Article

0(00) 1–25
! The Author(s) 2018

Investigation on the Article reuse guidelines:

sagepub.com/journals-permissions
DOI: 10.1177/1528083718804207
mechanical behavior of journals.sagepub.com/home/jit

areca sheath fibers/jute

fibers/glass fabrics
reinforced hybrid
composite for light
weight applications

S Jothibasu1, S Mohanamurugan2, R Vijay3,

D Lenin Singaravelu3, A Vinod4 and MR Sanjay5

Abstract
Hybrid polymeric composites are gaining important consideration with versatile appli-
cations due to their good mechanical properties. The present study is an attempt to
evaluate the hybridization effects of different laminate stacking sequence involving areca
sheath fiber/jute fiber/glass-woven fabric through the study of mechanical properties of
four different resulting composites. The fibers were alkali-treated and were used in
composites fabrication that was done using the hand lay-up method. This assessment of
mechanical properties and study of fractured surfaces indicated a significant improve-
ment in mechanical properties of the composites with jute fiber as intermittent layers,
areca sheath fiber as a core layer, and glass fabrics as skin layer reinforced epoxy com-
posites. An attempt to prove the application suitability of ‘‘L’’ frame for flower stand
application was fabricated using the best mechanical behavior performer composite, and
the ANSYS (deformation) analysis was also performed.

Keywords
Jute fiber, areca sheath fiber, glass fabrics, hybrid polymeric composite, ‘‘L’’ frame

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, St Peter’s University, Chennai, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
3
Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Lakshmi Ammal Engineering College, Chennai, India
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India

Corresponding author:
MR Sanjay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, India.
Email: mcemrs@gmail.com
2 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

Introduction
The increase in environmental awareness in the last few decades has led many
researchers and professionals to work in eco-friendly composites that could par-
tially or completely replace the synthetic fibers in versatile applications. Natural
fibers possess various advantages namely lightweight, abundant in the source, less
cost, and biodegradable [1]. Among the various natural fibers present, jute fibers
and areca sheath fibers have great potential to be used as a reinforcement in
polymer composites. Jute is one of the cost-effective natural fibers, which belongs
to the family of genus Corchorus family Tiliaceae. It is abundantly grown in the
regions of Bengal, India. It is used for many types of applications such as bags,
ropes, etc., since it can be spun into coarse and long fibers [2]. These Ebers are
usually 1–4 m long, with color from brown to white (based on aging fade color is
decided). White fade jute is used in this current work due to its high strength
properties. Areca sheath fibers are obtained from the bark of betel nut plants.
Areca belongs to species of Areca catechu L. family of palmecea originated from
Malaya, and it is one of the major cultivation in the southern regions of India [3].
In order to improve the suitability of application, the natural fibers were com-
bined with synthetic fibers namely glass fibers, which are readily available and are
of low cost with good mechanical strength properties. The process of mixing
synthetic fibers with natural fibers (i.e. process of adding more than one type
of fiber in the matrix) is called as hybridization [4]. Ramesh et al. [2] studied the
mechanical behavior of sisal-jute-glass fibers reinforced hybrid polyester compos-
ites. The results showed that the hybridization helped in enhancing the mechan-
ical (tensile, flexural, and impact) properties. Latha et al. [5] investigated the
effect of stacking sequence of bamboo/glass composites on mechanical and ero-
sive wear behavior of the composites. The results showed that laminates with skin
layers of glass fibers produced optimal strength and good wear resistance. Jawaid
and Khalil [6] studied the tensile behavior of jute/palm fiber hybrid composites.
These composites were fabricated using palm fiber as skin and the jute fiber as
the core and vice versa. The authors proved that, when high strength fibers
namely, jute was used as the skin layer, subsequently there was an increase in
the mechanical strength. Mishra et al. [7] investigated the mechanical perform-
ance of glass fibers in pineapple leaf fiber/sisal fiber reinforced polyester compos-
ites. There was a good enhancement in the mechanical properties of the hybrid
composites that comprised a small amount of glass fiber to the pineapple leaf
fiber and sisal fiber that were reinforced in the polyester matrix. Sanjay and
Yogesha [8] studied the mechanical properties of jute/kenaf/E-glass-woven
fabric-based hybrid composites with various stacking sequence which was devel-
oped using vacuum bagging method. The results indicated that the tensile and
flexural properties of E-glass fabrics at the skin layers, kenaf fabrics at the inter-
mittent layers, and jute fabrics in the core layer-based epoxy composites showed
superior mechanical strength. Ramnath et al. [9] fabricated and characterized the
hybrid five-layer natural fibers composites having jute and abaca fibers with two
extreme layers of glass fibers. It was proved that 75% abaca and 25% jute fibers
Jothibasu et al. 3

based composites showed better results in all aspects; it was also found that
higher strength fiber in the intermittent layers will produce improved mechanical
properties. Ramesh and Sudharsan [10] investigated the mechanical properties of
flax and glass fiber reinforced partially eco-friendly hybrid composites, which
were fabricated with two different fiber orientations of 0 and 90 using hand
lay-up process. The authors showed that composites with 0 possesed better
mechanical properties compared to 90 orientation-based hybrid composites.
The surface treatment plays a vital role in improving the bonding nature of
the fiber with the matrix. The literature states that alkali treatment improves the
surface roughness and provides better interlocking between the fiber and matrix,
thus improving its physical and mechanical properties. When the optimal per-
centage of alkali solution is used, Sawpan et al. [11] carried out the tensile
test over various chemically treated hemp fibers and the NaOH-treated fibers.
The results showed improvement in mechanical properties when compared
with other treatments. Oushabi et al. [12] characterized the behavior of date
palm fibers treated with different concentration of NaOH for 1 h in polyureth-
ane composites. It was found that 5 wt % of alkali-treated fiber-based compos-
ites showed good improvement in ultimate tensile strength and ultimate
flexural strength.
From the existing literature, it is clear that there are many hybrid composites
work but there are very few works related to the stacking sequence, and there is
no work regarding the hybridization of areca sheath fibers/jute fibers/glass fab-
rics-epoxy composites. Thus, the current study deals with the development of
four different laminates using areca sheath fibers-jute fibers-glass fabrics using
the epoxy matrix by varying stacking sequence. The mechanical behaviors are
studied according to the ASTM. The fracture morphology was studied using
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. A statistical method (ANOVA
technique) has been introduced to study the percentage of variance and the sig-
nificant satisfactory level of the developed best performing composite. Then, an
‘‘L’’ frame is developed using the best performer of the laminated composite for
the application of a flower pot stand, and a finite element modelling is carried out
for the same.

