New York City Draft Riots

11/10/2020 New York City draft riots - Wikipedia
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New York City draft riots

The New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863),
New York City Draft Riots of 1863
sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots
and known at the time as Draft Week,[3] were violent Part of Opposition to the American Civil War
disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as
the culmination of white working-class discontent with
new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to
fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots
remain the largest civil and most racially-charged
urban disturbance in American history.[4]
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several

regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the
Battle of Gettysburg to control the city. The rioters
were overwhelmingly white working-class men who
feared free black people competing for work and
resented that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a
$300 (equivalent to $6,200 in 2019[5]) commutation
fee to hire a substitute, were spared from the draft.[6][7]
Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the A drawing from the The Illustrated London
protests turned into a race riot, with white rioters, News showing armed rioters clashing with
Union Army soldiers in New York City.
many of them Irish immigrants,[4] and black people
erupting in violence throughout the city. The official Date July 13, 1863 – July 16, 1863
death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Location Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Conditions in the city were such that Major General
John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the Caused by Civil War conscription
East, said on July 16 that, "Martial law ought to be Resulted in Riots ultimately suppressed
proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce
Parties to the civil conflict
it."[8]
White rioters New York Black
The military did not reach the city until the second day Metropolitan residents
of rioting, by which time the mobs had ransacked or Police
destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant Department
churches, the homes of various abolitionists or New York
sympathizers, many black homes, and the Colored National
Guard
Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which
Union Army
was burned to the ground.[9] The area's demographics
changed as a result of the riot. Many black residents Casualties
left Manhattan permanently with many moving to Death(s) 119–120[1][2]
Brooklyn. By 1865, the black population had fallen
Injuries 2,000
below 11,000 for the first time since 1820.[9]
Contents
Background
Riots
Monday
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots 1/15
Tuesday
Wednesday and Thursday: order restored
Aftermath
Order of battle
New York Metropolitan Police Department
New York State Militia
Union Army
Fiction
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Recruiting poster for the
Enrollment Act or Civil War
Background Military Draft Act of the federal
government for the conscription
New York's economy was tied to the South; by 1822 nearly half of its of troops for the Union Army in
exports were cotton shipments.[10] In addition, upstate textile mills New York City on June 23, 1863
processed cotton in manufacturing. New York had such strong
business connections to the South that on January 7, 1861, Mayor
Fernando Wood, a Democrat, called on the city's Board of Aldermen to "declare the city's
independence from Albany and from Washington"; he said it "would have the whole and united
support of the Southern States."[11] When the Union entered the war, New York City had many
sympathizers with the South.[12]
The city was also a continuing destination of immigrants. Since the 1840s, most were from Ireland
and Germany. In 1860, nearly 25 percent of the New York City population was German-born, and
many did not speak English. During the 1840s and 1850s, journalists had published sensational
accounts, directed at the white working class, dramatizing the "evils" of interracial socializing,
relationships, and marriages. Reformers joined the effort.[9] Newspapers carried derogatory
portrayals of black people and ridiculed "black aspirations for equal rights in voting, education, and
employment". Pseudo-scientific lectures on phrenology were popular, although countered by doctors.
The Democratic Party Tammany Hall political machine had been working to enroll immigrants as
U.S. citizens so they could vote in local elections and had strongly recruited Irish. In March 1863, with
the war continuing, Congress passed the Enrollment Act to establish a draft for the first time, as more
troops were needed. In New York City and other locations, new citizens learned they were expected to
register for the draft to fight for their new country. Black men were excluded from the draft as they
were largely not considered citizens, and wealthier white men could pay for substitutes.[9]
New York political offices, including the mayor, were historically held by Democrats before the war,
but the election of Abraham Lincoln as president had demonstrated the rise in Republican political
power nationally. Newly elected New York City Republican Mayor George Opdyke was mired in
profiteering scandals in the months leading up to the riots. The Emancipation Proclamation of
January 1863 alarmed much of the white working class in New York, who feared that freed slaves
would migrate to the city and add further competition to the labor market. There had already been
tensions between black and white workers since the 1850s, particularly at the docks, with free blacks
