List of Gravitationally Rounded Objects of The Solar System - Wikipedia

List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_o...
List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar

System
This is a list of possibly gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded,
ellipsoidal shape due to their own gravity (hydrostatic equilibrium). Their sizes range from dwarf planets and moons to the
planets and the Sun. This list does not include small Solar System bodies, but it does include a sample of possible planetary-
mass objects whose shapes have yet to be determined. The Sun's orbital characteristics are listed in relation to the Galactic
Center, while all other objects are listed in order of their distance from the Sun.
Contents
Star
Planets
Dwarf planets
Satellites
See also
Notes
Unless otherwise cited:[ac]
Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited)
Individual calculations
Other notes
References
Star
The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. It contains almost 99.9% of all the mass in the Solar System.[1]
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Sun[2]
Astronomical symbol[q]
Mean distance km ~2.5 × 1017

from the Galactic Center light years ~26,000
km 696,342
Mean radius
:E[f] 109.3
km2 6.0877 × 1012

Surface area
:E[f] 11,990
km3 1.4122 × 1018

Volume
:E[f] 1,300,000
kg 1.9855 × 1030
Mass
:E[f] 332,978.9
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 1.327×1020
Density g/cm3 1.409
Equatorial gravity m/s2 274.0
Escape velocity km/s 617.7
Rotation period days[g] 25.38
Orbital period about Galactic Center[3] million years 225–250
Mean orbital speed[3] km/s ~220
Axial tilt[i] to the ecliptic deg. 7.25
Axial tilt[i] to the galactic plane deg. 67.23
Mean surface temperature K 5,778
Mean coronal temperature[4] K 1–2 × 106
Photospheric composition H, He, O, C, Fe, S
Planets
The 2006 International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines a planet as a body in orbit around Key
the Sun that was large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and to have "cleared * ° ‡
the neighbourhood around its orbit".[5] The practical meaning of "cleared the neighborhood" is Terrestrial Gas Ice giant
that a planet is comparatively massive enough for its gravitation to control the orbits of all planet giant
objects in its vicinity. By the IAU's definition, there are eight planets in the Solar System; four
terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and four giant planets, which can be divided further into two gas giants
(Jupiter and Saturn) and two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giant planets account for
more than 99% of the mass of the Solar System.
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*Mercury[6][7] *Venus[8][9] *Earth[10][11] *Mars[12][13] °Jupiter[14][15] °Saturn[16][17] ‡Uranus
Mean distance km 57,909,175 108,208,930 149,597,890 227,936,640 778,412,010 1,426,725,400 2,870,972,200

from the Sun AU 0.38709893 0.72333199 1.00000011 1.52366231 5.20336301 9.53707032 19.19126393
km 2,439.64 6,051.59 6,378.1 3,397.00 71,492.68 60,267.14 25,557.25

Equatorial radius
:E[f] 0.3825 0.9488 1 0.53260 11.209 9.449 4.007
km2 75,000,000 460,000,000 510,000,000 140,000,000 64,000,000,000 44,000,000,000 8,100,000,000

Surface area
:E[f] 0.1471 0.9020 1 0.2745 125.5 86.27 15.88
km3 6.083 × 1010 9.28 × 1011 1.083 × 1012 1.6318 × 1011 1.431 × 1015 8.27 × 1014 6.834 ×
Volume
:E[f] 0.056 0.857 1 0.151 1,321.3 763.62 63.102
kg 3.302 × 1023 4.8690 × 1024 5.972 × 1024 6.4191 × 1023 1.8987 × 1027 5.6851 × 1026 8.6849
Mass
:E[f] 0.055 0.815 1 0.107 318 95 14.5
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 2.203×1013 3.249×1014 3.986×1014 4.283×1013 1.267×1017 3.793×1016 5.794×10
Density g/cm3 5.43 5.24 5.52 3.940 1.33 0.70 1.30
Equatorial gravity m/s2 3.70 8.87 9.78 3.71 23.12 8.96 8.69
Escape velocity km/s 4.25 10.36 11.18 5.02 59.54 35.49 21.29
Rotation period[g] days 58.646225 243.0187 0.99726968 1.02595675 0.41354 0.44401 0.71833
days 87.969 224.701 365.256363 686.971 4,332.59 10,759.22 30,688.5

