mß.Kl oDVdx. ;dËKh y÷kd.

ekSu
Introduction to Hardware

mß.Kl oDVdx. ;dËKh y÷kd.ekSfï oS mß.Kl hka;%h ;=< Ndú; jk fufyhqï ld¾hhka my; mßos oelaõh
yelsh'

• o;a; we;=<;a lsÍfï fufyhqï - Input Operations

• ixLHd;aul o;a; yeisrùfï fufyhqï - Arithmetical operations
• ;¾ldkql+, o;a; yeisrùfï fufyhqï - Logical operations
• o;a; msg;g ksl=;a lsÍfï fufyhqï - Output operations
• o;a; yd f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍfï fufyhqï –Storage operations

by; ld¾hhka i|yd mß.Kl moaO;shla f,i wod< WmlrK ks¾udKh fõ' tajd tlsfkl
iïnkaO ù we;s whqre iy m%Odk fldgia 5lg j¾. lr we;s wdldrh my; oelafõ'

 Input devices
 Memory/Storage unit
 Computing unit (ALU-Arithmetic & Logical) Central processing Unit
 Control unit (CU)
 Output devices

fuu ld¾hhka ioyd mß.Kl hka;%h wdYs%;j Ndú; jk WmlrK j¾. 5 ls'
1 o;a; we;=<;a lrk WmlrK
2 f;dr;=re iliaa lrk WmlrK
3 f;dr;=re u;l ;nd .kakd WmlrK
4 f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lrk WmlrK
5 f;dr;=re ksl=;a lrk WmlrK'

fuu WmlrK
1 y÷kd .ekSu 4 fodaI y÷kd .ekSu
2 tl,ia lsÍu 5 fodaI ksrdlrKh
3 l%shd lrùu" wm l%udkql+,j wOHhkh l< hq;=h'

Terminals

Disk Drives COMPUTER Tape Drives

(CPU)

1
 f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrk l%u yd WmlrK – INPUT DEVICES

K e y B oa r d
Terminal
Video touch screen Manual input ^w;s
^ ka
Mouse yiqrejñka f;dr;=re ieliSu&
Tracker ball
Light pen
Joystick

O p t i c a l r e a de r s
F i x e d b a r c ode r e a de r s
O p t i c a l Sc a n n er

Hand Held
Flat Bed
Roll feed

Source
Dat a Online
O p t i c a l c ha r a c t er r e c o g na t i o n s Input
O p t i c a l ma r k r e a de r Inp ut

M a g n e t i c i nk r e a d e r
M a g n e t i c i nk c h a r a c t e r r e co g na t i o n
M a g n e t i c i nk ma r k r e c o g ni t i o n
Finger print reader

Voice pad
Voice
Micro phone
Voice recognation Input

Vedio
Digital camera Input

1. tu fudfydf;au f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrk l%u – ONLINE INPUT DEVICE

A) w;ska yiqrejñka f;dr;=re we;=<;a lsÍu – MANUAL INPUT DEVICE.
1. Key board - h;=re mqjrej - jeäu ckm%sh;dj we;s WmlrKhls'
2. Terminals - Teleprinter Terminals, h;=re mqjrejla l=vd ;srhla yd uqøK hka;%hla iys; Cash register hkq fuu
WmlrKhh’
3. Mouse - (Rolling Ball, Optical, Laser Beam) ;srh u; hï i<l=Kla flf¾ b,lal flf¾'
4. Joy Stick - mß.Kl lS%vd ioyd Point ùug Ndú; lrhs'
5. Tracker Ball - fnda,h lrleùu'
6. Pointing Stick - by,g tijQ l+rla fi,ùu'
7. Touch Pad - f,ai¾ lsrK Ordjla ksl=;a jk úg weÕs,a,g th jeoSfuka y÷kd .kS'
8. Touch Screen - ;srh u; w,jk ,o ia:r ^Layers& ;=klska iukaú; wdjrKhla jk fuh u; weÕs,s ;=v ;olsÍu
ksid wod, ia:dkfha fmkajk o;a;h l%shd;aul fõ' Infrared u.ska l%shd;aul fõ' wd.ka;=lhskag
fõ.fhka f;dr;=re ,nd oSug Ndú; lrhs'

2
 9. Light Pen - wf,dalhg ixfõoSj l%shd lrk mEkla u; mß.Kl ;srh u.ska ksl=;a jk Photo Electric mßm:hg
úreoaOj l%shdlrñka o;a; ixialrKh isÿ lrhs' bxðfkare ld¾hhka j,oS fukau Microprocessor
ie,iqïlrKfhaoS o fuu ;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrhs' tu ls%hdj,sh ‘pen base system’ fõ'

B) tljr f;dr;=re rdYshla we;=<;a lsÍu - SOURCE DATA INPUT

 Digitizer (graphic tablet) hï rEmhla fuu me;,s u;=msg ;=< úfYaI mEklska weoSfuka th X, Y l%uhg
wkqmsgm;la mß.Klh ;=,g Digital l%uhg we;=<;a lr .k’' fï whqßka fuh Ndú;d lrhs' ks¾udK Ys,amSka
(Designers & architectures) fuu l%uh Ndú;d lrhs'
 Optical Scanning System fuysos mß.Klhg ,nd.; hq;= b,lalh fj; wdf,dal Odrdjla ksl=;a lrñka tys
mrdj¾;l loïn (reflections) kej; .%yKh lr .ksñka (sensor) tajd ixLHd;aul o;a; njg m;alr ,nd foa
I. Optical Scanner :- Hand held w;ska tyd fuyd w;=,a,k Flat bed me;,s ;yvqjla we;s
Roll Feed frda,la jfÜ wjYH ia:rh .uka lrùu ^lvodis jeks&
4

II. Bar code reader :- l¿ iy iqÿ f¾Ld rgdjlska uqøKh lrk ,o f;dr;=re fj;
6
3
wdf,dal Odrdjla hjd tajdfha mdrdj¾;s; wf,dalh wkqj tu o;a; ,nd.k’’' 3
2
5
3
3
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) 1 3

uqøKh lrk ,o úfYaI ixLHd yd wl=re (Alphanumeric characters) iys; o;a; .%yKh lr .eksfñ
l%uhhs' fuysos tu wl+re fyda ixLHdj, iïu; ;;ajh fkdmj;S kï fuu ls%hdj wek ySà’'
 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
by; wdldrhgu lvodisj, úfYaIs; kïj,ska igyka l< i,l=Kq .%yKh lr.ekSug Ndú; lrk
l%uhhs' fuysos t,a, lrk wdf,dal Odrdj mrdj¾;kfhka miqq .%yKh lrf.k ta wkqj f;dr;=re y÷kd.k’'
Bar codes - ldâ
ldâj, f;dr;=re M<sh w÷re ;Sre f,i igyka lsÍu'
Hand written marks - w;ska w|sk ,o i,l=Kq Hand written characters - w;ska ,shk ,o wl=re
Finger print reader - weÕs,s i,l=Kq y÷kd.ekSu Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Voice input- Voice pads- Microphones - u.ska sound card tl yryd uDÿldx. Ndú; lrñka Yío iys;
f;dr;=re we;=<;a l< yelsh'

m%Odk fufyhqï tallh CENTRAL PROCCESSING UNIT

mß.Klfha yoj; n÷ - CPU (CENTRAL PROCCESSING UNIT) uhsfl%dfm%dfiirhlska iukaõ; fõ'

uhsfl%dfm%dfiirhla f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka ix.Dys; mßm:hla u
^Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) jqj;a ta fol w;r m%Odk Gates

fjkialula o ;sfì'
uhsfl%dfm%dfiirhlg we;=¿ lrkq ,nk o;a; lsishï
l%shdj,shlg Ndckh úfuka miq fjkia wdldrhlska thska msg;g hhs' Circuit

fuf,i o;a; fufyhqulg Ndckh lsÍfï yelshdj we;af;a ix.Dys;

mßm: w;=ßka uhsfl%dfm%dfiirj,g muKs' uhsfl%dfm%dfiir olskakg
CPU

,efnkafka mß.Kl ;=< muKla u fkdfõ' fros fidaok hka;%" fgf,laia hka;% wdos kùk ks¾udK fndfydauhl fïjd
ls%hdldÍ fõ' lsishï hka;%hla iajhxlS%hj l%shdlsÍug wjYH jev igyka .nvd fldg ;sfnkafka fuu uhsfl%dfm%dfiir
;=<h' tlsfklg b÷rdu fjkia ld¾hhka bgq lr fokq ,nk fujeks uhsfl%dfm%dfiir wêl m%udKhla oekg wm w;r
;sfí'
tla uhsfl%dfm%dfiirhla wfkllska fjkafldg y÷kd .kq msKsi tajdg wxl kdu ,nd oS ;sfí' mß.Klj,
wvx.= jk m%Odk fufyhqï tallh f,i .efkk uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh u; mß.Klh yd iïnkaO wfkl=;a Wmdx.j,
ls%hdldß;ajh f.dvkef.a' fujeks mß.Klj, mß.Kl fufyhqï l%shd moaO;sh mjd ,shd we;af;ao wka;¾.;
uhsfl%dfm%dfiirhg .e,fmk mßosh' 1971 oS Intel iud.u uq,au Multiple Transistors fm%dfiirh ksmojk ,os' th

3
Intel 4004 kï úh' mß.Kl b;sydifha uq,a jrg wm w;rg wd uhsfl%dfm%dfiir j,ska ie÷ï,;a mß.Kl i;=j
;snqfKa lsf,danhsá 64 l u;l .nvdjls' t;=< jQ uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh 8080 f,i yeoskaúKs'

CPU ys ieliqu
Backing Storage

Input Memory Output WmlrK md,kh ñi o;a; ieliSu fkdfõ'

Arithmetic

and Logical

Unit

Control Unit (CU)

C PU - S il ic on f yd a Se m ic on d u c t or u d O Hf hk a k smo j d w e ; s u hs f l % df m %d f iir j , m% O d k f l d g ia 0 4 la
o l a k g ,e f n k w ; r tu f l d g ia m s<sf j <sk a "
1. A. L. U Ar it h m et ic & L o gi ca l U n it ^ ; ¾l yd . K s ; .e g ¨ ú i| Su &
2. I. C . I nte r nal C o mm u n i c a ti on ( B u s) ^ ik a k s f ú ok t al l h &
3. Re gi ste r s ^ ; d jl d , s l . nv d tal l h&
4. C on t r ol U ni t ^ md ,l t a l l h &
^1& Arithmetic & Logical Unit fuu fldgi u.ska uhsfl%dfm%dfiirhg .Kkh lsÍfï yelshdjka iy ;d¾lsl
(AND or NOT) lghq;= úi|Sfï yelshdj ,ndfoa'
^2& Internal Communication wNHka;ßl ikaksfõok tallh fyj;a (Data Bus)
^3& o;a; we;=¿ lsÍfï iy msglsÍfï fldgia iy fm%dfiirh w;r o;a; yqjudre lghq;= isÿ flf¾'
^4& md,k tallh (Control Unit):-

year Name or Number Transistor Clock speed Data MIPS Microns

Width

1971 4004 0- 11 4 bit

1974 8080 6000 2MHz 8 bit 0 64 6
1978 8088 29000 5MHz 16 bit 0 33 3
1978 8086 6MHz 16 bit
8088
1984 80286 134000 8MHz 16 bit 1.5
10MHz
1985 80386dx 275000 16MHz 32 bit 5 1.5
1988 80386sx 20MHz
80486SLC 33MHz
1990 80486sx (Non Co- 120000 25MHz 32bit 5 1
Processor)
80486dx (8Mb
L1Cache)
Cyrix486SLC 25/50
IBM486SLC2/SLC3 (16Mb L1 25/75
cache)
1992 80486dx2
80486dx4-16MbL1 33/100
1993 Pentium Cyrix 3100000 160/120 64 bit 100 0.8
1996 Cyrix 6x86 3100000
AMD k5 3100000
AMD k5 ii 3100000
1997 idiwin chip Pentium 3500000
1997 MMX 450000
1997 IBM 600000
1998 Cyrix 6x86MX 600000

4
 IDTwinchip23D
1995 Pentium pro 5500000
1997 AMD k6 88000000
Xeon
1997 Pentium 2 7500000 233 MHz 64 bit 300 0.35
Celeron
1998 AMD k6 ii 9300000
1999 Mobile P II 27400000 450 MHz
Celeron 18900000 64 bit 450 0.25
AMD k6 iii Pentium 9300000
III CuMine
VIA Joshua 28000000

1999 AMD Athlon AMD 22000000

2000 Athlon thunderbird
2001 AMD Duron 37000000 510
42000000 1.5GHz 64 bit 0.18

2002 Pentium 4 3.6GHz 64 bit 1700 0.9

2004 AMD Sempron

o;a;j, ieliqï ld¾hh " ieliqKq o;a; fldgia wod, WmlrK fj; f.khdu" tu WmlrKj, l%shdldß;ajh
md,kh fuu.ska isÿfõ'

System clock
m%Odk fufyhqï tall folla tlsfklska fjkia jk m%Odku idOl fol kï tajdfha BIT m%udKh iy wNHka;r
foda,lfha (CLOCK) fõ.hhs' fïjd u.ska uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh i;= yelshdjka ks¾Kh lrkq ,nhs' mß.Klfha wfkl=;a
WmlrKhka fj; ßoauhdkql=, ix{d iïfm%aIKh flf¾'
fuu tla ix{djla ( Signal ) clock cycle tlls'
Wod -100 MHz WmlrKhla ;=< ;;amrhl oS clock cycles ñ,shk 100 la yqjudre fõ' tla tla l%shdjla i|yd lsishñ
ixLHdjl clock cycles m%udKhla .; flf¾' mß.Klh ;=< ish¨ o;a; iy úOdk ksfhdackh lrkq ,nkafka fjda,aÜ
myl úÿ,s n, m%udKhla we;s fyda ke;s nj u.sks' fuu ;;a;ajhka ms<sfj,ska 1 iy 0 jYfhka y÷kajhs' BINARY DIGIT
ke;fyd;a fofla mdoh u.ska ksrEmKh jk neúka fuu w.hka fláfhka BIT hkqfjka y÷kajhs'
ìÜ 4 la tlg f.dkq l< úg NIBBLE hkqfjkao ìÜ 8 la f.dkq l< úg BYTE hkqfjkao y÷kajhs' wlaIrhla
b,lalula fyda ixfla;hla jeks lsishï tla o;a;hla ksfhdackh lrkq msKsi mß.Klh u.ska Wmfhda.s lr.kq ,nk
wju ìÜ m%udKh 8 ls' ke;fyd;a nhsÜ tlls' fuu m%udKh mß.Klfha o;a; nifha (DATA BUS) m%udKh fú'