Materials and methods

Materials
The areca sheath fibers, jute fibers, and E-glass fabrics are shown in Figure 1(a)
to (c), respectively. The SEM images showing diameter of areca sheath and jute
fibers are given in Figure 1(d) and (e). The properties of areca and jute fibers are
given in Table 1. The jute fibers were obtained from Anakaputhur Weavers
Association, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, while the areca sheath was obtained
from local areca plate making dealers of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Epoxy
resin (Araldite, LY556 grade, Manufacturer: Huntsman International LLC) was
4 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

Figure 1. (a) Jute fiber; (b) areca sheath fiber; (c) glass fabric; SEM images of (d) areca sheath
fiber; (e) jute fiber.

used as a binder to form the matrix with fibers. Hardener (Aradur, HY951 grade,
Manufacturer: Huntsman International LLC) was mixed with the resin in an opti-
mal ratio of 10:1 (resin to hardener ratio) to facilitate polymerization process [13].
E-glass fabrics, epoxy resin, and hardener were procured from Sakthi Fiber Glass,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The properties of glass fibers are not given here since
it is present in the skin of the composites and is common to all laminated compos-
ites, which were explored from literature studies [14].
Jothibasu et al. 5

Table 1. Properties of areca sheath and jute fibers.

Properties (%) Areca sheath fibers [3] Jute fibers [15,16]

Chemical compositiona
Cellulose (%) 57.3 63.0
Hemi cellulose (%) 13.3 16.5
Wax (%) 0.2 0.5
Lignin (%) 22 13
Moisture (%) 7 7.5
Physical and mechanical properties
Diameterb (mm) 287–300 28–32
Densityb (g/cc) 0.77 1.36
Tensile strengtha (N/mm2) 165 430
Elongationa (%) 11.5 1.3
a
As obtained from literature since the materials are obtained from a similar source.
b
As measured.

Fiber extraction and alkali treatment

The areca sheath was immersed in water for 10 days, and then they were manually
retted using a wire brush up to the required length (200 mm) and were dried in
sunlight for a week. Then, the fibers were demoisturized again in a hot air oven for
2 h at 50 C in order to remove the traces of moisture content present in it [3].
The demoisturized fibers were treated with 5 wt% of NaOH solution for 1 h at
room temperature, and the pH maintained was about 11.3 [17]. Then, the alkali-
treated fibers were washed in running water to remove the traces of the alkali
present in it. Finally, the treated fibers were dried in the hot sun for a week and
subsequently dried in a hot air oven for 2 h at 50 C to remove the traces of mois-
ture. Jute fibers were obtained from manual retting process. The treatment was
done similarly as of areca sheath fibers, and then drying was done in the hot sun for
a week time followed by drying in hot air at 50 C for 2 h, since the moisture content
should be removed completely. A comb was used to remove the twists in the
jute fibers to provide a good composite finish and uniform distribution as per
the literature [18].

Preparation of composites
The composites were laminated using hand lay-up process. In the present study, five
layers of three different fibers were stacked as per the sequence provided in Table 2.
The top and bottom layers were placed with glass fabrics, while the second, third,
and fourth layers were either areca sheath or jute or both the fibers based on the
designated composite. The layers of fibers were fabricated using the addition of
epoxy resin and hardener in required proportions (10:1 – epoxy-to-hardener ratio).
6 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

Table 2. Fiber layer sequence details.

Total number
Composite of layers Fiber layer details (skin-intermediate-core-intermediate-skin)

CM-1 5 Glass-areca sheath (longitudinal direction)-areca sheath (trans-

verse direction)-areca sheath(longitudinal direction)-glass
CM-2 5 Glass-jute(longitudinal direction)-jute (transverse direction)-jute
(longitudinal direction)-glass
CM-3 5 Glass-areca sheath (longitudinal direction)-jute (transverse
direction)-areca sheath (longitudinal direction)-glass
CM-4 5 Glass-jute (longitudinal direction)-areca sheath(transverse
direction)-jute(longitudinal direction)-glass

Figure 2. Cross sectional view of the developed composite (CM-03).

Bi-woven mat-oriented E-glass fabrics were used as the skin layer to provide good
surface finish and to increase the load-bearing applications. The stacking procedure
is similar to Vijay and Singaravelu [19] and Sanjay et al. [15] except the variation in
sequence and the size of the mold considered was 300 mm 300 mm. The developed
laminates were cut into required shapes after the layers are set and dried. Cross
sectional view of the developed composite is presented in Figure 2. Fiber weight
fraction used in the laminated composites are shown in Table 3. The weight fraction
of the fibers is calculated using equation (1)
Wf ¼ wf =ðwf þ wm Þ and Wm ¼ wm =ðwf þ wm Þ ð1Þ

Characterizations of fibers and laminated composites

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to find the functional groups pre-
sent in the fiber and the constituent that corresponds to the functional group.
Jothibasu et al. 7

Table 3. Fiber weight fraction.

