HORTICULTURE IN INDIA.

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

ERITRIYA ROY MUSKAN KHATRI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ROLL NO. 87
OF ECONOMICS SECTION B
B.A. L.L.B.(HONS.)

HIDYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

UPARWARA POST, NEAR ABHANPUR, NAYA RAIPUR
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project work entitled “growing relationship
between demonetisation and internet banking” is my own work and
represents my own ideas, and where others’ ideas or words have been
included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources.
I also declare that I have adhered to all the principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any data/idea/fact/source in my submission.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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The practical realization of this project has obligated the

assistance of many persons. I express my deepest regard and
gratitude for Eritriya Roy Ma’am. Her consistent supervision,
constant inspiration and invaluable guidance have been of
immense help in understanding and carrying out the nuances
of the project report.

I would like to thank my friends and family without whose

support and encouragement, this project would not have been
a reality.

CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
DEFINITION OF HORTICULTURE
HORTICULTURE IN INDIA AND ITS STATUS
SCHEMES INITIATED BY GOVERNMENT
HORTICULTURAL MARKETING
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
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Horticulture being one of the most potential sector for economic development of the state ,
generation of employment and sustainable management of bio-resources, each segments of its
development covering research, production & productivity , post harvest care and
management, marketing and processing have to be adequately addressed for bringing
desirable change. With the rapid change in technology inputs, growing demand for fruits,
nuts, vegetables, spices and flowers, special market for regionally differentiated niche
products, increasing opportunities for export of few crops and availability of additional area
under FRA , the scope had actually increased for increasing production and productivity,
maximizing economic benefits, developing infrastructure for post harvest care, management
and processing and providing skilful employment to horticultural entrepreneurships.

Trend in growth:There have been significant improvements over the years especially in
terms of area expansion of different crops, respective production volumes and in adoption of
modern technologies. A linear growth trend in production of major components of
horticulture i.e. fruits, vegetables and spices in the last two five year plans , can be well
derived from the table indicating average annual growth rate of production of these crops
during 10th and 11th Plan. Keeping these growth rates in view, and probable availability of
resources, the annual targets of production and corresponding growth rates of fruits,
vegetables and spices have been fixed for 12th five year plan.

Traditionally, horticulture involves four areas of study namely, Pomology (fruit

culture),Olericulture (vegetable culture), Floriculture (culture of ornamental
crops) and Post Harvest Technology (management of produce after harvest).
However, over the years the scope of the above field has been expanded to
include other crops like mushroom, bamboo, plantation crops like tea, coffee,
and rubber. Bee keeping, one of the tools to improve the productivity of
horticultural crops through enhanced pollination is also being taken care by the
horticulture division at the center: In view of the above developments
Horticulture can now be redefined as the ‘Science of growing and management
of fruits, vegetables including tubers, ornamental, medicinal and aromatic crops,
spices, plantation crops their processing, value addition and marketing’.
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OBJECTIVES
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1. Definition of Horticulture.
2. Horticulture in India and its status in 12-five-year plan.
3. Schemes launched for development of horticulture.
4.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study focuses on concept of horticulture in the Indian economy

and attracting its concentration in five-year plans. Factors affecting
the economy and sectors, initiation of various schemes by government
of India,

The study is based on secondary sources of data information collected

from Different books, Journals, Newspapers and relevant websites in-
order-to make the study more effective. Data is analysed and put into
the points that to clearly know the facts in the means of list. The study
attempts to know the increase or decrease in online work and
transactions, going through your own bank accounts, offers, deposit
and withdrawal from your own accounts, payments and credits in life
of a common man.

