UNIT V ELECTRIC MOTOR

The electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. There are
mainly three types of electric motor. Working of electric motor mainly depends upon the
interaction of magnetic field with current.

Types of motor

History of Motor

In the year 1821 British scientist Michael Faraday explained the conversion of electrical energy
into mechanical energy by placing a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field which
resulted in the rotation of the conductor due to torque produced by the mutual action of electrical
current and field. Based on his principal the most primitive of machines a DC (Direct Current)
machine was designed by another British scientist William Sturgeon in the year 1832. But his
model was overly expensive and wasn’t used for any practical purpose. Later in the year 1886
the first electrical motor was invented by scientist Frank Julian Sprague. That was capable of
rotating at a constant speed under a varied range of load, and thus derived motoring action.

Principle of DC Motor
Working principle of DC Motor mainly depends upon Fleming Left Hand rule (when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to
move).
This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the
direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a
mechanical force, and based on that the working principle of DC motor is established.

A simple DC motor has 6 parts:

• Armature or rotor • Axle
• Commutator • Field magnet
• Brushes • DC power supply
The armature is an electromagnet made by coiling thin wire around two or more poles of a metal
core. The "flipping the electric field" part of an electric motor is accomplished by two parts: the
commutator and the brushes.

Types of DC Motors
1. Shunt wound DC motor
2. Series wound DC motor
3. Compound wound DC motor

Induction Motor (AC Motor)

One of the most common electrical motor used in most applications which is known as
induction motor. This motor is also called as asynchronous motor because it runs at a speed less
than its synchronous speed. There are basically two types of induction motor.
1. Single phase induction motor
2. Three phase induction motor.

Single phase induction motor is not a self-starting motor and three phase induction motor is a
self-starting motor.

Single Phase Induction Motor

The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing
machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so forth.

Construction

Construction of Single Phase induction motor are stator and rotor. The single-phase motor stator
has a laminated iron core with two windings arranged perpendicularly, One is the main and the
other is the auxiliary winding or starting winding as showing in the figure.

The motor uses a squirrel cage rotor, which has a laminated iron core with slots.
Aluminum bars are molded on the slots and short-circuited at both ends with a ring.

Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A single phase ac
supply is given to the stator of single phase induction motor. The stator of the single phase
induction motor has laminated stamping to reduce eddy current losses on its periphery. The slots
are provided on its stamping to carry stator or main winding. In order to reduce the hysteresis
losses, stamping are made up of silicon steel. When the stator winding is given a single phase ac
supply, the magnetic field is produced and the motor rotates at a speed slightly less than the
synchronous speed N s which is given by

Where, f = supply voltage frequency, P = No. of poles of the motor.

Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the mechanical
load through the shaft. The rotor is cylindrical in shape and has slots all over its periphery. The
slots are not made parallel to each other

Principle of Operating

When single phase ac supply is given to the stator winding of single phase induction motor, the
alternating current starts flowing through the stator or main winding. This alternating current
produces an alternating flux called main flux. This main flux also links with the rotor conductors
and hence cut the rotor conductors. According to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
emf gets induced in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed one so, the current starts flowing in
the rotor. This current is called the rotor current. This rotor current produces its own flux called
rotor flux. Since this flux is produced due to induction principle so, the motor working on this
principle got its name as induction motor. Now there are two fluxes one is main flux and another
is called rotor flux. These two fluxes produce the desired torque which is required by the motor
to rotate.
Single Phase Induction Motor
1. Split phase induction motor
2. Capacitor start induction motor

Three Phase Induction Motor

This Motor consists of two major parts:

Stator: Stator of three phase induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to construct a 3
phase winding circuit which is connected to 3 phase AC source. The three phase winding are
arranged in such a manner in the slots that they produce a rotating magnetic field after 3Ph. AC
supply is given to them.
Rotor: Rotor of three phase induction motor consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel
slots that can carry conductors. Conductors are heavy copper or aluminum bars which fits in each
slots & they are short circuited by the end rings. The slots are not exactly made parallel to the
axis of the shaft but are slotted a little skewed because this arrangement reduces magnetic
humming noise & can avoid stalling of motor.

Working of Three Phase Induction Motor

According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are either
closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator rotating
magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current flows
through the rotor conductor. Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static rotor
conductor is the cause of current generation; hence as per Lenz's law the rotor will rotate in the
same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative velocity.

Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor it may observed that the
rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the speeds equals,
there would be no such relative speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, & no current would be
 flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently the rotor can not reach the
synchronous speed. The difference between the stator (synchronous speed) and rotor speeds is
called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field in an induction motor has the advantage that no
electrical connections need to be made to the rotor. Thus the three phase induction motor is:
• Self-starting.
• Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators and brushes
that may cause sparks.
• Robust in construction.
• Economical.
• Easier to maintain.

Comparison between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motors

1. Single phase induction motors are simple in construction, reliable and economical for small
power rating as compared to three phase induction motors.
2. The electrical power factor of single phase induction motors is low as compared to three phase
induction motors.
3. For same size, the single phase induction motors develop about 50% of the output as that of
three phase induction motors.
4. The starting torque is also low for asynchronous motors / single phase induction motor.
5. The efficiency of single phase induction motors is less as compare it to the three phase
induction motors.

Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor

A three phase induction motor is basically a constant speed motor so it’s somewhat difficult to
control its speed.
Synchronous Speed

Where, f = frequency and P is the number of poles The speed of induction motor is given by,

Where, N is the speed of rotor of induction motor, Ns is the synchronous speed, S is the slip.
 The Speed of Induction Motor is changed from Both Stator and Rotor Side
The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator side are further classified as :

1. V / f control or frequency control.

2. Changing the number of stator poles.
3. Controlling supply voltage.
4. Adding rheostat in the stator circuit.
The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor side are further classified as:
1. Adding external resistance on rotor side.
2. Cascade control method.
3. Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side.
Question: Why is Three Phase Induction Motor Self Starting?
Ans: In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120° phase difference. So the
rotating magnetic field is having the same phase difference which will make the rotor to move. If
we consider three phases a, b and c, when phase a is magnetized, the rotor will move towards the
phase a winding a, in the next moment phase b will get magnetized and it will attract the rotor
and then phase c. So the rotor will continue to rotate.

Question: Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting?

Ans: It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to rotate, so it is quite interesting.
Before that we need to know why single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor and
how the problem is overcome. We know that the ac supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces
pulsating magnetic field in uniformly distributed stator winding. Since pulsating magnetic field
can be assumed as two oppositely rotating magnetic fields, there will be no resultant torque
produced at the starting and due to this the motor does not run. After giving the supply, if the
rotor is made to rotate in either direction by external force, then the motor will start to run. This
problem has been solved by making the stator winding into two winding, one is main winding
and another is auxiliary winding and a capacitor is fixed in series with the auxiliary winding.
This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils. When there will
be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate. Practically
we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor but if
we rotate with hand it will start to rotate. So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single
phase induction motor.