11

Business
Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Week 5
Key Concepts in Buying and Selling
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 11 Business Mathematics Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Key

Concepts of Buying and Selling!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from
public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the
needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will
help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also
need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the
tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11 Business Mathematics Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Key

Concepts of Buying and Selling!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict
skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence,
the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to
successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your
academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to take.
If you get all the answers correct (100%), you
may decide to skip this module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.

This includes questions or blank sentence/

paragraph to be filled in to process what you
 learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level

of mastery in achieving the learning
competency into real life situations or concerns.

In this portion, another activity will be given to

you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts concerns.

This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 Organizations occupied with marketing create benefits through their buying and
selling exercises. The measure of benefit relies upon numerous components, one of which is
the evaluating of merchandise or things. Through this module, you are expected to learn how
to solve buying and selling problems. In addition, you will also learn to differentiate mark-on,
mark-up and markdown and how they are obtained. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course.

Aligned with the curriculum, this module is focused on one lesson, that is:
 Mark-on, Mark-up and Markdown

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Differentiate mark-on, mark-up and markdown.
2. Obtain mark-on, mark-up and markdown given price of a product.

Before studying this module, let us assess what you already know about this topic.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is mark-on?
(A) discount (C) percent
(B) initial mark-up (D) sale price

2. Which of the following statements is/are true about mark-up?

I. It is the difference between the selling price and cost price.
II. The price at which the commodity is sold per unit.
III. It is the difference between the regular selling price and the sale price.
(A) I only (C) I and II
(B) III only (D) II and III

3. Ms. Abad is a florist. She marks-up her carnations 50% and sells them for ₱ 996 every
half dozen. What is the cost?
(A) ₱ 224.00 (C) ₱ 664.00
(B) ₱ 474.00 (D) ₱ 804.00
4. What is markdown?
(A) Refers to reduction in the original selling price.
(B) Refers to purchase price of an article.
(C) Refers to the amount added to cost to arrive at the original selling price.
(D) Refers to decrease in the new selling price.

5. Tricia’s Florist buys roses for ₱ 1,599 a dozen. The vendor sells them for ₱ 3,795 a
dozen. What is the mark-up price of the vendor?
(A) ₱ 2,096.00 (C) ₱ 2,296.00
(B) ₱ 2,196.00 (D) ₱ 2,396.00

6. Anjo was able to buy a pair of shoes regularly priced at ₱ 3,500 for only ₱ 2,100. What
was the amount of markdown?
(A) ₱ 1,100.00 (C) ₱ 1,300.00
(B) ₱ 1,200.00 (D) ₱ 1,400.00

7. A portable generator costs ₱ 11,200. Assume an original selling price of ₱ 14,795. How
much is the mark-on?
(A) ₱ 3,275.00 (C) ₱ 3,595.00
(B) ₱ 3,345.00 (D) ₱ 3,725.00

8. What is the total cost of an item that cost ₱ 4,000 with a mark-up of 80%?
(A) ₱ 3,200.00 (C) 6,280.25
(B) ₱ 4,080.80 (D) 7,200.00

9. What is the markdown rate if a t-shirt originally priced at ₱ 600 and was sold at ₱ 450?
(A) 25% (C) 56%
(B) 33% (D) 69%

10. Sophia buys chocolates for ₱ 350 per dozen. If she sells them for ₱ 625 a dozen. What is
the mark-up rate based on selling price?
(A) 44% (C) 64%
(B) 56% (D) 76%
 Lesson
Mark-on, Mark-up and Markdown
3
Setting prices is another business application of our knowledge on percentage. In
trading or mechandising firms, the individuals those who do “buy and sell,” meaning what
they buy, they sell, and in manufacturing firms, those who buy raw materials, process them
and sell the finished products, and make use of pricing decisions. Setting the right price is
important for goods to sell. If the price is too high, the customers may not be able to afford it;
if it is set too low, the company may not be able to make a profit considering that it is not
only the cost of the product that is to be taken into consideration. There are also operating
expenses, both administrative and selling, to be considered. The selling price should be able
to absorb the cost and the operating expenses and still give a margin for the company to earn
a profit.[ CITATION Nor16 \l 13321 ]

Let us start by defining some important terms in buying and selling.

Activity 1: The letters of the words below are jumbled. Definitions of the terms are given on
the right column. Figure out what the word is and write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. TSOC It refers to the purchase price of a

product.

2. RAKM-NO Also referred to as initial mark-up. It is

amount added to cost to arrive at the
original selling price.

