e Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate Standard Specification for AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 19/T 19M-93 (ASTM DESIGNATION: C 29/C 29M-91a) SCOPE 1.1 This method covers the determi- nation of unit weight in a compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination. The methodis ap- plicable to aggregates not exceeding 150 ‘mm {6 in.] in nominal maximum size, NOTE 1—Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to deserbe the property de- termined by this tet method. Some believe the proper term is unit mast or density or bulk density, but concensus on tie alternate terminology has not been obtained, 1.2 The values stated in either inch- ‘pound units or acceptable metric units are to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for a specification with which this test method is used. An exception is ‘with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the metric values are the standard as stated in M 92. Within the text, inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system, ‘may not be exact equivalents; therefore ‘each system must be used independently Of the other, without combining values in any way. 1.3 This standard may involve haz- ardous materials, operations, and equip- ‘ment. This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety problems associ- ated wit its use. It is the responsibility ‘of whoever uses this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices ‘and determine the applicability of regula- tory limitations prior to use. 2, REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2 AASHTO Standards: M92. Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes T2 Sampling Aggregates T 84 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate Weight per Cubic Foot, Yield and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete Reducing Field Sam- ples of Aggregate to Testing Size 22. ASTM Standards: C 29/ Unit Weight and Voids C 29M in Aggregate € 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Con- crete Aggregates Preparing Precision Statements for Con- struction Materials ‘Terminology Relating to Textile Materials Tas Tia Tug C670 D123 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1 Definitions —Definitions are in accordance with ASTM C 125 unless ‘otherwise indicated. 3.1.1 Mass, n—the quantity of mat- ter in a body. (See also weight.) BALA Discussion—Units of mass are the kilogram (kg), the pound (Ib), or ‘units derived from these. Mass may also bbe visualized as equivalent to inertia, or the resistance offered by a body to change ‘of motion (acceleration). Masses are com- pared by weighing the bodies, which ‘amounts to comparing the forces of gravi- tation acting on them. ASTM D 123. 34.2 Unit weight, n—weight per unit volume. 34.21 Discussion—The term weight means the force of gravity acting on the mass. 3.13 Weight, n—the force exertedon 4 body by gravity. (See also mass.) 313.1 Discussion—Weigh is equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. Weight may be expressed in absolute units (newton, poundals) or in gravitational units (kgf, Ib), for example: on the surface of the earth, a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of 1 kaf (approximately 9.81 N), or a body with amass of 1 Ib has a weight of 1 Ibf (approximately 4.45 N or 32.2 poundals. Since weight is equal to mass times the acceleration due to gravity, the ‘weight ofa body will vary with the loca- tion where the weight is determined, while the mass of the body remains con” stant. On the surface of the earth, the force of gravity imparts to a body that is free to fall an acceleration of approxi- mately 9.81 m/s? (322 fe), ASTM D 123, 32. Descriptions of Terms: 3.21 Voids, n—in unit volume of ag- tegae, is the space berween particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid ‘mineral mater 32.11 Discussion—Voids within particles, either permeable or imperme- ale, ae not included in voids as deter- mined by T 18. 4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 41 This test method is often used to determine unit weight values which are necessary for use for many methods of selecting. proportions for concrete mixtures,10 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING T19 4.2. The unit weight may also be used ‘TABLE 2_ Requirements for Measures for determining massivolume relation- ‘Thickness of Meta, min ships for conversions in purchase agres- Urper hin ments, However, the relationship be- peeraea peer tween degree of compaction of SEB, Capacity of Measure Boum of Walt wal gates in a hauling unit or stockpile and Gwe gm that achieved in this method is unknown. {st an 04 oral nat nae fi SS ee eae 10 15 incl 20 in 020 in 12 in urther, aggre 8 Over 15 © 28 1 ict 040 in 025 in 015 in stockpiles usually contain absorbed and Over 28 w 40 inl 050 in, 030 in 020 in surface moisture (the latter affecting Less than Il L 50 mm 25 mm 25 mm bulking), while this method determines 11 t0 42 L incl 50 mm 50 mm 30 mm the unit weight on a dry bass. Over 42 t0 80 Line 10.0 mm 64mm 38mm 43 Aprocedureis included for com- Over 80 to 133 L incl 13.0 mm 78 mm 50 mm puting the percentage of voids between the aggregate particles based on the unit weight determined by this method. APPARATUS 5.1 Balance—The balance shall have sufficient capacity, be readable to (0.1 percent ofthe sample mass, or better, and conform to the requirements of M 231. 