MODULE 5: CONCEPTION ● Functional life of 45-72 hours

● Moves through the cervix, body of uterus, and fallopian tube

Definition of Terms: because of their flagella & uterine contractions
1. Amniotic Membranes / Amnion ● Undergoes CAPACITATION
- A membrane that closely covers the embryo when ○ (changes in the plasma membrane of the sperm
first formed. head to reveal sperm binding receptor sites)
2. Amniotic Fluid ○ before penetrating into the corona radiata
- Liquid produced by the fetal membranes and the 1. Spermatozoa reach ovum and cluster around its protective
fetus layer of corona cells
3. Placenta 2. Hyaluronidase (a proteolytic enzyme) is released by the
- A highly vascular fetal organ that exchange with spermatozoa & dissolves the layer of the the cells protecting
maternal circulation, mainly by diffusion to ovum
4. Cord / Umbilical Cord 3. Spermatozoa penetrate the cell membrane of Ovum.
- A flexible structure connecting the umbilicus with 4. Once it penetrates the cell membrane changes composition
the placenta in the gravid uterus and give passage to become imperricus from other sperm (?)
5. Yolk Sac
- Structure that develops in the inner cells mass of
the embryo and expands into a vesicle Factors That Affect Fertilization
6. Cephalocaudal ● Equal maturation of both the sperm and ovum
- Head to tail progression ● Ability of the sperm to reach the ovum
7. Conception (Fertilization / Impregnation) ● Ability of the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida & cell
- Beginning or start of pregnancy membrane & achieve fertilization.
- Spermatozoa enters an ovum and forms a viable
zygote
8. Embryogenesis Multiple Pregnancy
- Process in sexual reproduction by which an 1. DIZYGOTE (Fraternal)
embryo forms from the fertilization of an ovum. ○ 2 or more ova fertilized by separate sperms
9. Expected Date of Confinement / Birth (EDC/ EDB) ○ Fetuses have separate placentas, amnions, and
- Calculated date of when birth can occur chorions, and may be the same/ different sexes
10. Fertilization 2. MONOZYGOTIC (Identical)
- Union of sperm and ova on the outer third of the ○ Single fertilized ova
fallopian tube ○ Fetuses share a common placenta and chorion
11. Implantation but separate amnions
- Contact between the growing structure and the ○ Same sex and same genotype
uterine endometrium (8 to 10 days after ovum is
fertilized) Implantation
12. Organogenesis ● Zygote migrates from fallopian tubes to the body of the
- Formation of organs uterus in 3 to 4 days, aided by currents initiated by the
muscular contractions of the fallopian tube.
Fertilization (In order): ● Undergo a series of mitotic divisions resulting in cleavage
1. Ovum formation, 1 in every 22 hours with the cleavage division.
- ovulation to fertilization ● Once it reaches the uterus, zygote is now composed of 32-
2. Zygote 50 balls of cell (?) termed as MORULA (16 blastomeres
- fertilization to implantation contained in a solid ball within the zona pellucida)
3. Embryo ● Another 3-4 days, Morula becomes a BLASTOCYST
- Implantation to 5-8 weeks consisting of:
4. Fetus ○ Inner cell mass = embryo
- 5-8 weeks until term ○ TROPHOBLAST = becomes placenta
5. Conceptus ○ At 8-10 days, blastocyst attaches to the
- Developing embryo & placental structures endometrium
throughout pregnancy ○ Sheds off residues of zona pellucida and corona
6. Age of Viability radiata.
- Earliest stage at which fetus survive if they are ○ Brush against endometrium (upposition) and
born ( 24 weeks/ weighing 500 - 600 kg) settles down into its soft folds (invasion)
○ IMPLANTATION = High posterior surface of
endometrium
TIME PERIODS OF FETAL DEVELOPMENT ● A slight vaginal bleeding is experienced during implantations
1. Pre-Embryonic/Germinal - First 2 weeks for fertilization stage because capillaries are ruptured by the implantation
2. Embryonic - 3 to 8 weeks trophoblast cells
3. Fetal - 8 weeks through birth ● Once implanted, zygote becomes an embryo

OVA (23 chromosomes)