3. RAKM-PU It refers to the amount added to the

original selling price to arrive at a new
selling price.

4. MKARNWDO It refers to reduction in the original

selling price.

5. GSILELN PIERC It is the amount a buyer pays for a

 product or service.

6. KARM-UP NTLCAILAECON It refers to the decrease in the new

selling price that does not decrease it
below the original selling price.

7. KARM-PU BEDSA ON SCTO The cost is the base and, therefore, taken
as 100%.

8. MARK-PU BSADE NO NLSEGIL RCEPI The selling price is the base and,
therefore, taken as 100%.

In the previous activity, you have been able to meet some of the important concepts in
buying and selling. Now that you are familiar with them, let us try to answer the activity
below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 2: Let’s Explore!

To prevent further increase of COVID-19 cases in our country, mandatory wearing of
face masks in public areas is strictly implemented. That is why most of the online seller sells
face mask per box. A box of face mask can costs ₱ 200.00. Assume an original selling price
of ₱ 300.00. The online seller raised the price to ₱ 400.00 and because of many competitors
in selling face mask it was later on tagged to sell at ₱ 350 per box.
1. How much is the mark-on?
2. How much is the additional mark-up?
3. How much is the markdown?

Mark-on, Mark-up and Markdown

Cost refers to the purchase price of a product.
Mark-on, also referred to as initial mark-up, is the amount added to cost to arrive at
the original selling price. It is the difference between the original selling price and the cost.
MARK-ON = ORIGINAL SELLING PRICE – COST
 Consider a pen that costs ₱ 5.00 each. So if we set the original selling price at ₱ 10.00
each, then we have a 100% or ₱ 5.00 mark-on.
Cost of pen ₱ 5.00
Plus: Initial mark-up/mark-on 5.00
Original selling price ₱ 10.00
It is common business practice to sell a product at a higher price than its cost,
considering the amount the business paid for it. The cost included expenses such as shipping
charges, operating costs, and energy costs. The selling price, or retail price, is the amount a
buyer pays for a product or service. It is usually higher than the cost of the product.
Additional mark-up refers to the amount added to the original selling price to arrive at
a new selling price. In our example, if the seller decides to increase his or her selling price
from ₱ 10.00 to ₱ 17.00, the new selling price, then the ₱ 7.00 he or she added to the original
selling price of ₱ 10.00 is the mark-up.
Original selling price ₱ 10.00
Plus: Additional mark-up/mark-up 7.00
New selling price ₱ 17.00
For business mathematics purposes, we shall refer to both mark-on/initial mark-up
and additional mark-up as “mark-up” only.
MARK-UP = SELLING PRICE – COST
Mark-up cancellation refers to the decrease in the new selling price that does not
decrease it below the original selling price. Hence, if the seller in our example saw that his or
her new selling price of ₱ 17.00 is not appealing to buyers, he or she may decide to lower his
or her price. As long as the new lowered price does not go below the original selling price he
or she has previously set, the price reduction shall be termed as mark-up cancellation. If the
seller decides to set a new price of ₱ 15.00, the ₱ 2.00 reduction (₱ 17.00 – ₱15.00) is the
mark-up cancellation.
New selling price ₱ 17.00
Less: Mark-up cancellation 2.00
Reduced selling price ₱ 15.00
Again, mark-up cancellation refers to reductions in selling price that do not reduce
below the original selling price.
Markdown refers to reduction in the original selling price. If the seller reduces his or
her selling price from ₱ 10.00 (original selling price) to ₱ 8.00, the ₱ 2.00 (₱ 10.00 – ₱ 8.00)
reduction in selling price is termed markdown.
Original selling price ₱ 10.00
Less: Markdown 2.00
New reduced selling price ₱ 8.00
For business mathematics purposes, we shall refer to both mark-up cancellation and
markdown as “markdown” only.
MARKDOWN = ORIGINAL SELLING PRICE – REDUCED PRICE
Example 1: The cost of a new pair of shoes is ₱ 1,299.75. The selling price is ₱ 1,899.75.
How much is the mark-up?
Solution:
Using the formula,
Mark-up = Selling Price – Cost
= 1,899 – 1,299
= ₱ 600.00.
Thus, the mark-up is ₱ 600.00.

Example 2: ABC Department Store sells office table at a regular price of ₱ 3,499.75. In a
period of one week, the price of the office table was marked down to ₱ 2,699.75. How much
is the markdown?
Solution:
Using the formula,
Markdown = Original Selling Price – Reduced Price
= 3,499.75 – 2,699.75
= ₱ 800.00.
Therefore, the markdown is ₱ 800.00.