Bus hkq " disk

Disk Cache
(reserved space
mß.Kl NdIdfõ § nia ((bus) hkqfjka yÿkajkqfha o;a; in main memory)

RAM

(data) hï hï WmlrK fldgia fj; f.khdu iy f.k tau isÿlrkq CPU

RAM

bus
,nk oDv ud¾.hls' fuh fndfyda fihska jhr j,g iudk fõ' fuu controller Peripheral
bus
ISA bus
(PCI, ISA)
32 or 64 bit 16 bit

nia fj; jhr u.ska processor , memory & I /O devices fldgia Local bus

bus bus CPU

controller controller

iñnkaOj we;' mß.Klfha fuu ud¾. ixúOdkh lrkakdjq l%uhla VL bus PCI bus
System bus
(frontside bus,
32 bit 32 or 64 bit local bus)

fyj;a ie,iqu BUS architecture fõ'

o;a; ieliqfï (CPU)) fõ.h flfrys n,mdk idOl
 Speed - kefkda ;;amrhla ;=< l%shdlrjk ld¾hh ixLHdj
 Bus speed - ieliqï fldgi fj; o;a; /f.k hk fú.h
 Numeric processor - ys tljrlg .Kkh jk ixLHd;aul úi÷ï ixLHdj
 Number of Instruction pipe lines - Wmfoia f.khk o;a; ud¾. m%udKh yd ta ;=< tl os.g lrf.k hd yels
ls%hdldrlï m%udKh'
 Pipe line management - tla ls%hdldrlula isÿ fjoaoS kej; ,efnk ls%hdldrlï j,g uqyqK oSfï l<ukdlrK
Yla;sh
 Internal Cache RAM - wèfú.S wNHka;r u;lh
 Data path - tla ls%hdldrluloS /f.k hd yels Wmßu o;a; m%udKh

5
  Maximum Memory - Wmßu Ndú; u;lh
 Microns - Chips ys wvx.= mßm:j, >klu
 Data Width - jrlg y÷kd.kakd o;a;hl m<, (bit .Kk)
 MIPS - ;;amrhlg yqjudrejk Wmfoia ñ,shk .Kk
 Clock Speed - ;;amrhlg cks;jk iaMkao m%udKh - Hz
;;amrhlg cks;jk iamkao ñ,shk m%udKh - MHz
;;amrhlg cks;jk iamkao ì,shk m%udKh - GHz
-9
Nano second hkq ;;amrfhka ì,shkfhka tlls' 10
o;a; ilikh úldYkh ùfïoS tys ld¾hlaIu;dj j¾Okhg bjy,a jQ ;dlaIKsl idrdxYh
ixj¾Okh l< Wmfhda.S;dj
dj M,odhS;dfõ n,dfmdfrd;a;=j WodyrK

Internal Clock Frequency wNHka;r o;a; ieliSfï fõ.h 3.2 GB

wNHka;r >áld foda,k ixLHd;h j¾Okh
ndysr WmlrK yd o;a; yqjudre
External Clock Frequency
fõ.h jeä lsÍu 400 MHz
ndysr >áld foda,k ixLHd;h
Speed for front side bus

Clock doubling wNHka;r yd ndysr o;a; yqjudre

8X
oaú;aj >áld foda,k ixLHd;h fõ. j¾Okh

Internal data width

wNHka;rfha y÷kd.; yels
o;a;hl m<,
External data width
Internal cache L1
External cache L2
Volt 3.3
Instruction Set
CPU ;=< tla jrlg y÷kd.; yels
32 bits
o;a;hl m<, (bits .Kk&
fm%dfiirh u.ska ndysßka tl jrlg
,ndf.k y÷kd.; yels o;a;hl 64 bits
m<, ( bit .Kk&
CPU yd RAM w;rg wêfõ.S
64 kb
wNHka;r cache u;lh tla lsÍu
CPU yd ndysr WmlrK w;r o;a;
m%fõYfha fõ.j;a nj ioyd Ndú; 512 kB
l< wêfõ.S u;lh
Ndõ; lrk úNjh (voltage) wvq
3.5 V
lsÍu u.ska r;aùu md,kh
RISC,
Wmfoia ,nd.ekSfïoS tajd y÷kd
More pipelines,
.ekSfï ;dlaIKh oshqKq lsÍu
MMX , 3D

CPU j,oS Ndú;djk úoHq;a fjda,aàh;djhka

CPU Internal I/O
P- MMX 2.8 V 3.3
AMD K6 2.8V/2.9V 3.3
Cyrix 6x86 MX 2.8V 3.3
P – II 2.8V 3.3
AMD K6 – II 2.2V 3.3
P - II, III 2.0V 3.3
P - III Cumine 1.6V 3.3

fuu fjda,aàh;djh fjkia lsÍu i|yd CPU tl ;=, o;a; m%fõY ud¾.j, isyska nj jeä lrkq ,efí'

6
 o;a ; m% ; s o dk Wmdx. - Output Devices

Soft copy

P l o t t er
Inkjet /pen/drum/
Flatbed
Printers
Daisy wheel
Dot matrix
Drum
On Band/chane
lin e Thermal
Inkjet
Output
Laser->Lq
NLq

Impact non

Character
Hard copy Line
Page

( 1) Online Output - ta fudfydf;au f;dr;=re ksl=;a lrk WmlrK-Soft

WmlrK output
Visual Output- oDIH udOHfhka o;a; ksl=;a lsÍu weig fmfkk fia o;a; yd f;dr;=re ksl=;a lsÍfï l%u iuQyhls'
I. Screen - ;srhla u.ska
* CRT- Cathode Ray Tube Ndú;dlrïka ;srhla u;g f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu" fï i|yd wod,
WmlrKh fj; ,efnk Digital f;dr;=re bf,lafg%dak loïN njg m;alrñka Phosper Dots u;g
m;s; lr ,shkq ,nhs'
II. Flat screen
Ndú;hg myiq" úÿ,sh wju jYfhka jehùu$ weig ms%hcklh
L.C.D. - Liquid Crystal Display. E.P.D. - Electro Phoretic Display.
E.L.D. - Electro Luminescent Display P.D.P. - Gas Plasma Display Panel
Resolution Type Pixels Colors
C G A- Color Graphics adapter 320X200 4
EGA Enhanced Graphics adapter 640X350 16
V G A Video Graphics adapter 640X480 16
320X200 25
S V G A Super Video Graphics adapter 800X600 250
1024X768 250
XGA Extended Graphics adapter 1024X768 65536

Pixel :- *Picture elements - rEmfha ishqï" ;shqKq nj ks¾Kh fõ' fuh friÆIka (Resolution) tl fõ' rEmfha meyeos,s
nj fjkqfjka wÕ,loS ;srfha ksrEmKh jk ;s;ah '

2 Source Data Output - f;dr;=re wjYH úg ksl=;a lsÍu - Hard Output

• Plotters úYd, m%udKfha mßudKhg wkqj uqøs; msgm;a (Up to the scale) ,nd .ekSug Ndú;d lrhs'
• Printers

7
 Daisy wheel Dot matrix Drum Band/Chain Inkjet
Paper
1. drum is positively charged motion
laser
toner 2. light cancels positive charge, leaving replica of image
embossed
from
(raised) character
1 characters 3. negatively-charged generator
4 toner attracted to drum Ink Nozzle
(piezoelectric Deflection toner
crystal) Plates 2
1
2
drum droplets mirror,
back of lenses,
band
paper etc.
Charging Tunnel
3 paper 5. toner
print hammers fused to paper
4. positively-charged from
pressure roller
paper attracts toner generator constant
control unit charge
Gutter
ribbon

4 drum
Ink Reservoir
Pump Ink
Return
3
Line
fusing
section

Voice Output - Yíoh uÕska f;dr;=re ksl=;a lsÍu Speaker Head phone /Telephone
Video output - Y%jH oDYH wdldr uÕska o;a; ksl=;a lsÍï Multimedia Projectors

o;a; .nvd lrk udOHhka Data storage devices

1 mß.Kl u;lh Computer Memory
o;a; yd f;dr;=re u;lhla f,i .nvdlr ;ndf.k fyda ta ta jia:dj,oS ,nd oSfuka ieliSñ lghq;+ isÿ lrhs' fuu ld¾hhka
i|yd by; mßos oaù;Shl .nvdjl o;a; /ialr ;nk WmlrK j,ska o;a; ilikhg (CPU) f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug
.;jk ld,h wêljQ neúka taa i|yd oaù;Shl o;a; .nvdj yd o;a; ilikh w;r ueo wêfõ.S o;a; .nvdjl wjYH;djh
we;s úh' fï fya;=fjka m%d:ñl u;l .nvdjla Ndú; fõ ' fuu m%d:ñl u;lh ;rula ixlS¾K tall iuQyhls' th my;
oelafjk wdldrhg jHQy.; l< yelsh'
Memory (storage Devices)

Internal Virtule External

/Primary MEMORY /Secondary
Memory Auxiliary /Back up

Magnaatic Media
RAM – Random Access Memory
DISK TAPE
;dËKh wkqj idok wdlD;sh
wkqj
RIMMRAM
ModuleStatic
Inline Memory
DIMMSRA
Module
Inline Memory
SIMM Single

y
nsit
De
wHi
Lo
sit
en
D
gh
sk
di
dsk
ar
H
sk
di
p
Zi
Di
py
op
Fl
ML1
MPDRA
RDRAM
SDRAM
DDR
RAM
Dynamic
DRAM-
Cache
/ L2
Cache

M
Double

Optical Media
DISK Card
CMOS RAM -
Complementory Metal
Oxide Semiconductor
er
V
tal
R
gi
A
Di
C
D
L
V
A
D
C
TI
er
P
as
O
L

ROM
Read Only Memory
sk
le
Di
eb
ct
rit
pa
w
m
eo
R
C
W
R
R
D
D
C
C

PROM Programmable Read Only

Memory
EPROM Eraseble
Programmable Read Only
Memory
EEPROM Electrically
Eraseble Programmable Rom

REGISTER (CPU memory)

PCR - Programme Counter

Register
IR - Instruction Register
MBR - Memory Buffer Register
MAR - Memory Address Register
IO/AR - Input Output Address
Register
8
 wNHka;ßl fyda m%d:ñl u;lh (Internal memory)
m%Odk u;lh f,i o;a; .nvd jk fldgi fuf,i y÷kajk w;r fuh fldgia lsysmhlska iukaú;hs'
RAM (Random Access Memory)
o;a; .nvdjl wNHka;ßl m%Odk tallh jk fuh iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' ;djld,slj o;a;
r|jd .ekSfï yelshdj we;s neúka kej; kej; .nvdjk o;a; bj;a lsÍu;a /|ùu;a isÿ l< yels neúka Volatile
Memory f,i o ye|skafõ'

A. ksIamdok ;dËKh wkqj j¾.’

j¾.lrKh
Kh
1. SRAM –Static RAM
fuf,i y÷kajk w;r g%dkaisiag¾ muKla fhdodf.k fndfyda úg fuu u;l tall ksmojkq ,nhs'
Cache Memory:- m%Odk u;lfhka o;a; ilikh fj; f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh jk fõ.h" o;a; ilikfha
fõ.j;a njg fkdiEfyk neúka .eg¿j uÕ yerùug fuu m%Odk u;lh;a o;a; ilikh;a w;rg wêfõ.S u;lhl
wjYH;djh we;s úh' ta i|yd Cache Memory Ndõ; fõ' wêl ksIamdok ñ,la iys; fõ' fuh 80$20 kS;shg
wkqj l%shd;aulfõ' tkï ksYaÑ; ld,hloS hï l%shdjla i|yd Ndú; jk ish¨u mß.Kl jev igyka f;dr;=re
iy o;a; Cache u;lfhka 20] l m%udKhla tu ld¾h flfrk ld,fhka 80] la ;=< Ndú; fõ' fïjd m%Odk j¾.
folls'
L1 Cache - fm%dfiirh ;=< we;s fõ.j;a u;l Ñmhhs'
L2 Cache - fm%dfiirh wi, we;s ujqmqjrefõ iú jQ l=vd u;l Ñmhhs'
2. DRAM - Dynamic Ram f,i y÷kajk w;r g%dkaisiag¾ yd lemEisg¾ fhdodf.k fndfyda úg ksmojkq
,nhs' fuys o;a; kej; kej; wdfrdamKh fkdl<fyd;a (refresh) o;a; uelS hhs' fïjd ;j ÿrg;a j¾.
lsysmhls'
1 SD RAM – Synchronous Dynamic Ram-
PC133 - 133MHz úÿ,s weKysàula f;la o;a; /l.k’'
11. DDR Ram- Double Data Rate Ram -2000-266MHz
111. RDRAM Rambus Dynamic Ram
1V. MPDRAM- Multi Port Dynamic Ram

B. ksIamdokh lrk fudähq,fha wdlD;sh wkqj j¾

j¾. (Type Memory Module)

1. SIMM Single Inline Memory Module *hsn¾ ;yvqfõ tl me;a;l muKla iúlr we;s wdldrh
2. DIMM–Double Inline Memory Module (64-512) MB *hsn¾ ;yvqfõ fome;af;aa iúlrwe;s wdldrh
3 RIMM - Rambus Inline Memory module (800MHz) ksIamdolhdf.a kduh fhdodf.k we;'

C. CMOS RAM - Complementory Metal Oxide Semiconductor

mß.Klfha hï hï oDVdx. ms<sn| úia;r fuka u mß.Klhg wjYH oskh fõ,dj ms<sn| úia;r o fuys wvx.= lr
we;'

2) ROM – Read Only Memory

Rom - Ñmfha f;dr;+re ,sùfï ;dlaIKh wkqj j¾. flf¾'
PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory fuu j¾.fha tlajrla muKla ,súh yelsh'
EPROM- Eraseble Programmable Read Only Memory kej; kej; ,shk ,o f;dr;+re ulñka ,sõh yelsh'
uelSu i|yd mdrcïnq, lsrK (Ultra Violet Ray) Ndú;d lrhs'
EPROM – Electrically Eraseble Programmable Rom:- “Flash” u;lh f,i oekg ckms%h fjïka mj;sk fuuß
Ñma j¾.hls' fuys (Electrical field) úoHq;a fCIa;%hla u.ska f;dr;=re ,sùu yd uelSu folu isÿlrhs'