HORTICULTURE
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As per definition given  by the
International  Society for Horticulture Science‐ horticultural crops include the  following:‐
i. Tree, bush and perennial vine fruits; 
ii. Perennial bush and tree nuts;
iii. Vegetables  (roots,  tubers,  shoots,  stems,  leaves,  fruits  and  flowers  of 
edible  and mainly annual plants); 
iv. Aromatic  and  medicinal  foliage,  seeds  and  roots  (from  annual  or  perennial 
plants); 
v. Cut  flowers,  potted  ornamental  plants,  and  bedding  plants  (involving  both 
annual or perennial plants); and 
vi. Trees,  shrubs,  turf  and  ornamental  grasses  propagated  and  produced  in 
nurseries for use in landscaping or for establishing fruit orchards or other crop 
production units, 
vii. Honey and Cultivated or gathered mushrooms (edible fungi).
On the other hand, the Planning Commission Working Group on Horticulture Crops, 
Plantation Crops and Organic Farming for the XI th  Five Year Plan had attempted to re‐ 
define the phrase ‘Horticulture’ as “the science of growing and management of fruits, 
vegetables  including  tubers,  ornamental,  aromatic  &  medicinal  crops,  spices, 
plantation  crops  and  their  processing,  value  addition  and marketing”. 
  In  fact,  in  our  planning process horticulture sector
has been considered to encompass a wide range  of  crops  namely  fruit  crops, 
vegetables  crops,  potato  and  tuber  crops,  ornamental 
crops, medicinal and aromatic crops, spices, and  plantation crops. New introductions 
such as mushroom, bamboo, and bee keeping have been accepted for improving the  crop 
productivity,  which  has  further  expanded  the  scope  of  horticulture.
Botanically fruit is a ripened ovary and adnate parts thereof. The science of cultivation
of fruits is called Pomology. It deals with the growing and harvesting of fruits. However
some crops like watermelon, musk melon which are consumed in raw form are not
covered in this group at present.
Plantation Crops are defined as a group of commercial crops of (i) perennial nature, (ii)
cultivated extensively in tropical and subtropical situations which (iii) need employment
of labour throughout the year and the produce of which is usually consumed after
processing. Plantation crops may be defined as ‘tropical crops grown on a large scale by a
uniform system of cultivation under central management. In general ‘Plantation crops are
those cultivated on an extensive scale in large contiguous area owned and managed by an
individual or a company. Again in the ICAR, the nodal research organization in the
country the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute has been dealing with coconut,
arecanut, oil palm, palmyrah palm and cashew. Even Oil Palm, a plantation crop with
similar growth habit, upkeep like coconut (which also yield oil) is often erroneously
clubbed with oil seed crops.
As far as Vegetables are concerned they are edible material of herbaceous origin of a
plant or part there of generally grouped into leaf, fruiting, flowering, pod, stem, bulb, and
root types used for food as raw or cooked with cholesterol free no calorific value,
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providing micronutrients, vitamins, antioxidants, fiber and alkaline reaction. Several

crops which produce tubers namely potato, cassava, sweet potato are all covered under
vegetables.
Similarly Spices which are aromatic or pungent vegetable substances of herbaceous plant
origin used for colour, fragrance, preservation and taste of food are now broadly covered
under vegetable crops. This will avoid grouping of crops like onion, ginger, turmeric and
chilli both under vegetable and spice crops. .
Traditionally Floriculture has been defined as the art and knowledge of growing flowers
to perfection. Globally floriculture denotes a discipline of horticulture concerned with the
cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry, comprising
the floral industry. However due to enormous diversity of crops and product range the
floriculture sector handles today, the floriculture sector in the modern context may be
defined as the art and science of growing traditional flowers, cut flowers, bedding plants,
flowering and foliage potted plants, arboriculture trees, cut greens, fillers, turf grass and
dry flowers for beautification, value addition and isolation of essential oils,
pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds.
Medicinal plants are those plants that possess secondary metabolites that have
pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties, which prevent or cure ailments. A majority
of 2 the present day drugs are basically plant derived. While Aromatic plants are those
plants that possess volatile fatty acids (essential oils) that are characterized by sweet
aroma used for making perfumes, flavours, cosmetics, aromatherapy products,
confectionery, food and beverages. However both the groups comprise mainly ornamental
or forest species not covered in any other groups. However overlapping of crops among
the groups is quite evident owing their use and application. For instance a number of
ornamental crops (jasmine, rose, tuberose, geranium etc) also fall under the aromatic
crops and many ornamental crops also fall under the category of medicinal plants (Aloe
vera, Chlorophytum etc,)
In view of the above developments Horticulture can be now redefined as the science of
growing and management of fruits, vegetables including tubers, ornamental, medicinal
and aromatic crops, spices, plantation crops, mushroom, bamboo their processing, value
addition and marketing.

