HI 166 NOTES

DISCUSSION NOTES
The National Resistance/The Continuing Resistance (1901-1913)

 April 01, 1901 – Aguinaldo took Oath of Allegiance

 April 19, 1901 – Aguinaldo issued proclamation to accept sovereignty
 July 04, 1902 – President Theodore proclaimed end of Fil-American war
 Social Movements – movement from below
o 3 Ways
o Through the Battlefield (1902-1910)
 Miguel Malvar – created the new Katipunan
 Guerilla movements
 Macario Sakay – tailor, barber, comedian
 President of Dapitan Sector of Katipunan
 Established Republika ng Katagalugan – huge and strong group in the south
 Executed on Sept. 13, 1907
o Banquet set-up
o Bandits or heroes?
 Dr. Dominador Gomez – helped organize the Nacionalista party
 Convinced Macario from mountains
 No guerillas/resistance = “opportunity” for independence
 Ended up betraying Macario Sakay
 Millenarian and Messianic Movements
 Thrust was very religious
 Messianic – felt they were the Saviors
 Felipe Salvador (Apo Ipe)
 One of the well-known Messianic leaders
 Large following because of religious void
o Mainly from lower classes (promises were material)
o You have nothing to lose
 Captured July 4,1910 hanged on April 15, 1912
 12 years later  people claim to break bread with him
 Basic Needs – gains followers
o Seditious Theater (1902-1906)
 Plays considered seditious by the Americans
 Sarswelas were prominent—romance, family
 Plays became resistance
 Backstage as secret meetings
 Not understandable to Americans because of Filipino language
 Place they could express themselves and independence
 Soft power came in and closed Seditious theater
o Periodicals
 Dean C. Worcester – interior secretary
 Pointing out that Filipinos have smaller brains (implied legitimacy of their stay here)
 Had a handle on all on top and bottom
o Became one of the richest Americans
 Sued Teodoro Kalaw and Martin Ocampo
 Laws – implemented during this period
o Sedition Law (Nov. 4, 1901) – forbade printing, publishing circulating independence
o Brigandage Act (Nov. 12, 1902) – branded former guerillas and resistance as bandits, tulisans, ladrones
o Reconcentration Act (June 1, 1903) – law allowed Governor-General the suspected residents to move to Reconcentration
Zones
o Flag Act (August 23, 1907) – forbade rising of Philippine Flag
 Pursuit of independence was essentially defeated

Filipinization (1901-1913)

 President McKinley: Need to educate and uplift Filipinos

 The Schurman Commission/The 1st Philippine Commission (March 4, 1899)
o Headed by Jacob Gould Schurman
 To spread peace and happiness

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
  To guarantee them a rightful freedom
 To protect them in their just privileges
o Recommendations:
 Cannot push a democracy if not establish a civil government (composed of Senate and the House)
 Spooner Amendment – granting full power to Civil government
 Taft Commission/The 2nd Philippine Commission (June 3, 1900)
o Headed by William Howard Taft
o Organized the Ilustrados/elite
 Padro de Tavera – organized the Federal Party
o Federal Party Program
 Focused on:
 Pacification
 Establishment of civil government
 Development
o Reserved government positions for Federal Party
 Taft supported because of support for Pacification
o Task of the Commission
 Design and establish a civil government  more open to business economy and more money
 Examine friar landholdings
 Improve system for education
 Make English as a mode of communication
 Cooper Act/Philippine Bill of 1902
o Basis of the Jones Law
o Required the organization of Philippine Assembly after the publication of a census
 Needed to see how to properly represent people in the government
 You know how many people you are handling  legitimacy thing
o July 30, 1907 – election of Philippine Assembly
 Full Filipinization
o Goal: Being capable of self-government
o Underneath: Americanization

The Philippine National Assembly (1907-1913)

 Cooper act - 2 requirements: census and peace for 2 years

 Political Parties Emergence
o Partido Urgentista vs. Comite de la Union Nacional
o Partido Union Nacionalista (previously Comite de la union nacional) vs. Partido Independista Imediatista
o Partido Nacionalista vs. Partido Nacional Progresista (past federal party)
 Philippine National Assembly Elections
o Partido Nacionalista Progresista – got initial support from Taft
 Eventually Taft had to leave the country and their support wavered (ALSO HAPPENED ON FEDERAL
PARTY)
 WAS FOR: Independence in DUE TIME
o Partido Nacionalista – support from Taft’s successors
 WAS FOR: Complete and immediate independence
o Populist-Kind of Democracy – not about the platform, about the person more
o Requirements for Voting:
 Educated
 Male
 Tax-paying resident
 First Philippine National Assembly
o 80 members for 2 years
o 34 provinces
o October 16, 1907 – 1st session at the Manila Grand Open House
o Inaugural Session – committees and rules copied from the House of Representatives except:
 Merging of appropriations committee and ways and means committee
 Did not follow installing the speaker as Chairman
 Milestones of the Philippine Assembly
o Gabaldon Act – 1st legislation giving 1 million to construct schools
o Established UP and construction
o Began to assert itself in relation to the Upper House of the Legislature (Philippine Commission
 JUNE 19, 1908 – requested for immediate independence  Got Harrison for assistance