9
 Rom BIOS Chip – Basic Input Output System
mß.Klh mK .ekajQ fudfydf;a isg fufyhqï moaO;sh u.ska fm%dfiirhg ld¾hhka md,kh lsÍu mjrk
wjia:dj olajd mß.Klh yiqrejk ld¾hh fuu.ska isÿ lrhs' fuys m%Odku ld¾hh fufyhqï moaO;sh mK .ekaùuhs '
thg fya;=j mß.Klh wdrïNfha oS oDVdx. fyda iú l< WmlrK f;areï.; fkdyels ùuhs' mß.Klhg úÿ,sh ,enQ
ieKska "
1. Check the COMS Setup for custom Settings. uq,a mshjr jk fuysoS 64 Bytes muK Odß;dj we;s negßfhka
mK.ekafjk COMS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) keu;s Ñmfha r|jd we;s mß.Kl moaO;sfha
Wmdx. úia;r lshjd n,hs' Memory, oskh" password, diskdrives Etc.. tawkqqj iú l< WmlrK y÷kd.kS' fuu
ls%hdj POST – Power On Self Test f,i y÷kajhs'
2. Load the Interrupt Handler & Device Drivers mß.Klh ;=< iú lrwe;s WmlrK ms<snoj Micro Processer hg
f;areïlr fok uDÿldx. iuQyhla we;' tajd .nvd lr .ekSu isÿlrhs'
3. Intialize registers & Power management Micro processor yd iïnkaO Registers ls%hdlrùu yd mß.Klfha Power
management wdrïNh tfukau fjk;a WmlrK fldgia j,o ^PCI / ISA / AGP) wdosfha o BIOS we;' tajd o ls%hd;aul
lrùu isÿ lrhs '
4. Booting the Computer & Display Settings mß.Klh ;=< u;lh iõlr we;s Hard disk iy VGA Card ms<sno
f;dr;=re ;srhu; o¾Ykh fõ' ^fuh kj;ajd ne,Sug Pause h;=r Tnkak& Boot jk wjia:d folls' tkï"
 Cold Boot:- BIOS u.ska ishÆu WmlrK mßlaIdj isÿlrhs'  Re boot:- fuysoS Post mßlaIdj isÿ fkdfõ'
5. Determine with device are bootable mß.Klh mK.ekafjk wdldrh ke;fyd;a Boot Sequence yÿkd.ekSu B
<Õ ld¾hh fú' tkï fufyhqï moaO;sh r|jd we;s ia:dkh y÷kdf.k Bg wod< f;dr;=re u;lhg heùuhs' fuu
ls%hdj Boot Strap f,i y÷kajhs' tf,i y÷kd fkd.; fyd;a “ Non – System disk or Disk Error” mKsõvh o¾Ykh fõ'

Flashing
fuu BIOS fmr ld,j,oS .,jd kej; iõ l< yels jqjo wo Flash BIOS iú lr we;s neõka th l< fkdyel' tfy;a
tys f;dr;=re fjkia l< yelsh' BIOS program hï hï fodaI oelaùug Beep Sound Ndõ;d lrhs '
Ami BIOS jdr jro
2-3 RAM
4-5-7-10 Mother Board
8 VGA
9 BIOS Chip
6 Key Board
BIOS chip ksIamdok kï" AMI , Acer Labs, Win Bond, Phonix Tec

4.CPU Register – CPU memory

o;a; ilik Processor ;=< iuyr wêfõ.Sj u;lhka .nvd l< yels ia:dk we;' fïjd Internal registers f,i
y÷kajhs' RAM j,g jvd fú.j;ah' CPU tl yd ALU tl fuu u;l .nvd Ndú;d lrñka o;a; ,nd .kS' tfukau
;djld,slj ilik ,o o;a;o .nvd lr ;nhs' fuu fya;=fjka o;a; ilikfha fú.j;a nj jeäfú' fïjd j¾.
lsysmhls'
• PCR - Programme Counter Register
• IR -Instruction Register
• MBR -Memory Buffer Register
• MAR -Memory Address Register
• IO/AR -Input Output Address Register
• I/OBR -Input Output Buffer Register

u;lh ukskafka flfiao (Memory Capacity)

10
 fï ioyd M bit yd MB/ GB fu.d$.s.d nhsÜ fhdod .efka
fuuß Ñmfha Odß;dj Mbits
fuuß fudâhq,fha Odß;dj MB fyda GB
iEu Ñmhlau l=vd ffi,^ cell & rdYshl tl;=jls' fuu cell tlla ;=< 1 bit tll Odß;djla r|jdf.k isà'
tu cell ish,af,a tl;=j chipfha Odß;djhs '

64Mbit

64 Mbit x 8 = 512 Mbit = 64 MB

8
8 Mbytes x 8 = 64Mbits

depth width width x depth=Dencity

^.eUqr& ^m<, & ^ .K;ajh&

Virtual memory
m%Odk u;lfha Odß;dj uos jq wjia:dj,os tu u;lh fjkqjg wjYH f;dr;=re /ialr .eksug oaj;shsl .nvd
WmlrKh jk Hard disk ;=< hï bv m%udKhla fjkalr ;eìh yelsh' fuu l%shdj Swapping kï jk w;r fuh
(Vertual memory) woH;k u;lh f,i y÷kajhs' fuu u;lh l%shd;aul jk wjia:dfõ mß.Klfha iuia;
l%shdldß;ajh wvqfõ '
200 n sec
ROM CPU ^Wod# ñks;a;= 3 1$2 kñ&
12000000 n sec
Hard CPU ^Wod# udi 4 1$2 muK&

oaú;Shsl u;lh i|yd Ndú;jk udOHh Secondary$ Backing $ Auxiliary Storage

m%d:ñl u;lh wka;¾ u;l .nvdjla f,i l%shd l< neõka tu u;lh i|yd o;a; /ialr ;eìug ia:sr
u;lhla wjYH õh' fñ i|yd oaõ;shsl u;l .nvd iys; õõO udOHhka f.ka WmlrK Ndõ;d fõ '
1 pqïNl udOH Ndú; lrk WmlrK Magnaatic Media
A) Magnetic tape pqïNl má ^ 300 $ 600 $ 1200 $ 2400 $ 3600feet merKs;u .nvd udOH jk
fuys f*ßla Tlaihsâ wdf,am l< mÜhlska iukaõ;h' wâ 2400 muK os. pqñNl má o Ndõ;d õh'
Low Density wvq >k;ajfhka f;dr;=re.nvd lrk High Density wê >k;ajfhka f;dr;=re .nvdlrk
B) Magnetic Drum jYfhka j¾. 2 ls o;a; .nvd lsÍu máfha fl<jrl isg wkql%ñj isÿfõ b;du;a wvq
fõ.hlska o;a; ikaksfõokh lrhs' Read head yd Write head 2 la Ndú;d fõ'
C) Magnetic Disk - * Floppy Disk fyj;a kuH ;eá;s kñka y÷ka jk fïjdfha (Iron Oxide Coating) fmßla
Tlaihsä wdf,amhla ;jrd ksmojd we;'
• Single side tl me;a;l muKla .nvd lrk Double side fome;af;u .nvd lrk
• Low density wvq .K;aj High density wê .K;aj Multiple density - nyq .K;aj
úYalïNh wkqj 8” " 5'25” " 3'5” f,i Ndú; úh'
* Hard Disk - oDV ;eá kñka yÿka jk fïjd steel paltters f,i ;kd iron oxide wdf,amlr fydoska Tm oud
we;'
* Zip Disk - Jass Disk fïjd o úfYaI jQ pqïNl .=K iys;j wê.K;aj l%u Ndú; lr úfYaI Zip Driver u.ska
f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍug Ndú;d lrhs'
oDYH udOHh Ndú;d lrk .nvd WmlrK Optical Media

11
 wêl .K;ajhlska hq;=j o;a; .nvd l< yelsh' f,ai¾ lsrK ;dCIKh u.ska o;a; .nvd lsÍu iy kej; ,nd
.ekSu isÿlrkq ,nhs’ i¾ms,dldrj fuys o;a; .nvd jk má msysgd we;’ (Spiral track) úYalïnh wkqj"

laquer layer
laquer

aluminum layer top side aluminum

(label reflective layer
polycarbonate printed here)
layer (clear plastic) polycarbonate
substrate

CD-ROM
motion
laquer

0000 000000100000000001 0000000 reflective layer (gold)

aluminum dye
PIT
data layer
polycarbonate
LAND LAND substrate
clear
plastic
CD-R

sensor sensor
Protective coating
laser laser

Laquer layer

Reflective layer (gold)

(A) Disk- (1) CD - 4.75/ mini CD 3.5 jYfhka olakg ,efí' Recording layer (dye)
Disc substrate (polycarbonate resin)

Spiral groove is a guide.

CDR - Write Once Read Many (WORM) It is pressed into the blank disk
when manufactured.
Laser beam

CDRW - Rewriteble Compact Disk

(2) DVD - Digital Versatile Disk f,i y÷kajk fïjd CD j,g yevyqrefjka iudk jqjo tys o;a; .nvd lsÍfï oS
ia:r lsysmhla hgf;a o;a; .nvd lsÍfï ishqï ;dËKhla Ndú; lrhs' (Several layers data records) 12cm fyda
8cm úYalïNj,ska oelsh yelsh' fïjdfha .=Kd;aul nj wkqj j¾. 5 la olakg ,efí'
j¾.h úYalïNh me;s 1$2 ia:r .Kk Odß;dj
DVD 5 12cm SS sl 4. 4 2 GB
9 “ SS dl 8.5 4 GB
10 “ DS sl 9.4 4 . 5 GB
14 “ ds ml 13 . 2 6.5 GB
18 “ ds dl 17 8 GB
(B) OPTICAL CARDS by; CD ;dËKhg iudkj ksmojd we;s card úfYaIhls fuys 4 mb isg 6 olajd
Odß;djla we;'
mß.Kl ljrfha fldgia Parts of Casing
fuys my; wdldrhg WmlrK iúlsÍug wjYH neúka flaiskfha fomi mshka iy bosßmi mshka bj;alr
.;hq;=h'

12
13
f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh
1 f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lrk WmlrK
tljr iïfma%IKh úh yels ìÜ .Kk wkqj Depending on Number of Bits
tkï ikaksfõok uOHka ;=, o;a; ikaksfúokh fndfyda úg ìÜ ixl,khla jYfhka fyda hï rgdjla wkqj
(Bit Combination or Patterns ) isÿfõ' fuysoS o;a; ikaksfúokh m%Odk wdldr 2 la by; mßos y÷kd .ksuq'
1 Parallel Transmission (byte by byte)
o;a; ikaksfúokfha oS o;a; .uka lrk ud¾. ixLHdj jeä kï tljr o;a; melÜgqfú ys we;s Bit ldKavfha
Byte tl tla tla ud¾.fha fjka fjkaj Ndú; lrñka tlu fú,djla ;=, wfkla wka;hg ikaksfúokh ùu fuu l%ufha
oS isÿfõ' fuh fndfyda úg flÜ ÿr ikaksfúokhg Ndú; fõ'
2 Serial Trasnmission (Bit by bit )
os.+ ÿr o;a; ikaksfõokhg Ndú; jk fuh tla ud¾.hla Tiafia o;a; melÜgqfú tl jrlg íÜ tl neúka
wkql%ñlj wfkla wka;h f;la .uka lsÍu isÿfõ' m<uqj Digital wxls; o;a; Anolog njg m;a lsÍu;a bkamiq os.+
o;a; ikaksfúok udOHhla Tiafia wfkla wka;hg f.dia tys oS kej; Anolog ix{d Digital njg m;aúu;a
fndfyda úg oelsh yelsh'

ikaksfõok w.%- iñnkaOl Comunication Port & Connector TV/FM card

BNC Connector—
British Naval Connector

external
chain

Centronics Connector-SCSI Interface SCSI host adapter

CD-ROM

internal
chain

RJ45 - RJ11 Connector hard

scanner

disks

The last device in

both the internal and
external chain must
be terminated.

DIN Connector-
Deutsches Institut Normung 5-pin DIN
1/2"

Used on earlier PC keyboards

and various audio

5/16"

6-pin Mini-DIN
Used on mouse, keyboard and other devices
(PS/2 connector)

USB Connector
IDE connector - Integrated Drive Electronic
Parallel Port & Connector

Sound card port & connector

14
 mß.Kl tl,ia lsÍu ioyd wjYH fuj,ï MAINTENANCE & REPAIR TOOLS

1 mß.Kl ljrfha weK .e,ùug wjYH kshka

2 cïm¾ ieliAug wjYH W,a wvq
3 me;,s yd u,a bial=remamq kshka
4 mßm:fha wkjYH foa bj;alsÍug yd yd .,jk wek kej; tu ia:dkj, ;eîug Üùi¾
5 ia:;s úoHq;h j,lk w;a wdjrK
6 úúO /yeka yd Wmdx. Kï lsÍug f*,aÜ mEkla yd fÜma frda,la
7 .,jk weK oeóug l=vd fmÜáhla
8 ma,diaálaa neÿï má fyda kQ,a
9 fmka fgdaÉ tlla

mß.Klhla tl,ialsÍu ioyd my; Wmdx. ish,a, uq,ska u tla/ia lr .; hq;=h'

1 jgmsgdfú bv we;s" jevlsÍug iqoqiq ;ekla f;dard .kak
2 wmf.a w;eÕs,sj, we;s ia:s;s úoHq;h" fmdf<dj iu. iïnkaO jk hï f,dayuh øjHhla w,a,d bj;alr.kak
ke;fyd;a anti static gloves Ndú; lrkak
3 mß.Klh m%Odk úÿ,sfhka úikaê l< hq;=hs
4 wod, weK .e,úug kshu WmlrK u f;dard.kak
5 wod, jhr fjka fjkaj f;dard má fyda kq,aj,ska fjka fjkaj .eg.id.kak tA iu.u tAjd l=uk WmlrKj,g
wh;aoehs y÷kdf.k f,an,a w,jd.kak
6 wod, fmd;am;a yd Wmfoiaud,d lshjd fydoska wjfndaOlr.kak
7 Wmdx. iú lsÍfï oS ksje/os fuj,ï yeuúgu Ndú; lsÍug ie,ls,su;ajkak" w;e.s,sj,ska th lsÍfï oS wjg
we;s wfkl=;a WmlrK j,g ydks isoqõh yelsh
8 iEu iúlsÍulau fojeks jr mßËd lr n,kak

ujq mqjrej flaiska tlg iú lsÍu INSTALL THE MOTHER BOARD

1 uq,skau flaiska tfla mshka .,jd flaiska tl újD; lr.kak

2 wjYH mother board mask tl f;dard.kak
mother board ys weK isoqre rgdjg iïmd;jk flaiska tflys weKisoqre rgdj yoqkdf.k wjYH weK isoqre yd
ma,diaála la,sma iú lr .;hq;=h

fm%dfiirh iú lsÍu INSTALL THE PROCESSOR

1 Mother board tl wod, fmÜáfhka bj;g f.k ta iuÕ we;s wdjrKh u;

;nkak
2 Processor socket ys ,Sjrh by,g weo ma,diaála ;yvqj bj;alrkak
3 Processor ma,diaála wdjdrKfhka msg;g .kak
4 Mother board ys Processor socket ys Processor tl iú jk ksjros me;a; PIN ;=vq rgdj wkqj
yoqkd.kak
5 ksjrosj Processor tl Processor socket ys ia:dk .;lrkak
Processor tl Processor socket tl ;=,g niS
6 oeka ,Sjrh my; oukak

isis,k mxldj iú lsÍu INSTALL THE COOLING FAN

1 wod< processor tlgu .e,fmk isis,k mxldj muKla f;dard .;hq;=h
2 processor u; ;dm ikakdhl wdf,amh wdf,am lrkak
3 isis,k mxldj hgme;af;a iaálrh .,jd oud tys o fuu wdf,amh wdf,am lrkak
4 isis,k mxldj ksjros me;a;g Processor u; we,fjk fia iúlrkak
5 isis,k mxldj wod, fldl= fyda weKj,ska Mother Board tlg iúlrkak
6 isis,k mxldjg úoq,sh imhk flan,h Mother Board tflys CPU FAN Connector tlg iúlrkak