STATUS OF HORTICULTURE
INDUSTRY IN INDIA
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India grows wide group of horticultural crops namely fruits; vegetables, potato, tropical
tuber crops and mushroom; ornamental crops; medicinal and aromatic plants, spices and
plantation crops like coconut, cashew, cocoa, tea, coffee and rubber. Recently bamboo
and honey bees are also included in the list of horticulture. Government of India laid
major emphasis on horticulture from mid eighties onwards as a mean of diversification
for making agriculture more profitable through efficient land use, optimum utilization of
natural resources (soil, water and environment) and creating skilled employment for rural
masses especially women folk. The past efforts have been rewarding and India has now
emerged as the largest producer of coconut, arecanut, cashew, ginger, turmeric, black
pepper and the second largest producer of fruits, vegetables and tea. Among the new
crops, kiwi, olive, gherkins, Kinnow and oil palm have been successfully introduced for
commercial cultivation in the country. Production base of horticultural crops has been
expanding since independence. From eighth plan onwards this sector has been witnessed
tremendous growth in area and production and productivity. The area and production
under horticultural crops were 13.43 million ha and 97.83 million tonnes respectively
during 1991-92 which increased to 21.74 Million ha and 171. 86 million tonnes during
2004-05.
PRODUCTION AREA AND PRODUCTIVITY: The area under horticultural crops
has been increasing in various states. During 2004-05 coverage of area under various
horticultural crops was 19.40 million ha (Table 1.2) which is about 13.0 % area of the
total cultivated area. The states/ UTs namely Chhatishgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand,
Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Dadar & Nagar Haveli have less than
10 per cent coverage of area under horticultural crops which need programme for area
expansion under horticultural crops. The states namely Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal covers about 10-
25 per cent area under horticultural crops. The 6 states namely Arunachal Pradesh,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Pondicherry covers about 25-
50% of their area under horticulture while the states Goa, Kerala ,Manipur, Andman &
Nicobar, Delhi, Lakshdweep have more than 50 per cent of their area and are saturated
for further area expansion in horticulture
Horticulture  accounts  for  about  30%  of  India’s  agricultural  GDP  from  13.08%  of
cropped area.  It  also  provides  about  37%  of  the  total  exports  of  agricultural 
commodities.  The  sector  has  received  focused  attention  in  Country’s  five‐year 
plans  mainly from the VII th 
plan period. A growth rate of 6% per annum has been targeted 
for the horticulture sector for the IX th  as well as the Xth  plan periods but could not be 
achieved. A sustained growth  rate of 6% per annum for horticulture sector has again 
been  targeted  for  the XI th  five‐year plan  too, but according  to mid‐term appraisal  for 
the XI th plan the horticulture sector may achieve near 4% average annual growth rate.
Indian  horticulture  has  attracted  attention  of  foreign  players  too;  seed  and 
planting materials have been areas of interest for them for a long period resulting into 
introduction  of  a  number  of  hybrids  of  vegetables,  cucurbits  and  melons  and 
temperate  fruits.  India  is  now  looked  as  a  promising  market‐destination  and 
arguments  favouring  corporate  farming,  foreign  direct  investment  in  supply  chain 
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management  and  retail  marketing  of  fresh  horticulture  produce  are  also  being 
advanced at various forums.
According to a World Bank report of year 2007 entitled as “From Competition At  Home 
to  Competing  Abroad:  A  Case  Study  of  India’s  horticulture”‐ while  India  is  a 
large,  low  cost  agricultural  producer,  its  share  in  global  agriculture  exports  is 
minuscule. India produces nearly 11%  of all the world’s vegetables and 15 per  cent of
all fruits, yet its share in global exports of vegetables is only 1.7 per cent and in  fruits  a 
meagre  0.5  per  cent  and  indicates  towards  vast  opportunity  for  Indian 
horticulture sector in WTO regime.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF HORTICULTURE

Fruits: The global fruit production during 2004 was 511 million MT. During the past 15 years,
production of fruits in China has gone up by 246 per cent, which helped China to become the largest
producer of fruits (83.24 million MT) in the world from its third largest producer position and
contributes 16 per cent share in total production. India is the second largest producer of fruits with a
production of 49 million MT and contributes 10 per cent share in global fruit production. Brazil
occupies the third position, with 36 million MT and contributes 7 per cent in global production. 1.5.

India occupies first place in production of mango, banana, litchi, papaya, pomegranate, sapota and
aonla; 2nd place in limes and lemons and 5th place in pineapple production of the world. The
productivity of grape is highest in the world. India has higher national average productivity in banana
and sapota compared to world average productivity, while in citrus, mango, apple, guava, pineapple,
papaya, India has substantially low productivity in comparison to the world average.