and immigrants competing for low-wage jobs in the city. In March 1863, white longshoremen refused
to work with black laborers and rioted, attacking 200 black men.[9]
Riots
Monday
There were reports of rioting in Buffalo, New York, and certain other
cities, but the first drawing of draft numbers—on July 11, 1863—occurred
peaceably in Manhattan. The second drawing was held on Monday, July
13, 1863, ten days after the Union victory at Gettysburg. At 10 a.m., a
furious crowd of around 500, led by the volunteer firemen of Engine
Company 33 (known as the "Black Joke"), attacked the assistant Ninth
District provost marshal's office, at Third Avenue and 47th Street, where
the draft was taking place.[13]
The crowd threw large paving stones through windows, burst through
the doors, and set the building ablaze.[14] When the fire department
responded, rioters broke up their vehicles. Others killed horses that were
John Alexander Kennedy,
pulling streetcars and smashed the cars. To prevent other parts of the
NYC police superintendent
city being notified of the riot, they cut telegraph lines.[13] from 1860 to 1870
Since the New York State Militia had been sent to assist Union troops at
Gettysburg, the local New York Metropolitan Police Department was the
only force on hand to try to suppress the riots.[14] Police Superintendent John Kennedy arrived at the
site on Monday to check on the situation. Although not in uniform, people in the mob recognized him
and attacked him. Kennedy was left nearly unconscious, his face bruised and cut, his eye injured, his
lips swollen, and his hand cut with a knife. He had been beaten to a mass of bruises and blood all over
his body.[3]
Police drew their clubs and revolvers and charged the crowd but were overpowered.[15] The police
were badly outnumbered and unable to quell the riots, but they kept the rioting out of Lower
Manhattan below Union Square.[3] Inhabitants of the "Bloody Sixth" Ward, around the South Street
Seaport and Five Points areas, refrained from involvement in the rioting.[16]
The Bull's Head hotel on 44th Street, which refused to provide alcohol to
the mob, was burned. The mayor's residence on Fifth Avenue was spared
by words of Judge George Gardner Barnard, to which the crowd of about
500 turned to another location of pillage.[17] The Eighth and Fifth
District police stations, and other buildings were attacked and set on fire.
Other targets included the office of the New York Times. The mob was
turned back at the Times office by staff manning Gatling guns, including
Times founder Henry Jarvis Raymond.[18] Fire engine companies
responded, but some firefighters were sympathetic to the rioters because
they had also been drafted on Saturday. The New York Tribune was
attacked, being looted and burned; not until police arrived and
extinguished the flames, dispersing the crowd.[17][15] Later in the
Rioters attacking a building afternoon, authorities shot and killed a man as a crowd attacked the
on Lexington Avenue. armory at Second Avenue and 21st Street. The mob broke all the
windows with paving stones ripped from the street.[13] The mob beat,
tortured and/or killed numerous black people, including one man who
was attacked by a crowd of 400 with clubs and paving stones, then lynched, hanged from a tree and
set alight.[13]
The Colored Orphan Asylum at 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue, a "symbol
of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility"[9] that provided
shelter for 233 children, was attacked by a mob at around 4 p.m. A mob
of several thousand, including many women and children, looted the
building of its food and supplies. However, the police were able to secure
the orphanage for enough time to allow the orphans to escape before the
building burned down.[15] Throughout the areas of rioting, mobs
attacked and killed numerous black people and destroyed their known
homes and businesses, such as James McCune Smith's pharmacy at 93
West Broadway, believed to be the first owned by a black man in the
United States.[9]
Near the midtown docks, tensions brewing since the mid-1850s boiled
over. As recently as March 1863, white employers had hired black
longshoremen, with whom many White men refused to work. Rioters Attack on the Tribune
went into the streets in search of "all the negro porters, cartmen and building
laborers ..." to attempt to remove all evidence of a black and interracial
social life from the area near the docks. White dockworkers attacked and
destroyed brothels, dance halls, boarding houses, and tenements that catered to black people. Mobs
stripped the clothing off the white owners of these businesses.[9]
Tuesday
Heavy rain fell on Monday night, helping to abate the fires and sending rioters home, but the crowds
returned the next day. Rioters burned down the home of Abby Gibbons, a prison reformer and the
daughter of abolitionist Isaac Hopper. They also attacked white "amalgamationists", such as Ann
Derrickson and Ann Martin, two white women who were married to black men, and Mary Burke, a
white prostitute who catered to black men.[9][19]
Governor Horatio Seymour arrived on Tuesday and spoke at City Hall, where he attempted to assuage
the crowd by proclaiming that the Conscription Act was unconstitutional. General John E. Wool,
commander of the Eastern District, brought approximately 800 soldiers and Marines in from forts in
New York Harbor, West Point, and the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He ordered the militias to return to New
York.[15]
Wednesday and Thursday: order restored
The situation improved on Wednesday, when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent

received word from his superior officer, Colonel James Barnet Fry, to postpone the draft. As this news
appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used
harsh measures against the remaining mobs.[15]
Order began to be restored on Thursday. The New York State Militia and some federal troops were
returned to New York, including the 152nd New York Volunteers, the 26th Michigan Volunteers, the
27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick, Maryland, after
a forced march. In addition, the governor sent in the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York State
Militia, which had not been in federal service, and a section of the 20th Independent Battery, New
York Volunteer Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throggs Neck. The New York State Militia units were
the first to arrive. By July 16, there were several thousand militia and Federal troops in the city.[8]
A final confrontation occurred on Thursday evening near Gramercy Park. According to Adrian Cook,
twelve people died on the last day of the riots in skirmishes between rioters, the police, and the
Army.[20]
The New York Times reported on Thursday that Plug Uglies and Blood Tubs gang members from
Baltimore, as well as "Scuykill Rangers [sic] and other rowdies of Philadelphia", had come to New
York during the unrest to participate in the riots alongside the Dead Rabbits and "Mackerelvillers".
The Times editorialized that "the scoundrels cannot afford to miss this golden opportunity of
indulging their brutal natures, and at the same time serving their colleagues the Copperheads and
secesh [secessionist] sympathizers."[21]
Aftermath
The exact death toll during the New York draft riots is unknown,
but according to historian James M. McPherson, 119 or 120
people were killed. 11 blacks were killed in the violence.[22]
Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce
in the docks area.[9]
"West of Broadway, below Twenty-sixth, all was quiet Bull's Head Hotel, depicted in 1830,
at 9 o'clock last night. A crowd was at the corner of was burned in the riot.
Seventh avenue and Twenty-seventh Street at that
time. This was the scene of the hanging of a negro in
the morning, and another at 6 o'clock in the evening.
The body of the one hung in the morning presented a
shocking appearance at the Station-House. His fingers
and toes had been sliced off, and there was scarcely an
inch of his flesh which was not gashed. Late in the
afternoon, a negro was dragged out of his house in
West Twenty-seventh street, beaten down on the
sidewalk, pounded in a horrible manner, and then
hanged to a tree."[23]
— Buffalo Morning Express, 1863
In all, eleven black men were hanged over five days.[24] Among the murdered blacks was the seven-
year-old nephew of Bermudian First Sergeant Robert John Simmons of the 54th Massachusetts
Infantry Regiment, whose account of fighting in South Carolina, written on the approach to Fort
Wagner July 18, 1863, was to be published in the New York Tribune on December 23, 1863 (Simmons
having died in August of wounds received in the attack on Fort Wagner).
The most reliable estimates indicate at least 2,000 people were injured. Herbert Asbury, the author of
the 1928 book Gangs of New York, upon which the 2002 film was based, puts the figure much higher,
at 2,000 killed and 8,000 wounded,[25] a number that some dispute.[26] Total property damage was
about $1–5 million (equivalent to $16.7 million – $83.7 million in 2019[27]).[25][28] The city treasury
later indemnified one-quarter of the amount.
Historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that the riots were "equivalent to a Confederate victory".[28]
Fifty buildings, including two Protestant churches and the Colored Orphan Asylum, were burned to
the ground. 4,000 federal troops had to be pulled out of the Gettysburg Campaign to suppress the
riots, troops that could have aided in pursuing the battered Army of Northern Virginia as it retreated
out of Union territory.[29] During the riots, landlords, fearing that the mob would destroy their
buildings, drove black residents from their homes. As a result of the violence against them, hundreds
of black people left New York, including physician James McCune Smith and his family, moving to
Williamsburg, Brooklyn or New Jersey.[9]
The white elite in New York organized to provide relief to black riot victims, helping them find new
work and homes. The Union League Club and the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored
People provided nearly $40,000 to 2,500 victims of the riots. By 1865 the black population in the city
had dropped to under 10,000, the lowest since 1820. The white working-class riots had changed the
demographics of the city, and white residents exerted their control in the workplace; they became
"unequivocally divided" from the black population.[9]
On August 19, the government resumed the draft in New York. It