15
 ATTACH FRONT PANEL CONNECTORS

mother board ys wod, connector j,g flaiskfha bosßmi we;s mßmd,k mqjrefú jh¾ ksjrosj f;dardf.k iúlsÍu
1 powre on off iaúpfha oaú;aj jhrh
2 restart iaúpfha oaú;aj jhrh
3 power LED iaúpfha oaú;aj jhrh
4 Hard disk Drive isg meïfKk oaú;aj jhrh
5 System Speaker j, isg meïfKk oaú;aj jhrh

bosß mi msysá USB Wmdx. iïnkaO lsÍu Connect the Front USB Connectors
flaiskfha bosß mi msysá hQtiaî Wmdx. iïnkaO lrk ia:dk fj;
uõmqjrefõ isg tk jhr iú úh hq;=h' tajd iú úh hq;= ms<sfj, uõ mqjrej iuÕ
,efnk w;a fmdf;ys ioyka fõ'

Connect Power Cable & Attach SATA Devices

bka miq wjidk jYfhka uõ mqjrejg yd äial Odjlhkag wod< úÿ,s jhr yd
o;a; jhr iú l< hq;=hs'

2'1 uDÿldx. hkq fudkjdo@ (What is software?)

mß.Klfha we;s oDVdx. fldgia md,kh lrñka mß.Klh u.ska úúO ld¾hhka lr .ekSu i|yd mß.Klhg
fokq ,nk Wmfoia uDÿldx. f,i ye¢kafõ'

2'2 uDÿldx. j¾.SlrKh (Classification of software)

mß.Kl uDÿldx. m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg fjka l< yel'
1' moaO;s uDÿldx. (System software)
2' fhojqï uDÿldx. (Application software)

moaO;s uDÿldx. (System software)

mß.Klhg ;u moaO;shg wod< jev lghq;= lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk uDÿldx. moaO;s uDÿldx.
f,i y÷kajhs' mß.Kl moaO;sfha we;s oDvdx. fldgia md,kh lsÍu" taldnoaO lsÍu" l<ukdlrKh lsÍu fuu.ska isÿ
lrkq ,nhs'

moaO;s uDÿldx. ;j ÿrg;a fldgia lSmhlg fnÈh yel

1' fufyhqï moaO;s (Operating Systems)

2' Wmhqla; uDÿldx. (Utility Software)
3' mßj¾;k uDÿldx. (Translator Programs)

fufyhqï moaO;s (Operating Systems)

mß.Kl moaO;sfha we;s oDvdx. fldgia md,kh" l<ukdlrKh yd taldnoaO lrñka mß.Kl mßYS,lhd yd
oDVdx. w;r w;=re uqyqK;la (User Interface) f,i l%shd lsÍu" fufyhqï moaO;sh u.ska isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

fufyhqï moaO;shla u.ska bgq flfrk m%Odk ld¾hhka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
oDVdx. yd mßYS,lhd w;r w;=re uqyqK;la f,i l%shd lsÍu' (Providing user Interface)
u;lh l<ukdlrKh lsÍu' (Memory Management)
wdodk $ m%;sodk Wmdx. md,kh lsÍu' (Controlling input / Output devices)
jevigyka lSmhla tljr yeisrùu' (handle multi programs)
mß.Klfha wdrCIdj mj;ajd .ekSu' (Maintenance security checks)

16
fufyhqï moaO;s i|yd WodyrK

DOS
Windows 3.1, 95, NT, 98, 2000, XP, Vista
Mac OS
Unix
Linux; Red Hat Linux,Ubuntu,Fedora

Wmhqla; uDÿldx. (Utility Software)

fufyhqï moaO;shg wu;rj mß.Kl moaO;shg wjYH lghq;= isÿ lr .ekSu i|yd fuu uDÿldx. Ndú;d
lrhs'

WodyrK
Backup utility software
Defragmenter programs
Scandisk programs
Disk formatting programs

mßj¾;k uDÿldx. (Translator Programs)

mß.Kl NdIdjlska ,shk ,o jevigyka (Source Program) mß.Klhg f;areï .; yels jevigyka (Object
Program) njg m;alsÍu fuu uDÿldx. u.ska isÿ lrhs'
WodyrK(- Compilers, Interpreters

fhojqï uDÿdlx. (Application software)

mß.Kl mßYS,lhdf.a jev lghq;= (Applications) lr .ekSu i|yd Ndõ; lrkq ,nk uDÿldx. fuu .Khg
wh;afõ' fhojqï uDÿldx. m%Odk fldgia follg fjka l< yel'
1' Application packages
2' Languages

Application Packages
mß.Klh u.ska úúOdldr jQ ld¾hhka lr.ekSu i|yd fuu Packages Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' ckm%sh Package
j¾. lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

Word processing Packages 2D / 3D Animation Packages

Spreadsheet Packages Web designing Packages
Presentation Packages Computer aided design Packages (CAD)
Database management Packages Communication Packages
Desktop publishing Packages (DTP) Diagnostic packages
Graphic designing Packages

mß.Kl NdId uDÿldx. (Languages)

mß.Kl jevigyka ilia lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk mß.Kl NdIdjka fuu .Khg wh;afõ'
WodyrK (- C, C++ , Java, Python, PHP, vb.Net, Prolog, Lisp

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 uDÿldx.
(Software)

moaO;s uDÿldx. fhojqï uDÿldx.

(System software) (Application software)

fufyhqï moaO;s fhojqï meflac

(Operating Systems) Application packages
2.3

Wmhqla; uDÿldx. mß.Kl NdId

(Utility Software) Languages

Firmware
mßj¾;k uDÿldx. 2.3.1 BIOS (Basic Input / Output System)
(Translator Programs)
wm mß.Klhla On l< úg Processor tl ieliSfï ld¾h wdrïN lrhs' flfia
fj;;a moaO;s u;lh ysiah' tneúka Processor tlg Execute lsÍug fyda fjk hula lsÍug fyda fkdyel' tu ksid
mß.Klhg yeu úgu tys we;s BIOS w;HjYH uDÿldx. ud¾. moaO;shls' th oDVdx. mßlaId lr Operating System ys
wdrïNl jev igyk i|yd o;a; ieliqï ,nd foa' fïjd ROM ys .nvd lr we;' fïjd ROM BIOS f,i ye|skafõ'

BIOS, w¨f;ka y÷kajd fok Software i|yd hdj;ald,Sk úh hq;=hs' th l< fkdyels kï fjkia l< hq;= fõ'

w¨f;ka tk MOTHER BOARD ys BIOS FLASH MEMORY f,i mj;S' túg th uDÿldx. weiqfrka
hdj;ald,Sk l< yel' fuh BIOS FLASH lsÍu f,i y÷kajuq'

2.3.2 CMOS (COMPLMENTORY METAL OXCIDE SEMICONDUCTOR)

fuh METAL OXCIDE SEMI CONDUCTOR hq.,hl tl;=jls' N TYPE yd P TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR
hq.,hla wka;¾.; tla SILICON Ñmhls' idudkHfhka RAM yd Applications w;r in|;d f.dvke.Su fuh u.ska
lrhs' flfia jQjo ia:s;s úÿ,sh u.ska myiqfjka fuhúkdY úh yel' wmg wjYH oDVdx. ms<sn| fjkila fyda uDÿldx.
ms<sn| fjkila (SYSTEM SOFTWARE) CMOS uÕska l< yelsh' CMOS ieliSu (Setup) i|yd BOOT ùug m%:u F1,
F2, F12 fyda Del h;=re Ndú;fhka l< yel'
BOOT lrk ^wdrïNl& wjia:dfõ moaO;s úkHdifha (System Configuration) Wmfhda.S;djh wod< moaO;s wjia:d
i|yd ^WodyrK oskh fõ,dj& iQodkï lrk ,o jevigyka iy PORTS ms<sn|j jQ úkHdihka ^ieleiqï& ms<sn|j
mß.Klh fj; ,nd oSu fuu.ska isÿfõ'

CMOS BATTERY
mß.Klh BOOT lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk oskh" fõ,dj" DISK TYPE, u;l Odß;dj jeks ñKsh yels
mrdñ;sl(Parameter) w.hkaf.a ieliqï .nvd lsÍu i|yd Yla;sh imhhs'

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2.4 INSTALLATION
2.4.1 HARD DISK PARTITIONING & FORMATTING
;d¾lslj fmfkk fia HARD DISK tl fldgia lsysmhlg ^Odß;djfhka& fn§u fuysoS isÿ flfrk
w;r fN!;sl yd iudk f,iska fmkakqï flfrk ;d¾lsl Ñ;%Khls'

PARTITION TABLE
PARTITIONS m%Odk jYfhka fldgia folls' tajd PRIMARY PARTITIONS, EXTENDED
PARTITIONS hkqfjks' fuysoS PRIMARY PARTITION fldgia 4lg iSud fõ' ;j ÿrg;a wu;r PARTITIONS
LOGICAL PARTITIONS f,i wka;¾.; l< yels w;r fïjd EXTENDED PARTITION ;=< iEosh yelsh'

PRI PRI PRI EXT

MASTER BOOT RECORD (MBR)

fuh flá wdrïNl jevigykls' BIOS iQodkï fldg l%shdfõ fhoùfuka BOOT lsÍu wdrïN lsÍug
fhdod .kS' fu u.ska l=uk PARTITION tl u.ska ^th ;=< wka;¾.; OS tl u.ska & mß.Klh BOOT flf¾o hkak
lshefõ' fndfyda úg OS folla wka;¾.; úg wjika jrg INSTALL l< OS tl iajhxlS%hj MBR tfla ,shefjk w;r
Boot.ini file tl fjkia lsÍu ;=,ska th fjkia l< yel'
fuh ^ Boot.ini &ke;s ùu u.ska o;a; ydkshlg fya;= úh yels neúka ffjria wdidok i|yd b;d fyd|
b,lalhls'

HARD DISK TRACKS, CYLINDERS & SECTORS

ish¨ o;a; f;dr;=re HARD DISK ys wka;¾.; lrkqfha TRACKS u;h' fïjd tal flakaøSh jD;a;
jYfhka tla tla PLATTER ys bv lv u; mj;S' fïjd msg; isg we;=,;g ìkaÿfõ isg wxlkh lr mj;S' kùk;u oDV
;eáhl wka;¾.; tla tla PLATTER u; TRACKS oi oyia .Kkla wka;¾.; fõ' wÕ,a 5'25 l HARD DISK tll
PLATTER tlla u; tal flakaøSh jD;a;dldr TRACKS úiaila muK wka;¾.; fõ' tla TRACK tlla mßl,amksl
fldgia odihlg fnod we;'
FORMATING hkq HARD DISK tll wdrïNl úkHdih ;=< o;a; ;ekam;a l< fkdyels w;r th
o;a; ;ekam;a l< yels wdldrhg ieliSuhs' fuys oS Windows fufyhqï moaO;s i|yd m%Odk jYfhka Ndú; jk FILE
SYSTEM j¾. folls' FAT (File Allocation Table) iy NTFS (New Technology File System) jYfhks'

FAT TABLE

NTFS
fuu l%uh FAT l%ufha ÿn,;d j,g ms<shï jYfhka ìys ù we;s w;r o;a; j, wdrlaIdj yd
úYajdikSh;ajh ;yjqre lrk l%uhls' o;a; myiqfjka ;ekam;a l< yels Wiia yd fõ.j;a l%uhla f,i ye|ska úh
yelsh'

2.4.2 OPERATING SYSTEM

wmg oDVdx. muKla mej;sh o tu.ska mß.Klh yd wka;¾ iïnkaO;djhla we;s lr .; fkdyel' tu
wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj we;slr .ekSu fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx.hla u.ska l< hq;=h'
MEMORY, CPU, fõ,dj" ;eáfha wjldYh iy Wmdx. jeks oDVdx. Wml%u j, Ndú;h yd wjldY ,nd oSu
md,kh lrk moaO;s uDÿldx.hla f,i OPERATING SYSTEM ye|ska úh yel' fuys oS FORMAT lrkq ,nk FILE
SYSTEM wkqj yeisrùï rgdj ia:dms; lsÍu OS tl u; r|dmj;S' OS tl wka;¾.; PARTITION tl FORMAT lsÍu"
th ia:dms; lsÍu wkqj isÿjk w;r wfkl=;a PARTITIONS .e,fmk mßos fndfyda úg wdldr follska tlla f;dard isÿ

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l< yelsh' fuu SYSTEM SOFTWARE idudkHfhka CD Drive wdOdrfhka ,nd fok w;r Hand Held Computers j, OS
tl fmr ia:dms; Ñmhla f,i mj;sk wjia:d we;'

OS ia:dms; lsÍug wju jYfhka tla PARTITION tlla fyda ;sìh hq;=h'

Hard disk tl FORMAT lr kj fufyhqï moaO;shla ia:dms; lsÍu my; mßos wdrïN l< yelsh'

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HARD DISK PARTITIONING

21
HARD DISK PARTITIONING
Windows mode ;=<ska o isÿ l< yelsh' tfy;a Operating System we;=<;a PARTITION tl i|yd fkdfõ' ta
my; wdldrfhks' Control Panal Administrative Tools Computer Management

22
23
by; ld¾hh fï whqßka o l< yelsh' Right click on My Computer icon
Manage
Disk Management

2.4.3 DRIVERS
ish¨u oDVdx. fufyhqï moaO;sh yryd fkdhhs' fufyhqï moaO;sh ixialrKhla ;=<ska jeä ÿr
y÷kajd osula isÿfõ' y÷kd fkd.;a oDVdx. mß.Klhg y÷kajd osh hq;=h' tajd y÷kajd oSu tu WmlrKh iu. ,nd
fok uDÿldx.fhka isÿ l< hq;= w;r fkdtfia kï tu uDÿldx.h wka;¾cd,fhka nd .; (Download) hq;=h' oDVdx.
ia:dms; lsÍu m%Odk jYfhka wdldr follska isÿ flfrk w;r tajd ON BOARD iy SEPARATE jYfhks' fuys oS ON
BOARD oDVdx. MOTHER BOARD iu. ,nd fok uDÿldx. we;=,;a CD tl u.ska y÷kajd osh yels w;r th
MOTHER BOARD DRIVER CD hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí' ndysrj iïnkaO lrk WmlrK ^PRINTERS, SCANERS,
JOYSTICS, MODEM jeks& y÷kajd oSu tajdg wod< DRIVER CD u.ska fyda fjk;a l%uhlska ^wka;¾ cd,fhka
(Download lsÍfuka & isÿ l< hq;=h'