Among various states, Maharashtra ranks first and contributes 27 per cent in area and 21.5 per cent
production. Andhra Pradesh ranks second in area and production contributing 13 and 16 of fruits.
The maximum productivity was observed in Madhya Pradesh (22.6 MT/ha), followed by Tamil Nadu
(19.9 MT/ha), Gujarat (15.9 MT/ ha) Karnataka (15.9 MT/ ha) and West Bengal (12.8 MT/ ha). The
growth in productivity was maximum (5 per cent) in Kerala during 1991- 92 to 2001-02 while it was
10.2 per cent in Uttar Pradesh during 2001-02 to 2004-05

Vegetables: India is the second largest vegetable producer after China with 11%
production share in the world and Brazil is the third. It is also the largest producer of okra and
second largest producer of most of the other important vegetable crops at global level, namely
brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, pea, onion and tomato and third largest producer of potato in the
world. However, it falls behind in productivity in most of the crops except for tomato where India is
ranked at number 1. In okra, it is at par with world productivity and in cauliflower it is quite close to
the average world productivity.

Total vegetable production in India before independence was 15 million MT and since
independence for decades the growth rate was stabilized around 0.5%. The impetus on vegetable
research and policy intervention to promote vegetable crops witnessed a sudden spurt in growth
rate of 2.5%, a hike of five times during the last decade.

While West Bengal continues to be the leading state in area and production, the productivity is
higher in Tamil Nadu followed by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Potato has the highest share in total
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vegetable production of the country (28.8%) followed by brinjal (8.6%), tomato (8.5%), tapioca
(7.8%), onion (7.4%) and cabbage (6.1%).

Mushrooms: Mushroom is a non-traditional horticultural crop having high quality of

proteins, high fibre value, vitamins and minerals. World produces 61.16 lakh MT of cultivated
mushrooms annually. The share in production of different types of mushrooms world-wide is button
(31%), shiitake (24%), oyster (14%), black ear mushroom (9%), paddy straw mushroom (8%) and
milky/others (the rest). China produces 63% of the world production of mushrooms and ranks first
among world’s mushroom producing countries.

India produces more than 70,000 MT of mushroom. In India button, oyster, milky and paddy straw
mushrooms are grown but button mushroom contributes highest share of production. Even though
button mushroom cultivation started in India in seventies at Chail and Kasauli (Himachal Pradesh) it
is now grown all over the country, mostly in tropical areas, where raw materials and labour are
available at competitive rates as compared to hilly regions.

Floriculture: India is the second largest producer of flowers after China. About 1,15,921
ha of area is under floriculture producing 6,54,837 MT of loose flowers annually (2004-05). The loose
flower sector grew over the Plan periods with the production of flowers almost doubling (1.84 times)
between VIII Plan and end of X Plan. The area expansion during the same period was to a tune of
1.64 times. The traditional flower sector registered an impressive growth during the VIII, IX and X
plan periods and grew from 71, 000 ha at the end of VIII Plan period to 1,06,000 ha by the end of IX
plan. During X plan an additional 10, 000 ha has been brought under the traditional flowers by the
end of 2004-05 to register an overall area of 1,15,921 ha. The productivity per hectare was highest
in Bihar (17.05 MT) followed by Haryana (11.55 MT). On the other hand the productivity of flowers
was the least in Rajasthan (0.59 MT). The overall productivity of the country during 2004-05 was
recorded at (5.64 MT). Nearly 77% of area under floricultural crops is concentrated in seven states
comprising of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh and Delhi.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: The medicinal plants based