Weight (g) Weight fraction (%)

wf Wf

Glass Areca Jute Matrix Glass Areca Jute Matrix

Sample (wg) sheath (wa) (wj) (wm) (Wg) sheath (Wa) (Wj) (Wm)

CM-1 72  3 36  2 – 300  10 19.35 10.71 – 73.52

CM-2 72  3 – 45  2 300  10 19.35 – 13.04 71.94
CM-3 72  3 24  2 15  2 300  10 19.35 7.4 4.76 72.99
CM-4 72  3 12  2 30  2 300  10 19.35 3.84 9.09 72.46

The IR spectrum was recorded using Perkin Elmer/Spectrum 2 (Diamond UTAR).

The spectrum was captured from 4000 cm1 to 400 cm1 with a resolution of
2 cm1 signal-to-noise ratio at the rate of 32 scans/min. The mechanical character-
izations namely tensile, flexural, compression, impact, and double shear tests were
carried out for the laminated composite specimens according to ASTM. The testing
procedures were carried out in room temperature. Three specimens were tested,
and consistent results were reported for each test. Tensile tests were conducted
using the servo-hydraulic universal testing machine (Model No.: UTES-40,
Make: Fuel Instruments & Engineers Pvt. Ltd) with maximum capacity 400 kN
according to ASTM D 638-14 with a loading rate of 2 mm/min. The specimen was
cut to dog bone shape having dimensions 165 mm 19 mm, and the mid-span
length was 57 mm. The samples were held between grippers of the UTM, and
the load was increased until the fracture occurred. Flexural tests were carried out
according to ASTM D790-10 using a universal testing machine with model and
make as stated above with a loading rate of 2 mm/min. The dimensions of the
specimen are 165 mm 19 mm. Three-point bending mode was applied for measur-
ing the ultimate flexural load and strength, with rollers of diameter 30 mm.
The application of load was made until the fracture occurs. The compression
tests were carried out according to ASTM D695. The dimensions of compression
specimen are 55 mm 55 mm. The compression tests were carried out in the uni-
versal testing machine at room temperature conditions until the fracture occurs.
The machine was fixed with a pair of compression plates, with diameter 120 mm for
compressing the sample. The variations of stress with response to strain are
obtained graphically for all the above tests. Impact properties were measured as
per ASTM D256-10 in a Charpy impact testing machine (Model No.: IT-30 (D)
and Make: Fuel Instruments & Engineers Pvt. Ltd) using a notched specimen.
The dimensions of the impact specimen are 76 mm 20 mm, with a notch angle
of 90 . The double shear test was performed by applying a shear load along two
directions simultaneously. The test was carried out in a universal testing machine
and performed according to ASTM: D5379. The specimen of dimensions
76 mm 20 mm, with notch angles of 90 on either side was held in a fixture,
8 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

and load was applied till the material fracture. Three specimens were prepared from
each composite for each test, and the results are reported in the forthcoming sec-
tions. The fractured interface (specimen) was cut into 15 mm 15 mm using a dia-
mond cutter, sputtered with conducting material (gold), and then analyzed in SEM
of Tescan VEGA 3LMU, the Czech Republic to study the various morphologies of
the tested specimen [13,19]. The digital photographs of the composite during the
test and after testing are shown in Figure 3(A(a)) to (E(e)).

Figure 3. (A) Tensile test apparatus loaded with composite specimens; (a) composite specimen
after tensile testing; (B) flexural test apparatus loaded with composite specimens; (b) composite
specimen after flexural testing; (C) compression test apparatus loaded with composite specimens;
(c) composite specimen after compression testing; (D) impact test apparatus loaded with com-
posite specimens; (d) composite specimen after impact testing; (E) double shear test apparatus
loaded with composite specimens; (e) composite specimen after double shear testing.
Jothibasu et al. 9

Results and discussion

FTIR study of treated and untreated fibers (jute and areca sheath fibers)
Figure 4(a) and (b) shows the Fourier transform infrared spectrums of untreated
and treated specimens of jute and areca sheath fibers. The peak in the Figure 4(a)
and (b) shows the wavenumbers corresponding to the functional group in the fiber
constituent. Table 4 shows the functional group and the fiber constituent corres-
ponding to the wavenumber of the FTIR spectrum. From Figure 4(a) and (b), the
first intensity peak is seen at 3332, 3326, 3337, and 3327 cm1 for the untreated and
treated fibers of the areca and jute, respectively, attributes to the stretching of

Figure 4. FTIR of untreated and treated (a) jute fiber; (b) areca sheath fiber.

Table 4. Functional groups corresponding to the fiber constituent.

Untreated Treated
areca areca Untreated Treated Functional Fiber
(cm1) (cm1) jute (cm1) jute (cm1) group constituent

3332 3326 3337 3327 Hydrogen-bonded a-Cellulose

O–H Stretching
2924 2921 2932 2914 C–H stretching, Cellulose and
vibration from hemicellulose
CH and CH2
1631 1648 1628 1558 C=C Bending Lignin
1427 1416 1427 1415 C–O stretching Aromatic ring in
polysaccharides
1026 1018 1027 1047 C–O stretching Hydroxyl and ether
groups in cellulose
10 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

hydrogen-bonded O–H due to the presence of a-cellulose [20]. The second U shape
bend is observed in the range 2924, 2921, 2932, and 2914 cm1 for the untreated
and treated fibers of areca and jute, respectively, attributes the C–H stretching and
vibration from CH and CH2, which was due to the presence of cellulose and
hemicellulose [21].
The third intensity peaks are observed in the range from 1631, 1648, 1628, and
1558 cm1, respectively, for the untreated and treated fibers, respectively, and are
due to the bending of C=C due to the presence of lignin [21]. The fourth intensity
peak is observed from the range 1427, 1416, 1427, and 1415 cm1 due to the
stretching of C–O attributes the presence of the aromatic ring in polysaccharides.
The last peaks are observed from 1026, 1018, 1027, and 1047 cm1 due to the
presence of hydroxyl and ether groups in cellulose. From Figure 4(a) and (b), we
can see that there is some amount of alpha cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, etc. from
the intensity peaks of the infrared absorption [22].