5.2 Tamping Rod—A round, straight steel rod, 16 mm {* in] in diameter and approximately 600 mm (24 in.) in length, having one end rounded to 2 hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the rod. 53° Measure—A cylindrical metal ‘measure, preferably provided with han- dles. It shall be watertight, with the top and bottom true and even, and suffi ciently rigid to retain its form under rough usage. The measure should have height approximately equal tothe diam- eter, but in no case shall the height be less than 80 percent nor more than 150 percent of the diameter. The capacity of TABLE 1_Capacity of Measures Nominal Maximo Size of Aggregate _Capacty of Measuret prone meme (Jeena 15% —~28 (00028) he wo 1 931000)" 75% 4 Oo % 3) 8 oom I 12 4 70 0%) 2% 106100 100) 3h “Theil sn of earl be wed et angepics of toil anima ie equal tof fale han tat Ted The atl volume of he treasure shall be Teast 95% of the nomial 9 7 The abled dicks im he upper portion of he wall the tp of he mea the measure shall conform to the limits in Table I for the aggregate size to be tested. The thickness of metal in the measure shall be as described in Table 2. The top sim shall be smooth and plane ‘within 0.25 mm [0.01 in.] and shall be parallel to the bottom within 0.5° (Note 2), The interior wall of the measure shall bbe a smooth and continuous surface. NOTE 2—The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.25 mm (001 in} fecler gage fannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm ('% in] or thicker plate glass laid over the measure. The top and bottom are satisfactorily parallel ifthe slope between Pieces of plate plase in contact with the top and bottom does not exceed 0.87 percent in any direction. S3A If the measure may also be used for testing for unit weight of con- crete according to T 121, the measure should be made of steel or other suitable metal not readily subject to attack by cement paste. NOTE 3_Reactive materials such as alu minum alloys may be sed where, as a conse- {quence of an initial reaction, a surface film is formed which protects the metal aguinst further corrosion, Measures larger than nomi- nal 28-L [1-f0] capacity should be made of steel for rigidity, or the minimum thicknesses ‘of metal listed in Table 2 should be suit ably increased. 5A Shovel or Scoop—A shovel or scoop of convenient size for filling the ‘measure with aggregate. SS. Calibration Equipment—A piece of plate glass, preferably at least 6 mm (4 in, thick and at least 25 mm (1 in.) larger than the diameter of the measure ‘obaned by placing a caring Dad around to be calibrated. A supply of water pump ‘or chassis grease that can be placed on the rim of the container to prevent leakage. 6. SAMPLING 6.1 Sampling should generally be accomplished in accordance with T 2, and sample reduction in accordance with T 248, 7. SAMPLE, 7A The size of sample shall be proximately 125 to 200 percent of the ‘quantity required to fill the measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the sample of aggregate to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at 110 + 5°C (230 + 9°F]. CALIBRATION OF MEASURE, 8.1 Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a piece of plate glass in such a way as to elimi- nate bubbles and excess water. 8.2 Determine the mass of water in the measure using the balance described in Section 5.1. 8.3 Measure the temperature of wa ter to determine its density from Table 3, interpolating if necessary. 84 Caleulate the volume, V, of the measure by dividing the mass of water required to fill the measure by its densityT19 TABLE3 Density of Water “Temperature *c a 156 «@~~«COBOL:SCSC 3 SESE 236, 2 9879762 301 BH 3.) OSH 62.274 B97 9873262261 267 98659 62.216 p45 62.166 Alternately, calculate the factor for the measure (I/V) by dividing the density of the water by the mass required to fill the measure. NOTE 4—For the calculation of unit weight, the volume of the measure in accept- able metre units should be expressed in eubie metres, or the factor as Heubic metes. Ho ‘ever. for convenience the size of the measure may be expressed in lizes (equal to m/1000). 8.5 Measures shall be recalibrated at least once a year or whenever there is reason to question the accuracy of the calibration. 9. SELECTION OF PROCEDURE. 91 The shoveling procedure for loose unit weight shall be used only when specifically stipulated. Otherwise, the ‘compact unit weight shall be determined by the rodding procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm (1' in] oF less, or by the jigging procedure for aggregates having a nomi- ‘al maximum size greater than 37.5 mm (1A in] and not exceeding 150 mm (6 in}. 10, RODDING PROCEDURE 10.1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distrib- tuted over the surface. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above. Finally, fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in the manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the ‘coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure. 10.2 In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strike the bottom of the measure foreibly. In rodding the second and third layers, use vigorous effort, but not more force than to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previ- ‘ous layer of aggregate. NOTE $n rodding the larger sizes of coarse aggregate it may not be possible to penetrate the layer being consolidated, expe- cially with angular aggregates. The intent of the procedure will be accomplished if vigor- ous effort is used. 10.3 Determine the mass of the mea- sure plus contents, and the mass of the measure alone and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg {0.1 Ib). 