industry is growing at the rate of 7-15% annually. According to a conservative estimate, the value of
medicinal plants related trade in India is to the tune of about Rs 5,000 crores per annum while the
world trade is about 62 billion US dollars and is expected to grow to the tune of 5 trillion US dollars
by the year 2050. The present international situation in the production and trade of essential oils
and aroma chemicals is very complex and vibrant. No doubt, the developing countries have a
dominant position in world production, but still the competition from developed countries remains
very strong. The world production from the developing countries accounts for 55% followed by
developed countries (10%). The Indian Systems of Medicine have identified 1500 medicinal plants, of
which 500 species are mostly used in the preparation of drugs. The medicinal plants contribute to
cater 80% of the raw materials used in the preparation of drugs. The effectiveness of these drugs
mainly depends upon the proper use and sustained availability of genuine raw materials.
Paradoxically, there is hardly any reliable data available on area, production and productivity of
cultivated medicinal species since these are not recorded at the grass root level for want of
adequate knowledge and interest by the record keeping authorities. All species are considered as
one commodity and sometimes some data are taken by some states.
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Spices: India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products in
the world and produces more than 50 spices. The spices production in India is of the order of 3.72
million MT from an area of about 2.66 million ha. Area and production of spices in the country have
registered substantial increase over the last fifteen years with average annual growth rate of 2.7%
and 6.2% in area and production respectively. Chilli is the major spice crop occupying about 29
percent of area under cultivation and contributing about 34 percent of total spices production in the
country. Turmeric accounts for 14% of production and 6 % of area, while garlic accounts for 19% of
production and 5% of area. Seed spices contribute 17% of production and occupy 41% of area while
pepper contributes 2 % of production and occupies 9 % of area of the total spices in the country.
Rajasthan occupies major area under spices owing to seed spices cultivation in the State followed by
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Andhra Pradesh, which is the
foremost state producing chilli and turmeric in the country, ranks first in terms of production
followed by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka and Kerala. 1.20. Plantations
Crops: There are two groups of plant.

Plantations Crops: There are two groups of plantation crops namely coconut,
arecanut , oil palm, cocoa, cashewnut dealt by Ministry of Agriculture and tea, coffee, rubber dealt
by the Ministry of Commerce. The combined volume of output of tea coffee and rubber is about 2
million MT and constitutes about 3 per cent share of the total value of agricultural output in India.

Coconut: Coconut is grown globally over an area of 12.19 million ha producing 13.68
million MT (copra equivalent) in 93 countries of the world. India accounts for 22.34 per cent of the
world coconut production and is one of the major players in the world’s coconut trade. Currently the
crop is grown in 1.93 million ha with an annual production of nearly 13,000 million nuts with average
productivity of 6,632 nuts/ ha. Indonesia, Philippines and India are the major producers of coconut
in the world. The area, production and productivity of coconut have increased at the global level
(0.89, 4.36 and 3.79% per year) during the past 15 years (1990-2004).

Cashew nut: India is the largest producer, processor, consumer and exporter of cashew in the world.
The area under cashew in the world is 30.62 lakh ha while production is estimated to be around
20.82 lakh MT. India’s share in the world raw nut production is about 25%. Raw nut production in
South East Asian Countries has registered approximately 10 fold increase since 1980. Latin American
countries have registered approximately 3 fold increase during the same period.

Maharashtra ranks first in area, production and productivity of cashew in the country. Cashew is
grown mainly in Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala along the west coast and Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal along the east coast. To a limited extent it is grown in
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Chattisgarh besides plains of
Karnataka.

Cocoa: World cocoa production has registered 131.7% increase in the past 30 years and was
estimated at 3.52 million MT during 2004-05. The world's largest cocoa bean producer is Côte
d'Ivoire, currently producing more than 1.45 million MT beans with a growth rate of 2.3 per cent/
year.

Cocoa is cultivated in India over an area of 27,811 ha with an annual production of 10,175 MT with a
productivity of 530 kg/ha during 2005-06. Kerala is the leading producer of coco with 10,220 ha of
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area and 6,490 MT of production. However, Karnataka with 825 kg/ha leads in productivity. In India,
a trend of increasing consumption of chocolates and other cocoa based products has emerged
especially among the middle class. It is mainly grown in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
and Andhra Pradesh and cultivated mainly as an intercrop in arecanut and coconut gardens. It has
great potential to be introduced in other states where coconut and arecanut are grown.

Arecanut: India is leading producer of arecanut and accounts for 56% and 58% of the total
area and production in the world. Production of arecanut in the country which stood at 2,56,600 MT
from an estimated area of 2,26,600 ha during the first year of Eighth plan (1992-93), has reached
4,56,600 MT from an area of 3,74,300 ha during the third year (2004-05) of Tenth Plan.