was completed within 10 days without further incident. Fewer
men were drafted than had been feared by the white working
class: of the 750,000 selected nationwide for conscription, only
about 45,000 were sent into active duty.[30]
While the rioting mainly involved the white working class, middle
and upper-class New Yorkers had split sentiments on the draft
and use of federal power or martial law to enforce it. Many
wealthy Democratic businessmen sought to have the draft
Colored Orphan Asylum was declared unconstitutional. Tammany Democrats did not seek to
burned.
have the draft declared unconstitutional, but they helped pay the
commutation fees for those who were drafted.[31]
In December 1863, the Union League Club recruited more than 2,000 black soldiers, outfitted and
trained them, honoring and sending men off with a parade through the city to the Hudson River docks
in March 1864. A crowd of 100,000 watched the procession, which was led by police and members of
the Union League Club.[9][32][33]
New York's support for the Union cause continued, however grudgingly, and gradually Southern
sympathies declined in the city. New York banks eventually financed the Civil War, and the state's
industries were more productive than those of the entire Confederacy. By the end of the war, more
than 450,000 soldiers, sailors, and militia had enlisted from New York State, which was the most
populous state at the time. A total of 46,000 military men from New York State died during the war,
more from disease than wounds, as was typical of most combatants.[11]
Order of battle
New York Metropolitan Police Department
New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A.
Kennedy.
Commissioners Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was
seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots.[34]
Of the NYPD Officers-there were four fatalities-1 killed and 3 died of injuries[35]
Precinct Commander Location Strength Notes

4 Sergeants, 63
1st Captain Jacob B.
29 Broad Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Warlow
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 60
2nd Captain Nathaniel R.
49 Beekman Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Mills
Doormen
3 Sergeants, 64
3rd
Captain James Greer 160 Chambers Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 70
4th
Captain James Bryan 9 Oak Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 61
5th
Captain Jeremiah Petty 49 Leonard Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 63
6th
Captain John Jourdan 9 Franklin Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 52
7th Captain William
247 Madison Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Jamieson
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 52
8th
Captain Morris DeCamp 126 Wooster Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 51
9th Captain Jacob L.
94 Charles Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Sebring
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 62
10th Captain Thaddeus C.
Essex Market Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Davis
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 56
11th
Captain John I. Mount Union Market Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct
Doormen
5 Sergeants, 41
12th Captain Theron R. 126th Street (near Third
Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Bennett Avenue)
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 63
13th Attorney Street (at corner
Captain Thomas Steers Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct of Delancey Street)
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 58
14th Captain John J.
53 Spring Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Williamson
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 69
15th Captain Charles W.
220 Mercer Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Caffery
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 50
16th
Captain Henry Hedden 156 West 20th Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 56
17th First Avenue (at the
Captain Samuel Brower Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct corner of Fifth Street)
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 74
18th 22nd Street (near Second
Captain John Cameron Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Avenue)
Doormen
19th Captain Galen T. Porter 59th Street (near Third 4 Sergeants, 49
Precinct Avenue) Patrolmen, and 2
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 59
20th Captain George W.
212 West 35th Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Walling
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 51
21st Sergeant Cornelius
120 East 31st Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Burdick (acting Captain)
Doormen
47th Street (between 4 Sergeants, 54
22nd Captain Johannes C.
Eighth and Ninth Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Slott
Avenues) Doormen
4 Sergeants, 42
23rd Captain Henry 86th Street (near Fourth
Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Hutchings Avenue)
Doormen
Headquartered on
24th 2 Sergeants and 20
Captain James Todd New York waterfront Police Steamboat No.
Precinct Patrolmen
1
1 Sergeant, 38
25th Captain Theron Headquarters of the
300 Mulberry Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Copeland Broadway Squad.
Doormen
1 Sergeant, 66
26th Captain Thomas W.
City Hall Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Thorne
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 52
27th
Captain John C. Helme 117 Cedar Street Patrolmen, and 3
Precinct
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 48
28th Captain John F.
550 Greenwich Street Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Dickson
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 82
29th Captain Francis C. 29th Street (near Fourth
Patrolmen, and 3
Precinct Speight Avenue)
Doormen
2 Sergeants, 19
30th Captain James Z. 86th Street and
Patrolmen, and 2
Precinct Bogart Bloomingdale Road
Doormen
4 Sergeants, 35
32nd Captain Alanson S. Tenth Avenue and 152nd
Patrolmen, and 2 Mounted police
Precinct Wilson Street
Doormen
New York State Militia
1st Division: Major General Charles W. Sandford[36]
Unit Commander Complement Officers Other Ranks

