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FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.

UNIT II

FOURIER TRANSFORM

2.1. FORMULA:

1. Fourier Transform:

1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

2. Fourier Inverse Transform:



1
∫ F (s) e
−isx
f (x ) = ds
2π −∞

3. Fourier Sine Transform:



2
Fs (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) sin sx dx
0

4. Fourier Inverse Sine Transform:

VSCET
2.2 UNIT II


2
f (x ) =
π ∫ Fs (s) sin sx ds
0

5. Fourier Cosine Transform:



2
Fc (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) cos sx dx
0

6. Fourier Inverse Cosine Transform:



2
f (x ) =
π ∫ Fc (s) cos sx ds .
0

2.2. EXAMPLES:

2.2.1. EXAMPLE:

x , x ≤ a
Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) =  .
0, x > a

SOLUTION:

x , x ≤ a x , − a ≤ x ≤ a
f (x ) =  (i.e.) f (x ) = 0, − ∞ < x < −a & a < x < ∞
0, x > a 

The Fourier transform,


1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

a
1
=
2π ∫x ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
−a

a a
1 i
=
2π ∫ x cos sx dx + 2π ∫x sin sx dx
−a −a

a
i
2π ∫0
= 0+ 2 x sin sx dx

(∵ f (x ) = x cos x is odd & f (x ) = x sin x is even)

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.3

a
2   − cos sx   − sin sx 
=i x  − (1)  
π   s   s2   0

2  −a cos sa sin sa  
=i   + 2  − ( 0 + 0 )
π  s s  

2  −as cos sa + sin sa 


=i  
π  s2 

2  sin sa − as cos sa 
F (s ) = i  .
π  s2 

2.2.2. EXAMPLE:

0, x < a

Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) defined by f (x ) = 1, a < x < b .

0, x > b

SOLUTION:

The Fourier transform,



1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

b
1
= ∫
2π a
(1) eisx dx

b
1  eisx 
=  
2π  is a

1 1 isb
F (s ) =
2π is
(
e − e isa . )

2.2.3. EXAMPLE:

0, x < a

Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) = e ikx , a < x < b .

0, x > b

VSCET
2.4 UNIT II

SOLUTION:

The Fourier transform,


1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

b
1
2π a∫
= eikx eisx dx

b
1
2π a∫
= ei(k +s )x dx

b
1  e i(k +s )x 
=  
2π  i(k + s ) a

1 1
=
2π i(k + s )
(
ei(k +s )b − ei(k +s )a . )

2.2.4. EXAMPLE:

 x for x ≤ a
Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) =  , a>0
0 for x > a

SOLUTION:

1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) e isx dx
−∞

a
1
=
2π ∫ x e isx dx
−a

a
1
=
2π ∫ x ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
−a

a a
1 i
=
2π ∫ x cos sx dx +
2π ∫ x sin sx dx
−a −a

a
1
=

2 ∫x cos sx dx + 0
0

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.5

(∵ f (x ) = x cos x is even & f (x ) = x sin x is odd)

a
2
=
π ∫x cos sx dx
0

a
2   sin sx   − cos sx  
= x  − (1)  
π   s   s 2   0

2  sin sa cos sa   1 
=  a + 2  
− 0 + 2  
π  s s   s 

2  sa sin sa + cos sa − 1 
=  .
π  s2 

2.2.5. EXAMPLE:

Find the Fourier transform of the function f (x ) defined by

1 − x 2, if x ≤ 1
f (x ) =  .
0 , if x > 1


 sin s − s cos s  cos  s  ds = 3π .
Hence prove that ∫  s3


 
2 16
0

SOLUTION:


1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

1
1
∫ (1 − x ) e dx
2 isx
=
2π −1

1
1
∫ (1 − x )
2
= ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
2π −1

1 1
1 i
∫( 1 − x2 ) ∫ (1 − x )
2
= cos sx dx + sin sx dx
2π −1
2π −1

VSCET
2.6 UNIT II

1
1
∫ (1 − x )
2
= 2 cos sx dx + 0
2π 0

( ) ( )
(∵ f (x ) = 1 − x 2 cos x is even & f (x ) = 1 − x 2 sin x is odd)