Orbital period[g]
years 0.2408467 0.61519726 1.000702364 1.8808476 11.862615 29.447498 84.016846
Mean orbital speed km/s 47.8725 35.0214 29.7859 24.1309 13.0697 9.6724 6.8352
Eccentricity 0.20563069 0.00677323 0.01671022 0.09341233 0.04839266 0.05415060 0.04716771
Inclination[f] deg. 7.00 3.39 0[10] 1.85 1.31 2.48 0.76
Axial tilt[i] deg. 0.0 177.3[h] 23.44 25.19 3.12 26.73 97.86
Mean surface temperature K 440–100 730 287 227 152 [j] 134 [j] 76
Mean air temperature[k] K 288 165 135 76
He, Na+ CO2, N2, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, N2 H2, He

Atmospheric composition H2, He H2, He
P+ SO2 CO2 Ar CH
Number of known moons[v] 0 0 1 2 79 82 27
Rings? No No No No Yes Yes Yes
Planetary discriminant[l][o] 9.1 × 104 1.35 × 106 1.7 × 106 1.8 × 105 6.25 × 105 1.9 × 105 2.9 ×
Dwarf planets
Dwarf planets are bodies that are massive and warm enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, Key
but have not cleared their neighbourhoods of similar objects. Since 2008, there have been five dwarf † ‡
planets recognized by the IAU, though of these only Ceres, which orbits in the asteroid belt between the asteroid trans-
orbits of Mars and Jupiter, has been confirmed. [ae] The others all orbit beyond Neptune. Astronomers belt Neptunian
generally agree that several other trans-Neptunian objects may be large enough to be dwarf planets, given
current uncertainties. It seems that dark, low-density objects like Salacia retain internal porosity from their formation, and thus
are not planetary bodies.[22] Both Quaoar and Orcus have moons that have allowed their mass and density to be determined,
and they are either bright enough to suggest resurfacing and thus planetary geology at least at some point in their past, or are
dense enough that they are clearly solid bodies and thus at least potentially dwarf planets.
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†Ceres[23] ‡Pluto[24][25] ‡Haumea[26][27][28] ‡Makemake[29][30] ‡Eris[31]
Minor planet number 1 134340 136108 136472 136199
Mean distance km 413,700,000 5,906,380,000 6,484,000,000 6,850,000,000 10,210,000,000

from the Sun AU 2.766 39.482 43.335 45.792 67.668
816
km 473 1,187[32] 715 1,163
Mean radius (2100 × 1680 × 1074)
:E[f] 0.0742 0.186 0.11[35] 0.18[36]
0.13[33][34]
km3 4.21 × 108 6.99 × 109 1.98 × 109 1.7 × 109 6.59 × 109
Volume
:E[f] 0.00039[b] 0.0065 0.0018 0.0016[b] 0.0061[b]
km2 2,770,000 17,700,000 8,140,000 6,900,000 17,000,000