2'4'5 APLICATION SOFTWARE

úfYaIs; ld¾hhla i|yd Wmfoia ud,djla fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=<g y÷kajd oSu fuu.ska isÿ fõ'
WodyrK MS. OFFICE, Photoshop, Page Maker, Coral Draw jeks tajd oelaúh yelsh'

my; WodyrKh mßos mshjr lSmhla bosßhg hdfuka myiqfjka iajhxlS%hj fuu jevigyka ia:dmkh lr .; yelsh'

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MS OFFICE PACKAGE INSTALATION

25
 mß.Kl cd, Computer Network
cd,hla hkq l=ula o?
o What is a Network?
idudcslhska tla wfhll=g jvd jeäfhka isák yd ta ish¨u idudcslhska w;f¾ wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh mj;ajd
f.k hkakla cd,hla f,i yÿkajhs.
Wod(- uyck nexl= cd,h
Ys% ,xld fg,sfldï cd,h

mß.Kl cd,hla hkq l=ula o?

o What is a computer network?
mß.Kl hka;% folla fyda Bg jvd jeämqr we;s w;r tu ish¨u mß.Kl hka;% w;f¾ wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh
mj;ajd f.k hkakla mß.Kl cd,hla f,i yÿkajhs. mß.Kl cd,hla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd wju jYfhka
mß.Kl hka;% follaj;a ;sìh hq;=hs.

mß.Kl cd,j, jdis Advantages of computer network

1 mß.Kl w;r oDVdx. iïm;a (hardware resources) fnod .ekSug yels ùu'
Ex- Printer / HDD
2 mß.Kl w;r uDÿldx. (software recourses) fnod .ekSug yels ùu'
(DBMS )
3 mß.Kl w;r mKsúv yqjudre lr .; yels ùu'
( E-Mail / Fax / Video Phone )

mß.Kl cd,j, wjdis Disadvantage of computer network

1 mß.Kl cd,hla ia:dms; lsÍfï úhou jeä fõ'
2 hardware iy software fldgia j,g ydks we;s úh yels ùu' (Virus)

3 mß.Klfha we;s o;a; j, wdrlaIdj ms<sno .eg¨ u;= ùu' (Hackers)

mß.Kl cd,hl Ndú; jk úfYaI kdu(

Node
mß.Kl cd,hg iïnkaO computer, printer, file server jeks oE mß.Kl cd,fha node f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'
mß.Kl cd,fha iEu node tllgu wkkH jQ ,smskhla we;' ( Unique IP Address )

Client
mß.Kl cd,fhka hï lsis fiajdjla b,a,d isák (Request) node tl client f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'

Server
Client u.ska b,a,d isák fiajh imhkq ,nk node tl Server f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'

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 Microcomputer Microcomputer

Printer
Client

Printer Minicomputer

Server

Network Topology
mß.Kl cd,hla fN!;sl jYfhka ia:dms; lr we;s wdldrh (physical layout) network topology f,i yÿkajkq
,efí'

Star Topology
rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg fuysoS mß.Kl cd,hg iïnkaO iEu mß.Klhlau Hub / Switch tllg fyda Host
Computer tllg iïnkaO ùfuka mß.Kl cd,h ks¾udKh fõ'

Host Computer
Host Computer
Hub / Switch Hub / Switch

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Ring Topology
rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß.Kl cd,fha we;s tla mß.Klhla ks;ru ;j;a mß.Kl follg iïnkaO ù
j,hdldrj we;s kï tjeks mß.Kl cd,hla Ring Topology f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'

Bus topology
rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß.Kl cd,fha we;s ieu mß.Klhlau tla m%Odk k,hlg (Common Channel)
iïnkaO ùfuka mß.Kl cd,h ks¾udKh fõ'

Terminator

Terminator

mß.Kl cd, j¾.SlrKh Types of Network

mß.Kl cd,hla N=f.da,Sh jYfhka me;sÍ we;s wdldrh (Geographical Area) ie,ls,a,g f.k my; ioyka
wdldrhg mß.Kl cd, j¾.slrKh l< yel'
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

1 Local Area Network (LAN)

fN!;sl jYfhka t;rï úYd, fkdjq f.dvke.s,s úYaj úoHd, jeks wdh;k j, Ndú; jk mß.Kl cd, (1km

j¾. m%udKhla muK ) LAN f,i yÿkajkq ,efí' tla wdh;khl LAN úYd, m%udKhla we;' Bus / star network
topology Ndú;d flf¾'

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2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network j,g jvd úYd, N+f.da,sh m%foaYhla wdjrKh lrkakd jq mß.Kl cd,hla f,i yÿkajkq
,efí' WodyrKhla f,i fuys oS iudk ;dËKhla hgf;a ls%hd;aul jk k.r lsysmhl we;s wdh;k tlg iïnkaO lr
msysgqjd we;s mß.Kl cd,hla yÿkajd osh yel'

3 Wide Area Network (WAN)

N+f.da,Sh jYfhka úúO ia:dk j, we;s mß.Kl tlg iïnkaO ùfuka Wide Area Network ìys fõ' tkï
WAN hkq mß.Kl cd, j, cd,hls' WAN ;=, LAN yd MAN úYd, m%udKhla oelsh yel'

mß.Kl cd,hla iEoSug Ndú; jk m%Odk WmlrK

Main Devices that are used to create a network
lsishï WmlrKhla mß.Klh yd iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd w;rueos WmlrK wjYH jkjd fiau mß.Klhla
mß.Kl cd,hlg iúlsÍu ioydo WmlrK wjYHfõ'
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Modem
• Router
• Hub
• Switches
• Bridge

Network Interface Card (NIC)

mß.Klhla cd,hlg iú lsÍu ioyd wjYH b;d m%d:ñl WmlrKh f,i Network Interface Card tl
yeoskaúh yel' Network Interface Card tlla tl milska motherboard tl u; jQ slot tlla u.ska motherboard yd
iïnkaO fõ' wfkla miska msysgqjd we;s fidlÜ Ndú;d lr mß.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO l< yel' úúO ;dlaIK hgf;a
ksmojk mß.Kl cd, yd iu. mß.Klh iïnkaO lrùu ioyd wjYH fidlÜ fujeks ldâ msgqmiska msysgqjd ;sfí''
ieu Network Interface Card tllgu wkkHh jQ ,smskhla we;' fuh MAC Address f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'

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 UTP Cable
Network Interface Card Hub or
(NIC) Switch
RJ 45 Connectors

Modem
mß.Klhla wka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO jkafka Analog Signal Ndú; lrkd ÿrl:k ud¾.hla yryd kï mß.Klh
yd ÿrl;k ud¾.h tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍfï w;rueosfhl= f,i Modem kï WmlrKh Ndú;d flf¾' fï u.ska isÿ
flfrkqfha mß.Klh u.ska ckkh lrk Digital Signal ÿrl:k ud¾.h Tiafia .uka l< yels Analog Signal njg
mßj¾;kh lr oSu;a ÿrl:k ud¾.h yryd ,efnkd Analog Signal mß.Klhg f;areï .; yels Digital Signal njg
mßj¾;kh lr oSu;ah' fuys oS RJ11 Connecters Ndú;d lr mß.Klh yd Modem WmlrKh iïnkaO flf¾' m%Odk
jYfhka Modem j¾. folla we;'
1 Internal Modem
2 External Modem

Digital Modulation Analog

Signal Demodulation Signal

Modem Digital Device

Analog Device

Analog Signals Digital Signals

Telephone Computer

Internal Modem External Modem

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Routers
tlsfklg wiudk jQ mß.Kl cd,hka folla tlg iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Router kï WmlrKh Ndú; fõ'
Router kï úfYaIs; WmlrKh my; ioyka ld¾hka ioyd fhdod .kS'

1 tlsfklg fjkia jQ LAN folla iïnkaO lsÍug' (Dissimilar type of LAN)

Router

2 LAN yd WAN tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug'

Router tllg m%Odk jYfhka Port folla we;'

1 LAN Port
2 WAN Port
kssid Router tllg IP Address folla we;'
tu k
1 LAN tlg ,nd fok IP Address tl
2 WAN tlg ,nd fok IP Address tl

fuys os WAN Port tlg my; ioyka iïnkaO;d Ndú; l< yels fõ'
1 Dial-Up connection
2 Leased Line Connections
3 ISDN Connections
4 ADSL Connections
Hub
mß.Kl cd,hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïos mß.Kl tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Hub keu;s WmlrKh Ndú;d fõ'
mß.Kl cd,fha we;s ieu mß.Klhlau Hub tlg fjk fjku iïnkaO fõ' fï ioyd RJ 45 Connectors iy UTP
Cable Ndú;d fõ' Hub tlla Passive Device tlla f,i kï flf¾' tkï tla tla mß.Klfhka ,efnk o;a; (Data
Packet) úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yelshdjla Hub tlg fkdue;'

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Hub tlla Ndú; lr LAN tlla ms<sfh< lr .ekSug wjYH oE(-
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• UTP Cable
• RJ 45 Connectors

Switch
mß.Kl cd,hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS mß.Kl tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Switch keue;s WmlrKh Ndú;d
fõ' fuu WmlrKh nqoaêu;a WmlrKhla (Intelligent Device) f,i yeoska fõ' tkï tla mß.Klhlska ,efnk o;a;
úYaf,aIKh lr th ,nd osh hq;= mß.Klh (Using Destination Address) fï u.ska y÷kd .kq ,efí' fï ioyd NIC Card
j, we;s MAC Address Ndú;d flf¾'

Gateway
tlsfklg fjkia jQ Protocol Ndú; lrkakd jQ Network folla tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Gateway Ndú;
fõ' Network Gateway we;eï úg iïmQ¾Kfhkau Software tlla úh yel ke;skï iïmQ¾Kfhkau Hardware tlla úh
yel' tfia;a ke;s kï fuu fldgia foflysu (Hardware & Software) tl;=jla úh yel'

Bridge
tlsfklg iudk jQ Protocol Ndú; lrkakd jQ Network folla tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Bridge Ndú;
fõ'

Server
mß.Kl cd,hlg iïnkaO wfkl=;a mß.Kl j,g fiajd imhkq ,nk mß.Kl jevigyka (Computer
Program) wvx.= úfYaI mß.Kl Server f,i yÿkajkq ,efÄ'

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 Server

Client Client

Servers j¾. (Types Of Servers)

Web Servers / FTP Servers / Mail Servers / News Servers / Proxy Servers /DNS Servers

Proxy Server
Proxy Server u.ska isÿflfrkqfha wka;¾cd,fha Clients u.ska lrkq ,nk b,a,Sï (Requests) fjk;a Servers lrd
fhduq lrùfï ld¾hh fõ' tkï Proxy Servers u.ska isÿ lrkqfha fjk;a Servers j, we;s úúO iïm;a wod< b,a,Sï
lrkakd jQ Clients fj; ,nd osuhs'

Proxy Servers Ndú; lsÍu ksid ,efnk jdis

1 IP Address l<ukdlrKh'
2 mß.Kl cd,hg wdrlaIdj iemhSu'(Security)
3 wka;¾cd,fha we;s wfkl=;a Web Site j,g we;=¿ùu md,kh lsÍu'
(Control Of Internet Access)
4 wka;¾cd,fha we;s Web Page nd.; lr .ekSfï (Download) fõ.h
jeä lr .ekSu' (Increasing Download Speed)

o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh Data Transmission Media

mß.Kl cd,hl o;a; iïfm%aIKh lr .ekSu ioyd Ndú;d lrk udOHh o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh f,i
yÿkajkq ,efí' fuh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg fjka flf¾'
1 Wired Transmission Media (Guided Media)
2 Wireless Transmission Media (Radiated Media)

1 Wired Transmission Media (Guided Media)

jh¾ kue;s fN!;sl udOHh (Physical Media) Ndú; lr fuys oS o;a; iïfm%aIKh lr .kq ,efí' tjd kï
01 Twisted Pair Cable
02 Coaxial Cable
03 Fiber Optics Cables

01 Twisted Pair Cable

fuys oS fjka fjka jYfhka we;s Copper wire fol ne.ska fhdod f.k fuh ks¾udKh lr we;' Twisted Pair
Cable j¾. folla we;'
¸ UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
¸¸ STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

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UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
UTP Cable j,g 10 Mbps / 100 Mbps yd 1000Mbps fõ.fhka o;a; ikaksfõokh lsÍfï yelshdjla we;' fï
ksid j¾;udkfha LAN j, ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lr .ekSu ioyd UTP Cable Ndú;d fõ' 100 m l ÿrla UTP Cable u.ska
o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< yel'

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

STP Cable j,g 10 Mbps / 100 Mbps yd 1000Mbps fõ.fhka o;a; ikaksfõokh lsÍfï yelshdjla we;'
w;S;fha LAN ks¾udKh lr .ekSu ioyd STP Cable Ndú;d lrk ,os' 100 m l ÿrla STP Cable u.ska o;a; iïfm%aIKh
l< yel' UTP Cable iu. ixikaokh lsÍfïoS STP Cable ñ, wêl fõ'

02 Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable j,g 10 Mbps yd 100 Mbps fõ.fhka o;a; ikaksfõokh lsÍfï yelshdjla we;' LAN uq,skau
ks¾udKh lr .kakd ,oafoa Coaxial Cable Ndú;fhks' 500 m l ÿrla Coaxial Cable u.ska o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< yel'

03 Fiber Optics Cables

o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHhkaf.ka fydou udOHh f,i ie,flkafka Fiber Optics Cables fõ' fuys oS o;a;
wdf,dal ix×d (Light Signal) njg mßj¾;kh lr iïfm%aIKh lrkq ,efí' fuys tljr úYd, o;a; m%udKhla
iïfm%aIKh lr .; yel' (Greater Bandwidth) ;jo Fiber Optics Cables u.ska mdßißl ndOdjkaf.ka f;drj úYd,
o;a; m%udKhla iïfm%aIKh lr .; yel' (Less Attenuation)

34
2 Wireless Transmission Media (Radiated Media)
fuys oS f¾äfhda ixLHd; (Radio Frequency) [RF] Ndú; lr o;a; iïfm%aIKh lr .kq ,efí' o;a; .%yKh lr
.kakd WmlrKhg Wireless Adapter NIC tlla ;sìh hq;= fõ' Ndú; lrkakd jQ f¾äfhda ixLHd; mrdih u; Wireless
Transmission Media my; mßos fldgia flf¾'