1
2
∫ (1 − x )
2
= cos sx dx
π 0

1
2   − cos sx  + (−2)  − sin sx  
1 − x 2 
sin sx 
= 
π 
(
 s 
)
 − (−2x ) 
 s2 
  
 s 3   0

2  cos s 2 sin s  
3  (
=  0 − 2 2 + − 0 − 0 + 0 )
π  s s  

2  −s cos s + sin s 
=2  
π  s3 

2  sin s − s cos s 
F (s ) = 2  .
π  s3 

By Fourier inverse transform,


1
∫ F (s) e
−isx
f (x ) = ds
2π −∞


1 2  sin s − s cos s  −isx
∴ f (x ) =
2π ∫2 
π  s3
e

ds
−∞


2  sin s − s cos s  ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
=
π ∫ 
 s3


−∞

∞ ∞
2  sin s − s cos s  cos sx ds − 2i  sin s − s cos s  sin sx ds
=
π ∫ 
 s 3 
 ∫ 
π −∞  s3


−∞


4  sin s − s cos s  cos sx ds − 0
π ∫
f (x ) =  
0
 s3 

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.7


 sin s − s cos s  cos sx ds = π f (x )
∴ ∫ 
 s3

 4
0

1
Put x = we get,
2


 sin s − s cos s  cos  s  ds = π f  
1
∫ 
 s3


 
2 4 2
0

π 1 
2
=  1 −   
4 2 

π 1
= 1 − 
4 4

π 3
=  
4 4

 sin s − s cos s  cos  s  ds = 3π .
(i.e.) ∫ 
 s3


 
2 16
0

2.2.6. EXAMPLE:

a − x , if x ≤ a
Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) if f (x ) =  . Hence
0 , if x > a

∞ 2
 sin t  dt = π .
deduce that ∫ 
 t 

2
0

SOLUTION:

1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

a
1
∫ (a − x ) e
isx
= dx
2π −a

a
1
=
2π ∫ (a − x ) ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
−a

VSCET
2.8 UNIT II

a a
1 i
=
2π ∫ (a − x ) cos sx dx − 2π ∫ (a − x ) sin sx dx
−a −a

a
1
2π ∫0
= 2 (a − x ) cos sx dx + 0

(∵ f (x ) = (a − x ) cos x is even & f (x ) = (a − x ) sin x is odd)

a
2
=
π ∫ (a − x ) cos sx dx
0

a
2
=
π ∫ (a − x ) cos sx dx
0

a
2   sin sx  − (−1)  − cos sx 
= (a − x )    

π   s   s2   0

2  cos sa   1 
=   0 − 2  −  0 − 2 
π  s   s 

2  − cos sa 1 
= + 2
π  s 2 s 

2  1 − cos sa 
=  
π  s2 

F (s ) =
 2 sin2 sa 
2 

2 .

( ) ∵ cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A 
 
π  2  2 1 − cos 2A 

s   ⇒ sin A = 
   2 

By Fourier inverse transform,


1
∫ F (s) e
−isx
f (x ) = ds
2π −∞

1

 2 sin2 sa 
2  ( )
2  e −isx ds
∴ f (x ) =
2π ∫ 
π  s 2 
−∞  
 

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.9

2

 ( )
 sin sa
2


=
π ∫ 
s
 ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
−∞  
 

2 2

2 

∞ sin
sa
2 ( ) 
 2i

 ( )
 sin sa
2


= ∫ s
π −∞
 cos sx ds −
π ∫ 
s
 sin sx ds
  −∞  
   

=
2
2∫



( )
 sin sa
2


 cos sx ds − 0
π 0  s 
 

4

 sin sa
 2 ( ) 

f (x ) =
π ∫ 
s
 cos sx ds
0  
 

2

 sin sa
 2( ) 
 π
∴ ∫ 
s
 cos sx ds =
4
f (x )
0  
 

Put x = 0 we get,

2

 sin sa
 2 ( ) 
 π
∫ 
s
 ds =
4
f (0)
0  
 

π
= (a )
4

sa
Put =t ⇒ sa = 2t when s =0 ⇒ t =0
2
a ds = 2 dt s =∞ ⇒ t =∞

VSCET
2.10 UNIT II

2

 
 sin t  2 π
∴ ∫  2t  a dt = 4 (a )
0  
 a 
∞ 2 2
 sin t  . a . 2 dt = π (a )
∫  
 t  4 a 4
0

∞ 2
 sin t  dt = π .
⇒ ∫ 
 t 

2
0

DEFINITION: (SELF RECIPROCAL)

If a transformation of a function f (x ) is equal to f (s ) then the function f (x ) is

called self reciprocal.

2.2.7. EXAMPLE:

2 /2 2 /2
Show that the Fourier transform of e −x is e −s .