Surface area
:E[f] 0.0054[a] 0.035 0.016[z] 0.0135[a] 0.0333[a]
< 4.4 × 1021

kg 9.39 × 1020 1.305 × 1022 4.01 ± 0.04 × 1021 1.7 × 1022
Mass
:E[f] 0.00016 0.0022 0.0007[37] < 0.0007 0.0028[38]
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 6.263 × 1010 8.710 × 1011 2.674 × 1011 < 2.9366 × 1011 1.108 × 1012
Density g/cm3 2.16 1.87 2.02[33] 2.10 2.25[c]
Equatorial gravity m/s2 0.27[d] 0.62 0.63[d] < 0.57 ~0.8[d]
Escape velocity km/s[e] 0.51 1.21 0.91 < 0.91 1.37
Rotation period[g] days 0.95111 6.38723 0.16315 0.95111 1.0792
Orbital period[g] years 4.599 247.92065 285.4 309.9 557
Mean orbital speed km/s 17.882 4.7490 4.484[o] 4.4[o] 3.436[n]
Eccentricity 0.080 0.24880766 0.18874 0.159 0.44177
Inclination[f] deg. 10.587 17.14175 28.19 28.96 44.187
Axial tilt[i] deg. 4 119.59[h] ? ? ?
Mean surface temperature[w] K 167[39] 40[40] <50[41] 30 30
Atmospheric composition H2O N2, CH4, CO ? N2, CH4[42] N2, CH4[43]
Number of known moons[v] 0 5 2[44] 1[45] 1[46]
Planetary discriminant[l][o] 0.33 0.077 0.023 0.02 0.10
Of the remaining trans-Neptunian objects, the most likely dwarf planets include:
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Orcus[47] Salacia[48] Quaoar[49] Gonggong[50] Sedna[51]
Minor-planet number 90482 120347 50000 225088 90377
km 5,896,946,000 6,310,600,000 6,535,930,000 10,072,433,340 78,668,000,000

Semi-major axis
AU 39.419 42.18 43.69 67.33 525.86
km 458.5[52] 423[53] 560.5[54] 615[55] 497.5[56]

Mean radius[s]
:E[f] 0.0720 0.0664 0.0870 0.0982 0.0780
km2 2,641,700 2,248,500 3,948,000 4,932,300 3,110,200

Surface area[a]
:E[f] 0.005179 0.004408 0.007741 0.009671 0.006098
km3 403,744,500 317,036,800 737,591,000 1,030,034,600 515,784,000

Volume[b]
:E[f] 0.000373 0.000396 0.000681 0.000951 0.000476
kg 6.32 × 1020[57] 4.9 × 1020[53] 1.41 × 1021[58] 1.75 × 1021[55]

Mass[t] ?
:E[f] 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0003
Density[t] g/cm3 1.5 ± 0.3[57] 1.50 ± 0.12[53] 1.99 ± 0.46[58] 1.74 ± 0.16 ?
Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 0.27 0.18 0.24 0.285 ?
Escape velocity[e] km/s 0.50 0.39 0.45 0.604 ?
Rotation period[g] days 0.5495 0.25375 0.73662 0.93333 0.42804[59]
Orbital period[g] years 247.492 273.98 287.97 552.52 12,059.06
Mean orbital speed km/s 4.68 4.57 4.52 3.63 1.04
Eccentricity 0.22552 0.106 0.038 0.5064 0.855
Inclination[f] deg. 22.5 23.92 7.988 30.74 11.93
Mean surface temperature[w] K ~42 ~43 ~41 ~30 ~12
Number of known moons 1[60] 1 1[61] 1 0
Planetary discriminant[l][o] 0.003 <0.1 0.0015 <0.1 ?[x]
Absolute magnitude (H) 2.3 4.1 2.71 1.8 1.5
Satellites
Key
There are 19 natural satellites in the Solar System that are known
to be massive enough to be close to hydrostatic equilibrium. Alan ♃ ♄ ⛢ ♆ ♇
Stern calls these satellite planets, although the term major moon Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite Satellite
of Earth of Jupiter of Saturn of Uranus of Neptune of Pluto
is more common.
Several of these were once in equilibrium but are no longer: these include Earth's moon and all of the moons listed for Saturn
apart from Titan and Rhea. The status of the moons of Uranus, Pluto and Eris are uncertain. Other moons that were once in
equilibrium but are no longer very round, such as Saturn's Phoebe, are not included. Satellites are listed first in order from the
Sun, and second in order from their parent body.
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Moon[62] ♃Io[63] ♃Europa[64] ♃Ganymede[65] ♃Callisto[66] ♄Mimas[p] ♄Enceladus[p]
Mean distance
km 384,399 421,600 670,900 1,070,400 1,882,700 185,520 237,948
from primary:
km 1,737.1 1,815 1,569 2,634.1 2,410.3 198.30 252.1

