CHAPTER 3: Sampling and

Sampling Distributions
 INTRODUCTION
• To study a population, it is ideal to get data from each
member of the population. However, this is often not
possible when the population is quite big and the time and
the resources to do this are limited. Hence, it is necessary to
concentrate on the data-gathering procedure to a subset
of the population. This subset is the representative of the
population and known as the sample.
TYPES OF RANDOM
SAMPLING
 I. SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING (SRS)
 Most basic sampling technique
 Every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen to be
part of the sample
 Can be done by 2 different methods:
1. Table of Random Numbers
2. Lottery Method
 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING (SRS)

Methods:
1. Table of Random Numbers
― Contains rows and columns of mechanically generated digits

2.Lottery Method
― Each element of the population is assigned a unique number
― The selection of elements depends entirely by chance
― Also known as Simple Random Sampling without Replacement (SRSWOR)
 STEPS IN USING TABLE OF RANDOM
NUMBERS:
• Step 1: Assign a 3-digit number (if the population size is also 3-digits; ex.)
Population size of 500 people) to each of the samples.
• Step 2: Identify how many samples are needed.
• Step 3: Randomly select a starting number from the table.
• Step 4: If the table of random numbers contains 5-digit numbers, consider
only the last 3 digits (if the population size is also a 3-digit number).
• Step 5: Move down columns selecting appropriate number.
 STEPS IN LOTTERY METHOD:

Step 1: Assign a unique number to each element of the population.

Step 2: Write each number on small pieces of papers with identical size and shape.
Step 3: Fold the pieces of paper and place in a bowl or box where they are
thoroughly mixed together.
Step 4: Without looking or with eyes closed, the researcher picks the required
number of folded pieces of paper.
Step 5: All the elements bearing the numbers picked by the researcher become
elements of the sample.
SLOVIN’S FORMULA

 Used to determine the number of samples needed in the

lottery method
 FORMULA:
𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐

Where:
𝑛 = number of samples needed
𝑁 = population size
e = margin of error
 EXAMPLE 1:

• A researcher wants to study the effects of social media on Grade

11 students in Manila Mathematics High School. He wishes to use
the simple random sampling technique in choosing the members
of his sample. If there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school,
how many students should there be in his sample? Discuss the
steps he must take if he wishes to use the lottery method.
 EXAMPLE 1:
• STEPS:
Step 1: Determine the number of students that should be in the sample.
For the margin of error, use 5%:

Given: Solution:
𝑛=?
𝑁 1000
𝑁 = 1,000 𝑛= 2
= 2
= 285.7
1 + 𝑁𝑒 1 + 1000(0.05 )
e = 5%
𝒏 ≈ 𝟐𝟖𝟔
 EXAMPLE 1:
Step 2: Assign a number to each member of the population. In this problem, assign
a number to each of the 1,000 students.

Step 3: Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size and shape. Fold
the pieces of paper.

Step 4: Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.

Step 5: Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces from the bowl or box.
 EXAMPLE 2:

• A Grade 11 student wants to make a study on the opinions of

Grade 8 students concerning the use of the Filipino language in
the teaching of Mathematics. There are 510 Grade 8 students.
She wants to interview only 10% of the Grade 8 students in the
school where the study is to be conducted. If you were the
student, how are you going to do it by using a Table of Random
Numbers?
 EXAMPLE 2:
• STEPS:
Step 1: Multiply 510 by 10% to obtain the members of the sample.
510 × 10% = 51
The number of students is a 3-digit number; therefore, assign a 3-digit number to each of the 510
students.

Step 2: Randomly select a starting number from the table. If the table of random numbers
contains 5-digit numbers, consider only the last 3 digits, since the total number of students in the
study is 510 which is a 3-digit number. Move down columns selecting the appropriate number.
In this example, we
randomly selected
our starting point
here.

We will only
consider the
last 3 digits,
432. The
person we
assigned with
the number
432 will be
part of our
sample.
From 25432, move down columns
and count until you reach the 51st
number, 64290. 290 will be your
last sample.
 II. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 A random sampling technique in which every 𝒌th element of the population is
selected until the desired number of elements in the sample is obtained
 The value of k is the sampling interval.
 Formula:
𝑁
𝑘=
𝑛
Where:
𝑘 = sampling interval
𝑁 = population size
𝑛 = sample size
 EXAMPLE 1:

• In a group of 250 students, how will you select a sample

containing 71 students by using the systematic sampling
technique?
 EXAMPLE 1:
• Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250 students.
• Step 2: Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.
• Step 3: Find the sampling interval:

• 𝑘=
𝑁
𝑛
=
250
71
= 3.52 ≈ 4
• Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k+1 (k+1=4+1=5) by simple
random technique. The numbers that are between 0 and k+1 are 1, 2, 3, and 4. This
chosen value is called as the random start.
• Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. 2 will be the random start. Use 2
as the starting number.
• Step 6: Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting from the 2nd student.
 EXAMPLE 1:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18

NOTE:
Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting from the 2nd student.
The numbers of the samples will then be 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, … until you get 71 samples.
 EXAMPLE 2:

In a group of 180 workers, how will you select a sample of 36

workers by using the systematic sampling technique?
 EXAMPLE 2:
• Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 180 workers.
• Step 2: Assign each worker a number from 1 to 180.
• Step 3: Find the sampling interval k:

• 𝑘=
𝑁
𝑛
=
180
36
=5
• Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k+1 (k+1=5+1=6)by simple
random technique. The numbers that are between 0 and k+1 (6) are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
• Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 4. Use 4 as the starting number.
• Step 6: Select every 5th worker from the sample frame starting from the 4th worker.
 EXAMPLE 2:

• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
• 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19…

NOTE:
Select every 5th worker from the sample frame starting from the 4th worker.
The numbers in the list that will be included in the sample are 4, 9, 14, 19, …
until you get 36 samples.
 III. STRATIFIED SAMPLING

 The population is partitioned into several subgroups called

strata, based on some characteristics like year, level, gender,
age, ethnicity, etc.
 EXAMPLE 1:

You want to interview 200 students in your school to determine

their opinion on the new school uniform. How are you going to
choose your sample by using stratified sampling if there are 1,200
students in grade seven; 1,100 in Grade 8; 1,050 in Grade 9; 940 in
Grade 10; 900 in Grade 11, and 810 in Grade 12?
 EXAMPLE 1:
Number of Students per
Population Sample
Stratum
Grade 7 1, 200 1,200
× 200 = 40
6000
Grade 8 1, 100 1,100 Formula:
× 200 = 36.666 ≈ 37 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
6000
Sample =
Grade 9 1, 050 1,050 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑎
× 200 = 35
6000
Grade 10 940 940
× 200 = 31.333 ≈ 31
6000
Grade 11 900 900
× 200 = 30
6000
Grade 12 810 810
× 200 = 27
6000
TOTAL 6, 000 200
 IV. CLUSTER SAMPLING

1. The population is divided into clusters

2. From these clusters, a random sample of clusters will be drawn
3. All the elements from the sampled clusters will make up the
sample.
4. If clusters are too large, there is a need for a second set of
smaller clusters to be taken from the original clusters.
 EXAMPLE 1:
If clusters are too large:
1. A researcher could divide the province into towns.
2. A sample of towns will be selected using SRS.
3. He/she could then divide the towns into barrios.
4. From these towns, a sample of barrios will be
selected at random.
5. From these barrios, a sample of houses will be
identified.
NOTE:
This technique is called MULTI-STAGE
CLUSTER SAMPLING
 EXAMPLE 2:

A researcher wants to determine who among the families in a small

town are using the new detergent product. How is she going to do
this using the cluster sampling technique?
 EXAMPLE 2:
• Step 1: Divide the population into clusters.

• Step 2: Not all the barrios of the town will be included in the sample. Choose the
final barrios by using either the simple random sampling or a systematic sampling
technique.

• Step 3: Not all the families in each selected barrio will be included in the study.
Select the final families to be included in the sample by using either a simple
random sampling or systematic random sampling technique.
 Stratified vs. Cluster Sampling
BASIS FOR COMPARISON STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Meaning Stratified sampling is one, in
which the population is
divided into homogeneous
segments, and then the
sample is randomly taken
from the segments.
Sample Randomly selected
individuals are taken from all from randomly selected
the strata.
Selection of population Individually
elements
Homogeneity Within group
Heterogeneity Between groups
Bifurcation Imposed by the researcher
Objective To increase precision and
representation.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling refers to a
sampling method wherein
the members of the
population are selected at
random, from naturally
occurring groups called
'cluster'.
All the individuals are taken
clusters.
Collectively
Between groups
Within group
Naturally occurring groups
To reduce cost and improve
efficiency.
PERFORMANCE TASK #1
 INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Using your topic on Research 1, make your own survey question that is related
and relevant to your topic.
2. Using this question, identify how many respondents you need.
3. Identify your target respondents by using your chosen type of random sampling
(simple random sampling (Table of Random Numbers or Lottery Method),
systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, or cluster sampling).
4. List down the steps on how you will do the group’s chosen random sampling
technique. (Minimum of 5 steps)
5. Indicate the numbers in the list that will be included in the sample. (It is up to you
on how many samples you’d like to have for your research.)
EXAMPLE:
1. Title of Research: A Research on the Effectiveness of Outcomes-Based Learning
on Grade 11 Students of Diliman College
2. Survey Question: What is your final grade in Gen. Math?
a) below 80
b) 80-90
c) 90-99
3. Number of respondents: As of the school year 2019-2020, the number of
students in Grade 11 of Diliman College is 360. Out of the 360 students, the
researchers would want to interview only 25% of them, which will be a total of 90
respondents.
4. Random Sampling Technique: The researchers will use the systematic sampling
technique in order to identify which of the 360 Grade 11 students of Diliman
College will be their survey respondents.
STEPS:
• Step 1: The researchers will prepare a sampling frame first by randomly arranging the 360
students.
• Step 2: The researchers will then assign each student a number from 1 to 360.
• Step 3: Since the researchers are using the systematic sampling technique, they will then
find the sampling interval:

• 𝑘=
𝑁
𝑛
=
360
90
=4
• Step 4: The researchers will then select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and
k+1, which is 0 to 5, by simple random technique. The researchers chose 2 as their random
start.
• Step 5: The researchers will then select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting
from the 2nd student.
 SAMPLING FRAME:
SAMPLES
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
10 20

The numbers in the list that will be included in the sample are 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, …
 Excellent (25 pts.) Good (20 pts.) Fair (15 pts.) Poor (10 pts.)
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