Mark-up Rate
A mark-up can be expressed as a percent of cost or as a percent of selling price.
Mark-up rate based on cost is the ratio of mark-up to its cost expressed in percent. On the
other hand, mark-up rate based on selling price is the ratio of the mark-up to its selling price
expressed in percent.
The method used is usually determined by the way in which a business keeps its
records. Since most manufacturers keep their records in terms of cost, they usually calculate
mark-up as a percent of cost. And most department stores and other retailers keep their
records in terms of selling price. They usually calculate mark-up as a percent of selling price.
Computing the rate of mark-up involves computing the amount of mark-up to a base
amount. Depending on the method used, the base amount is either the cost or the selling
price. Since the two methods produce different results, greater care must be taken to note
whether the mark-up is based on the cost or on the selling price.
Mark−up
Mark-up Rate based on Cost = (100)
Cost

Mark−up
Mark-up Rate based on Selling Price = (100)
Selling Price

Example 3: The cost of a new pair of shoes is ₱ 4,500.00. The selling price is ₱ 8,000.00.
What is the rate of mark-up based on cost?
Solution:
Let us first find the mark-up, that is:
Mark-up = Selling Price – Cost
= 8,000 – 4,500
 = ₱ 3,500.00
Now, find the mark-up rate based on the cost.
Mark−up
Mark-up Rate based on Cost = (100)
Cost
3,500
= (100)
4,500
= 0.7778(100)
= 77.78%
Thus, the mark-up rate based on cost is 77.78%.

Example 4: Ana’s Florist buys tulips for ₱ 1,599.00 a dozen. The vendor sells them for
₱ 3,795.00 a dozen. What is the mark-up rate based on selling price?
Solution:
Let us first find the mark-up, that is:
Mark-up = Selling Price – Cost
= 3,795 – 1,599
= ₱ 2,196.00
Now, find the mark-up rate based on the selling price.
Mark−up
Mark-up Rate based on Selling Price = (100)
Selling Price
2,196
= (100)
3,795
= 0.5787(100)
= 57.87%
Thus, the mark-up rate based on cost is 57.87%.

The mark-up formula can be used to solve for any unknown value (Selling Price,
Cost, or Mark-up) as long as the other two values are known.

Example 5: Find the mark-up and selling price on a phone case that costs ₱ 575.00 if there is
a 35% mark-up rate on cost.
Solution:
Using the formula, mark-up is 35% of ₱ 575.00.
Mark-up = 0.35 (575)
= ₱ 201.25
It follows that the selling price is
Selling Price = Mark-up + Cost
= 201.25 + 575.00
= ₱ 776.25.
Hence, the mark-up is ₱ 201.25 and the selling price is ₱ 776.25.

Example 6: Aling Nena is a florist. She marks up her sunflowers 50% and sells them for
₱ 996.00 every half dozen. What is the cost?
Solution:
 From the given information, we are looking for the cost of sunflowers for every half
dozen.

Cost + Mark-up = Selling Price

Cost + 50% (of cost) = 996
150% of cost = 996
996
Cost =
150 %
996
Cost =
1.5
Cost = ₱ 664.00

Markdown Rate
The markdown rate is the ratio of the mark-down to its original selling price usually
expressed as a percent.
Markdown
Markdown Rate = (100)
Original Selling Price

Example 7: ABC Drugstore sells a box of face mask at a regular selling price of ₱ 360.00. In
a period of one week, the price of the face mask was marked down to ₱ 300.00. Find the
markdown and markdown rate.
Solution:
From the given information, we have:
Markdown = Original Selling Price – Reduce Price
= 360 – 300
= ₱ 60.00
Markdown
Markdown Rate = (100)
Original Selling Price
60
= (100)
360
= 0.1667(100)
= 16.67%
Therefore, the markdown is ₱ 60.00 and the markdown rate is 16.67%.

Example 8: ABC Department Store has electric fryers that are marked down to 60% to a sale
(reduced) price of ₱ 1,630.00. Find the original selling price and the markdown.
Solution:
Let x = original selling price and m = markdown.
Then, set up the equation, so we have:
Markdown = Original Selling Price – Reduced Price
m = x – 1,630
Markdown
Markdown Rate = (100)
Original Selling Price
 m
60% =
x
Now, express one variable in terms of the other. Substitute x – 1630 for m in the
second equation and solve:
x−1630
60% =
x
0.6x = x – 1,630
1,630 = x – 0.6x
1,630 = 0.4x
1630
x=
0.4
x = ₱ 4,075.00 (Original Selling Price)
Markdown = 4,075 – 1,630
= ₱ 2,445.00
Therefore, the original selling price is ₱ 4,075.00 and the markdown is ₱ 2,445.00.