Mean radius
:E[f] 0.272 0.285 0.246 0.413 0.378 0.031 0.04
1 × 106
Surface area[a] 37.93 41.910 30.9 87.0 73 0.49 0.799
km2
1 × 109
Volume[b] 22 25.3 15.9 76 59 0.033 0.067
km3
1 × 1022
Mass 7.3477 8.94 4.80 14.819 10.758 0.00375 0.0108
kg
Density[c] g/cm3 3.3464 3.528 3.01 1.936 1.83 1.15 1.61
Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 1.622 1.796 1.314 1.428 1.235 0.0636 0.111
Escape velocity[e] km/s 2.38 2.56 2.025 2.741 2.440 0.159 0.239
27.321582 1.7691378 3.551181 7.154553 16.68902 0.942422 1.370218

Rotation period days[g]
(sync)[m] (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync)
Orbital period about primary days[g] 27.32158 1.769138 3.551181 7.154553 16.68902 0.942422 1.370218
Mean orbital speed[o] km/s 1.022 17.34 13.740 10.880 8.204 14.32 12.63
Eccentricity 0.0549 0.0041 0.009 0.0013 0.0074 0.0202 0.0047
Inclination to primary's
deg. 18.29–28.58 0.04 0.47 1.85 0.2 1.51 0.02
equator
Axial tilt[i][u] deg. 6.68 0 0 0–0.33[67] 0 0 0
Mean surface temperature[w] K 220 130 102 110[68] 134 64 75
Ar, He H2O, N2
Atmospheric composition SO2[69] O2[70] O2[71] O2, CO2[72]
Na, K, H CO2, CH4[73]
Rings? No No No No No No No
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♄Titan[p] ♄Iapetus[p] ⛢Miranda[r] ⛢Ariel[r] ⛢Umbriel[r] ⛢Titania[r] ⛢Oberon[r] ♆Triton
Mean distance
km 1,221,870 3,560,820 129,390 190,900 266,000 436,300 583,519 354,759
from primary:
km 2,576 735.60 235.8 578.9 584.7 788.9 761.4 1,353.4

Mean radius
:E[f] 0.404 0.115 0.037 0.091 0.092 0.124 0.119 0.212
1 × 106
Surface area[a] 83.0 6.7 0.70 4.211 4.296 7.82 7.285 23.018
km2
1 × 109
Volume[b] 71.6 1.67 0.055 0.81 0.84 2.06 1.85
km3
1 × 1022
Mass 13.452 0.18053 0.00659 0.135 0.12 0.35 0.3014 2.14
kg
Density[c] g/cm3 1.88 1.08 1.20 1.67 1.40 1.72 1.63 2.061
Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 1.35 0.22 0.08 0.27 0.23 0.39 0.35 0.78
Escape velocity[e] km/s 2.64 0.57 0.19 0.56 0.52 0.77 0.73 1.46
15.945 79.322 1.414 2.52 4.144 8.706 13.46 5.877

Rotation period days[g]
(sync)[m] (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync) (sync)
Orbital period about primary days 15.945 79.322 1.4135 2.520 4.144 8.706 13.46 5.877
Mean orbital speed[o] km/s 5.57 3.265 6.657 5.50898 4.66797 3.644 3.152 4.39
Eccentricity 0.0288 0.0286 0.0013 0.0012 0.005 0.0011 0.0014 0.00002
Inclination to primary's
deg. 0.33 14.72 4.22 0.31 0.36 0.14 0.10 157
equator
Axial tilt[i][u] deg. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean surface temperature[w] K 93.7[75] 130 59 58 61 60 61 38
Atmospheric composition N2, CH4 [77] N2, CH
See also
Lists of astronomical objects
List of former planets
Notes
Unless otherwise cited:[ac]

