NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

FABRIC SCIENCE I

ASSIGNMENT III - YARN TECHNICAL PROPERTIES

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. MOHAMMAD UMAR SHASHANK ROHIT(BFT/17/819)

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 INDEX PAGE NO:
I. Fiber linear density testing method 3-4
II. Fiber moisture contain or regain 4-5
III. Tensile Properties Strength (Tenacity) and Elongation 6
IV. Fiber melting point testing method 7-8
V. Fiber length testing 8
VI. Fiber cross-sectional and longitudinal view 9
VII. Reference 10

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1. FIBER LINEAR DENSITY TESTING METHOD
For testing the linear density of fiber we use following methods
1) For cotton :- for this we use ASTM D1448 TESTER, In this method the linear density is
calculated in micronaire(micrograms per inch) . This test method covers the
determination of the micronaire reading of loose cotton fibers by measuring the
resistance of a plug of cotton fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions. The
resistance a plug of cotton fibers offers to the flow of air is measured as an approximate
indication of the fineness of fiber. A predetermined mass of loose cotton fibers is placed
in the specimen holder and compressed to a fixed volume. The resistance to air flow is
measured and expressed as micronaire reading. Instruments available to measure
resistance to air flow use compressed air or vacuum and are constructed to measure air
flow under constant pressure drop across the plug, to measure pressure drop when a
constant flow of air is maintained. in this method average is calculated for the two
specimens tested to the nearest 0.1 micronaire reading.

FIG 1.1- ASTM D1448 TESTER

2) For other fibre:-for this we use VIBROSCOPE METHOD, This test methods cover the
measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and
filaments.Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and
uncrimped fibers are included. The length of a single fiber, is measured and the fiber is
weighed. The linear density of the fiber is then calculated in dtex or denier units.
We can also use vibroscope in this method, This options are particularly applicable to
staple fibers with linear density below 10 dtex (9 denier). These test methods are based
on the vibrating string principle. The linear density, or mass per unit length, can be
calculated from the fundamental resonant frequency of transverse vibration of a fiber
measured under known conditions of length and tension. Eq 3 and 4 expressing this
relationship areas follows

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 Linear density(tex units) = t/4L2F12 X 105

WHERE

T = fiber tension (dyne)

L= effective fiber length (mm)

F1 = fundamental resonant frequency (hz)

FIG 1.2 -VIBROSCOPE

2. FIBER MOISTURE CONTAIN OR REGAIN

For this test we use these two step method

1) Conditioning method :- In this Samples requiring preconditioning arebrought to a

relatively low moisture content in a specified atmosphere. Samples or specimens
requiring conditioning are brought to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard
atmosphere for testing textiles. This practice covers the conditioning and testing of
textiles in those instances where such conditioning is specified in a test method.
Because prior exposure of textiles to high or low humidity may affect the equilibrium
moisture. in this method CEM SMART SYSTEM 5 machine is used.
2) Oven Drying method :- in this method Specimens are weighed, dried in an oven, and
reweighed. The difference between the original mass and the oven-dry mass is
calculated in percent, either as moisture content or moisture regain. This test method
covers the determination of the amount of moisture by oven-drying. This test method
may also used for determining moisture in blends of fibers. This test method offers

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alternative procedures for weighing the dried specimens, one procedure using an oven
balance and the other using a Desiccator. We use machine denver moisture analyzer.
Then we use these formulas
MR = Amount of water(gm) /oven dry wt(gm) x 100
MC = Amount of water(gm) / total wt of fiber(gm) x 100

FIG 2.1 :- MOISTURE ANALYZER

FIG 2.2 :- FIBER CONDITIONING MACHINE

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 3. TENSILE PROPERTIES STRENGTH (TENACITY) AND ELONGATION

This test method describes the determination of the breaking tenacity and elongation at the
breaking force of cotton fibers in a test specimen in which fibers have been placed randomly in
a specimen comb or clamp and broken using (3.2-mm) 1⁄8-in. clamp spacing. In the cotton textile
industry, this physical property is usually called “strength”. This test method is useful in
research to determine various stress-strain relationships and their influence on variety and
environment and to study the relationship between these fiber properties, processing
performance, and quality of end product. Elongation is measured directly from the
displacement of clamps at maximum force on the fiber. fibers can be tested dry or wet (with or
without immersion). The single-fiber specimens are then broken at a constant-rate-of-extension
(CRE) type of tensile testing machine. Using the force-elongation curve, the breaking force and
elongation at break are determined. The results obtained from this test, breaking tenacity and the
elongation, are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations of fiber process
or conversation and on their end-use applications. The tangent modulus and tensile stress at
specified elongation may be used to differentiate between the probable performance of fibers in
processing and end-use performance. The breaking toughness is an indication of the durability of
materials produced from the fiber.

FIG 3.1 :- TENSILE TESTER MACHINE

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4. FIBER MELTING POINT TEST METHOD
We mainly use this for synthetic fiber because natural fiber are non-thermoplastic, so
they does not melt, synthetic fiber are thermoplastic so they melt and their melting
point is calculated by FISHER-JOHNS MELTING POINT TESTER. The rate of temperature
increase in the vicinity of the melting point must be small, about 2°C per/min.This
insures that the temperature of the hot plate, thermometer, and sample will be in
thermal equilibrium. Increase the temperature rapidly at first and then slowly as the
melting point is approached in the following manner:
1. Place a small amount of crystals, less than one mg, between two coverslips. Place
the coverslips on the hot plate of the melting point apparatus. Turn on The
apparatus. A light will illuminate the sample.
2. Set the heating control at 100 (full power to heater).
3. When the temperature is about 15 degrees below the anticipated melting point,
change the setting to that indicated on the graph below.
4 . Observe the crystals through the lens and record the temperatures at which melting
begins and at which the last crystal disappears. The MP should never be reported as a
single temperature, but as a range.

FIG 4.1 :- FISHER JOHN MELTING POINT TESTER GRAPH

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 FIG 4.2 :- FISHER JOHN M.P TESTER

5. FIBER LENGTH TESTING

For testing the length of fiber we use FIBROGRAPHE, this method of the photoelectric
scanning or Fibrographe method has been developed Hertel in 1940 for testing cotton lint.
This test method is much faster and used In laboratories for measuring fiber length and
length distribution. In this method fiber samples is in the form of a pair of prepared fringes.
The light transmitted through these fringes is monitored by photoelectric current. The
amount of light passing through the fiber is linearly proportional to the number of fibers in
the path of light. The change in photoelectric current is recorded graphically in the form of
firogram. From The fibrogram various length parameters such as span length, mean length
can be analyzed.

FIG 5.1 :-FIBROGRAPHE

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6. FIBER CROSS SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDNAL VIEW
For testing the fiber cross sectional and longitudinal view we use microscope, these test
requires a microscope which has minimum 100 power. This same test can be used for both
synthetic and natural fiber. It can be easily conducted just using a single apparatus microscope.
From this method we can know the structure of fiber, we can use them according to their
structure and can also make changes to get a better quality. For example in cotton we remove
convolution by mercerizing.

FIG 6.1 :- MICROSCOPE FOR TESTING FIBER

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7. REFERENCE
 www.astm.org (08/10/2017 09:00)
 www.slideshare.net (07/10/2017 13:00)
 Book- Principles of textile testing

Author: J.E.Booth / Publication: cbs publisher

 www. orgchemboulder.com( 08/10/2017 16:30 )

 WIKIPEDIA (08/10/2017 17:00)

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