA 1 – A
and his men lacked the necessary arms and 7. Emilio Aguinaldo
ammunition to carry out the plan.
8. “Los Trece Martires or “The Thirteen
4. When was Rizal shot by a firing squad at the Martyrs of Cavite”
CHAPTER XII – THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES
Luneta.
9. Fr. Mariano Gil
12.1 THE RELIEF OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
5. It is a battle where Bonifacio ordered his men
to attack the Powder Magazine of Spaniards on 10. Pedro Paterno
In the months that followed, armed clashes
August 30, 1896. between the Filipinos and the Spaniards
11. Pact of Biak na Bato
occurred that made the Truce of Biyak-na-bato
6. It is a decree provided that those who a failure. Filipinos and Americans were
12. Governor-general Ramon Blanco
surrender within 48 hours would not be tried suspicious of each other. For this reason, peace
by the military court. could not be achieved and the struggle
13-14.
continued…
7. He established a republican government at
• Manila
Biak na bato called Biak na bato Republic.
• Cavite
8. On September 12, 1896, thirteen (13) were
put to death at Plaza de Armas near the Fort of • Laguna
San Felipe in Cavite and are now remembered
as ______ • Batangas

9. The quarrel of two Filipnos lead to the • Bulacan

discovery of Katipunan through _______
• Pampanga
10. He was assigned by Governor-General
Primo Rivera to be a mediator between • Nueva Ecija
Filipinos and Spaniards.
• Tarlac Governor- General Primo de Rivera
11. It was an argument signed by Paterno as
representative of revolutionists and by Primo Governor General Primo de Rivera was
Rivera by Spanish Government. successful in stopping the bloodshed, and his
success was highly praised was highly praised in
Spain. The Queen of Spain rewarded him by
presenting him Grand Cross of San Fernando
and a pension of about Php 10,000.
In Spain, meanwhile the elections resulted in
the triumph of the Conservative Party, sending
General Basilio Augustin as governor-general
to succeed Primo de Rivera. This was
unfortunate because Primo de Rivera, the
previously governor of the country in 1880-
1883, was doing well in the Philippines and had
good intentions, which he thought would make
the Filipino rebels return to Spain as faithful
and loyal as before.
Governor General Basilio Augustin
General Augustin, the newly appointed
governor, had never been to the Philippines
and had no idea about the problems
confronting the country. On April 9, 1898,
General Augustin arrived in Manila. The
following day Primo de Rivera turned over the
reins of government to him.
Why the Americans came to the Philippines.
1. The Spanish-American War – a war
broke up the US and Spain on April
25, 1898, the war ended on August
12 of the same year.
2. New Lands – wanting new lands in
Asia for their businessmen develop
and trade.
3. American Bases – looking for Asian
naval bases and shipping ports.
4. The policy of “Manifest Destiny” –
mission to civilize the Filipinos, to
educate and train for democracy,
and to make them better Christians.
5. The Filipino Invitation – Aguinaldo
and his friends thought the
Americans would help the Filipinos
with their independence like they  On April 19, the US Congress passed
did in Cuba. several resolutions demanding the
pull out of Spanish forces in Cuba.
Manifest Destiny – US has the divinely ordained duty to help troubled
countries
12.2 THE
 On April 24, Spain declared war
 While the position of Governor- against the United States.
General was being passed to
General Augustin, it was already  On April 25, 1898, the Congress of
being rumored that the Spaniards the United States formally declared
and the Americans on the other side war on Spain.
of the world were drifting toward
THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
war. The relations between these
two countries were becoming bad.
 Dewey received a cable from the
Secretary of War on the same day
 Some influential Americans wanted
that war was declared (April 25)
war with the Spain so that the
which says: “War has commenced
American navy could be expanded,
between the United States and
and Teodore Roosevelt, who
Spain. Proceed particularly against
became Assistant Secretary of the
the Spanish fleet. You must capture
Navy on 1897, was one of them.
vessels or destroy. Use utmost
 Roosevelt conceived the idea of endeavor.”
taking Manila in case war with Spain
 On May 1, 1898, Dewey’s fleet
would be declared and he had
consisting of four armored cruises
Commodore George Dewey in mind
(Olympia, Baltimore, Boston, and
to carry out this plan.
Raleigh) and two gunboats (Concord
and Petrel) entered the Manila Bay
 Commodore George Dewey was
in the early morning hours (at 5:40
appointed as commander of the
a.m.).
American Asiatic Squadron.
 On February 25, 1898, Roosevelt  The Spanish squadron, commanded
by Admiral Patricio Montojo, was
told Dewey to make Hongkong his
waiting near Sangley Point, Cavite.
base of operations. According to
Roosevelt, “It was deemed wise to
 At dawn. Dewey spotted the Spanish
have there a man who could go to
ships and ordered his fleet to turn
Manila if necessary.”
back and sail towards Cavite.
 Standing on the bridge of the
 UNITED STATES – rich and very flagship Olympia, Dewey estimated
the distance between the two fleets.
strong.
 When Dewey thought his guns could
 SPAIN – preoccupied with two
hit the enemy effectively, he gave
revolutions: One in Cuba and the
other in the Philippines. the signal for firing and the guns of
all the American ships burst with
fire.
 On February 15, 1898, the American
battleship Maine was blown up at
Havana Harbor in Cuba, which was  The heavier and better armed
American ships outgunned the
sent by the US Consul General in the
Spanish fleet and by 12:30 in the
city to protect American citizens and
property, causing 266 American afternoon (May 1), Admiral
sailors and officers to die. Montojo’s fleet was already
destroyed (12 ships including the
 The American authorities viewed flagship Reina Castilla).
this assault in Havana as an act of
act, thus, “Remember the Maine”  Admiral Montojo of the Spanish
became the war slogan of the forces incurred heavy casualties
Americans. with 160 of his men killed and 210
wounded.