Coffee: The major coffee producers in the world are Brazil (30%), Vietnam (11%), Columbia
(10%) and Indonesia (6%). Global coffee production for 2005-06 was placed at 109 million bags,
which showed a decline from last year, and was around 115 million bags as per ICO estimates.
India’s coffee production is in the region of just over 4% and ranks 6th in world’s production. Arabica
and Robusta coffee are the two species that are commercially cultivated in the world. Of these,
nearly 70% is Arabica and the balance 30% Robusta . 1.29. In India, coffee is cultivated in about 3.80
lakh ha mainly confined to the southern states of Karnataka (59%), Kerala (22%), Tamil Nadu (8%)
which form the traditional coffee tracts and the remaining area ( 11%) in the non-traditional areas
such as Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and the north eastern states.

Rubber: Among all rubber producing countries India position is 5th in area, 4th in
production and 2nd in productivity. World natural rubber production is projected to reach 10.1
million MT in 2010. The annual growth rate would be 6 percent in the current decade.

Most of the rubber plantations are located in far-flung villages and they play a major role in rural
development of the country. Women are employed in plenty in rubber plantations and this
contributes to their empowerment. In employment generation, rubber-manufacturing industry also
play an equally important role.

Though rubber is traditionally grown in the southern states of Kerala and parts of Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka, the crop has now gained acceptance among the people of non traditional regions as well,
especially the North-east. Rubber plantations are very helpful in protecting the environment.

Tea: India is the second largest producer and the largest consumer of tea in the world. It
contributes 19 % share in area and 27 % share in production. During 2005-06, 521,403 hectares was
under tea cultivation with production of 930 million kg. India consumes about 23.5% of total world
consumption of tea, which is about 81% of the tea produced in the country.

SCHEMES
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MIDH(Mission for integrated development of horticulture)

A Centrally Sponsored Scheme of MIDH has been launched for the holistic development of
horticulture in the country during XII plan. The scheme, which has taken take off from 2014-
15, integrates the ongoing schemes of National Horticulture Mission, Horticulture Mission
for North East & Himalayan States, National Bamboo Mission, National Horticulture Board,
Coconut Development Board and Central Institute for Horticulture, Nagaland.

     The Mission envisages production and productivity improvement of horticulture crops
including fruits and vegetables through various interventions. Activities such as production of
planting material, vegetable seed production, coverage of area with improved cultivars,
rejuvenation of senile orchards, protected cultivation, creation of water resources, adoption of
Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), organic
farming, including insitu generation of organic inputs are taken up for development of fruits
and vegetables. Capacity buildings of farmers and technitions are also provided for adopting
improved technologies. Scheme also envisages creation of infrastructure for Post-Harvest
Management (PHM) and marketing for better price realization of produce.

1. NHM( NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION)

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is one of the sub schemes of Mission for Integrated
Development of Horticulture (MIDH) which is being implemented by State Horticulture
Missions (SHM) in selected districts of 18 States and four Union Territories.
The main objectives of the Mission are:
i) To provide holistic growth of the horticulture sector through an area based
regionally differentiated strategies which include research, technology promotion,
extension, post harvest management, processing and marketing, in consonance
with comparative advantage of each State/region and its diverse agro-climatic
feature;
ii) To enhance horticulture production, improve nutritional security and income
support to farm households;
iii) To establish convergence and synergy among multiple on-going and plan
programmes for horticulture development;
iv) To promote, develop and disseminate technologies, through a seamless blend of
traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge
v) To create opportunities for employment generation for skilled and unskilled
persons, especially unemployed youth.
vi) BENEFICARY- to create opportunities for employment generation for skilled and
unskilled persons, especially women.

2. HMNEH
Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States (HMNEH) is one of the sub
schemes of Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) which is being
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implemented by State Horticulture Missions (SHM) in the North Eastern States and
Himalayan States. For availing benefits and assistance under the scheme, farmers /
beneficiaries should contact the Horticulture Officer of concerned district Operational
Guidelines, cost norms of different interventions being promoted under the mission.
Horticulture development in the State is governed mainly through vertical growth through
productivity increase, as there is limited scope for horizontal area expansion. Quality is
the foundation for proper and sustainable market linkage with sustained demand and
supply chain. To achieve the targets set under various segments, the interventions
promoted through HMNEH has had great impacts. The programme launches in 2001-02
as Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture in Northeast and
Himalayan States (TMNEH) is now operational in the name of Horticulture Mission for
North East and Himalayan States (HMNEH). Even though there are some minor
modification sin the operational guidelines, the objectives of the Mission remain the same
with focus on establishing convergence and synergy among numerous ongoing
programmes in horticulture sector. The aim of the Mission is to achieve horizontal and
vertical integration of these programmes to ensure adequate, appropriate, timely and
concurrent attention to all the links in production, post-harvest management and
consumption chain to maximize economic, ecological and social benefits.
3. NHB

National Horticulture Board (NHB) is implementing various schemes under Mission

for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) in all States and UTs.