o. ^ The planetary discriminant for the planets is taken from material published by Stephen Soter.[79] Planetary discriminants
for Ceres, Pluto and Eris taken from Soter, 2006. Planetary discriminants of all other bodies calculated from the Kuiper belt
mass estimate given by Lorenzo Iorio.[80]
p. Saturn satellite info taken from NASA Saturnian Satellite Fact Sheet.[81]
^
q. ^ Astronomical symbols for all listed objects except Ceres taken from NASA Solar System Exploration.[82] Symbol for Ceres
was taken from material published by James L. Hilton.[83] The Moon is the only natural satellite with an astronomical
symbol, and only the dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres are among the few minor planets assigned symbols, which are now
known to be round.
r. Uranus satellite info taken from NASA Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet.[84]
^
s. ^ Radii for plutoid candidates taken from material published by John A. Stansberry et al.[36]
u. ^ Axial tilts for most satellites assumed to be zero in accordance with the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical
Almanac: "In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane."[85]
v. ^ Natural satellite numbers taken from material published by Scott S. Sheppard.[86]
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Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited)

a. ^ Surface area A derived from the radius using , assuming sphericity.
b. ^ Volume V derived from the radius using , assuming sphericity.
c. ^ Density derived from the mass divided by the volume.
d. ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: G*m/r2 .
e. ^ Escape velocity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: sqrt((2*G*m)/r) .
n. ^ Orbital speed is calculated using the mean orbital radius and the orbital period, assuming a circular orbit.
t. ^ Assuming a density of 2.0
w. ^ Calculated using the formula where Teff =54.8 K at 52 AU, is the geometric albedo, q=0.8 is the
phase integral, and is the distance from the Sun in AU. This formula is a simplified version of that in section 2.2 of
Stansberry et al., 2007,[36] where emissivity and beaming parameter were assumed equal unity, and was replaced with 4
accounting for the difference between circle and sphere. All parameters mentioned above were taken from the same paper.
aa. ^ Calculated using the formula , where H is the absolute magnitude, p is the geometric albedo and D is the
diameter in km, and assuming an albedo of 0.15, as per Dan Bruton.[87]
^
ad. Mass derived from the density multiplied by the volume.
Individual calculations
y. ^ Derived from density
z. ^ Surface area was calculated using the formula for a scalene ellipsoid:
where is the modular angle, or angular eccentricity;
and , are the incomplete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind, respectively. The values 980 km,
759 km, and 498 km were used for a, b, and c respectively.
Other notes
f. ^ Relative to Earth
g. ^ Sidereal
h. ^ Retrograde
i. ^ The inclination of the body's equator from its orbit.
j. ^ At pressure of 1 bar
k. ^ At sea level
l. ^ The ratio between the mass of the object and those in its immediate neighborhood. Used to distinguish between a planet
and a dwarf planet.
m. ^ This object's rotation is synchronous with its orbital period, meaning that it only ever shows one face to its primary.
x. ^ Objects' planetary discriminants based on their similar orbits to Eris. Sedna's population is currently too little-known for a
planetary discriminant to be determined.
ab. ^ Proteus average diameter: 210 km;[74] Mimas average diameter: 199 km[81]
ac. ^ "Unless otherwise cited" means that the information contained in the citation is applicable to an entire line or column of a
chart, unless another citation specifically notes otherwise.
ad. ^ Gravitational measurements by the Dawn orbiter have demonstrated that Ceres is in hydrostatic equilibrium.[88] None of
the other putative dwarf planets have been observed this closely, though Pluto and Eris are universally assumed to be in
equilibrium as well.
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List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_o...