Tensile characteristics of the tested composites

The ultimate tensile strength of CM-4 composites is 5.52 times higher than CM-1,
1.72 times higher than CM-2, and 3.1 times higher than CM-3 as shown in
Figure 5. The ultimate tensile strength of CM-4 showed the best result of
46.99 MPa followed by CM-2 composite due to the following reasons. High
strength fibers present in the longitudinal and skin/intermediate layer (if the skin
is constant for all composites) exhibit a better tensile strength compared to the
others [23]. Similar behavior was seen in the study of woven jute and oil palm fruit
fibers composites, where the outer skin jute fibers showed good tensile properties
compared to the inner core jute fiber composites [24].
In particular, the lignin content plays an important role in determining the
elongation rate of fibers. Higher lignin content minimizes the elongation rate,
which leads to the poor tensile strength, in certain cases [19]. This phenomenon
corresponds to the current study, in which CM-1 and CM-3 composites showed
very less elongation when compared to the other composites due to the higher

Figure 5. Ultimate tensile strength of the composites.

Jothibasu et al. 11

content of areca sheath fibers, which possess high lignin content compared to the
jute fibers as shown in Figure 5. Cellulose content in the fibers plays an important
role in determining the tensile strength (constructive way). Higher the cellulose
content, higher will be the tensile strength, due to a higher degree of polymerization
with matrix and its resistance to tension. Jute fibers also have lesser diameter with
reduced lumen structure [25], so higher cellulose with reduced lumen structure as
per the literature could be another possible reason for enhanced tensile strength, in
case of CM-4 composites. These findings are also similar to the study of kenaf/coir
hybrid fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposites in which higher cellulose kenaf
fibers provided more tensile strength when less strength coir fiber is sandwiched in
between them in the matrix [26]. Another possible reason is that improvement in
the bonding of fibers with the matrix also enhances the tensile strength of the
composites. The alkali treatment enhances the tensile strength of the composites
by forming interlocks between the fiber and the matrix because the wax layer
and other impurities get removed, thus enhancing the surface adhesion nature.
A similar trend was seen in CM-4, where the high jute fibers are present in the
intermediate layers which prevent the crack propulsion during the testing by
improving the adhesion of fiber with the matrix, thus exhibiting a higher tensile
strength [27]. The stress–strain graph for a tensile test of the developed composites
is shown in Figure 6.
In the graph in Figure 6, it is seen that in CM-4 composites, there are some
undulations caused due to the change in stacking sequence between the areca
sheath fiber and jute fibers in the matrix with glass fibers at the skin of the com-
posites. The composites CM-1 and CM-3 showed substantially inferior tensile
strength when compared to the previous composites due to the presence of areca
sheath fibers at the core and (or) intermediate, which produced less stress transfer
owing to its chemical constituents and its poor tensile behavior as shown in
Table 1. There is another concept of void formation also (though care was taken

Figure 6. Tensile stress–strain graphs of the composites.

12 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

to eradicate it) in the case of CM-1 and CM-3 composites, since the increase in the
diameter of areca sheath fibers increases the need of matrix, thereby causing fewer
void pores. This also helped in the declination of the tensile strength and poten-
tially reduces the adhesive nature [14]. This behavior (fiber debonding) is confirmed
from the SEM image 10(d). Thus, hybrid composites always showed good tensile
property; this concept is again proved in the current study, where areca sheath-
jute-glass based composites (CM-4) showed superior ultimate tensile strength.

Flexural characteristics of the tested composites

The ultimate flexural strength of CM-4 composites followed by CM-2 composites is
higher, i.e. the ultimate flexural strength of CM-4 is 5.4 MPa, while the CM-2 is
5.2 MPa. Then the CM-3 and CM-1 showed 2.25 and 2.1 MPa, respectively, as
shown in Figure 7. The enhancement in the ultimate flexural strength of the com-
posites CM-4 and CM-2 is due to the following reasons. The better adhesive nature
of fibers and matrix plays a vital role in deciding the good flexural strength of the
composites. The alkali treatment of the fibers enables better surface pores for
the resin to adhere to it, leading to higher results. Similar behavior is seen in the
current study.
The next possible reason for the increase in ultimate flexural strength in CM-2
and CM-4 composites was the reduction of moisture level drastically by undergo-
ing drying process during various stages of treatment, which helped to adhere well
with the matrix. It is in accordance with the literature that moisture prevents the
better adhesion with the matrix leading to poor bonding characteristics [23].
As stated previously, hybridization also plays an improvement role in the enhance-
ment of results. Areca sheath fibers upon sandwiched between high strength
fibers (jute) render a good ultimate flexural strength. The same is confirmed by
the literature study on the effect of hybridization of jute fibers with betel nut fibers

Figure 7. Ultimate flexural strength of the composites.

Jothibasu et al. 13

in the polypropylene matrix. It was found that the mixing of alkali-treated jute
fibers and betel nut fibers in the matrix improves the flexural strength of the com-
posites [28]. The stress–strain graph of the laminated composites Figure 8 showed
good stress distribution since the impurities and brittleness causing elements are
removed leading to the better flexural strength [29]. Also, it is seen that in SEM
Figure 15(d), fiber spitting occurs in jute fibers under flexural loading conditions
which helps to enhance toughness in the fibers and thereby to the composites [30].
This also caused increased strain % as shown in Figure 8.
As stated earlier, there exist undulations in the graph due to the presence of
higher diameter areca sheath fibers in the sequence in case of CM-4, CM-2, and
CM-1. Also, the orientation of high strength fibers with uniform distribution leads
to enhanced flexural strength as per the study on the mechanical behavior of abaca-
jute-glass fibers reinforced epoxy composite [31].