65th Regiment Colonel William F. Berens 401
74th Regiment Colonel Watson A. Fox
20th Independent Battery Captain B. Franklin Ryer
Unorganized Militia:
Unit Commander Complement Officers Remarks

Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of Guarded State Arsenal
New York from rioters
Union Army
Department of the East: Major General John E. Wool[37] headquartered in New York[38]
Defenses of New York City: Brevet Brigadier General Harvey Brown,[37][39][40] Brig. General Edward
R. S. Canby[41]
Artillery: Captain Henry F. Putnam, 12th United States Infantry Regiment.

Provost marshals tasked with overseeing the initial enforcement of the draft:
Provost Marshal General U.S.A.: Colonel James Fry
Provost Marshal General New York City: Colonel Robert Nugent (During the first day of rioting
on July 13, 1863, in command of the Invalid Corps: 1st Battalion)
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized five regiments from Gettysburg, mostly federalized
state militia and volunteer units from the Army of the Potomac, to reinforce the New York City Police
Department. By the end of the riots, there were more than 4,000 soldiers garrisoned in the troubled
area.
Unit Commander Complement Officers Notes

1st and 2nd Battalions; just over 9 companies. (15th
and 19th Companies 1st Battalion VRC & 1st Company
Invalid Corps
21st VRC Regiment) Over 16 injured; 1 killed 1 missing
[42]
26th Michigan
Colonel
Volunteer
Judson S.
Infantry
Farrar
Regiment
Returning to New York in May 1863, the original
regiminent was mustered out after its two-year
enlistment period. However, after having subsequently
5th New York reorganized the 5th New York Infantry as a veteran
Colonel
Volunteer battalion on May 25, Winslow was recalled to New York
Cleveland 50
Infantry City to suppress the New York City draft riots the
Winslow
Regiment following month. Winslow Commanded a small force
consisting of 50 men from his regiment as well as 200
volunteers under a Major Robinson and two howitzers
of Col. Jardine
Recalled back to New York; on the way, one Private
7th New York
Colonel drowned. On July 16, 1863 during a skirmish with
National
Marshall 800 rioters, the regimental casualties were one Private
Guard
Lefferts received a buckshot in the back of the hand and two
Regiment
Privates had their coats cut by bullets[43]
8th New York Brigadier
National General
150
Guard Charles C.
Regiment Dodge
9th New York Colonel
Volunteer Edward E. Regiment had been mustered out in May 1863 but 200
Infantry Jardine volunteered to serve again during the draft riots[44]
Regiment {wounded}
Original regiment mustered out on June 2, 1862.
11th New York Colonel
Colonel O'Brien was in the process of recruiting at the
Volunteer Henry
time of the draft riots. The regiment was never brought
Infantry O'Brien
back to strength and enlisted members were
Regiment (killed)
transferred to 17th Veteran Infantry.
13th New York
Colonel
Volunteer
Charles E. Regiment suffered 2 fatalities during the riots.[45]
Cavalry
Davies
Regiment
14th New York All cavalry regiments in New York City were eventually
Colonel
Volunteer put under the command of General Judson Kilpatrick
Thaddeus P.
Cavalry
Mott who volunteered his services on July 17[46]
Regiment
17th New York Regimental losses during the Draft Riots totaled 4; they
Volunteer Major T. W. were 1 enlisted man killed and 1 officer and 2 enlisted
Infantry C. Grower
men wounded {recovered}[47]
Regiment
22nd New York
Colonel
National
Lloyd
Guard
Aspinwall
Regiment
47th New York
State Colonel
Militia/National Jeremiah V.
Guard Messerole
Regiment
152nd New Colonel
York Volunteer Alonso
Infantry Ferguson
Regiment
14th Indiana
Colonel John
Infantry
Coons
Regiment
Fiction
Wilderness: A Tale of the Civil War (1961) by Robert Penn Warren
The Banished Children of Eve, A Novel of Civil War New York (1995) by Peter Quinn
My Notorious Life: A Novel (2014) by Kate Manning
On Secret Service (2000) by John Jakes
Paradise Alley (2003) by Kevin Baker
New York: the Novel (2009) by Edward Rutherfurd
Grant Comes East (2004) by Newt Gingrich
Last Descendants (2016) by Matthew J. Kirby
Riot (2009) by Walter Dean Myers
A Wish After Midnight (2008) by Zetta Elliott, speculative fiction set in Brooklyn alternating
between the early 21st century and 1863.
Theatre and film:
The short-lived 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn was set in the Tobin Orphanage for black
children (modeled on the Colored Orphan Asylum).
Gangs of New York (2002), a film directed by Martin Scorsese, includes a fictionalized portrayal of
the New York Draft Riots.
See also
Fishing Creek Confederacy
History of New York City (1855–1897)
List of identities in The Gangs of New York § Draft riots
List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
Opposition to the American Civil War
Notes
1. McPherson, James M. (1982), Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (https://archive.o
rg/details/ordealbyfirecivi0000mcph), New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 360 (https://archive.org/detail
s/ordealbyfirecivi0000mcph/page/360), ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6
2. "VNY: Draft Riots Aftermath" (http://www.vny.cuny.edu/draftriots/Aftermath/aftermath_set.html).
Vny.cuny.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
3. Barnes, David M. (1863). The Draft Riots in New York, July 1863: The Metropolitan Police, Their
Services During Riot (https://archive.org/details/draftriotsinnew01barngoog). Baker & Godwin.
pp. 5 (https://archive.org/details/draftriotsinnew01barngoog/page/n11)–6, 12.
4. Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (https://archive.o