SOLUTION:

1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞


1 −x 2 / 2
=
2π ∫e eisx dx
−∞

∞ −x 2
1 + isx

∫e
2
= dx
2π −∞

1 2
1
∞ − (x − 2isx )
∫e
2
= dx
2π −∞

1 2
1
∞ − (x − 2isx + (is )2 −(is )2 )
∫e
2
= dx
2π −∞

1
1
∞ − (( x −is )2 +s 2 )
∫e
2
= dx
2π −∞

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.11

∞ 1 s2
1 − ( x − is )2 −

∫e
2 2
= e dx
2π −∞

s2
− ∞ 1
e 2 − ( x − is )2

∫e
2
= dx
2π −∞

Put t = x − is if x = −∞ ⇒ t = −∞

dt = dx if x =∞ ⇒t =∞

s2
− ∞ t2
e 2 −

∫e
2
= dt
2π −∞

s2
−  ∞ −
x2 
e 2
∵
= 2π ∫ e 2
dx = 2π 
2π  
 −∞ 

s2

=e 2 .

2.2.8. EXAMPLE:

cos x if 0 < x < a


Find the Fourier cosine transform of f (x ) = 
0 if x ≥ a

SOLUTION:

2
Fc (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) cos sx dx
0

a
2
=
π ∫ cos x cos sx dx
0

a
2
=
π ∫ cos sx cos x dx
0

a
2 1
=
π ∫ 2 cos (s + 1) x + cos (s − 1) x  dx
0

VSCET
2.12 UNIT II

a
1  sin(s + 1)x sin(s − 1)x 
= +
2π  s + 1 s − 1  0

1  sin(s + 1)a sin(s − 1)a  


=   +  − ( 0 + 0 )
2π  s + 1 s −1  

1  sin(s + 1)a sin(s − 1)a 


Fc (s ) =  + 
2π  s + 1 s −1 

2.2.9. EXAMPLE:

Find the Fourier cosine transform of e −ax , a > 0 .

SOLUTION:

2
Fc (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) cos sx dx
0


2
∫e
−ax
= cos sx dx
π 0


2  e −ax 
=  2 2 ( −a cos sx + s sin sx ) 
π a + s 0

 eax 
∫ e cos bx dx =
ax
2(
∵ 2
a cos bx + b sin bx ) 
 a +b 

2 (0) − 1
=  ( −a(1) + 0 )
π a 2 + s2 

2 a
Fc (s ) = .
π a + s2
2

2.2.10. EXAMPLE:

1, if 0 < x < a


Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) =  .
0, if x ≥ a

SOLUTION:

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.13


2
Fc (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) cos sx dx
0

a
2
=
π ∫ (1) cos sx dx
0

2  sin sx a
=
π  s  0

2  sin sa
=  − 0 
π  s 

2  sinsa 
=  .
π  s 

2.2.11. EXAMPLE:

x2

Find the Fourier cosine transform of e 2 .

SOLUTION:

2
Fc (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) cos sx dx
0


2 −x 2 /2
=
π ∫e cos sx dx
0


2 1 2
= ∫
π 2 −∞
e −x / 2 cos sx dx (∵ Function is even)


1 2
∫ e −x /2
= Real part of eisx dx
2π −∞

∞ −x 2
1 +isx
= Real part of ∫ e 2
dx
2π −∞

1
1 − (x ∞ 2 −2isx
)
= Real part of ∫ e 2 dx
2π −∞

1
1 − (x ∞ 2 − 2isx + (is )2 −(is )2
)
= Real part of ∫ e 2 dx
2π −∞

VSCET
2.14 UNIT II

1
1 − ( ( x −is )
∞ 2 +s 2
)
= Real part of ∫ e 2 dx
2π −∞

∞ 1 2 s2
1 − ( x −is ) −
= Real part of ∫ e 2 e 2 dx
2π −∞

s2
− ∞ 1
e 2 − ( x −is )2

∫e
2
= Real part of dx
2π −∞

Put t = x − is if x = −∞ ⇒ t = −∞
dt = dx if x = ∞ ⇒ t = ∞

s2
− ∞ t2
e 2 −

∫e
2
= Real part of dt
2π −∞

s2
−  ∞ −
x2 
e 2
∵
= Real part of 2π ∫ e 2
dx = 2π 
2π  
 −∞ 

s2

Fc (s ) = e 2 .