Compression characteristics of the tested composites

Figures 9 and 10 show the compression results of the laminated composites.
The key reason for the improvement in the ultimate compressive strength is due
to the adhesion of the fiber and matrix. The less diameter of the jute adheres well
with the matrix and causes a better load distribution to the nearby layers. It is
stated in the literature that contact between two fiber in the composite without
proper adhesion leads to an inefficient stress transfer between the fibers so as the
composite [32]. So, as areca sheath fibers in the intermittent layer, being larger in
diameter prevents the contact between the outer jute layers, thereby consequently
increases the compressive strength. The enlarged lumen structure of the areca
sheath fibers also helps to propagate the crack easily through it upon fracture,
further leading the matrix getting more deep cracks thereby reduction in ultimate

Figure 8. Flexural stress–strain graphs of the composites.

14 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

Figure 9. Ultimate compressive strength of the composites.

Figure 10. Compression stress–strain graphs of the composites.

compressive strength as in case of CM-1 and CM-3. In the case of CM-4 compos-
ites, the enhanced adhesion of fibers with the matrix creates interlocks with the
matrix preventing matrix mobility [23].
The ultimate compressive strength of the laminated composites is summarized in
Figure 9. The ultimate compressive strength of CM-4 (44.5 MPa), which is 4.89
times higher than CM-3 (9.1 MPa), 1.6 times higher than CM-2 (28 MPa), and 8.6
times higher than CM-1 (5.2 MPa), respectively. The laminated composites CM-4
and CM-2 showed an improved ultimate compressive strength due to the stacking
sequence and adhesive nature of the fiber and matrix. The stacking sequence
Jothibasu et al. 15

Figure 11. Energy absorbed by the composites during the impact test.

involves the high strength fibers namely jute and glass present at the intermediate
and skin layers, respectively, and enhances the load-bearing nature by leading a
good stress transfer among the layers of the fiber and matrix. It is also shown in the
stress–strain graph in Figure 10.
The energy absorbed during the fracture caused by shock load plays a crucial
role in determining the impact nature of the composite. The impact characteristics
are dependent on many factors namely chemical constituent nature of fiber, fiber-
matrix interface, stacking sequence, geometry, and conditions of testing. Pure fiber
matrix produces good impact nature since the shock load is absorbed by the same
fiber in all the directions and sequence, and so there will be resistance to shock
leading to higher impact resistance. Similarly, nature is visualized in the current
study where CM-2 composite showed good impact resistance than its hybrid com-
posites CM-4 and CM-3. This is in accordance with the literature findings where
pure jute epoxy composites showed better impact strength when compared to
hybrid and pure coir composites [16]. In the present study, the areca sheath fiber
composite CM-1 showed poor impact properties. Thus, it is very clear that areca
sheath fibers should be in the hybrid form (sandwiched or mixed) to enhance its
impact resistance. In the study made with Cyperus pangorei and jute fibers, the
hybrid composites showed good impact strength. But in the current study, this
concept is not seen. Since the orientation and fiber geometry have been varied,
which consequently changed the results [19].
The energy absorbed by the composites showed the trend of CM-2 > CM-
4 > CM-3 > CM-1 as shown in Figure 11. The higher absorption properties of
CM-2 are due to the presence of impact resistive properties such as good elongation
properties with reduced diameter-based jute fibers in the composites leading to
better adhesion with the matrix. It is also worth noting that natural fibers and
16 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

its composites are dependent on the processing conditions and region from which
fibers are extracted (environmental conditions). So, the results obtained are also
dependent on them.

Shear characteristics of laminated composites

The stress–strain graphs for the shear tested composites are shown in Figure 12, in
which the CM-04 composites showed the higher value of strength with good strain
while the CM-03 and CM-01 showed inferior strength as well as the strain rates.
From Figure 13, it is very clear that the laminated composite CM-4 possesses the

Figure 12. Shear stress–strain graphs of the composites.

Figure 13. Ultimate shear strength of the composites.

Jothibasu et al. 17

highest ultimate shear strength of 32.58 MPa when compared to the other lami-
nated composites. The improvement in the ultimate shear strength is due to the
presence of high strength jute fibers in the intermediate layer and glass fibers in the
skin. The ultimate shear strength of CM-4 is 7.55 times higher than CM-1, 1.78
times higher than CM-2, and 3.38 times higher than CM-3. The similar type of
results is reported in the literature [9,31].

SEM studies of the composites

SEM images corresponding to the stacking sequence of all the developed compos-
ites are given in Figure 14(a) to (d). Figure 14(a) shows the stacking sequence of
CM-1 composite that possesses three layers areca sheath fibers, with glass fabrics as
outer skin in the epoxy matrix. Figure 14(b) represents the stacking sequence of
CM-2 that has three layers of jute fibers with glass fabrics as outer skin. It is seen
that jute fibers have a good bonding nature with the matrix. Figure 14(c) shows the
stacking sequence of CM-3 composite with two layers of areca sheath fibers with a
core layer of jute fiber. It also possesses glass fabrics as the skin (outermost) layer.

Figure 14. SEM images corresponding to the stacking sequence of (a) CM-1; (b) CM-2; (c) CM-
3; (d) CM-4.
18 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

Figure 14(d) shows the stacking sequence in CM-4 composite that possesses two
intermittent layers of jute fibers and one layer of areca sheath fiber in the core.
The bonding nature of fibers with the matrix is good in this case.
SEM images of the fracture interface of tensile tests are given in Figure 15(a)
to (d). Figure 15(a) shows the fracture interface of CM-1 composite in which there
is a maximum fiber debonding, fiber tear, and fiber pull out due to the improper
wetting of the matrix, leading to poor ultimate tensile strength. The lumen in areca
sheath fiber is more, and also it has some lacuna which prevents the load-bearing
capacity during tensile loading that in turn transfers the load to the matrix leading
to deep matrix cracks in the CM-1 composite. Figure 15(b) shows that jute fiber has
good bonding with the matrix compared to the areca sheath fiber in CM-1 com-
posite. Jute fibers have a smaller diameter with a reduced lumen which helps to
withstand the tensile stress developed during loading. This in turn helps to enhance
the ultimate tensile strength of the CM-2 composite. It is visualized in the SEM
image that crack initialization starts in the matrix and then to the jute fibers. But
due to its high tensile strength nature, there is no fiber pullout. From Figure 15(c),