Activity 3: Complete Me!

Compute the required information given in the following problems. Show your
computation on a separate sheet of paper. Round monetary answers to the nearest centavo
and percent to the nearest hundredths.

A. Mark-up
Mark-up
Mark-up
Rate based
Item Cost Selling Price Mark-up Rate based
on Selling
on Cost
Price
Shirt ₱ 250.00 ₱ 499.00 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____
Ring ₱ 1,650.00 4. _____ ₱ 350.00 5. _____ 6. _____
Jeans ₱ 135.00 7. _____ 8. _____ 20% 9. _____
Mobile Phone 10. _____ ₱ 11,990.00 ₱ 2,180.00 11. _____ 12. _____
Dish Dryer 13. _____ ₱ 315.00 14. _____ 15. _____ 60%

B. Markdown
No Original Selling New Selling Markdown
Item Markdown
. Price Price Rate
1. Slippers ₱ 265.00 ₱ 230.00 1. _____ 2. _____
2. Wallet 3. _____ ₱ 145.00 ₱ 45.00 4. _____
3. Bag 5. _____ 6. _____ ₱ 1,200.00 30%
4. Refrigerator ₱ 12,750.00 7. _____ 8. _____ 15%
5. Laptop ₱ 45,200.00 9. _____ ₱ 5,000.00 10. _____
Activity 4: Take time to remember the things we have discussed earlier and use them to
answer this activity. Complete the following statements below.

1. __________ refers to the purchase price of a product.

2. The __________ or retail price is the amount a buyer pays for a product or service.
3. The amount added to cost to arrive at the original selling price is called __________.
4. __________ refers to the amount added to the original selling price to arrive at a new
selling price.
5. __________ refers to the reduction in the original selling price.
6. Mark-on is the difference between the original selling price and the __________.
7. A mark-up can be expressed as a percent of __________ or as a percent of __________.
8. The __________ is the ratio of mark-up to its cost expressed in percent.
9. The __________ is the ratio of the mark-up to its selling price expressed in percent.
10. The __________ is the ratio of the mark-down to its original selling price usually
expressed as a percent.

Activity 5: Suppose that you will join the annual school fair, and you were given a chance to
sell any products (for example, food, drinks, novelty items, etc.). Discuss your plans such as
what product will you sell, how will you market them, how will you set the selling price, how
much mark-up will be given to your buyer and when will you markdown your product.

Rubrics for the task:

Excellent Satisfactory Developing Beginning
Categories
(4) (3) (2) (1)
Representation Shows a Shows a partial Shows a limited Not evident.
complete understanding understanding
understanding of the concept of the concept
of the concept of buying and of buying and
of buying and selling. selling.
 selling.

Computation is Computation is Computation is Not evident.

Computation correct and correct but does incorrect and
and Solution leads to the not lead to the does not relate
correct answer. correct answer. to the task.
Explained the Explained the Explained the Not evident.
Communicatio
plans clearly plans clearly. plans but some
n
and accurately. parts are not
clear.

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following statements is/are true?

I. Mark-on refers to the amount added to cost to arrive at the original selling price.
II. Mark-up refers to amount added to original selling price to arrive at a new selling
price.
III. Markdown refers to the reduction in the original selling price.
A. I only (C) II and III
B. I and III (D) I, II, and III

2. An item that regularly sells for ₱ 425.00 is marked down to ₱ 357.00. What is the
markdown rate?
(A) 6% (C) 26%
(B) 16% (D) 36%

3. The cost of a toothbrush in ABC Supermarket is ₱ 40.00. What is the selling price after a
markdown of 30%?
(A) ₱ 12.00 (C) ₱ 36.00
(B) ₱ 28.00 (D) ₱ 52.00

4. An item costs ₱ 625.00 to acquire and prepare for sale. The product has a mark-up of
₱ 75.00 to cover operating expenses and profit. What is the selling price?
(A) ₱ 550.00 (C) ₱ 650.00
(B) ₱ 600.00 (D) ₱ 700.00
5. A portable generator costs a hardware store ₱ 15,200.00. The selling price of the
generator is ₱ 17,350.00. What is the mark-up rate based on selling price?
(A) 12.39% (C) 16.27%
(B) 14.15% (D) 18.76%
6. A pair of earrings has a 130% mark-up rate based on cost. The selling price is ₱ 2,426.50.
What is the cost?
(A) ₱ 3,154.45 (C) ₱ 1,055.00
(B) ₱ 2,025.00 (D) ₱ 902.25