12.3 AGUINALDO GOES TO SINGAPORE
 In Hongkong, Aguinaldo and his
companions in exile were following
the events on the other side of the
world.
 The felt that in case of war, it would
be a good opportunity to oust the
Spaniards from the Philippines.
However, Isabelo Artacho, one of
the plagiarists who copied the
Cuban institution, went to
Hongkong and demanded that the
Php 400,000 paid by the colonial
government to Aguinaldo be divided
among the rebels. He asked for his
share of the money but Aguinaldo
refused.
 Aguinaldo was advised by Felipe
Agoncillo, a lawyer and an adviser
of Aguinaldo, to leave Hongkong to
avoid scandal.
 Aguinaldo went to Singapore with
two companions, Gregorio del Pilar
and J. Leyba.
 Artacho, who was now a paid agent
of the Spanish Embassy in
Hongkong, sued Aguinaldo in the
Hongkong Supreme country. His
purpose was to force Aguinaldo to
divide the money but with the
departure of Aguinaldo for
Singapore, he did not succeed.
THE INTERVIEW WITH PRATT
April 23, 1898
 Arrival of Aguinaldo and his
companions in Singapore.
Howard Bray
 An English man who had lived in the
Philippines for a long time came to
visit Aguinaldo.
 Said that the American consul at
Singapore, E. Spencer Pratt, wanted
to have an interview with
Aguinaldo.
 Acted as an interpreter.
E. Spencer Pratt
 American consul at Singapore
 Convinced Aguinaldo to side with
Americans.
 Assured Aguinaldo that the US had
no intention of making the
Philippines a colony.
 Made all the arrangements for
Aguinaldo’s return to Hongkong
when he agreed to Pratt’s
proposition.
AGUINALDO AND WILDMAN
April 26, 1898
 Aguinaldo and his companions sailed
for Hongkong.
 Dewey had already left for Manila
when Aguinaldo arrived in the
British colony.
Rounseville Wildman
 American consul at Hongkong
 Told Aguinaldo that Dewey had left
instructions for his return
(Aguinaldo) to the Philippines.
 Told Aguinaldo to establish in the
Philippines a dictatorial government.
Emilio Aguinaldo
 Entrusted Wildman to purchase
rifles and ammunition to be used by
the Filipino Army
 Gave 50,000 pesos for the first
shipment of  2000 rifles and 200,000
rounds of ammunition
(consummated) and later, 67,000
pesos for a second  shipment (not
realized)
THE HONGKONG JUNTA
Hong Kong Junta was formed by Aguinaldo
to reassess and reorganize what historians call
a decisive phase of the revolution against Spain,
which became an extension of the Spanish-
Hongkong Junta members:
Felipe Agoncillo – president
Doroteo Lopez – secretary
Teodoro Sandico, Anastacio
Francisco, Mariano Llanera,
Miguel Malvar, Andres
Garchitorena, Severo
Buenaventura, Maximo
Kabigting, Faustino Lichauco,
Antonio Montenegro
American War after the involvement of the
United States starting in May 1898.
 Dewey’s success reached all parts of
the world including the Filipino
patriots in Hongkong.
 These patriots (Hongkong Junta)
met to discuss the steps to be taken.
 Aguinaldo arrived at the meeting
place.
 Upon consultation with the Junta
Patriotica (Hong Kong Junta) it was
decided that Aguinaldo return to the
country to resume the revolution.
12.4 AGUINALDO RETURNS