Figure 15. SEM images of fracture interface of tensile properties tested composite (a) CM-1;
(b) CM-2; (c) CM-3; (d) CM-4.
Jothibasu et al. 19

it is visualized that matrix cracks with fiber debonding in the composite leading to
poor ultimate tensile strength. Due to the poor strength of the areca sheath fibers,
the matrix gets more crack initialization. Figure 15(d) shows good bonding nature
of jute fibers with the matrix. This is mainly due to the surface treatment which
enabled the firm bonding of fiber with the matrix, i.e. the wettability is increased.
This behavior helped to enhance the load-bearing capacity of the CM-4 composites
eventually leading to increased ultimate tensile strength. It is also seen that jute
fibers in these composites have less fiber pullout, fiber debonding leading to
enhanced interfacial bonding as stated in the literature [33].
SEM images of the fractured interface of flexural properties tested composites
are given in Figure 16(a) to (d). SEM Figure 16(a) shows the fractured interface of
CM-1 composite flexural specimen that has more fiber debonding and pullout,
which leads to a large crack propagation to the matrix leading to a poor ultimate
flexural strength. Figure 15(b) shows fiber fracture and matrix crack in the CM-2
flexural tested specimen. It also showed both fiber debonding as well as fiber
bonding; this similar behavior is shown in the literature [33]. Figure 16(c) shows
the fractured interface of the flexural tested CM-3 specimen where a large amount
of fiber breakage, tear, and debonding are due to poor wettability of the matrix
leading to a poor result. It also shows more resin cracks which are formed due to
the poor load transfer during fracture. Figure 16(d) shows the better bonding
nature of jute and areca sheath fibers with matrix leading to the good structural
rigidity of the laminated composite. There is less fiber pull out visualized in the
SEM image in the case of flexural test CM-4 composite specimen. It is also seen
that jute fibers showed some fiber splitting, which enhances the load-bearing nature
leading to higher ultimate flexural strength.

Figure 16. SEM images of fracture interface of flexural properties tested composite (a) CM-1;
(b) CM-2; (c) CM-3; (d) CM-4.
20 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

Statistical analysis
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method and used to analyze the
variance between manufactured composites [34]. CM-4 is identified to be the best
when compared to the other composites for its tensile, flexural, and compression
properties. So, the ANOVA analysis was carried out for the three specimens of
CM-4 to the test for its significant similarity and consistency. The obtained analysis
results are given in Table 5. One-way ANOVA shows the variance between the
group and within the group elements. The Fc from Table 5 denotes the calculated F
ratio. The Fc ratio for tensile, flexural, and compression is found to be 0.21829,
0.031503, and 0.000272, respectively.
From the analysis in Table 5, we can observe that the P-value is greater than
0.05, which says that there is 95% significant statistical similarity between the
specimens of the same composites, and H0 hypothesis denotes the same. In another
way, from Table 5, it is observed that the statistical table value (Fcrit) or F-ratio is
greater than the calculated Fc, and it is said to be the null hypothesis [34]. This gives
clear-cut information that there is no significant difference between the specimens
of CM-4.

‘‘L’’ frame application and analysis of hybrid composites (CM-4)

Based on the experimental results, CM-4 composites proved to be the best due to
its remarkable properties. The need for eco-friendly products is rising in the current
scenario. There are some attempts that are made in literature namely laptop table,
switchboard, tray, etc. [35,36]. As an attempt to provide a solution for the rising

Table 5. One-way ANOVA for the best mechanical performer composites.

Degrees Mean of
Sum of of freedom squares
Source of variation squares (SS) (df) (MS) Fc P-value F crit

ANOVA based on tensile test results

Between groups 8.027778 2 4.013889 0.021829 0.978417 3.178799
Within groups 9377.806 51 183.8785
Total 9385.833 53
ANOVA based on flexural test results
Between groups 0.221538 2 0.110769 0.031503 0.969015 3.259446
Within groups 126.5815 36 3.516154
Total 126.8031 38
ANOVA based on compression test results
Between groups 0.1225 2 0.06125 0.000272 0.999728 3.4668
Within groups 4728.674 21 225.1749
Total 4728.796 23
Jothibasu et al. 21

demand, these ‘‘L’’ frame applications are developed for placing the flower pot in
houses. The CM-4 laminates were cut to a size of 200 mm 100 mm for making
‘‘L’’ shape flower stand. The ends of the laminates are joined using clamps which
are bolted to the laminate. Then two rectangular strips of size 140 mm 20 mm

Figure 17. (a) Fabricated ‘‘L’’ frame with supports for flower pots stand applications using CM-4
composites; (b) weight of the flower pots; (c) ‘‘L’’ frame with flower pots;(d) 3D model of ‘‘L’’
frame; (e) mesh model of ‘‘L’’ frame; (f) deformation analysis of the ‘‘L’’ frame using ANSYS under
0.5 kg load conditions.
22 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