● Extruded for the Graafian follicle Embryonic and Fetal Structures
● Surrounded by mucopolysaccharide fluid fluid (Zona 1. Decidua
pellucida) and circle of cells (Corona Radiata) a. Uterus that has grown thick and vascular
○ Zona pellucida & corona radiata b. 3 AREAS:
■ Protects ova by serving as buffers ● Decidua basalis
against injury - Lies directly under the embryo
● Propelled from the ovary to the fallopian tube by currents - Portion where the trophoblast
initiated by the fimbriae, peristaltic action of the tube & establish communication with
movements of the tube cilia help propel the ovum along the maternal blood vessel
lengths of the tube. ● Decidua capsularis
● Capable of fertilization for only 24 to 48 hour (after atrophies) - Portion that stretches or
encapsulates the surface of
SPERM the trophoblast
● Per ejaculation, 2.5 mL semen containing 50-200 million ● Decidua vera
spermatozoa is released (average amount of sperm per - Remaining portion of the
ejaculation) uterine lining.
 2. Chorionic Villi
a. Miniature villi similar to probing fingers that appear Body Systems:
in the 11th / 12th day after fertilization 1. Cardiovascular System
b. Begins the formation of the placenta - Forms as early as 10th day of life
c. Central care of connective tissue and rectal - Beast as early as 25th day
capillaries - Use doppler instrument: 20-12th week
d. 2 LAYERS: - After 28th week, heartbeat is consistent at 110-
i. Syncytial trophoblast (syncytial layer) 160bpm
● Produces HCG (human - Faster heartbeat for baby
chorionic gonadotropin), HPL 2. Respiratory System
(human placental lactogen), - Third week of intrauterine life, the respiratory and
Estrogen, Progesterone digestive tracts as a single tube
ii. Cytotrophoblast (middle/ longest layer) - 4th week: septum begins to divide the esophagus
● To protect the growing from trachea
embryo - 7th week: diaphragm complete
- 12th week: spontaneous resp. practice
3. Placenta - 24th week: surfactant is formed
a. 15 to 20 cm in diameter 3. Nervous System
b. 2 to 8 cm deep - 3rd week of gestation: a neural plate is apparent
c. 400-600g at full term with the top differentiating into neural tube
d. 25-30 cotyledons - 24th week: baby ears and eyes exhibit pupillary
e. 2 SIDES: reaction
i. Maternal/ Mother (dirty/ rough) 4. Digestive System
ii. Fetal/ Baby (shiny / smooth) - Digestive tract separates from respiratory tract at 4
f. Functions: weeks
i. Nutritional - At 6 weeks, rapid intestinal growth pushes a
● Transports nutrients such as portion of intestine to the back of the VC(?) until
glucose amino acids and fatty 10th week or until abdominal cavity has grown
acids - At 16th week: meconium
● Stores nutrients such as ➢ Fetal feces
CHO, COOH ➢ Bile, protein
ii. Excretory Roles ➢ black/green
● Transports nitrogenous waste - 32nd week: swallowing
such as ammonia, urea, uric - 36th week: ability of GI to secretes enzymes
acid 5. Musculoskeletal System
iii. Respiratory - 1st to 2nd week: cartilage prototypes provide
● Transports O2 from the position and support to the fetus
mother and Coc from fetus to - 11th week: ultrasound movements
mother - 12th week: ossification of cartilage
iv. Endocrine - 20th week: mother feel movement
● Secretes estrogen and ➢ Quickening - 1st feeling of pregnant
progesterone woman of movement of bay in the
v. Immunity uterus
6. Reproductive System
HORMONES - 6th week: gonad form
A. HCG - 8th week: chromosomal analyses for child’s sex
● Can be detected as early as the 1st week delay 7. Urinary System
● In maternal blood - 12th week: urine is formed and is excreted in fluid
○ Through the 100% days of pregnancy
● Ensures corpus luteum to continuously produce
progesterone and estrogen so the endometrial of
the uterus is maintained
● Suppress maternal immunologic reaction
● If fetus is male, exerts an effort on the testes
● At 8 weeks - corpus luteum is not necessary
anymore; begins to decrease
B. Estrogen
● “Horme of women”
● Mammary gland of women
● Stimulates uterine growth to accomcate
● Growing fetus
C. Progesterone
● “Hormone of mothers”
● Decrease uterine contractility of uterus

Ectoderm
- general NS
- Skin, hair, nails, tooth enamel
Mesoderm
- Supportive structure in the body (connective tissues, bones,
tendons)
- Urinary system
Endoderm
- Lining of pericardial, pleura, peritoneal cavities