1, JIGGING PROCEDURE A. Fill the measure in three ap- proximately equal layers as described in Section 10.1 compacting each layer by placing the measure on a firm base, such as a cement-concrete floor, raising the ‘opposite sides alternately about 50 mn {2 in,, and allowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with a sharp, slapping blow. The aggregate particles, by this procedure, will arrange them- selves in a densely compacted condition. Compact each layer by dropping the ‘measure 50 times in the manner de- scribed, 25 times on each side. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure. 11.2 Determine the mass of the mea- sure plus contents, and the mass of the ‘measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg {0.1 Ib). 12, SHOVELING PROCEDURE 12.1 Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop, discharg- ing the aggregate from a height not to u exceed 50 mm (2 in] above the top of the measure, Exercise care to prevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes of which the sample is composed. Level the surface of the ag- ‘regate withthe fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggre- gate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure. 122 Determine the mass of the mea- sure plus contents, and the mass of the ‘measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg (0.1 1b} 13. CALCULATIONS 13.1 Unit Weight—Calculate the unit weight for the rodding, jigging, or shoveling procedure as follows: M=G-TW «@ M=(G-DXF M = unit weight of aggregate, ke/m* bite) G = mass of aggregate plus the mea sure, kg (1b) = mass of the measure, kg (1b) volume of measure, m [f°] factor for measure, m™> (£7) mea 13.11 The unit weight determined by this method is for aggregate in an ‘ovensdry condition. If the unit weight in terms of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) condition is desired, use the exact proce- dure in this method, and then determine the SSD unit weight by the following formula: Msso = M [1 + (A/100))@) where: Mssp = unit weight in SSD condition, kg/m? (bit) ‘A = absorption, percent, deter- mined in accordance with T 84 or T 85. 132 Void Content—Caleulate the void content in the aggregate using the unit weight determined by either the rod- ding, jigging, or shoveling procedure, as follows:12 = 10S x W) ‘SxW Voids, % where: ‘M = onit weight of aggregate, kg/m? br] S. = bulk specific gravity (dry basis) as determined in accordance with T 84 or TS, W = density of water, 998 kg/m? (62.3, tev] 14, REPORT 141 Report the results for unit weight to the nearest 10 kg/m? [1 Ib] a follows: A411 Unit weight by rodding, or 14.12 Unit weight by jigging, ot 14.13 Loose unit weight. 142” Report the results for void con- tent to the nearest 1 percent as follows: 142.1 Voids in aggregate compacted by rodding, percent, or 142.2 Voids in aggregate compacted by jigging, percent, or 1423 Voids in loose aggregate, percent. 1S. PRECISION AND BIAS 15.1 The following estimates of pre- cision for this method are based on re- METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING sults from the AASHTO Materials Refer- ence Laboratory (AMRL) Reference Sample Program, with testing conducted by this method and ASTM C 29. There are no significant differences between the two methods, The data are based on the analyses of more than 100 paired test results from 40 to 100 laboratories. 15.2 Coarse Aggregate (unit weight): 15.21. Single-Operator Precision— ‘The single-operator standard deviation has been found to be 14 kg/m? (0.88 W/f?] (1S). Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the same ‘operator on similar material should not differ by more than 40 kg/m? (2.5 Ib/ #°) (025), 15.2.2 Multilaboratory Precision— ‘The mulilaboratory standard deviation has been found to be 30 kg/m? [1.87 Ib/f] (1S). Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests from two differ ent laboratories on similar material should not differ by more than 85 kg/ rm [5.3 Ibft)] (02S). 15.23 These numbers represent, re- spectively, the (18) and (D2S) limits as described in ASTM Practice C 670. The precision estimates were obtained from the analysis of AMRL reference sample data for unit weight by rodding of nor- rmal-weight aggregates having @ nominal ‘maximum aggregate size of 25.0 rom [1 in, and using a 14-L ['-ft)] measure. 153. Fine Aggregate (unit weight) 153.1. Single-Operator Precision— ‘The single-operator standard. deviation TI9 has ‘been found to be 14 kg/m’ (0.88 Ibft}] (18). Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on similar material should not differ by more than 2.5 Ibi [40 kg/ m'] (B28). 1532 Multilaboratory Precision— ‘The multilaboratory standard deviation hhas been found to be 44 kg/m (2.76 Ib/f] (1S). Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests from two differ- ent laboratories on similar material should not differ by more than 125 kg/ rm (7.8 Ib/fe} (2S). 1533 These numbers represent, re- spectively, the (1S) and (D2S) limits as described in ASTM Practice C 670. The precision estimates were obtained from the analysis of AMRL reference sample data for loose unit weight from labora- tories using a 28-L [hot] measure 15.4 No precision data on void con- tent are available. However as the void content in aggregate is calculated from unit weight and bulk specific gravity, the precision ofthe voids content reflects the precision of these measured parameters given in Sections 15.2 and 15.3 of this, method and in T 84 and T 85. 185 Bias—The procedure in AASHTO T 19 for measuring unit weight and void content has no bias, because the values for unit weight and void content can be defined only in terms of a test method. Op eR Rn