Microwave

Infra Red

Radio

Blue Tooth

Network Connectors
RJ45 (Registered Jack) Local Area Network tllg mß.Klhla iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd fuh Ndú; flf¾'
RJ11 ÿrl:k yd iïnkaO WmlrK iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Ndú; flf¾'

Cable Fixing
mß.Kl cd,hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïos UTP Cable yd RJ45 Connectors iïnkaO lsÍfïos my; i|yka
iïu;hkag wkql+,j th isÿ l< hq;= fõ'
Pin T568A T568B
1 White / Green White / Orange
2 Green Orange
3 White / Orange White / Green
4 Blue Blue
5 White / Blue White / Blue
6 Orange Green
7 White / Brown White / Brown
8 Brown Brown

UTP Cable yd RJ 45 Connectors iïnkaO lsÍfï m%Odk l%u folla we;' tu l%u T568A yd T568B
f,i kï flf¾'

Cross Cable Fixing

mß.Kl folla tlg iïnkaO lr cd,hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïos Cross Cable Fixing l%uh Ndú; fõ' fuys
oS m<uq jk mß.Klhg iïnkaO lrk RJ45 Connector tl T568A l%uhg o fojk mß.Klhg iïnkaO lrk RJ45
Connector tl T568B l%uhg o iïnkaO l< hq;= fõ'

35
Straight Cable Fixing
mß.Klhla Hub fyda Switch tllg iïnkaO lsÍfïoS Straight Cable Fixing l%uh Ndú; fõ' fuys oS
mß.Klhg iïnkaO lrk RJ45 Connector tl T568A l%uhg iïnkaO lrkafka kï Hub fyda Switch tllg iïnkaO
lrk RJ45 Connector tl T568A l%uhgu iïnkaO l< hq;= fõ' ke;skï mß.Klhg iïnkaO lrk RJ45 Connector
tl T568B l%uhg iïnkaO lrkafka kï Hub fyda Switch tllg iïnkaO lrk RJ45 Connector tl T568B l%uhgu
iïnkaO l< hq;= fõ'

Protocol
idudkH jHjydrhg wkqj " Protocol hk jpkh yd iu wre;a we;s isxy, jpk f,i kS;s Í;s hk mo fol
oelaúh yel' fuf,iu" mß.Kl cd,hla u; jQ mß.Kl folla w;r ikaksfõokh i|yd o lsishï kS;s Í;s moaO;shla
wjYH fõ' fuu kS;s u.ska m%Odk jYfhkau Client yd Server w;r o;a; iïfm%aIKh ioyd iïuq;shla we;s lr .kshs'
tkï o;a; hjk fõ.h " o;a; ,nd .kakd fõ.h " tallhla f,i yÿkajk o;a; m%udKh wdos lreKq ikaksfõok
Protocol tlla ;=< wvx.= fõ'

TCP / IP
wka;¾cd,h u; ikaksfõok lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kakd Protocol tl TCP / IP kñka yeoskafõ' fuys TCP f,i
Transmission Control Protocol hk mo lsysmh o IP u.ska Internet Protocol jYfhka yÿkajk ,smsk iïuq;sh o olajd ;sfí'
f,dalfha mß.Kl oDvdx. ^Hardware) fldgia ksIamdolhska úYd, m%udKhla we;' tfiau f,dalfha úúO j¾.fha
fufyhqï moaO;s (Operating System) o oelsh yel' TCP / IP u.ska flfrkqfha fuu fjkia oDVdx. yd úúO j¾.fha
fufyhqï moaO;s tla iïuq;shlg f.k wka;¾cd,fha ikaksfõok lghq;= isÿ lsÍuhs'

4' 2 mß.Kl fCIa;%fha oS wk;=re j,ska je<lSug .; hq;= l%shdud¾. yd wdrCIdldÍ jgmsgdjla
ilid .ekSu (

4' 2' 1 úÿ,sh (Electricity)

mdi,a orefjl= fyda jeäysáfhl= jqj o úÿ,sh iïnkaOj hïlsis oekqula ,nd .ekSu w;HjYH lreKls'
mdi,a orejka jk Tng mdif,a §" ksjfia § yd fjk;a úúO ia:dk j,§ úÿ,suh wjYH;d yd ne|S lghq;= lsÍug
isÿfõ' fujka wjia:dj, § hï ir, wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

úÿ,sh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg fnÈh yel'

m%;Hdj¾; Odrdj Alternative current (A/C)

36
 Rcq Odrdj Direct Current (D/C)

iQ¾h Yla;s (Solar Panel)

úÿ,sh fkdue;s ÿIalr m%foaYj, mdi,a orejkaf.a m%fhdackh ioyd mß.Kl tall ,nd§ we;s w;r" tajd
l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH úÿ,sh iQ¾h Yla;s mqjre yryd negß moaO;shla wdfrdamKh lr .ksñka ,nd .kS' fuu.ska
wmf.a idudkH mß.Kl fuka tu mß.Kl o l%shd;aul lr.; yel' iQ¾h Yla;sh Wmfhda.S lr.kakd wdldrh fufia
Èiafõ'

Solar Panels

37
m%;Hdj¾; Odrdj Alternative Current (A/C)

wm tÈfkod Ôú;fha lrkq ,nk Ndú;hkaf.a wjYH;dj u; fuh kej; fldgia follg fnÈh yel' tkï"

• tl,d úÿ,sh (Single Phase Current)

• f;l,d úÿ,sh (Three Phase Current)

tl,d úÿ,sh (Single Phase Current)

wm rfÜ nyq;rhla i|yd úÿ,sh ,nd § we;af;a fuu l%u Wmfhda.S lrf.kh' fuys§ tla Odrdj iys;
/yekla ^ ¬ & f,i yd Odrdjla rys; /yekla ^ - & f,i fhdod f.k mßm: j,g iïnkaO;d ,nd § we;'
cd;Hka;r m%ñ;slrKh wkqj Ok úÿ,s /yekl we;=<; wdjrKhka fyda msg; wdjrKhka ÿUqre j¾Kfhka
olajk w;r iDK úÿ,s /yekl we;=,; wdjrKfhka fyda msg; wdjrKhka ks,a j¾Kfhka olajhs fuys§
úÿ,sh .uka lrk /yek ÿUqre j¾Kfhka hq;a /yek f,i myiqfjka f;areï .; yel'

tl,d mßm:hl m%Odk mßm: mqjrej my; i|yka whqre osiafõ'

f;l,d úÿ,sh (Three Phase Current)

wm rfÜ jdKscuh wjYH;djhka ioyd fuf,i úÿ,sh ,ndfoa' ;jo Tnf.a mß.Kl úoHd.dr i|yd o f;l,d
úÿ,sh ,nd§ we;s wjia:d fndafyda h' fuys§ Odrdj iys; /yeka ^¬& f,i 03 la yd Odrdj rys; /yeka ^ - &
f,i tlla jYfhka m%Odk fufyhqï moaO;sh fj; ,ndfoa'

fuys§ úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;af;a jeä úÿ,sh CIu;djhla ^Ampererage& ,nd.kakd Wmdx. Ndú;d lrk
wjia:djka j,§" tajdg wjYH kshñ; úÿ,s Odrdj fkdwvqj ,nd§uhs' kuq;a hï m%foaYhkays úÿ,sh ,nd .kakd
mdßfNda.sl ixLHdj wjYH m%udKhg jvd jeä ùfuka kshñ; úÿ,s Odrdj fkd,efnk wjia:d o w,amj mj;S'
tjeks wjia:dj, § w;sf¾l g%dkaiaf*dau¾ (Transformer) fhdod .ekSfuka tu ;;a;ajh uÕ yrjd .; yel'

f;l,d mßm:hl m%Odk mßm:

mqjrej fufia olajuq'

38
 Rcq Odrdj Direct Current (D/C)

fuu l%uh u.ska úoq,sh ,nd.ekSu wm ljqre;a fkdys;du lrk lreKls' WodyrK f,i .;a l, ksjfia we;s
úÿ,s mkaou jdykfha negßh yd iïnkaO úÿ,s moaO;sh yd úúO jQ negß wdY%S; WmlrK fuu l%uhg we;=,;a
fõ'

fuysoS o b;d iq¿ mßudKfha úÿ,s Odß;djhl isg úYd, mßudKfha úÿ,s Odß;djhka olajd úÿ,sh ,nd.;
yel' fuys§ jeä weïmsh¾ m%udKhla tljr ,nd.; yels jqjo" th taldldÍj jeä ld,hla r|d mj;ajd .;
fkdyel' tfyhska negß wdfrdamKh (Charge) lsÍu u.ska kej; h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lr .kS'

mß.Klh yd iïnkaO úÿ,s l%shdldß;ajh

mß.Klhla l%shd;aul lsÍu ioyd weïmsh¾ 05 ma,.a fíia tllg iú lsÍu m%udKj;a jk w;r" mß.Klh yd
iïnkaO Wmdx. j, CIu;djh jeä kï muKla weïmsh¾ 13 ma,.a fíia tllg iú lsÍu iEfya' fuys§ m%Odk
jYfhka ie,ls,su;a úh lreKq kï"

o ìï lïì ^Earth Wire&^ 7$0'67& tlla wksjd¾hfhkau iú l< hq;=h'

o ma,.a fíia tflys iaúph iu. we;s iïnkaOlh fj; Ok wdfrdams; .=re j¾Kfhka hq;a
/yek ^Line& iú l< hq;=h'

o ks,a j¾Kh iys; RK wdfrdams; /yek ^Neutral& wfkla iïnkaOlh yd iïnkaO l<
hq;=h'

ñka miq mß.Klfha jeo.;au úÿ,suh Wmdx.h jk ^Uninterruptable Power Supply& Unit - UPS tl fj;
úÿ,sh ,nd§fuka miq mß.Klhg wjYH úÿ,sh ,efnk w;r" hï úÿ,s úikaê ùul§ tys we;s fldaIh
^Battery) u.ska mß.Klh wlS%h fkdù hï ld, iSudjla ls%hd;aul lr ùug iu;a fõ' fuys § negßh u.ska
,ndfok úÿ,sh bf,lafg%daksl moaO;shla u.ska m%;Hdj¾: Odrdjla ^AC& njg m;a lrhs'

fufia iúlr .;a mß.Klh l%shd;aul lsÍfuka miq m%Odk fufyhqï moaO;sh^System Unit& iys; ;yvq
wdjrKh fj; úÿ,sh jEiaiSula isÿ fkdúh hq;=h' ;jo" fudksgrfha bÈßmi ùÿre wdjrKhg o úÿ,sh
jEiaiSula isÿ fkdúh hq;=h' tfia isÿjkafka kï úÿ,suh jYfhka fodaYhla ;sfnk nj fmkajhs'

39
 fujka ;;ajhla ;sìh § jqj o mß.Klhla ls%hd;aulj mj;sk kuqÿ wm úiska mß.Klh yd iïnkaO
lrk ndysr WmlrK wl%sh ;;ajhlg m;aúug fndfyda fihska bv we;' fujka fodaIhla myiqfjka .%yKh
lr.; yels l%uhla jkafka fgiagrh ^Tester& Ndú; lsÍfuka fmkajk wdf,dal ;;a;ajfhks'

hï lsis m%foaYhl Ôj;aajk wm fj; ,efnk úÿ,s fjda,àh;djh wvq kï muKla ia:djr
fjd,aàh;djhla ,nd.; yels mßÈ fjda,afÜÊ iageì,hsi¾ ^Voltage Stabilizer& la Ndú; l< yelsh' tu.ska
oS¾> ld,Skj mß.Klh fyda fjk;a Wmdx. wdrCId flf¾' fuu.ska isÿjkafka hï Odrd mrdihla ;=,g wvq
fyda jeä jYfhka ,efnk úÿ,sh kshñ; 230¹ fjda,aàh;djhl r|jd ;nd .ekSuhs'

4' 2' 2 ¥ú,s yd f;;ukh ( Dust &

Moisture)

YS% ,xldfõ .ïno mßirhg jvd

kd.ßl mßirfha úÿ,sh Ndú;
lrk m%udKh nyq,h' kuq;a f.or fodr" mdi," ld¾hd,h jeks ish¨ ia:dk j, mú;% lsÍï j,§ o" jeä ¥ú,s
m%udKhla jd;hg uqiqfõ' fujka ;;ajhla ;=, wm Ndú; lrk mß.Klh fyda fjk;a Wmdx. ;=,g o ¥ú,s tau
j<elaúh fkdyel'

YS% ,xldj msysgd we;af;a uy ihqfrka jg jqK l=vd ¥m;la f,i jk w;r rg wNHka;rfha úYd, m%udKfha
.x.d we, fod, yd c,dY msysgd we;' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka wm wjg jd;fha we;s c, jdIam m%;sY;h hï
m%udKhlska by, uÜgul mj;S' fuh ukdj Tmamq jk ldrKhla jkafka wm Ndú; lrk leurd iqrCIs;j
;enqjo" ál ld,hlska tys ldpfha §,Sr (Fungus) we;sùuhs' fuu leurdju jdhqf.da,Sh wd¾ø;djh b;d wvq
rgl ;enqfõ kï tu ;;ajh Wod fkdjkq we;'

mß.Klhl m%Odk fufyhqï moaO;sh ^System Unit& tl ;=< we;s ish¨u oDVdx. fldgia idod we;af;a
bf,lafg%daksl fldgia j, tl;=jla f,isks' tfyhska fuu fldgia j, ¥ú,s ne|S ;sìfuka" jd;fha we;s c,
jdIam yd tlaùfuka bf,lafg%daksl moaO;s ;=, úÿ,s yqjudreùï ¨yqj;aùï ^Short& u.ska mß.Klfha fldgia
j,g ydks isÿ ùug mq¨jk' tu.ska mß.Klh wlS%h ;;ajhlg m;a lrhs'

40
 fuu ;;ajh jdhq iólrKh lr we;s mß.Kl úoHd.drh fyda fjk;a ia:dk j, we;s mß.Klhka ioyd
n,fkdmdhs' kuq;a idudkH f,i m%fhdackhg .kakd mß.Kl wju jYfhka udi 03 lg jrla j;a jdhq mSvk
hka;%hla ^Blower& fyda jdhq weo .ekSfï hka;%hla ^Vacuum Cleaner& u.ska msßisÿ lr .; hq;=h' ;jo fuu
msßisoq lsÍu uqøK msgm;a hka;% i|yd o l< hq;=fõ'