rg/details/isbn_9780060158514). The New American Nation. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 32 (htt
ps://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514/page/32)–33. ISBN 0-06-093716-5. (updated ed.
2014, ISBN 978-0062354518).
5. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" (https://www.min
neapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-).
Retrieved January 1, 2020.
6. "Prologue: Selected Articles" (https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1994/winter/civil-war
-draft-records.html). Archives.org. August 15, 1990. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
7. "The Draft in the Civil War" (http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h249.html). United States History.
Retrieved August 28, 2015.
8. "Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots" (http://www.civilwarhome.c
om/woolor.htm). Shotgun's Home of the American Civil War blogsite. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
9. Harris, Leslie M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–
1863 (http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html). University of Chicago Press.
pp. 279–88. ISBN 0226317757.
10. "King Cotton Cotton Trade" (http://nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/T1/G1/G1ReadMore.php) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130330070752/http://nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/T1/G1/G1ReadM
ore.php) March 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War,
New-York Historical Society; accessed May 12, 2012.
11. Roberts, Sam (December 26, 2010). "New York Doesn't Care to Remember the Civil War" (http://c
ityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/new-york-doesnt-care-to-remember-the-civil-war/?ref=nyre
gion). The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
12. New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit (http://www.nydivided.org/VirtualExhibi
t), New York Historical Society (November 17, 2006 to September 3, 2007, physical exhibit);
accessed May 10, 2012.
13. "The Mob in New York". The New York Times. July 14, 1863.
14. Schouler, James (1899). History of the United States of America, Under the Constitution (https://ar
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20. Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863, The
University Press of Kentucky.
21. "Facts and Incidents of the Riot: The Murders of Colored People in Thompson and Sullivan
Streets". The New York Times. July 16, 1863. p. 1.
22. Iver Bernstein, "The New York city Draft Riots"
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24. McPherson, James M. (2001). Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?isbn=0077430352). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 399. ISBN 0077430352.
25. Asbury, Herbert (1928). The Gangs of New York. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 169.
26. Pete Hamill (December 15, 2002). "TRAMPLING CITY'S HISTORY 'Gangs' misses point of Five
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27. Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2020). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" (http://www.me
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30. Donald, David (2002). Civil War and Reconstruction. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 229.
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32. Jones, Thomas L. (2006). "The Union League Club and New York's First Black Regiments in the
Civil War". New York History. 87 (3): 313–343. JSTOR 23183494 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/231
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33. For the context see Seraile, William (2001). New York's Black Regiments During the Civil War.
New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780815340287.
34. Costello, Augustine E. Our Police Protectors: History of the New York Police from the Earliest
Period to the Present Time. New York: A.E. Costello, 1885, pp. 200–01.
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Odmp.org. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
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vilwarhome.com/cwsandfordor.htm). Civilwarhome.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
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1869%29), bio19c.com; accessed April 26, 2014.
39. Eicher, p. 146
40. Brown was in overall command of the military fortresses in New York city at the time and
volunteered his services to General Wool. Wool instructed Brown to serve under the command of
militia General Sandford to which Brown initially refused but eventually offered to serve in
whatever capacity needed.
41. Brown was relieved of duty on July 16 and Canby succeeded him in command of the military post
of New York City on July 17
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es-in-the-1863-draft-riots.130055/) Civilwartalk.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
43. Swinton, William (August 1, 1870). History of the Seventh Regiment, National Guard, State of