Aims & Objectives of NHB Schemes

The main objectives of the NHB are to improve integrated development of Horticulture
industry and to help in coordinating, sustaining the production and processing of fruits and
vegetables. Detailed objectives of the Board are as under:-

1. Development of hi-tech commercial horticulture in identified belts and make such

areas vibrant with horticultural activity, which in turn will act as hubs for development
of horticulture.
2. Development of modern post-harvest management infrastructure as an integral part
of area expansion projects or as common facility for cluster of projects.
3. Development of integrated, energy efficient cold chain infrastructure for fresh
horticulture produce.
4. Popularization of identified new technologies / tools / techniques for
commercialization / adoption, after carrying out technology and need assessment.
5. Assistance in securing availability of quality planting material by promoting setting
up of scion and root stock banks / mother plant nurseries and carrying out
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accreditation / rating of horticulture nurseries and need based imports of planting

material.
6. Promotion and market development of fresh horticulture produce.
7. Promotion of field trials of newly developed/imported planting materials and other
farm inputs; production technology; PHM protocols, INM and IPM protocols and
promotion of applied R&D programmes for commercialization of proven technology.

4. CDB
Coconut Development Board (CDB) is implementing various schemes under Mission for
Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) in all Coconut growing states in the country.
It is a statutory body established under the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India for
the integrated development of coconut cultivation and industry in the country with focus on
productivity increase and product diversification.

fUNCTIONS OF THE BOARD

 Adopting measures for the development of coconut industry, inter alia.

 Imparting technical advice to those engaged in coconut cultivation and industry.
 Providing financial and other assistance for the expansion of area under coconut.
 Encouraging adoption of modern technologies for processing of coconut and its
products.
 Adopting measures to get incentive prices for coconut and its products.
 Recommending measures for improving marketing of coconut and its products.
 Recommending measures for regulating imports and exports of coconut and its
products.
 Fixing grades, specifications and standards for coconut and its products.

5. CIH

Central Institute for Horticulture (CIH) was established at Medizipehima, Nagaland in

2006-07 for providing technical back stopping through capacity building and training
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of farmers and Field functionaries in the North Eastern Region.CIH now one of the
sub schemes of MIDH.
Recognizing the potential for development of horticulture in Northeast region, and in order to
provide adequate institutional support to tap this potential, Government of India  set-up the
“Central Institute of Horticulture” at Medziphema, Nagaland under the Central  Sector
Scheme in the year 2006 and on 27th March, it was inaugurated by Hon’ble  Union Minister
of Agriculture Shri. Sharad Pawar.The institute provides technical support  on different
aspects of horticulture for the holistic development in the North East Region.
The main focus of the institute is refinement/demonstration of identified technologies specific
for the region; production and supply of quality seed and planting materials of  
improved/high yielding varieties, training and capacity building of State Hort. department
officials and field functionaries on different aspects of horticulture.Promotion of organic
farming, agri. business promotion and market linkages, coordination with state horti.
department of NER and other national institute of horticulture and monitoring and evaluation
of central horti. schemes in NER.

HORTICULTURAL MARKETING
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Background  Facts‐  The  purpose  of  regulation  of  agricultural  markets was  to  protect 
farmers  from  the exploitation of intermediaries and  traders and also  to ensure better 
prices and timely payment for his produce.  With this in view, only State Governments  were 
permitted  under  provisions  of  APMC  Act  to  set  up  markets  and  it  was  made 
mandatory  to  carry  out  sales‐purchase  of  agriculture  produce  within  the  area  of 
operation  of  regulated  markets  only  inside  the  markets  premise.  Management  of 
APMC’s does not carry out auction‐functions directly instead, gives licenses to brokers/ 
commission agents known as “Adhatiyas” for carrying out auction of produce brought 
to the market. “Adhatiyas” are responsible to pay the price of the produce to the seller 
and has to recover purchase price from the buyers. As most of the trade of perishable is 
on credit, the “Adhatiyas” tend to manipulate sales of farm produce to traders known  to 
them and who have better track  record in making payments. This more often  than 
not, results into lack of transparency in auction of agriculture produce, absence of real‐  time, 
truthful  market  information  regarding  price  and  arrivals  of  produce  etc.  The 
licensed brokers in the regulated markets have developed monopoly and political clout  who 
do  not  allow  easy  entry  of  new  persons,  stifling  the  very  spirit  of  competitive 
functioning.