;dmh ( (Heat)

mß.Klh yd ne|S mj;akd Wmdx. Ndú;fha oS" tu WmlrK j, wNHka;r WIaK;ajh fia u ndysr WIaK;ajh
flfrys o" wjOdkh fhduq lrkq leue;af;ñ'

mß.Klhl wNHka;rfha we;s oDVdx. fldgia j,g §¾> ld,Skj oeä WIaaK;ajhla mej;shfyd;a tu fldgia
j, l%shdldÍ ;;ajhka wvqùug;a iïmQ¾K wlS%h ;;ajhlg m;aùug;a bv we;' tfia fyhska wêl WIaK;ajhla
we;s fkdùug my; lreKq .ek ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'

 jdhqiólrK ^Air Conditioner& hka;% Ndú;d lsÍu'

Processor Fan l%shdldß;ajh wëCIKh lsÍu'

 wu;r l=vd mßudKfha mxld 01 fyda 02 la iú lsÍu ^ fuys§ tla mxldjla we;=,; WIaK;ajh t<shg
weo ouk(Exhaust) whqre ielish hq;=h'&

41
  hï m%udKhl jd;dY%hla ,efnk ia:dkhl mß.Klh ia:dms; lsÍu'

 ;jo fuys hï hï wNHka;r fldgia ioyd fjka fjka jYfhka isis,a lsÍfï mxld iys;j ksIamdokh
lr we;s jqjo" tajdfha l%shdldß;ajh ms<snoj hï wjOdkhlska isáh hq;=h' ^ Wod VGA Cards,
Hard Disk Drives, Capture Cards, TV Cards, Sound Cards, etc.,&

4' 2' 4 jdhq iólrKh (Air Conditioner)

wm ljqre;a okakd jdhqiólrK hka;% j, l%shdj,sh ms<sno úuiuq' iEfyk ld,hl mgka úúO udÈ,s
/ilska iukaú; jdhqiólrK hka;% wmf.a Ndú;h ioyd tlaj we;' fuys§ mß.Kl fCIa;%h yd
iïnkaOùfï§ jdhqiólrKhl we;s wjYH;djh úuid n,uq'

ud uq,ska ioyka l< mßÈ Y%S ,xldfõ nyq;r m%foaYhl jdhqf.da,fha we;s c, m%;sY;h by, uÜgul
mj;S' fuu ;;ajh uev meje;aùu i|yd wmg we;s id¾:l Wmdx.h jkqfha jdhqiólrK hka;%hhs' fuu.ska
ld¾hd,hl" mdi,l" ksjil fyda hï wNHka;r ia:dkhl we;s mßir wjldYfha c,jdIam m%udKh fuu
hka;%h u.ska Wrd f.k msg;g hjkq ,nk w;r fldïfm%irh u.ska jdhqj mSvkhlg ,lalsÍfuka miq isis,a
jdhqj we;=,; wjldYhg íf,dajrhla u.ska uqod yßkq ,nhs' fuu wjia:dfõ§ we;=,; WIaK;ajh md,kh lsÍu
ioyd wmg wjYH WIaK;ajh ielish yels mßÈ md,lhla iúlr we;' kùk ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu. fuu
WmlrKhka ish,a, ijxl%Shj isÿ jk mßÈ ilid we;'

jdhqiólrK hka;% j¾. lsysmhla fufia olajuq'

fuys wNHka;r l%shdj,sh oelafjkafka fufiah

42
 wm mdi,a mß.Kl úoHd.dr iEfyk m%udKhl jdhqiólrK hka;% we;s w;r tfia fkdue;s mdi,a
fndfyda m%udKhla ;sfí mß.Kl wNHka;rfha we;s fm%dfii¾ j,ska ckkh jk ;dmh Wrd .ekSu ioyd ^Heat
Zink& ;dmh Wrd.kakd f,day m;=re iúlr we; kuq;a wdishdkq rgj, mßirfha we;s jeä WIaK;ajh o fya;=
fldg f.k jdhqiólrK rys; ia:dkj, we;s mß.Kl j, wNHka;r WIak;ajh jeäùu §¾> ld,hla ;sîu
u.ska fm%dfii¾ j, l%shdldÍ fõ.h l%ufhka wvqúh yel fujka ;;ajhla j,lajd .ekSu ioyd wu;r mxld
iúlrkq ,efí'

jdhqiólrK Ndú;fha§ wêl úÿ,s ì,la oeÍug isÿjk nj wm ljqre;a okakd lreKls th wju lsÍu ioyd
wm úiska my; ioyka lreKq ms<sno jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h'

• mdi,l fouy,a fyda f;uy,a f.dvke.s,a,l kï ldurh fyda Yd,dj f;dard .ekSfï § by, u uy, f;dard
fkd.; hq;=h' ulao jy,h u.ska msglrk ;dmh u.ska wNHka;r mßirh o jeä WIaK;ajhlg Ndckh jk
neúks'

• fujka wjia:djla we;sjqjfyd;a thska we;sjk n,mEu wju lr .ekSu ioyd jy,fha iqÿ fyda hï ,d j¾Khla
wdf,am lsÍu yd we;=< isú,sug by,ska wo fj<ofmdf,a we;s WIaK;ajh Wrd fkd.kakd wdjrKhka (Alluminium
Foil) Ndú;d lsÍfuka tu ;;ajh uev mj;ajd .; yel'

43
 • tu ia:dkhg Wfoa jrefõ ;o ysre rIañh ,efnk ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu fkdl< hq;=h'

• ldurh fyda Yd,dj ;=, we;s fodrj,a yd cfka, ndysr mßirh;a iu. jdhq yqjudre fkdjk whqre ilid .;
hq;=h' úfYaIfhka fodrj,a iajxl%shj jeiSfï w,a¨ (Door Closers) Ndú;d lsÍu jeo.;afõ'

• jdhqiólrK ;=, we;s fmrKhka (Filters) ksis fõ,djg msßisoq l< hq;=h tu.ska úÿ,sh wmf;a hEu wju lr
.; yel'

• mß.Kl úoHd.drhl kï we;=,; mßirfha ¥ú,s fkdue;s ;;ajhlg m;a l< hq;=h'

Malware
Malware hkq Ndú; lrkakdf.a wkqoekqula fkdue;sj mß.Kl moaO;shg ydks lsÍu i|yd ie,iqï lrk
uDÿldx.hls' fuu uDÿldx. virus, worm , Trojan wdoS jYfhka j¾.SlrKh l< yel'

mß.Kl ffjria (computer viruses)

mß.Kl jhsrihla hkq thgu msgm;a ilid .; yels mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkakdf.a wkqoekqula" wjirhla
fkdue;sj mß.Klhg ydks l< yels mß.Kl jevigykls' uq,a ffjrihg msgm;a jeä oshqKq l< yels w;r msgm;a
j,g o iajhxj kùlrKh úh yel' fuh ;dmhg yd mSvkhg wkqj fjkia jk ffjrihl l%shdj,shg iudk h'
ffjrihlg mß.Klhlska ;j;a mß.Klhlg me;sßh yelafla wdrdê;hd úiska th ydks fkdjQ mß.Klhlg /f.k
hdfïoS h'
WodyrKhla jYfhka mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkafkla mß.Kl cd,hla fyda wka;¾cd,h yryd fyda Floppy disk ,
CD , USB Drive jeks bj;a l< yels udOHhla yryd fïjd heùu fyda f.k hdu lrkq ,efí' Bg wu;rj mß.Kl
cd,hl f.dkq j,g ydks lsÍu u.ska fyda fjk;a mß.Klhlska <Õd lr .;a f.dkq moaO;shlska ffjrihlg fjk;a
mß.Klhla lrd me;sßh yel'

Worm
Computer Worm hkq iajhxj wkqrE ilid .kakd jevigykls' th ;u wkqrE ^msgm;a& mß.Kl cd, wka;hka lrd
heùu i|yd mß.Kl Ndú; lrhs' th tfia lrkafka mß.Klh Ndú; lrkakdf.a ueosy;a ùulska f;drj h'
ffjrihlg fuka fuhg mj;sk mß.Kl jevigyklg iïnkaO ùug wjYH ke;'
ffjri ks;ru b,lal lr .;a mß.Klfha f.dkq j,g ydks lrk w;r Worms ks;ru cd,hlg ydks lrhs'

44
Trojan / Trojan Horse
Trojan fyda Trojan Horse hkq fjk;a hula lrk uqjdfjka ydks lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;+ jk uDÿldx.fha
;ekam;a jk jevigykls' Trojan Horse jvd;a wúkS; jkafka ydks lsÍfï fÉ;kdfjka n, rys;j fyda wkjirfhka
úkaos;hdf.a (Victim) hka;%hg ÿria:j <Õd ùulg bv i,ik back door jevigyka we;+<;a ( install ) lsÍfï oS h'
mß.Kl ffjria fuka Trojan Horse ;u ixfla; wfkl+;a mß.Kl f.dkqj,g we;+<;a lsÍfuka wkqrE
fkdidohs' Trojan Horse hk fhÿu .S%l ñ;Hd l:d j,ska ì|S wdjls' ñ;Hd l:dj, tk Trojan Horse fia u fuu ydks
lrk uqjdfjka tk ixfla; iel fkdis;k" mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkafkl+g lsisÿ ydkshla fkdlrk" m%fhdackj;a is;a
.kakd fia fmfkk wdldrfhka mß.Kl jevigyka j, fyda wfkl+;a mßs.Kl f.dkq ;=< ieÕ ù isà' iel fkdis;k
mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkafkl+ úiska fuu mß.Kl jevigyka fyda f.dkq ls%hd;aul lroaoS ydks lsÍfï n,dfmdfrd;a;+ we;s
ixfla; o Trojan Horse kï ydks lsÍfï wruqKq we;s jevigyk iQodkï lrñka l%shd;aul fõ'

Trojan Horse i|yd ksoiqkla

“ Waterfalls.Scr” kñka tk ksoyia osh we,a,lg iudk Screen Saver jevigyk fï i|yd ir, WodyrKhls' mß.Klh
l%shd;aul lsÍfï oS l%shd;aul ùu fjkqjg Wmdx. iú lrk fmakq újD; lr wdl%uKslhdg mß.Klhg <Õd ùug Trojan
Horse ÿria:j lghq;+ lrhs'

ffjria u¾ok uDÿldx.

uDÿldx. Virus Guard
ffjria u¾ok uDÿldx.
uDÿldx. hkq l+ula o ?
ffjria u¾ok uDÿldx." mß.Kl ffjri yd wfkl+;a ydks lsÍfï fÉ;kdfjka tk uDÿldx. y÷kd f.k tajd
ÿre lsÍug W;aidy lrk mß.Kl jevigyka j,ska iukaú; fõ'

ffjria u¾ok uDÿldx. i|yd WodyrK

 AVG
 Norton
 Mcafee
 Kaspersky
 Bit Defender
 Avast

uDÿldx. wdl%uKh Software Piracy

msgm;a ks¾udKh fyda wf,ú lsÍu

fuh ñksiqka y÷kajkafka uDÿldx. wdl%uKh lsÍu hkqfjks' fuu ld¾hh jdksc uÜgñka idOdrK f,i mj;sk
;;a;ajh fuka fkdj wkqlrKh lsÍï yd kS;s W,a,x>Kh lsÍï h'
iuyr rgj, ixialrKh lrk ,o uDÿldx. wkaO whf.a;a" YsIHhkaf.a;a wOHdmksl ksmehqï i|yd fyda ta
yd iudk ld¾hhka i|yd wf,úhg kS;s u.ska bv oS we;' kS;s Í;s fjkia lsÍï isÿ lrkafka wêlrKuh ls%hdjka f.ka
úkd fjk;a l%uhlska fkdfõ'

msgm;la ks¾udKh lsÍu iy fjk;a wfhl=g oSu

fuh fndfyda wêlrK ;Skaÿj,oS Wmqgd .ekSï W,a,x>Kh lsÍï jHjia:dms; lrhs' idOdrK Ndú;fha oS fyda idOdrK
.Kqfokqj, oS fuh iqúfYaIS lreKq u; kS;s W,a,x>Kh lsÍï f,i fkd ie,fla'

;dlaIKsl iydh fiajd i|yd msgm;la ks¾udKh lsÍu

we;eï rgj, fuh uDÿldx. ñ, oS .kakdf.a uQ,sl whs;sjdislula f,i olakg ,efí' ^ Wod c¾uksh" iamd[a[h"
n%iS,h iy ms,smSkh& úúO rgj, j¾;udkfha isÿjk fjkiaùï wkqj fuh kS;s yd wêlrK ;Skaÿ j, w¾:l:khkag
wkqj kS;s W,a,x>Kh lsÍula úh yelsh' mß.Kl w¨;ajeähd lroaoS ;dlaI“l iyh fiajd i|yd msgm;a iE¥ (Back
up copies) iud.ïj,g tfrysj wefußldj kS;suh ls%hdud¾. .kakd ,oS' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i mß.Kl w¨;ajeähd
lroaoS ;dlaI“l iyh fiajd msgm;a (Back up coppies) iEoSu kS;s W,a,x>Kh lsÍula fkdjk njg wefußldfõ kS;s
fjkia lrk ,oS'

45
uq,a uDÿldx. msgm;a l+,shg oSu

fndfyda úg uDÿldx. n,m;% idudkH whs;Ska fyda ñ,oS .kakd wh úiska fjk;a wfhl+g oSu iSud lrkafka ke;'
we;eï wêlrK ;Skaÿ j, oS fujeks iSud lsÍï w¾nqohlg ,lalr we;' kuq;a we;eï uDÿldx. l+,shg oSug" msgm;a
ysñlref.a wjirh wjYH fù'

uDÿldx. whs;Ska W,a,x>Kh lsÍu tlai;a ckmofha;a fulaisfldafõ "Ökfha " bkaÿkSishdfõ" reishdfõ" n%iS,fha"
isïndífõ yd f,dalfha ;j;a m%foaY lsysmhl;a nyq,j isÿfõ' fndfyda rgj, uDÿldx. i|ydo fhdod .; yels f,aLk
whs;sh ms<sn| kS;s we;' kuq;a we;eï rgj, fuu kS;s wfkl+;a kS;sj,g jvd n, .kajd we;'

jev wOHhkh ^ld¾hCIu;d wOHhkh&

Wrysia ksoyiaj
;srfha uqÿk weia uÜgug
bosß ndyq iy w;a Rcq f¾Ldjl fyda uola my;ska ^hula
háka ;nd fyda fïih
Tijd fyda Tn fudksgrfha
bosß ndyq iudka;rj fyda uo by<g tiù Wi ilid .; hq;= h'&

fldkafoa msgqmi fyd|ska m,a,g jk wdldrhg ;srfha bßhõ mrdj¾;kh

yd fnd|ùï je<elaõug
l,jd fmd<jg ;sriaj yels mßos ;nd .kak'

jev lrk ia:dkh msßisÿj ;nd

.kak'

mdo fmd<j iam¾Y jk fia

udkj Ndú;h i|yd mßirh "moaO;s " jia;+ka ie,iqï lsÍu yd úoHd;aul f;dr;=re fhdod .ekSu ld¾hCIu;d
wOHhkh ^udkj idOl& fõ'

