Lectuer-6

Database Design and

Applications
BITS Pilani Ashish Narang
Pilani Campus
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

First Semester

2020-21
Contents

• Join Operation in SQL

• Use of Aliases
• Outer Joins
• Aggregate Functions
• Use of Group by and Having
• Union operation in SQL
• Nested Queries
• Correlated Nested Queries
• Views

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Join Query

Query: Retrieve the name and Address of all employees who

work for the 'Research' department.

SELECT Fname, Lname, Address

FROM EMP, DEPT
WHERE Dname='Research' AND Dnumber=Dno

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ALIASES

Query: Retrieve the name and Address of all employees who

work for the 'Research' department.

SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, E.Address

FROM EMPLOYEEE E, DEPARTMENT D
WHERE D.Dname='Research' AND
D.Dnumber=E.Dumber

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Contd..

Query: Retrieve fname, lname and dname of all employees who

works for department number 10 or 20 or 30.

SELECT Fname, Lname

FROM EMPLOYEE E, DEPARTMENT D
WHERE E.Dno=D.Dnumber AND Dno
IN(10,20,30);

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Outer Join

• An outer join extends the result of a simple join. An outer join

returns all rows that satisfy the join condition and also returns
some or all of those rows from one table for which no rows
from the other satisfy the join condition. There are 3 variants
of outer join.
1. Left outer join
2. Right outer join
3. Full outer join

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Left Join

• Left join returns all the rows from left table combine with the
matching rows of the right table. If you get no matching tuples
in the right table it returns NULL values.

Select fname, lname, dname

from employee e left join department d
on e.dno=d.dno;

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Right Join

• Right join returns all the rows from right table combine with
the matching rows of the left table. If you get no matching in
the left table it returns NULL values.

Select fname, lname, dname

From Employee e right join Department d

on e.dno=d.dno;

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Use of Arithmetic in Queries

Query: Show the resulting salaries if every employee

working in Research Department is given a 10 percent raise.

SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname, 1.1 * E.Salary AS Increased_sal

FROM EMPLOYEE E, Department D
WHERE E.Dno=D.Number AND D.Dnumber=‘Research’;

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Aggregate Functions

Query: Find the sum of the salaries of all employees, the maximum
salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary.
SELECT SUM (Salary), MAX (Salary), MIN (Salary), AVG (Salary)
FROM EMPLOYEE;

Query: Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Research’
department, as well as the maximum salary, the minimum salary,
and the average salary in this department.
SELECT SUM (Salary), MAX (Salary), MIN (Salary), AVG (Salary)
FROM (EMPLOYEE JOIN DEPARTMENT ON Dno=Dnumber)
WHERE Dname=‘Research’;

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Contd..

Query: Retrieve the total number of employees in the

company and the number of employees in the
‘Research’ department.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMPLOYEE;

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMPLOYEE E, DEPARTMENT D
WHERE E.DNO=D.DNUMBER AND D.DNAME=‘Research’;

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Use of Group By

Query: For each department, retrieve the department number, the

number of employees in the department, and their average
salary.

SELECT Dno, COUNT (*), AVG (Salary)

FROM EMPLOYEE
GROUP BY Dno;

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Use of Having

Query: For each department where number of employees are

greater than 2, retrieve the department number, the number of
employees in the department, and their average salary.

SELECT Dno, COUNT (*), AVG (Salary)

FROM EMPLOYEE
GROUP BY Dno;
Having count(*) >=2

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Union Operation
Query: Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee
whose last name is ‘Smith’, either as a worker or as a manager of the
department that controls the project.

SELECT DISTINCT Pnumber

FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Dnum=Dnumber AND Mgr_ssn=Ssn
AND Lname='smith'
UNION

SELECT DISTINCT Pnumber

FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Pnumber=Pno AND Essn=Ssn
AND Lname='smith'

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Use of Join with Group By

Query: For each project on which more than two employees

work, retrieve the project number, project name, and the
number of employees who work on that project.

SELECT Pnumber, Pname, COUNT(*)

FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON
WHERE Pnumber=Pno
GROUP BY Pnumber, Pname
HAVING COUNT (*) > 2 ;

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Contd..

Query: Retrieve a list of employees and the projects they are

working on, ordered by department and, within each
department, ordered alphabetically by last name, then first
name.
SELECT D.Dname, E.Lname, E.Fname, P.Pname
FROM DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E, WORKS_ON
W, PROJECT P
WHERE D.Dnumber= E.Dno AND E.Ssn= W.Essn AND
W.Pno= P.Pnumber
ORDER BY D.Dname, E.Lname, E.Fname;

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Nested Queries

Query: Retrieve the name and Address of all employees who

work for the 'Research‘ department.

SELECT Fname, Lname, Address

FROM Employee
WHERE Dno IN
(
SELECT Dnumber FROM Department
WHERE Dname='Research'
);

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Correlated Nested Query

Query: Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent

with the same first name as the employee.

SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname

FROM EMPLOYEE E
WHERE E.Ssn IN
(
SELECT Essn FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE Essn=E.Ssn AND
E.Fname=Dependent_name
);

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Views

• A view is a subset of a database that is generated from a query

and stored as a permanent object.
• The data contained therein is dynamic depending on the point
in time at which the view is accessed.
• They take up very little storage space because the database
contains only the view definition, not the data
• Views can limit the degree to which tables are exposed to the
outer world.

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Contd..
The syntax of create view is as follows:
CREATE VIEW "VIEW_NAME" AS "SQL Statement";

Example 1:
CREATE VIEW EMP_DETAILS
AS SELECT FNAME,LNAME FROM EMLOYEE

Example 2:
CREATE VIEW WORKS_ON1
AS SELECT Fname, Lname, Pname, working_hours
FROM EMPLOYEE, PROJECT, WORKS_ON
WHERE Ssn=Essn AND Pnum=Pnumber;

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