New York, During the War of the Rebellion: With a Preliminary Chapter on the Origin and Early
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e.htm). dmna.ny.gov. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
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D=4) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081206033230/http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.or
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mrlincolnandnewyork.org; accessed April 26, 2014.
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References
Bernstein, Iver (1990). The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and
Politics in the Age of the Civil War (https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198021712). New
York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198021712.
Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=xbsMAAAAYAAJ). University Press of Kentucky.
ISBN 9780813112985.
Fry, James Barnet (1885). New York and the Conscription of 1863 (https://archive.org/details/ldpd
_7039047_000). G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Headley, Joel Tyler (1873). The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1863 – including and full and
complete account of the Four Days' Draft Riot of 1863. (https://archive.org/details/greatriotsnewyo
00headgoog/page/n248) E.B. Treat (publisher), stereotyped at the Women's Printing House
McCabe, James Dabney (1868). The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour (https://archive.
org/details/lifeandpublicse01mccagoog). Oxford University Press. "horatio seymour."
McPherson, James M. (1982), Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (https://archive.o
rg/details/onsakharov00babe), New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6
Rumsey, David. "Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863)" (http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps3667.h
tml) (1863 ed.). Matthew Dripps. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
Schecter, Barnet (2005). The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to
Reconstruct America (https://books.google.com/books?isbn=080271837X). Bloomsbury
Publishing. ISBN 080271837X.
Schecter, Barnet (2007). "The Civil War Draft Riots". North & South. Civil War Society. 10 (1): 72.
Further reading
Dupree, A. Hunter and Leslie H. Fishel, Jr. "An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots,
July, 1863", Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 47, no. 3 (December 1960), pp. 472–79. In
JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888878)
United States War and Navy Departments (1889). Official Records of the American Civil War,
volume xxvii, part ii.
Walling, George W. (1887). Recollections of a New York Chief of Police, Chapter 6.
New York Evangelist (1830–1902); July 23, 1863; pp. 30, 33; APS Online, pg. 4.
External links
Report of the Committee of merchants for the relief of colored people, suffering from the late riots
in the city of New York. New York: G. A. Whitehorne, 1863 (http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/lcrbmrp.t220
7), African American Pamphlet Collection, Library of Congress.
New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit (http://www.nydivided.org/VirtualExhibi
t), New York Historical Society, (November 17, 2006 – September 3, 2007, physical exhibit)
"New York Draft Riots" (http://www.civilwarhome.com/draftriots.htm), 2002, source Civil War
Society's Civil War Encyclopedia, Civil War Home website
"New York Draft Riots" (http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/august/draft-riot
s.htm), First Edition Harper's News Report, sonofthesouth.net
"1863 New York City Draft Riots" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081206033230/http://www.mrlinc
olnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=91&subjectID=4), mrlincolnandnewyork.org
Bill Bigelow, "The Draft Riot Mystery" (http://zinnedproject.org/posts/1150), 9-page lesson plan for
High School Students, 2012, Zinn Education Project/Teaching for Change
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Coordinates: 40°43′N 74°0′W

U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several

Wednesday and Thursday: order restored

The situation improved on Wednesday, when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent

— Buffalo Morning Express, 1863

On August 19, the government resumed the draft in New York. It

New York Metropolitan Police Department

Precinct Commander Location Strength Notes

New York State Militia

1st Division: Major General Charles W. Sandford[36]

Unit Commander Complement Ofﬁcers Other Ranks

Unit Commander Complement Ofﬁcers Remarks

Artillery: Captain Henry F. Putnam, 12th United States Infantry Regiment.

Unit Commander Complement Ofﬁcers Notes

Theatre and film:

4. Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unﬁnished Revolution, 1863–1877 (https://archive.o

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