Apart  from  the  issue  of  lack  of  transparency  in  auction  system,  even  the  business 
process adopted by the market committees is generally insensitive to perishable nature  of 
fresh  horticulture  produce.  As  per  ruling  business  process  adopted  by  regulated 
markets, on one hand, farmers have to bring their produce to the market yard where  they  do 
not  get  any  value‐added  services  and  on  the  other,  buyers  like  exporters, 
processors and retail chain operators who may not get desired quality and quantity of 
produce  for their  business;  cannot  buy  the  produce  at the  farm  or  at the  processing 
plant  or  warehouse;  the  produce  is  required  to  be  transported  from  the  farm  to  the 
market yard and  then only it can  be purchased. In  this process it becomes difficult  to 
maintain  traceability  of  the  produce  which  is  becoming  one  of  the  important 
requirements in export‐markets.  

In  this  background,  Market  Sector  Reforms  were  conceived  and  a  Model  Agriculture 
Produce  Marketing  (Development  &  Regulation)  Act  known  as Model  Act was 
introduced in the year 2003.

Salient Features of Model APMC Act‐ a. 
the Preamble of the Model Act sets out the objective to provide for development  of  efficient 
marketing  system,  promotion  of  agri‐processing  and  agricultural 
exports and to lay down procedures and systems for putting in place an effective 
infrastructure for the marketing of agricultural produce.  b.  Under 
the existing law, markets are  setup at  the initiative  of State Governments  alone.  To  the 
contrary,  the  Model  Act  provides  that  legal  persons,  growers  and 
local authorities are permitted to apply for the establishment of new markets for  agricultural 
produce in any area.

c.  It  also  prescribes  that  there  will  be  no  compulsion  on  the  growers  to  sell  their 
produce  through  existing  markets  administered  by  the  Agricultural  Produce 
Market Committee (APMC);

d.  Even the  APMC  have  been  made  specifically  responsible  for:  ensuring  complete 
transparency  in  pricing  system  and  transactions  taking  place  in  market  area;  providing 
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market‐led  extension  services  to  farmers;  ensuring  payment  for  agricultural  produce 
sold  by  farmers  on  the  same  day;  promoting  agricultural  processing  including 
activities  for  value  addition  in  agricultural  produce.

e.  A new Chapter on ‘Contract Farming’ has been added  to provide  for compulsory 

registration  of  all  contract  farming  sponsors,  recording  of  contract  farming 
agreements,  resolution  of  disputes,  if  any,  arising  out  of  such  agreement,  exemption 
from  levy  of  market  fee  on  produce  covered  by  contract  farming  agreements and 
to provide  for indemnity  to producers’  title/ possession over his 
land from any claim arising out of the agreement. 
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Conclusion
          To make the life smooth, pleasurable with a substantial continuous income,
Horticulture is a suitable profession for all classes of people in the district since the
Geographical situation, Agro-climatic condition and land pattern is quite suitable for
growing Horticultural crops i.e. fruits, vegetables, flowers and spices.

          Adoption of proper practices and improved technologies will help people to attain
satisfaction out of Horticulture profession to lead a healthy, wealthy and peaceful life.
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REFERENCES
1. http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_aghorti.pdf
(PDF)
2. http://planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/agri/wg_horti151
2.pdf (PDF)
3. http://horti.tripura.gov.in/PDF/12_Five_Year_Plan_publication.pdf
4. http://midh.gov.in/RTI.htm
5. https://archive.india.gov.in/citizen/agriculture/viewscheme.php?schemeid=1913
6. http://www.sikkim-horti.org/ProgramSchemes/ReadMore/7#
7. http://nhb.gov.in/about.aspx?
enc=3ZOO8K5CzcdC/Yq6HcdIxGOa4CHxzFBZ8EVJjUuGruc=
8. http://coconutboard.nic.in/cdb.htm
9. https://www.cihner.gov.in/
10. http://www.kendujhar.nic.in/agriculture/horticulture.htm
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