each are joined by using adhesive (anabond base) to prevent its debonding from
the frame. Then, it is dried for 2 h for its setting. The ‘‘L’’ frame is shown in
Figure 17(a). To test its load-bearing nature, two flower pots of total weight
0.5 kg are placed over it, as shown in Figure 17(b). The ‘‘L’’ frame with flower
pots is shown in Figure 17(c).
To check the deformation nature, the ‘‘L’’ frame was subjected to static struc-
tural analysis using ANSYS R15.0. Three-dimensional modeling was done using
PTC CREO as shown in Figure 17(d). The 3D model is then imported in ANSYS
R15.0 in IGES file format. Mechanical library for the laminated composite
was framed accordingly (properties: density = 1.293 g/cc, Young’s modulus =
313 MPa, Poison’s ratio = 0.3, tensile yield strength = 35.62 MPa, tensile ultimate
strength = 46.99 MPa, compressive yield strength = 40 MPa, and compressive
ultimate strength = 45 MPa). This analysis was done in ANSYS based on the lit-
eratures [10,37,38]. The model is then meshed in the form of triangular elements,
comprising 33,947 nodes and 17,100 elements as shown in Figure 17(e).
The model is then subjected to total deformation conditions when subjected to a
load of flower pots as measured in the weighing machine (0.5 kg). The results
showed that the total deformation was 0.00026753 mm, which is very negligible
as shown in Figure 17(f). It was seen in the deformation analysis. Thus, the hybrid
composites can be suitable for various lightweight, high strength applications [10].
The future scope of this study is to introduce carbon nanotubes, aerogels, and other
fillers in the composites. The experimental investigation of the future scope study
will be done based on these thrust literature [39–43].

Conclusion
The hybrid composites using areca sheath fibers/jute fibers/glass fabrics reinforced
in the epoxy matrix was laminated using hand lay-up process. Based on the results
obtained from the research work, it has been subjected to a lightweight application
such as ‘‘L Frame for flower stand’’ and the following conclusion had been drawn:

. Hybrid areca sheath–jute–glass composites (CM-4) showed good tensile, flexural

compression, and shear behavior followed by pure jute fibers–glass fabrics com-
posite (CM-2) due to the presence of high strength jute fibers at their intermedi-
ate layers and good adhesion with resin due to alkali treatment.
. Impact studies showed pure jute fibers–glass fabrics composite (CM-2) as bene-
ficial one due to the crack propulsion prevention nature. It is also noted that
hybridization is very important for areca sheath fibers for better performance.
. SEM studies showed less fiber pullout with good fiber bonding in the case of
CM-4 composites.
. One-way ANOVA technique proved that there is negligible significant difference
between the various properties of the tested specimens of CM-4.
. Hybrid areca sheath–jute–glass composites (CM-4) showed very less deform-
ation during the ‘‘L’’ frame flower pot stand application.
Jothibasu et al. 23

Thus, hybrid areca sheath–jute–glass composites can be the better solution for
the applications which are in need of lightweight, high strength, and cost-effective
manner.

ORCID iD
MR Sanjay http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-9532

References
[1] Thakur VK, Thakur MK and Gupta RK. Review: Raw natural fiber-based polymer
composites. Int J Polym Anal Charact 2014; 19: 256–271.
[2] Ramesh M, Palanikumar K and Reddy KH. Mechanical property evaluation
of sisal-jute-glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Compos Part B Eng 2013; 48:
1–9.
[3] Binoj JS, Raj RE, Daniel BSS, et al. Optimization of short Indian areca fruit husk fiber
(Areca catechu L.)-reinforced polymer composites for maximizing mechanical proper-
ties. Int J Polym Anal Charact 2016; 21: 112–122.
[4] Sanjay MR and Yogesha B. Studies on natural/glass fiber reinforced polymer hybrid
composites: An evolution. Mater Today Proc 2017; 4: 2739–2747.
[5] Latha PS, Rao MV, Kumar VK, et al. Evaluation of mechanical and tribological
properties of bamboo–glass hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composite. J Ind Text
2016; 46: 3–18.
[6] Jawaid M and Khalil HPSA. Effect of layering pattern on the dynamic mechanical
properties and thermal degradation of oil palm-jute fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid
composite. BioResources 2011; 6: 2309–2322.
[7] Mishra S, Mohanty AK, Drzal LT, et al. Studies on mechanical performance of bio-
fibre/glass reinforced polyester hybrid composites. Compos Sci Technol 2003; 63:
1377–1385.
[8] Sanjay MR and Yogesha B. Studies on hybridization effect of jute/kenaf/E-glass woven
fabric epoxy composites for potential applications: Effect of laminate stacking
sequences. J Ind Text 2018; 47: 1830–1848.
[9] Ramnath BV, Manickavasagam VM, Elanchezhian C, et al. Determination of mech-
anical properties of intra-layer abaca-jute-glass fiber reinforced composite. Mater Des
2014; 60: 643–652.
[10] Ramesh M and Sudharsan P. Experimental investigation of mechanical and morpho-
logical properties of flax-glass fiber reinforced hybrid composite using finite element
analysis. Silicon 2018; 10: 747–757.
[11] Sawpan MA, Pickering KL and Fernyhough A. Effect of various chemical treatments
on the fibre structure and tensile properties of industrial hemp fibres. Compos Part A
Appl Sci Manuf 2011; 42: 888–895.
[12] Oushabi A, Sair S, Hassani FO, et al. The effect of alkali treatment on mechanical,
morphological and thermal properties of date palm fibers (DPFs): Study of the inter-
face of DPF–polyurethane composite. South African J Chem Eng 2017; 23: 116–123.
[13] Vinod A, Vijay R and Singaravelu DL. Thermomechanical characterization of
Calotropis gigantea stem powder-filled jute fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. J Nat
Fibers 2018; 15: 648–657.
24 Journal of Industrial Textiles 0(00)