Leonard Wood Administration (1921-1927)

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
  Background
o Democratic administration of Harrison and Wilson completed its 8 years in the office in March 1921
o President Wilson was defeated by Warren Harding
 Last recommendation of Wilson: independence for the Philippines
 Harding was reluctant
o Wood-Forbes Mission
 Lengthy report reflected Philippine situation
 Reflected unsympathetic reports
 Contents:
 Underlying issues from the government
 Lack of sufficient press
 Delay in administration of justice
 Inadequate treatment and care of cultural minorities
 Mistakes in finances
o Philippine National Bank – became personal money for politicians
 Final Recommendation: Americans should still continue ruling over the Philippines
 Rapid filipinization should be done correctly
 Leonard Wood Administration
o Took control back from the Filipinos (as Governor-General)
o Jones Law – could only be modified by the U.S. Congress
o Wanted independence in DUE TIME
o Quezon – wanted to be the Head of Nacionalistas
 Will be president if ever
 More out of self-interest
 Fighting Osmena and labelling him as a Unipersonalista and Quezon as colectivista
 Cabinet Crisis (July 17, 1923)
 Led by Manuel Quezon (used to get loyalty)
 Cast:
o Ray Conley
o John Green
o Jose P. Laurel
o Ramon Fernandez
o Manuel L. Quezon
o Leonard Wood
 Factors:
o Difference on opinions on Jones Law
o Something else
 Conley Case – Ray Conley as head (was soon reinstated)
o Would go to casino dens and arrest them (Gambling was the biggest vice)
o Issue: Was taking bribes according to rumors (spread by gambling lords)
o Manuel Quezon – labelled Leonard Wood as a micromanager
 People began to side with him and agree with him
 People started hating on Leonard Wood
 Was about to merge with Nacionalistas but asked Osmena that he should be
the head
o Jose P. Laurel – convinced John Green to reopen the issue case to Leonard Wood
 Women – biggest gamblers
 Had a lot of time
 Held the businesses because they saw it as dirty work
 Ray Conley – discovered a den of gambling women of
politicians’ wives  some were wives of Laurel and Fernandez
 Explains why Laurel and Fernandez wanted to take him down
o Other Issues with Leonard Wood Administration
 The governor’s veto power
 FBH vetoed 5 bills  made Leonard Wood look bad
 The Board of Control Controversy
 About the government entering businesses
 Leonard Wood was not for it
o Leonard Wood – had integrity to manage and fix the problems
 Problem: Manuel Quezon
 Problem: Did not know the Filipino Culture
 Personality was quite cold
 Henry L. Stimson Administration (Cooperation Restored)

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
 o MARCH 1, 1928 – inaugurated as Governor-General
o 1 year in the Philippines
o Characterized on Cordial relations
 Next Administrations (GDBRM)
o Eugene Allen Gilmore
o Dwight F. Davis
o George C. Butte
o Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
o Frank Murphy – became high commissioner because of the Commonwealth

Campaign for Independence (1919-1934)

 Preamble of Jones Law – Filipinos will receive the promise of independence

 How?  Philippine Assembly
 Commission of Independence – to study all matters concerning the negotiations on independence
o Leadership remained Nacionalistas
o Dispatch independence missions
o 1 million without auditing  allowed non-politicians to enter the picture
 The Independence Missions
o 1919 – 1st Parliamentary Mission
o 1922 – 2nd Parliamentary Mission
 Went to USA to complain about Leonard Wood
o April 1924 – 3rd Parliamentary Mission
 U.S. Congress in this year was for independence for the Philippines
 Fairfield Bill – first mention and proposal on a Commonwealth period
 Quezon and Osmena – wanted to backtrack  showed true colors
 Bacon Bill – separate Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan and claimed these wanted autonomy from Philippines
 Americans focused on these because plantations for abaca and rubber
 Supreme National Council – organized by Manuel Quezon
 Eventually blew up out of self-interest
 Plebiscite Controversy – to get the votes of people whether they wanted independence
 Also blew up