Revenue Cutter - an 
armed government 

vessel employed

especially to enforce

revenue laws 

On
May 17, Aguinaldo boarded the
American revenue cutter McCulloch,
Dewey’s dispatch ship, bound for
Manila. The ship arrived at Cavite
two days later (May 19).
 He was transferred to Dewey’s
flagship Olympia.
 According to Aguinaldo, Dewey
assured him that US did not need
colonies, and that US would
recognize Philippines’
independence.
 However, Dewey denied having
made any promise to Aguinaldo.
 Although he and Dewey spoke, no
one knows the  substance of the
discussions– Dewey only spoke
Spanish, Aguinaldo spoke it poorly
and there was no intermediary.
THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES
 Americans won the war at sea, but
the Filipinos won the war on the
land.
 The war materials purchased in
Hongkong landed.
 Filipinos in the Spanish army
deserted and joined Aguinaldo.
  May 21, Aguinaldo issued a
proclamation, urging the Filipinos to
strive to unite their efforts for the
country’s independence.
 The Filipinos beat the Spanish
government troops in one battle
after another.
 By the end of May 1898, the armed
forces had captured about 5,000
prisoners, and by June 1898, they
had conquered the whole of Luzon
except Manila.
Aguinaldo’s adviser, Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista, convinced him that a dictatorship was
needed to fight against Spain. He established a
new government to revoke the authority of the
Biak-na-Bato republic and to unite the
revolutionary forces. This government only
lasted from May 24, 1898.
The Declaration of Philippine Independence is
most important act of the dictatorial
government; at Kawit, Cavite, on June 12, 1898.
The Declaration of the Philippine Independence
written by Rianzares Bautista was signed by
Filipino leaders and Colonial L. M. Johnson of
the Artillery.
Soon after the Independence Day, Apolinario
Mabini, Aguinaldo’s new adviser, advised him
to change the form of government to
Revolutionary Government (Second).
THE SIEGE OF MANILA
 Aguinaldo’s return and the desertion
of many Filipino soldiers in the
Spanish armed forces and their
fighting under Aguinaldo’s banner
demoralized and discouraged the
Spanish officials.
 To prevent the further siding of the
Filipino population with Aguinaldo,
Governor-General Augustin issued a
circular saying that the unity of the
Philippines and its liberties lay with
Spain, and appointed prominent
Spanish mestizos to the Consultative
Assembly.
 However, Filipinos did not cooperate
with the Spaniards; instead these
Filipino rebels besieged Manila (then
Intramuros or Walled City).
 Aguinaldo ordered to cut the food
and water supply of the City,
starving the Spanish population and  August 13, the Spanish governor-
making them helpless. general agreed to sign the surrender
document.
 He demanded the surrender of
Spanish forces but Gov. Augustin  August 14, the document was
refused to surrender. formally signed by the
representatives of the US and Spain.
THE SECRET AGREEMENT
 Filipinos won the revolution but the
 Dewey did not besiege the City Philippines was still not free,
because of lack of forces. because the Spaniards surrendered
to the Americans and not to the
 In June or July, American troops Filipinos.
arrived in Manila bay.
The Treaty of Paris (1898). It was signed
 With this force, the American between the diplomats of the United States
military commanders (among them and Spain at Paris, France on December 10,
General Arthur 1898, officially
MacArthur) believed that Marcela Agoncillo (Felipe’s wife) – ending the
they could fight the sew the new national flag Spanish-
Spaniards; but Dewey American War.
thought he could make Julian Felipe (music teacher from This treaty made
Spaniards concede the Philippines a
Cavite) – composed the music
without a fight, thus sent colony of the
the Belgian consul to US. Aguinaldo
negotiate with Gov.
Jose Palma (young poet) – wrote
sent a
Augustin. the original Spanish lyrics prominent
Filipino diplomat
 Gov. Augustin was about Felipe Agoncillo
to surrender but was relieved and but he was not even allowed inside the
replaced by General Fermin negotiating room. From Paris, he went to
Jaudenes. Washington, DC, he wanted to lobby the
American Senate not to approve the treaty, but
 Jaudenes made a secret agreement
was not even entertained.
with Dewey and General Wesley
Merritt wherein both sides (US and
Spain) would stage a mock battle to
save Spain’s honor.
12.5 THE MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA
 August 13, The American soldiers
walked toward the walls of the City
in preparation for the “battle”
 Aguinaldo’s field generals became
suspicious of the Americans.
 When firing started, the Filipino
soldiers advances but then stopped
by General Francis V. Greene as
ordered by General Merritt,
otherwise American soldiers would
be forced to fire them.
 In short, the Filipino troops were not
allowed to go inside the city.
 No American was killed; Spanish
soldiers decided to surrender and
lost the “mock battle.”
THE AMERICAN TERMS
 the return of Aguinaldo in the Philippines? France on December 10, 1989? Treaty of
Paris
HISTORICAL VALUES:
1. The Filipinos did not know that the Americans wanted to make the Philippines a colony, 20. Who was the
so Aguinaldo and the other leaders welcomed the Americans at the beginning. prominent Filipino
2. When the Filipinos united under one leader during the second part of the revolution, diplomat sent by
Aguinaldo to Paris to
they had the help of a foreign power, they were successful. convince the American
3. The Filipinos declared their own independence on June 12, 1898, but the Americans took Senate not to approve
away our independence and made us a colony again. the treaty? Felipe
4. The Filipinos could have captured the city of Manila. But the secret deal between the Agoncillo