7. The price of an umbrella is reduced from ₱ 450.00 to ₱ 375.00. What is the markdown
amount?
(A) ₱ 25.00 (C) 75.00
(B) ₱ 50.00 (D) ₱ 100.00

8. An optical shop sells a contact lenses for ₱ 2,000.00. If they wish to lower its price to
₱ 1,600.00, what rate of markdown should they offer?
(A) 20% (C) 60%
(B) 40% (D) 80%

9. ABC Bakery sells empanada for ₱ 369.00 a dozen. It costs ABC Bakery ₱ 15.00 to bake
each empanada. What is the mark-up on a dozen of empanada?
(A) ₱ 129.00 (C) ₱ 169.00
(B) ₱ 149.00 (D) ₱ 189.00

10. The ABC Factory buys bags for ₱ 8,400 and marks them up to 40% of selling price. What
is the selling price?
(A) ₱ 11,760.00 (C) ₱ 16,800.00
(B) ₱ 14,000.00 (D) ₱ 20,360.00

Solve each problem to enhance your learning. Show your computation on a separate
sheet of paper. Round monetary answers to the nearest centavo and percent to the nearest
hundredths.

1. David Appliance Store realizes a mark-up of ₱ 2,450.00 in selling TV sets. If its items are
sold at a mark-up of 40% of the selling price,
a. What is the regular selling price of the TV set?
b. What was the cost of the TV set?
c. What is the mark-up rate based on cost for the TV set?
2. XYZ Mall buys a certain type of dining set at a cost of ₱ 15,000.00 and marks them up to
40% of the selling price. What is the selling price of the dining set?

3. ABC’s Furniture bought a study table for ₱ 2,620.00 and marked it up 85% based on the
cost. For a special promotion, it was marked down 25%. What was the reduced price?

4. A bag is priced to sell at ₱ 985.00 and was reduced by 40%. Find the amount of
markdown and the reduced price.

5. A mobile phone which usually retail for ₱ 15,990.00 were sold at a special price of
₱ 11,990.00. What percent markdown did the store allow?
 What I Know What’s In What’s New
1. B 6. Cost 1. ₱ 100.00
2. A 7. Mark-on 2. ₱ 200.00
3. C 8. Mark-up 3. ₱ 50.00
4. A 9. Markdown
5. B 10. Selling Price
6. D 11. Mark-up Cancellation
7. C 12. Mark-up Based on Cost
8. D 13. Mark-up Based on Selling Price
4. B
What’s More 5. A What I Have Learned
B. 1. Cost
What’s More 1. ₱ 35.00 2. Selling Price
A. 2. 13.21% 3. Mark-on
1. ₱ 249.00 3. ₱ 190.00 4. Additional Mark-up
2. 99.60% 4. 23.68% 5. Markdown
3. 49.90% 5. ₱ 4,000.00 6. Cost
6. ₱ 2,800.00 7. Cost, Selling Price
4. ₱ 2,000.00
7. ₱10,837.50 8. Mark-up Rate Based
5. 21.21% 8. ₱ 1,912.50 on Cost
6. 17.50% 9. ₱ 40,200.00 9. Mark-up Rate Based
10. 11.06% on Selling Price
7. ₱ 162.00
10. Markdown Rate
8. ₱ 27.00
Assessment
9. 16.67%
14. D Additional Activities
10. ₱ 9,810.00 15. B 24. a. ₱ 6,125.00
16. B b. ₱ 3,675.00
11. 22.22%
17. D c. 66.67%
12. 18.18% 25. ₱ 25,0000.00
18. A
13. ₱ 126.00 19. C 26. ₱ 3,635.25
C 27. ₱394.00
14. ₱ 189.00 20.
21. A ₱ 591.00
15. 150% 28. 25%
22. D
23. B
References
Chua, Simon L., Flores, Quennie S., Kotah, Manuel T., Dimaranan, Raymund L.,
Degolacion, Roberto J., Wee, Joseph S. 2018. Soaring 21st Century Mathematics. Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Lopez, Brian Roy C., Lundag, Leah M., and Dagal, Keneth Adrian P. 2019. Business Math.
Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.

Mariano, Norma L. 2016. Business Mathematics. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Prepared by:
NECILYN B. ANGELES