The Great Depression

 Free Trade with the U.S.  Philippines was competition to American farmers
o Tariff Act of 1902 – Manila hemp was not taxed if it entered us directly
o Payne-Aldrich Bill – made 2-way free trade except for generous quotas
o Underwood-Simmons Act – removed all quota limitations
o FARMERS WERE THE MOST AFFECTED IN THE GREAT DEPRESSION
 American Interest Groups/”Friends” of the Philippines
o Agricultural sector/bloc
o Labor and “patriotic” groups opposed to Filipino immigrants
o Isolationists anxious about the Japanese menace in Asia
o Anti-imperialists who felt America’s mission as accomplished

The Os-Rox Mission

 Led by Osmena and Roxas went to the U.S. to push for independence
 Hare-Hawes Cutting Act – Philippines would have to establish a 10-year Commonwealth period
o July 4, 1946 – independence
o Quezon – would push the legislature to reject the bill
 Mainly because he didn’t bring home the bacon
 Because:
 Provisions – detrimental
 Immigration clauses were offensive and objectionable
 Military, Naval, and other reservations were inconsistent
 Eventually got them to reject
 Quezon went to the U.S. and got a “better” law and became a hero
o Tydings-Mcduffie Act
 Similar to Hare-Haws cutting act

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
  Eliminated provisions of the military reservations and substituted a provision for “ultimate settlement”

Manuel Quezon and the Commonwealth

 May 1, 1934
 Events before Commonwealth
o July 10, 1934 – elected 202 delegates to draft Philippine constitution
 Philippine Constitution founded American Model:
o Unicameral legislature  more power to the president therefore benefitting Quezon
o Unitary system of government (against federal)
 Important Dates:
o March 23, 1935 – approval of constitution
o May 2-3, 1935 – Sakdal uprising (by Benigno)
o May 14, 1935 – Plebiscite held with ratified the constitution
o November 15, 1935 – Commonwealth was inaugurated
 Quezon and Commonwealth
o National Defense Act – wanted Philippine defense and army
o National language
o Social Justice program
o Education
o Economic Development
 Results of American Occupation
o Pros: Social, public
o Cons: cultural heritage, economic

READING NOTES
NATION AND STATES

 Constitutional Republic of the Philippines/Malolos Republic

o First Republic of the Philippines and in Asia
o First Constitution
 Made by Felipe Calderon
o Emilio Aguinaldo – first republic President
o Apolinario Mabini – advisor  disagreed with Legislature having more power with Executive
 Philippine-American War
o “Benevolent assimilation”  McKinley
 Early Years of American Rule
o William Howard Taft  governor-general
o Partido Federal – 1900
 Conservative Filipino nationalism
 First Political party
o Nacionalista Party – former Katipuneros, intellectuals, and members of the urban middle classes
 Politics and the Philippine Assembly
o Philippine Assembly – central arena for locally based power
o Manuel Quezon – became floor leader of the Assembly
o Sergio Osmena – came from Cebu City
 Became the elected speaker of the Assembly

KASAYSAYAN READINGS

 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE PRICE OF FREE TRADE

o Profits on Manila Hemp
 Businesses were starting to grow in the Philippines, but Filipinos were not gaining anything
 PHILIPPINE TARIFF ACT OF 1902 – Manila hemp was not taxed if it entered the U.S. directly
 Hemp – rope
 UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACT OF 1913 – established free trade between the U.S. and the Philippines
 PAYNE-ALDRICH BILL – Provided for free trade between the U.S. and the Philippines
 A lot of Americans disagreed because they were fearing competition especially in tobacco and sugar
o Unlimited Access for American Goods
 PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT – Largely shaped by the sugar and tobacco blocs