[14] Ramnath BV, Elanchezhian C, Nirmal PV, et al. Experimental investigation of mech-
anical behavior of jute-flax based glass fiber reinforced composite. Fibers Polym 2014;
15: 1251–1262.
[15] Sanjay MR, Arpitha GR, Senthamaraikannan P, et al. The hybrid effect of jute/kenaf/
E-glass woven fabric epoxy composites for medium load applications: Impact, inter-
laminar strength, and failure surface characterization. J Nat Fibers. Epub ahead of
print 29 January 2018. DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2018.1431828.
[16] Saw SK, Akhtar K, Yadav N, et al. Hybrid composites made from jute/coir fibers:
Water absorption, thickness swelling, density, morphology, and mechanical properties.
J Nat Fibers 2014; 11: 39–53.
[17] Gassan J and Bledzki AK. Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/
epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres. Compos Sci Technol 1999; 59:
1303–1309.
[18] Ramnath BV, Sharavanan R, Chandrasekaran M, et al. Experimental determination of
mechanical properties of banana jute hybrid composite. Fibers Polym 2015; 16: 164–172.
[19] Vijay R and Singaravelu DL. Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties
of Cyperus pangorei fibers and jute fiber-based natural fiber composites. Int J Polym
Anal Charact 2016; 21: 617–627.
[20] Chandrasekar M, Ishak MR, Sapuan SM, et al. A review on the characterisation of
natural fibres and their composites after alkali treatment and water absorption. Plast
Rubber Compos 2017; 46: 119–136.
[21] Maache M, Bezazi A, Amroune S, et al. Characterization of a novel natural cellulosic
fiber from Juncus effusus L. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 171: 163–172.
[22] Liu D, Han G, Huang J, et al. Composition and structure study of natural Nelumbo
nucifera fiber. Carbohydr Polym 2009; 75: 39–43.
[23] Sudha S and Thilagavathi G. Analysis of electrical, thermal and compressive properties
of alkali-treated jute fabric reinforced composites. J Ind Text 2018; 47: 1407–1423.
[24] Jawaid M, Khalil HPSA and Abu Bakar A. Woven hybrid composites: Tensile and
flexural properties of oil palm-woven jute fibres based epoxy composites. Mater Sci Eng
A 2011; 528: 5190–5195.
[25] Fidelis MEA, Pereira TVC, Gomes ODFM, et al. The effect of fiber morphology on the
tensile strength of natural fibers. J Mater Res Technol 2013; 2: 149–157.
[26] Islam MS, Hasbullah NAB, Hasan M, et al. Physical, mechanical and biodegradable
properties of kenaf/coir hybrid fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Mater Today
Commun 2015; 4: 69–76.
[27] Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Paridah MT, et al. Effect of oil palm and jute fiber treatment
on mechanical performance of epoxy hybrid composites. Int J Polym Anal Charact
2014; 19: 62–69.
[28] Hassan MM, Wagner MH, Zaman HU, et al. Physico-mechanical performance of
hybrid betel nut (Areca catechu) short fiber/seaweed polypropylene composite. J Nat
Fibers 2010; 7: 165–177.
[29] Hassan MM, Wagner MH and Hayder U. Study on the performance of hybrid jute/
betel nut fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. J Adhes Sci Technol 2012; 25:
615–626.
[30] Thwe MM and Liao K. Effects of environmental aging on the mechanical properties of
bamboo-glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Compos Part A Appl
Sci Manuf 2002; 33: 43–52.
Jothibasu et al. 25

[31] Ramnath BV, Kokan SJ, Raja RN, et al. Evaluation of mechanical properties of abaca-
jute-glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite. Mater Des 2013; 51: 357–366.
[32] John K and Naidu SV. Sisal fiber/glass fiber hybrid composites: The impact and com-
pressive properties. J Reinf Plast Compos 2004; 23: 1253–1258.
[33] Chaudhary V, Bajpai PK and Maheshwari S. Studies on mechanical and morphological
characterization of developed jute/hemp/flax reinforced hybrid composites for struc-
tural applications. J Nat Fibers 2018; 15: 80–97.
[34] Turner JR and Thayer J. Introduction to analysis of variance: design, analyis and inter-
pretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001.
[35] Krishnan T, Jayabal S and Krishna VN. Tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness proper-
ties of alkaline-treated Sunnhemp fiber reinforced polyester composites. J Nat Fibers.
Epub ahead of print 6 July 2018. DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2018.1492488.
[36] Sapuan SM, Purushothman KR, Sanyang M L, et al. Design and Fabrication of Kenaf
Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites for Portable Laptop Table. In Susheel K (ed.)
Lignocellulosic Composite Materials. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, pp. 323–356.
[37] Ramesh M, Logesh R, Manikandan M, et al. Mechanical and water intake properties
of banana-carbon hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composites. Mater Res 2017; 20:
365–376.
[38] Ramesh M and Nijanthan S. Mechanical property analysis of kenaf–glass fibre rein-
forced polymer composites using finite element analysis. Bull Mater Sci 2016; 39:
147–157.
[39] Zadhoush A, Reyhani R and Naeimirad M. Evaluation of surface modification impact
on PP/MWCNT nanocomposites by rheological and mechanical characterization,
assisted with morphological image processing. Polym Compos. Epub ahead of print
26 February 2018. DOI: 10.1002/pc.24799.
[40] Neisiany RE, Khorasani SN, Naeimirad M, et al. Improving mechanical properties of
carbon/epoxy composite by incorporating functionalized electrospun polyacrylonitrile
nanofibers. Macromol Mater Eng 2017; 302: 1–11.
[41] Neisiany RE, Khorasani SN, Lee JKY, et al. Interfacial toughening of carbon/epoxy
composite by incorporating styrene acrylonitrile nanofibers. Theor Appl Fract Mech
2018; 95: 242–247.
[42] Naeimirad M, Zadhoush A and Neisiany RE. Fabrication and characterization of
silicon carbide/epoxy nanocomposite using silicon carbide nanowhisker and nanopar-
ticle reinforcements. J Compos Mater 2016; 50: 435–446.
[43] Salimian S, Zadhoush A, Naeimirad M, et al. A review on aerogel: 3D nanoporous
structured fillers in polymer-based nanocomposites. Polym Compos. Epub ahead of
print 15 May 2017. DOI: 10.1002/pc.24412.