List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar

Mean distance km ~2.5 × 1017

km2 6.0877 × 1012

km3 1.4122 × 1018

Gravitational parameter m3/s2 1.327×1020

Density g/cm3 1.409

Equatorial gravity m/s2 274.0

Escape velocity km/s 617.7

Rotation period days[g] 25.38

Orbital period about Galactic Center[3] million years 225–250

Mean orbital speed[3] km/s ~220

Axial tilt[i] to the ecliptic deg. 7.25

Axial tilt[i] to the galactic plane deg. 67.23

Mean surface temperature K 5,778

Mean coronal temperature[4] K 1–2 × 106

Photospheric composition H, He, O, C, Fe, S

*Mercury[6][7] *Venus[8][9] *Earth[10][11] *Mars[12][13] °Jupiter[14][15] °Saturn[16][17] ‡Uranus

Mean distance km 57,909,175 108,208,930 149,597,890 227,936,640 778,412,010 1,426,725,400 2,870,972,200

km 2,439.64 6,051.59 6,378.1 3,397.00 71,492.68 60,267.14 25,557.25

km2 75,000,000 460,000,000 510,000,000 140,000,000 64,000,000,000 44,000,000,000 8,100,000,000

Density g/cm3 5.43 5.24 5.52 3.940 1.33 0.70 1.30

days 87.969 224.701 365.256363 686.971 4,332.59 10,759.22 30,688.5

Eccentricity 0.20563069 0.00677323 0.01671022 0.09341233 0.04839266 0.05415060 0.04716771

Inclination[f] deg. 7.00 3.39 0[10] 1.85 1.31 2.48 0.76

Mean air temperature[k] K 288 165 135 76

He, Na+ CO2, N2, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, N2 H2, He

Number of known moons[v] 0 0 1 2 79 82 27

Rings? No No No No Yes Yes Yes

†Ceres[23] ‡Pluto[24][25] ‡Haumea[26][27][28] ‡Makemake[29][30] ‡Eris[31]

Minor planet number 1 134340 136108 136472 136199

Mean distance km 413,700,000 5,906,380,000 6,484,000,000 6,850,000,000 10,210,000,000

km2 2,770,000 17,700,000 8,140,000 6,900,000 17,000,000

< 4.4 × 1021

Density g/cm3 2.16 1.87 2.02[33] 2.10 2.25[c]

Equatorial gravity m/s2 0.27[d] 0.62 0.63[d] < 0.57 ~0.8[d]

Escape velocity km/s[e] 0.51 1.21 0.91 < 0.91 1.37

Rotation period[g] days 0.95111 6.38723 0.16315 0.95111 1.0792

Orbital period[g] years 4.599 247.92065 285.4 309.9 557

Mean orbital speed km/s 17.882 4.7490 4.484[o] 4.4[o] 3.436[n]

Eccentricity 0.080 0.24880766 0.18874 0.159 0.44177

Inclination[f] deg. 10.587 17.14175 28.19 28.96 44.187

Axial tilt[i] deg. 4 119.59[h] ? ? ?

Mean surface temperature[w] K 167[39] 40[40] <50[41] 30 30

Atmospheric composition H2O N2, CH4, CO ? N2, CH4[42] N2, CH4[43]

Number of known moons[v] 0 5 2[44] 1[45] 1[46]

Planetary discriminant[l][o] 0.33 0.077 0.023 0.02 0.10

Orcus[47] Salacia[48] Quaoar[49] Gonggong[50] Sedna[51]

Minor-planet number 90482 120347 50000 225088 90377

km 5,896,946,000 6,310,600,000 6,535,930,000 10,072,433,340 78,668,000,000

km 458.5[52] 423[53] 560.5[54] 615[55] 497.5[56]

km2 2,641,700 2,248,500 3,948,000 4,932,300 3,110,200

km3 403,744,500 317,036,800 737,591,000 1,030,034,600 515,784,000

kg 6.32 × 1020[57] 4.9 × 1020[53] 1.41 × 1021[58] 1.75 × 1021[55]

Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 0.27 0.18 0.24 0.285 ?

Escape velocity[e] km/s 0.50 0.39 0.45 0.604 ?

Rotation period[g] days 0.5495 0.25375 0.73662 0.93333 0.42804[59]

Orbital period[g] years 247.492 273.98 287.97 552.52 12,059.06

Mercury[6][7] Venus[8][9] Earth[10][11] Mars[12][13] °Jupiter[14][15] °Saturn[16][17] ‡Uranus