2.2.12. EXAMPLE:

cos xt π
Find the Fourier cosine transform of e −x
and deduce that ∫ 2
dt = e − x .
0
1+t 2

SOLUTION:

2
Fc (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) cos sx dx
0


2
∫e
−x
= cos sx dx
π 0


2
∫e
−x
= cos sx dx
π 0

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.15


2  e −x 
2(
=  2
− cos sx + s sin sx ) 
π 1 + s 0

 eax 
∫ e cos bx dx =
ax
2(
∵ 2
a cos bx + b sin bx ) 
 a +b 

2 
−(1) + 0 ) 
1
2(
= (0) − 2
π  1 +s 

2 1
Fc (s ) =
π 1 + s2

By inverse Fourier cosine transform,



2
f (x ) =
π ∫ Fc (s) cos sx ds
0


2 2
1
=
π ∫ π 1 + s2
cos sx ds
0


2 1
=
π ∫ 1 + s2
cos sx ds
0


1 π
∴ ∫ 1+s 2
cos sx ds = f (x )
2
0

π
= e− x .
2

2.2.13. EXAMPLE:

sin x if 0 ≤ x ≤ a
Find the Fourier sine transform of f (x ) =  .
0 if x ≥ a

SOLUTION:

2
Fs (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) sin sx dx
0

a
2
=
π ∫ sin x sin sx dx
0

VSCET
2.16 UNIT II

a
2
=
π ∫ sin sx sin x dx
0

a
2 1
=
π ∫ 2 cos(s − 1)x − cos(s + 1)x  dx
0

a
1  sin(s − 1)x sin(s + 1)x 
= −
2π  s − 1 s + 1  0

1  sin(s − 1)a sin(s + 1)a  


=   −  − ( 0 − 0)
2π  s − 1 s +1  

1  sin(s − 1)a sin(s + 1)a 


=  − .
2π  s − 1 s +1 

2.2.14. EXAMPLE:

x , 0<x <1

Find the Fourier sine transform of f (x ) = 2 − x , 1 < x < 2 .

0, x >2

SOLUTION:

2
Fs (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) sin sx dx
0

2  
1 2
=  ∫ x sin sx dx + ∫ (2 − x ) sin sx dx 
π  0 1 

2  − cos sx − sin sx 1 2  − cos sx − sin sx 2


= x − (1) + (2 − x ) − (− 1)
π  s s 2  0 π  s s 2 1

2  − cos s sin s   2  sin 2s   − cos s sin s  


=   + 2  − ( 0 + 0 ) +  0 − s 2  −  s − s 2  
π  s s   π  

2  − cos s sin s sin 2s cos s sin s 


= + 2 − 2 + + 2 
π  s s s s s 

2  2 sin s sin 2s 
= − 2 
π  s 2 s 

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.17

2  2 sin s − sin 2s 
=  .
π s2 

2.2.15. EXAMPLE:

1 −ax
Find the Fourier sine transform of f (x ) = e .
x

SOLUTION:

2
Fs (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) sin sx dx
0


2 1
∫xe
−ax
= sin sx dx (1)
π 0

Diff. w.r.to ‘s’



∂ 1
sin sx  dx
d 2
∫ ∂s  x e
−ax
Fs (s ) =
ds π 0


2 1
∫xe
−ax
= cos sx . x dx
π 0


2
∫e
−ax
= cos sx dx
π 0

2  a 
=  
π  s2 + a2 

Integrating w.r.to ‘s’ we get,

2 1
Fs (s ) =
π
.a ∫ s 2 + a 2 ds
2 1 s
= .a tan −1   + c (2)
π a a 

Put s = 0 in (1) we get,

Fs (0) = 0

Put s = 0 in (2) we get,

VSCET
2.18 UNIT II

2
Fs (0) = tan −1 ( 0 ) + c
π

2
0= (0) + c
π
∴ c=0

2
tan −1   .
s
∴ Fs (s ) =
π a 

2.2.16. EXAMPLE:

Find the Fourier sine transform of e −ax , a > 0 . Hence deduce that


s π
∫ s 2 + a 2 sin sx ds = 2 e
−ax

SOLUTION:

2
Fs (s ) =
π ∫ f (x ) sin sx dx
0


2
∫e
−ax
= sin sx dx
π 0

2  s 
=  .
π  s2 + a2 

Inverse Fourier sine transform,



2
f (x ) =
π ∫ Fs (s) sin sx ds
0


2 2 s
=
π ∫ π s + a2
2 sin sx ds
0


2 s
=
π ∫ s + a2
2 sin sx ds
0


s π
∴ ∫ 2
s +a 2 sin sx ds =
2
f (x )
0

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.19

π
= e −ax .
2

2.3. PARSEVAL’S IDENTITY:

If F (s ) is the Fourier transform of f (x ) , then


∞ ∞
2 2
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ F (s ) ds
−∞ −∞

2.4. EXAMPLES:

2.4.1. EXAMPLE:

1, x ≤ a
Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) if f (x ) =  . Hence deduce that
0, x > a

 sin t  dt = π
(i) ∫  t 

2
0

∞ 2
 sin t  π
(ii) ∫  t  dt = 2 .
0

SOLUTION:

The Fourier transform,


1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

a
1
∫ (1) e
isx
= dx
2π −a

a
1
=
2π ∫ ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
−a

a a
1 i
=
2π ∫ cos sx dx +
2π ∫ sin sx dx
−a −a

a
1
2π ∫0
= 2 cos sx dx + 0 (∵ f (x ) = cos x is even & f (x ) = sin x is odd)

VSCET
2.20 UNIT II

2  sin sx a
=
π  s  0

2  sin sa
= − 0 
π  s 

2  sin sa 
F (s ) =  
π  s 

By inverse Fourier transform,


1
∫ F (s) e
−isx
f (x ) = ds
2π −∞


1 2  sin sa  −isx
∴ =
2π ∫ 
π  s 
e ds
−∞


1  sin sa  ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
=
π −∞ ∫ s 

∞ ∞
1  sin sa  cos sx ds − i  sin sa  sin sx ds
= ∫ 
π −∞  s 

π ∫ 
 s 

−∞


2 ∫ 
1 sin sa 
=  cos sx ds − 0
π 0  s 


2  sin sa  cos sx ds
π ∫
f (x ) =  
0
 s 


 sin sa  cos sx ds = π f (x )
∴ ∫ 
 s 

2
0

Put x = 0 we get,


 sin sa  ds = π f (0)
∫ 
 s 

2
0

π
= (1)
2
MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE
FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.21

Put sa = t when s =0 ⇒ t =0

a ds = dt s =∞ ⇒ t=∞


 
 sin t  1 π
∴ ∫  t  a dt = 2
0  
 a 

 sin t  dt = π .
⇒ ∫ 
 t 

2
0

Using Parseval’s identity,


∞ ∞
2 2
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ F (s ) ds
−∞ −∞

a ∞ 2
 2  sin sa  
∫ (1) dx = ∫  π  s   ds
2

−a −∞

∞ 2
2  sin sa  ds
[x ]a−a = ∫ 
π −∞  s 

∞ 2
2  sin sa  ds
a − (−a ) = ∫ 
π −∞  s 

∞ 2
 sin sa  π
⇒ ∫  s  ds = 2 2a
−∞
∞ 2
2 ∫ 
sin sa 
⇒  ds = π a (∵ function is even)
0
 s 

∞ 2
 sin sa  ds = π a
∫  s  2
0

Put sa = t when s =0 ⇒ t =0

a ds = dt s =∞ ⇒ t=∞

2
∞  
 sin t  1 πa
∴ ∫  t  a dt = 2
0  
 a 

VSCET
2.22 UNIT II

∞ 2
 sin t  dt = π .
⇒ ∫ 
 t 

2
0

2.4.2. EXAMPLE:

1 − x , x ≤ 1
Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) =  . Hence deduce that
0, x >1

∞ 4
 sin t  π
∫  t  dt = 3 .
0

SOLUTION:

The Fourier transform,


1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

1
1
∫ (1 − x ) e
isx
= dx
2π −1

1
1
=
2π ∫ (1 − x ) ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
−1

1 1
1 i
=
2π ∫ (1 − x ) cos sx dx − 2π ∫ (1 − x ) sin sx dx
−1 −1

1
1
2π ∫0
= 2 (1 − x ) cos sx dx + 0

(∵ f (x ) = (1 − x ) cos x is even & f (x ) = (1 − x ) sin x is odd)

1
2
=
π ∫ (1 − x ) cos sx dx
0

1
2
=
π ∫ (1 − x ) cos sx dx
0

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.23

2  sin sx − cos sx 1
= ( 1 − x ) − ( −1)
π  s s 2  0

2  cos s   1 
=   0 − 2  −  0 − 2 
π  s   s 

2  − cos s 1 
= + 2
π  s 2 s 

2  1 − coss 
=  
π  s2 

F (s ) =
 2 sin2 s 
2 

2 .