Spain and the US cheated the Filipinos of the real victory.

5. The Filipinos won the revolution against Spain. But Spain gave the Philippines to the US.
REFERENCES:
 Philippine History and Government
by Dr. Sonia M. Zaide (Third Edition)
 Introduction to Filipino History by
Teodoro A. Agoncillo
 Philippine History by Maria Christine
N. Halili (Second Edition)
 Dumindin, A. (2006). Philippine-
American War, 1899-1902.
Retrieved October 31, 2019, from
https://www.filipinoamericanwar.co
m
 Philippine Center for Masonic
Studies (2006). The Philippine
Republic, 1899. Retrieved October
31, 2019, from
http://www.philippinemasonry.org
QUESTIONS:
1. Who was the English man that served as
the interpreter during the interview of
Aguinaldo with Pratt? Howard Bray
2. What was the name of the American
battleship blown up at Havana Harbor in
Cuba? Maine
3. When was the American battleship blown
up at Havana Harbor in Cuba? February
15,1898
4. How much pension did Primo de Rivera
received from the Queen of Spain after his
success in stopping bloodshed? P 10 000
5. When did Spain declare war against
United States? April 24,1898
Rousenville Wildman
8. Who was the American Consul in
Singapore that wanted to have an
interview with Aguinaldo? E. Spencer
Pratt
9. At the End of May 1898, Aguinaldo's
armed force captured about how many
prisoners? 5000
10. Who was Spanish Governor-General that
made a secret agreement with Dewey and
Gen. Merritt whereby both sides would
stage a mock battle? Governor- General
Fermin Jaudenes
11. Who replaced and succeed Primo de
Rivera as governor-general? General
Basilio Augustin
12. Who was the Assistant Secretary of the
Navy that conceived the idea of taking
Manila in case of war? Teodore Roosevelt
13. Who commanded the Spanish squadron
in the Battle of Manila Bay? Admiral
Patricio Montojo
14. How much does the first shipment of
arms and ammunition cost? P50, 000
15. What was the war slogan of the
Americans who wanted the US to fight
against Spain? "Remember the Maine!"
16. Who advised and convinced Aguinaldo to
establish a dictatorial government?
Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista
17. Who advised Aguinaldo to give up the
title of dictator and become the president
of a Revolutionary Government?
Apolinario Mabini

6. Who was appointed as the Commander of 18. When was the declaration of Philippine
American Asiatic Squadron by Teodore Independence at Kawit, Cavite? June 12,
Roosevelt? Commodore George Dewey 1898

7. Who was the American Consul in 19. What was the treaty signed between
Hongkong given instructions by Dewey for diplomats of the US and Spain at Paris,