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
  All American products except rice could enter the Philippines and all Philippine products except rice
could enter the Philippines
 Still had quotas
 Manuel Quezon
 President of Philippine Assembly
 Against the free trade because this would be detrimental in the long-run
 Philippines would be economically dependent
 Philippine Commission Heads (Forbes and Smith) – persuaded a selected committee of the Phil.
Assembly along with Quezon to support free trade, promising them free revenue
o P.A.’s decision would not matter nonetheless
o Abolishing Quotas
 UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACT OF 1913 – abolished all quotas on sugar and tobacco
 U.S. dominated the Philippine market and was the colony’s single most important trading partner
 TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAW OF 1943 – decreased benefits of free-trade of the Philippines, increased that of
America’s (84%)
 RESULT: Philippines reduced to a single market—therefore mainly importing or using export profit to pay for
imports
o Chinese and Japanese
 DOMESTIC TRADE CONTROL – was developing slowly compared to foreign trade
 50% - Chinese
 25% - Filipinos
 25% - Japanese
 5% - other nationalities
 Japan and Chinese competition
 Japan – 2nd most important trading partner of the Philippines
o Disastrous Dependence
 Was deceptive because it allowed U.S. control over the Philippine economy
 Long term effects – seen in the Commonwealth
 Cash-crop growers could not enter other foreign markets
 Filipino leaders relied on free trade for economic development
 CHAPTER EIGHT: DISCONTENT IN PEACETIME
o The Landlord’s Mercy
 Kasamas and tenants were living in the mercy of the landlord and they had to ask permission to do other jobs
outside their main job
 Tenant had to pass his debt to his family members
 Sexual Favors – done when highly indebted to the landlord
o Americans Take over the Land
 PUBLIC LANDS ACT OF 1903 – granted free patents to people who had occupied public lands before 1903
and allowed others to apply for free patents
 Taft – wanted to seize the lands from the friars and sell these but friar withdrawal was unallowed by the Vatican
 Sale of friar lands did not solve the tenancy problem
 FRIAR LAND ACT – gave preference to the present lessees
 However, lands were so expensive that only a few bought these
 PURPOSE OF LAND POLICY WAS TO REDUCE OPPOSITION TO AMERICAN SOVEREIGNTY
AND TO DIMINISH THE POWER OF THE FRIARS
 Only the landed elite and big corporations were able to buy friar or public lands
o Landgrabbing by the rich
 Torrens Title – can be applied and public agricultural land will be given to you
 Lowly farmers ignored the law and did not use this opportunity
 Collectively, Filipinos owned more land than the friars
 However, most of these are haciendas
o Messianic Movements
 Puluhan Movement – refuge for sharecroppers and peasants
o Peasant Organization
o Rise of Colorum
 Colorum – made up of desperate peasants and urban poor that were religious fanatics who mixed hero-worship
and folk Christianity
 Naturally flocked to Mount Cristobal to cleanse themselves spiritually and listen to the voice of God
o Kapisanan Makabola Makasinag – secret organization organized by Pedro Kabola
 Had about 12,000 members
 Attached San Jose
 Philippine Constabulary – killed Kabola
o Solutions to the Land Problem
 Governor Wood – sent several members of the cabinet to look into the causes of the uprisings

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
  Solutions to Agrarian Problems (By Dept. of Interior)
 Expropriation of huge haciendas
 Settlement of vast tracts of public land
 The registration of all secret societies and associations
 Severe punishment for agitators
 Laws stressing “the harmony” rather than the enmity between classes
 Dept of Interior also recommended to uplift through education and promote harmony
o Pedro Calosa – returning migrant worker
 Used amulets and various rituals and gathered a colorum
o Sakdal Party
 Purpose was to obtain ”independence with no master but the people”
 Benigno Ramos – leader of Sakdal party
 Party had communistic tendencies

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

YEAR EVENT

MARCH 22, 1897 Tejeros Convention, set up a revolutionary

government

NOVEMBER 7, 1897 Biac-Na-Bato Convention, to modify

constitutional basis from Tejeros

FEBRUARY 15, 1898 Declaration of US-Spain War

MAY 1, 1898 Dewey’s Naval Force

JUNE 18, 1898 Establishment of provincial and municipal

governments

AUGUST 13, 1898 Mock battle of Manila; Occupation of

American troops

SEPTEMBER 15, 1898 Malolos Congress

DECEMBER 1898 Treaty of Paris

JANUARY 20, 1899 Adoption of Malolos Constitution

JANUARY 23, 1899 Inauguration of Philippine Republic

MARCH 4, 1899 Schurman Commission

JUNE 3, 1900 Taft Commission

1902-1910 Social Movements in the Philippines

MARCH 1901 Capture of Aguinaldo

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
 APRIL 1, 1901 Aguinaldo took Oath of Allegiance