^2007 cd;Hka;r ld¾hCIu;d wOHhk ix.uh úiska ms<s.;a w¾l:kh'& ld¾hCIu;d wOHhkh hkak nyq,j .kq
,nkafka iud.ï úiska fiajlhkaf.a ld¾hCIu;d iy .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh Wmßu lsÍu i|yd ld¾hhka yd ld¾hh
lafIa;% ie,iqï lrk wdldrh f,ih' flfia jqj;a ld¾hCIu;d wOHhkh iEu ñksia lghq;a;la iu.u ths' ld¾hh
moaO;Ska lS%vd" úfkdaoh" fi!LH yd wdrlaIdj uekúka ixúOdkh lrkafka kï ld¾hCIu;d wOHhk m%;sm;a;s wka;¾.;
úh hq;= h'
th l%shdlre fjfyilrùu yd wmyiqj wvq lsÍfuka M,odhs;dj Wmßu lsÍfï wruqKska fuj,ï ie,iqï
lsÍfï jHjydßl úoHdjhs' fuu lafIa;%h ffcj ;dlaIKh " udkj bxcsfkare úoHdj " udkj idOl bxcsfkare úoHdj
hkqfjka o ye|skafù'
ld¾h b,a¨u yd ne÷Kq udkj yelshdjka wOHhkh lrk jev wOHhklrejka úiska uQ,sl jYfhka
jev wOHhkh ms<sn|j m¾fhaIK isÿ lrk ,oS' jev wOHhkfhka Nskakj wd f;dr;=re ld¾hh" /lshd " ksIamdok"
mßirh yd moaO;s ie,iqï lsÍug odhl ù h' ta udkj iSud" yelshd iy wjYH;djhkag wkqrEmSj h'

TfÄ mß.Kl ia:dkh ilid .ekSu

Ndú; lrkakd Rcq bßhõfõ isák úg o¾Yk ;,fha by< fldgi weia uÜgfï ;sìh hq;= h'
TfÄ je,ñg ykaos wxYl 90 g ;nd .; hq;= h' ndyq ksoyfia my;g t,a,S ;sìh hq;= h'
ueKsla lgqj fldgi by<g my<g fyda fomig fkdkefuk fia w;a bosß ndyq iuÕ fl,ska ;nd .kak'
l,jd fmd<jg iudka;rj ;nd .; hq;= h'
wjYH kï md ;nkhla (Foot rest ) mdúÉÑ lrkak'
TfÄ mqgqj iSre udre l< yels úh hq;= h'
^ wdik Wi " fldkao fya;a;= jk fia ;nd .ekSug wjYH Wi "jdäjk fldgfia yevh " iy w;a ;nkh wdosh &
fldkafoa my; fldgi fyd¢ka mÜg, jk fia ;sìh hq;= h'

46
uQislh (mouse ) yeisrùug m%udKj;a bvla ;sìh hq;= h' ueKsla lgqj Rcqj ;nd .kakg;a ndyq fmaYs fjfyi ùu
je<elaùug ueKslalgqjg wdOdrhla fyda ndyq wdOdrlhla mdúÉÑ lrkak'
fudksgrfha yevhg fyda ÿrg .e<fmk fia ,sms f,aLk r|jkhla mdúÉÑ lrkak'

h;=re mqjrej yd uQislh

ndyq fomiska ksoyfia ;sîug;a " Wrysia ksoyiaj ;sîug;a yels jk fia h;=re mqjre Wi ilid .kak'
(yeisrúh yels h;=re mqjre r|jkh ks;ru ksis Wiska yd ÿßka ia:dk.; l< hq;= h' )
wkjYH f,i iñm ùu je<elaùu i|yd h;=re mqjrej Ndú;d lrkakdg iómj ;sìh hq;= h'

bosß ndyq fmd<jg iudka;rj ;sìh hq;= h' ^ wdikak jYfhka j,ska wxYl 90 la muK &

uQislh h;=re yqjudrejg iómj iudk Wilska ;sìh hq;= h' ^ wjYH kï yeisrúh yels h;=re mqjre r|jkh mdúÉÑ
lrkak' &

wkjYH Wilska h;=re mqjrejg ,Õd ùu j<lajd .kak' ueKslalgqj ksoyiaj ;sìh hq;= h' ^ wkjYH f,i os. yeÍu
fyda yels,úu fkdl< hq;= h'&
uQislh Ndú;d fkdlrk úg ta u; w; fkd;nkak' o;a; we;=<;a fkdlrk úg w;a Wl=< u; ksoyiaj ;nd .kak'

mß.Kl ia:dkh wdf,dallrKh

fnd|ùï je<elaùu i|yd ;sr jid ;nkak' wdf,dalh " fnd|ùï je<elaùu i|yd ilid .kak' ^ wdf,dal uQ,dY% wvq
fjdÜ m%udKhlska wxYl 90 fldaKhlg ilid .; hq;= h'&
fudksgrh cfka,j,g wxYl 90 fldaKhg ;nd .kak'

UBUNTU ia:dmkh lsÍu' ^Installing UBUNTU)

fuysoS ia:dmkh i|yd UBUNTU 8.10 fufyhqï moaO;sh mokï lr .ksuq'
Intrepid Ibex ^fõ.j;a l÷lr t¿jd& hk fla; kdufhka y÷kajk UBUNTU 8.10 fufyhqï moaO;sh ia:dms; lsÍfïÈ
Live CD
Alternative
hkqfjka wdldr follska fuu fufyhqï moaO;shg wod< CD Tng www.ubuntu.com fjâ wvúfhka ,nd.; yel'

fuys§ wm úia;r lrkq ,nkafka WINDOWS fufyhqï moaO;shla ia:dmkh lr we;s mß.Khlg DUAL BOOT
wdldrhg Alternative CD Ndõ;fhka UBUNTU ia:dmkh lrk wdldrhhs'

fuys§ Tn my; mshjrhka miql, hq;=hs'

1' Boot priority ilia lsÍu' (Setup boot priority)
2' Tnf.a NdIdj f;dard .ekSu' (Choose language)
3' Tn Ôj;a jk m%foafYh f;dard .ekSu' (Choosing country)
4' Tn Ndú;d lrk h;=re mqjrej y÷kd .ekSu' (Detecting keyboard)
5' Tnf.a ydâ äialh ilia lr .ekSu' (Partition hard disk)
6' Tnf.a ku iy uqrmoh ilia lsÍu' (Setup users and password)
7' ia:dmkh wjika lsÍu' (Finish the installation)

1' Boot priority ilia lsÍu' (Setup boot priority)

m%:ufhkau BIOS Setup Utility Program tlg we;=,;a
ùu i|yd Tfí mß.Klhg wod< h;=r ^Wod- Del , F1,
F2, F10& Tnkak' tys First Boot Device f,i CD-
ROM Drive tl f;darkak'

bka miqj Odjlh ;=,g UBUNTU CD-ROM

we;=,;afldg mß.Klh boot lrkak'

47
fuysoS olakg ,efnk m<uq ;srfhka fufyhqï moaO;sh ia:dmkh lsÍfï È Tn Ndõ;d lrk NdIdj f;dard .; yel'

fuys§ ,efnk f;dard .ekSï wjia:d w;=frka Install

Ubuntu hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

2' Tnf.a NdIdj f;dard .ekSu' (Choose language)

fuysoS fufyhqï moaO;sh ia:dmkh l,hq;= NdIdj
f;dard Enter Tnkak'

48
3' Tn Ôj;a jk
jk m%foaYh f;dard .ekSu' (Choosing country)
fuys§ Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYh f;dard .kak'
Other hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Asia hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Sri Lanka hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

49
4' Tn Ndú;d lrk h;=re mqjrej y÷kd.ekSu' (Detecting keyboard)

No hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

USA hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

kej;;a USA hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

50
5' Tnf.a ydâ äialh ilia lr .ekSu' (Partitioning hard disk)

fuys§ uq,ska lS mßÈ wm úia;r lrkq ,nkafka WINDOWS fufyhqï moaO;shla ia:dmkh lr we;s
Hard Disk tlla Partition lrk wdldrhhs'

Manual hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Resize lsÍug wjYH Widows Partition tl f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Resize the partition hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

51
Yes hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Windows Partition tl i|yd wjYH m%udKh Giga Byte j,ska Type lr Enter Tnkak'

WodyrK f,i fuysoS ta i|yd .s.d nhsÜ 20 la

hkak ,nd § we;'

túg Tng fï wdldrhg ±l.; yelsjkq we;'

Free Space hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Create a new partition hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

52
fuysoS m<uqj Swap area tl i|yd Partition tl
ilia lruq'
ta i|yd Tnf.a RAM tfla m%udKh fuka
fo.=Khla fyda 1GB g wvq m%udKhla New partition
size tl f,i ,nd fokak'

Logical hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Beginning hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Use as hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

53
Swap area hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Done setting up the partition hkak f;dard Enter

Tnkak'

fuysoS Tng Swap area tl i|yd Partition tlla

ilia ù we;s wdldrh ±l.; yel'

54
fojkqj wms Root Partition tl ilia lruq'
ta i|yd kej;;a Free space hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

Create a new partion hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

ta i|yd Tnf.a 10GB muK m%udKhla New partition

size tl f,i ,nd fokak'

Logical hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

55
Beginning hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

fuys§ Mount point tl f,i / (Root) hkak ,nd §

Use as hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

fuys§ Tng Root partition tl i|yd wod< File

system tl f;dard .; yels w;r ta i|yd ReiserFS
journaling file system hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

fuys§ Tng Root Partition tlg wod< f;dr;=re

idrdxYhla oel.; yels w;r Done setting up the
partition hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

56
fuysoS Tng Swap area tl iy Root i|yd Partitions ilia ù we;s wdldrh ±l.; yel'

f;jkqj wms Home Partition (/home) tl ilia lruq'

ta i|yd kej;;a Free space hkak f;dard Enter
Tnkak'

Create a new partition hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

ta i|yd Tnf.a Hard Disk tfla b;sß ù we;s uq¿ bv

m%udKh New partition size tl f,i ,nd Èh yel'

Logical hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

57
fuys§ fmr f,iu Mount point tl f,i Home
(/home) hkak yd wod< File system tl f,i
ReiserFS journaling file system hkak ,nd § Done
setting up the partition hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

fuys§ wm úiska ilia lrk ,o partiotion j,

idrdxYhla oel.; yels w;r tu lrk ,o
fjkialï Hard Disk tfla ,sùu i|yd Finish
partition and write changes to disk hkak f;dard
Enter Tnkak'

Yes hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

6' Tnf.a ku iy uqrmoh ilia lsÍu' (Setup users and password)

Tnf.a User account tl i|yd leu;s kula ,nd fokak'

58
Tnf.a User account tlg we;=¿ ùug Ndú;d
lrk Username i|yd kula ,nd fokak'

WodyrK f,i fuys§ ta i|yd Administrator hkak

,nd § we;'

Tnf.a User account tl i|yd uqrmohla

(Password) ,nd fokak'

WodyrK f,i fuys§ ta i|yd Admin123 hkak

,nd § we;'

uqrmoh (Password) kej;a j;djla Type lrkak'

No hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

59
Continue hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

No hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

7' ia:dmkh wjika lsÍu' (Finish the installation)

ia:dmkh (installation) wjika lsÍu i|yd

Tnf.a CD ROM Odjlfha we;s UBUNTU CD ROM tl
bj;alr Continue hkak f;dard Enter Tnkak'

60
Tn " ksoyia yd újD; fla; uDÿldx."
uDÿldx. f,dalhg hg we;=¿ fjñka '
(You are entering FOSS – “Free & Open Source Software” World)

túg mß.Klh Restart ùfuka miq fuu ;srh u;

Tnf.a Username tl we;=<;a lr Enter Tnkak'

Tnf.a Password tl we;=<;a lr Enter Tnkak'

61
±ka Tn meñK isákafka UBUNTU 8.10 Desktop fj;hs'

fujeks újD; yd ksoyia uDÿldx." fufyhqï moaO;s wdosh wo f,dal wd¾:sl w¾nqoh;a iuÕ m%p,s;
fjñka mj;sk w;r ta ms<sn| oekqu yd Ndú;h j¾Okh lr .ekSfuka Tng mß.Kl f,dj ch.; yels jkq
we;'

62
Advisors
Minister of Education Hon. A. D. Susil Premajayantha
Secretary for Education Mr M.M.N.D. Bandara

Guidance
Mr. G.M. Niel Gunadasa,
Director of Education,
Information and Communication Technology Branch, Ministry of Education

Mrs. S.M.L.K.Senevirathna
Deputy Director of Education,
Information and Communication Technology Branch, Ministry of Education

Coordination
Mr. M.D.R Amaranayake
Assistant Director of Education,
Information and Communication Technology Branch, Ministry of Education

Supported by
Mrs. W.A.Sumudu Wasana
Assistant Director of Education,
Information and Communication Technology Branch, Ministry of Education

63
Resource Team

^ isxy, udOH msgm; ilia lsÍfï odhl;ajh(-&

01. Mr. W. Chamath Abegunawardhana ( Hardware Team Leader of Southern Province)

G/All Saint’s M.M.V. Fort, Galle.

02. Mr. A.K.Upali Gunathilaka ( Hardware Team Leader of North Western Province)

Ku/Lakdas M.V. , Kurunegala.

03. Mr.P.G.Saman piyasiri ( Hardware Team Leader of Central Province)

St.Joseph’s B.M.V, Gampola.

04. Mr.K.W.D.Sarath Chandra ( Hardware Team Leader of Sabaragamuwa Province)

Ke/ Pinnawala M.M.V , Rambukkana.

05. Mr.K.M.D.H.J.Senevirathna ( Hardware Team Leader of North Central Province)

A/Kaluwilasena M.V. , Hidhogama.

06. Mr.R.J.K.Kulathunga ( Hardware Team Leader of Western Province)

Kl/ Gurulugomi M.V, Kaluthara.

07. Mr.M.C.Udayakumara ( Hardware Team Leader of Eastern Province)

Zonal CRC, Ampara

08. Mr.A.M.B.Rajanayake ( Hardware Team Leader of Uva Province)

B/Bandarawela M.M.V, Bandarawela

Proof Reading Team

^ fidaÿm;a ne,Su &

01. Mr.L.G. Chandana Jayaweera

A/ Mahabellankadawala M.V. , Thambuththegama.

02. Mr. L.T.R Thusitha Kumara

A/ Angamuwa Yaya 6 M.V, Rajanganaya, Angamuwa.

03. Mr.K.M.D.H.J.Senevirathna

A/Kaluwilasena M.V. , Hidhogama.

64