APRIL 19, 1901 Issue of Proclamation to Accept Sovereignty

AUGUST 1901 Thomasites came to the PH

JULY 04, 1902 Proclamation of End of Fil-American War

JULY 30, 1907 1st Philippine Assembly Elections

SEPTEMBER 13, 1907 Execution of Macario Sakay

JUNE 19, 1908 Request for immediate independence through

Harrison

JULY 4, 1910 Capture of Apo Ipe

1913 Start of Harrison’s administration

NOVEMBER 1918 Creation of Commission of Independence

1919 1st Parliamentary Mission

1921 Start of Leonard Wood administration

MARCH 1921 Wood-Forbes Mission

APRIL 1922 2nd Parliamentary Mission

JULY 17, 1923 Cabinet Crisis

NOVEMBER 1923 Special Mission against Wood

1924 3rd Parliamentary Mission

NOVEMBER 1925 Plebiscite Controversy

MARCH 1, 1928 Henry L. Stimson’s administration

DECEMBER 1931 Os-Rox Mission

OCTOBER 1933 Rejection of Hare-Hawes Cutting Act

NOVEMBER 1933 Quezon’s Mission

MARCH 23, 1935 Approval of Constitution

MAY 2-3, 1935 Sakdal Uprising

MAY 14, 1935 Ratification of Constitution

NOVEMBER 15, 1935 Inauguration of Commonwealth

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
 CAST

NAME POSITION

GOV-GEN BASILIO AGUSTIN Last Spanish Gov-General

ANDRES BONIFACIO Leader of the Katipunan

EMILIO AGUINALDO 1st President of the Philippines

APOLINARIO MABINI Adviser of Aguinaldo

FELIPE CALDERON Drafted the Malolos Constitution

TOMAS DEL ROSARIO Wanted separation of Church & State

FR. GREGORIO AGLIPAY Head of Philippine Independent Church

THEODORE ROOSEVELT SR. Wanted to war with Spain

GEORGE DEWEY Sent by Roosevelt to Manila

DUPUY DE LOME Called Roosevelt a weakling through letter;

sparked the war

SPENCER PRATT Talked to Aguinaldo to side with Americans

CONSUL WILDMAN Told Aguinaldo to establish a government

PEDRO PATERNO Negotiator of the Truce of Biyak-na-Bato,

Chairman of the Congress

FELIPE BUENCAMINO Led Aguinaldo’s new cabinet alongside Pedro

Paterno

GEN. FERMIN JAUDENES Wanted the mock battle to happen

ISABELO DE LOS REYES Organized the first Labor Union of the

Philippines

WILLIAM MCKINLEY U.S. President during Spain-American War

JACOB GOULD SCHERMAN Head of 1st Philippine Commission

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Head of 2nd Philippine Commission

PARDO DE TAVERA Organized the Federal Party

TRINIDAD DE TAVERA

PEDRO PATERNO

LEON GUERRERO

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
 RAFAEL PALMA

TOMAS DEL ROSARIO

FELIPE BUENCAMINO

FELIPE CALDERON
Members of the Federal Party
IGNACIO VILLAMOR

FLORENTINO TORRES

BENITO LEGARDA

TEODORO YANGCO

BALDOMERO ROXAS

MIGUEL MALVAR Created the New Katipunan

FELIZARDO

MONTALAN Established the Tagalog Republic

MACARIO SAKAY

DR. DOMINADOR GOMEZ

FELIPE SALVADOR Established the Santa Iglesia; gathered an

army of the poor

PAPA ISIO Led resistance against Americans in the Island

of Negros

DEAN C. WORCESTOR Interior Secretary

JOHN HAY Proposed a Governor-General for the

Philippines

FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON

CAMERON FORBES
Wood-Forbes Mission – investigated Filipino
LEONARD WOOD affairs;

SERGIO OSMENA

MANUEL QUEZON

LAWS

NAME DATE FUNCTION

SEDITION LAW NOV. 4, 1901 Forbade seditious acts

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”
 BRIGANDAGE ACT NOV. 12, 1902 Branded rebels as bandits

RECONCENTRATION ACT JUNE 1, 1903 Moved rebels to reconcentration zones

FLAG ACT AUGUST 23, 1907 Forbade rising of flags

PUBLIC LANDS ACT 1903

FRIAR LAND ACT

SPOONER AMENDMENT Granting full power to Civil government

COOPER ACT 1902 Basis of Jones Law; 2 years of peace, census,

and Phil. Assembly

GABALDON ACT Allowed construction of schools

JONES LAW 1916 Gave Filipinization; Philippines will receive

independence in due time

TARIFF ACT 1902 Manila hemp was not taxed

PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT Established free trade but had quota

limitations

UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACT Removed all quota limitations

FAIRFIELD BILL First mention of Commonwealth period

BACON BILL Separation of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan

HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT

TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT

NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT

“Kung hindi mo kilala sarili mo, paano mo ikikilos ang sarili mo sa tamang paraan?”