() ∵ cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A 
 
π  2  2 1 − cos 2A 

s
  ⇒ sin A = 
   2 

By Parseval’s identity,
∞ ∞
2 2
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ F (s ) ds
−∞ −∞

2
1
2

 2
 sin2 s  
∞
2  ()
∫ (1 − x ) dx = ∫  2 π  s 2   ds
−1 −∞    
  
4
1
2 ∫ (1 − x )2 dx =
8

∞ sin

s
2 () 

π ∫ s  ds (∵ f(x)= (1 − x )2 is even)
0 −∞ 
 
 
4

 (1 − x )3 1
4 
 sin s

2 () 


 − 3
 =
0 π ∫ 
s
 ds
−∞ 
 
 
4

1 4 
[0 − 1] = ∫ 
 sin s

2 () 

 ds
−3 π −∞  s 

 

VSCET
2.24 UNIT II

4

 sin s
 2 () 
 π
⇒ ∫ s  ds =
12
−∞ 
 
 
4

 sin s

2∫  2 () 

 ds =
π
0
s  12

 
4

 sin s
 2 () 
 π
∴ ∫ s  ds =
24
0
 
 

s
Put =t when s =0 ⇒ t =0
2
1
ds = dt s =∞ ⇒ t=∞
2
∞ 4
 sin t  2dt = π
∴ ∫ 
 2t 

24
0

∞ 4
 sin t  1 2dt = π
∫ 
 t  16

24
0

∞ 4
 sin t  dt = π .
⇒ ∫ 
 t 

3
0

2.4.3. EXAMPLE:

1, x ≤ 2
Find the Fourier transform of f (x ) if f (x ) =  . Hence evaluate
0, x > 2

 sin x  dx
(i) ∫  x


0
∞ 2
 sin x 
(ii) ∫  x  dx .
0

SOLUTION:

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.25

The Fourier transform,



1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

2
1
∫ (1) e
isx
= dx
2π −2

2
1
=
2π ∫ ( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
−2

2 2
1 i
=
2π ∫ cos sx dx +
2π ∫ sin sx dx
−2 −2

2
1
2π ∫0
= 2 cos sx dx + 0

(∵ f (x ) = cos x is even & f (x ) = sin x is odd)

2  sin sx 2
=
π  s  0

2  sin 2s
=  − 0 
π  s 

2  sin 2s 
F (s ) =  
π  s 

By inverse Fourier transform,



1
∫ F (s) e
−isx
f (x ) = ds
2π −∞


1 2  sin 2s  −isx
∴ =
2π ∫ 
π  s 
e ds
−∞


1  sin 2s  ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
=
π ∫  s 

−∞

∞ ∞
1  sin 2s  cos sx ds − i  sin 2s  sin sx ds
= ∫ 
π −∞  s 

π ∫ 
 s 

−∞

VSCET
2.26 UNIT II


1 sin 2s 
= 2 ∫   cos sx ds − 0
π 0  s 


2  sin 2s  cos sx ds
π ∫
f (x ) =  
0
 s 


 sin 2s  cos sx ds = π f (x )
∴ ∫ 
 s 

2
0

Put x = 0 we get,


 sin 2s  ds = π f (0)
∫ 
 s 

2
0

π
= (1)
2

Put 2s = t when s =0 ⇒ t =0

2ds = dt s =∞ ⇒ t=∞


 
 sin t  1 π
∴ ∫  t  2 dt = 2
0  
 2 

 sin t  dt = π .
⇒ ∫ 
 t 

2
0

Using Parseval’s identity,


∞ ∞
2 2
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ F (s ) ds
−∞ −∞

2 ∞ 2
 2  sin 2s  
∫ (1) dx = ∫  π  s   ds
2

−2 −∞

∞ 2
2  sin 2s 
( x )2−2 =
π ∫  s  ds
−∞

∞ 2
2  sin 2s  ds
2 − (−2) = ∫ 
π −∞  s 

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.27

∞ 2
 sin 2s  π
⇒ ∫  s  ds = 2 4
−∞
∞ 2
2 ∫ 
sin 2s 
⇒  ds = 2π (∵ function is even)
0
 s 

∞ 2
 sin 2s 
∫  s  ds = π
0

Put 2s = t when s =0 ⇒ t =0

2ds = dt s =∞ ⇒ t=∞

2
∞  
 sin t  1
∴ ∫  t  2 dt = π
0  
 2 
∞ 2
 sin t  dt = π .
⇒ ∫ 
 t 

2
0

2.4.4. EXAMPLE:

a 2 − x 2, if x ≤ a
Show that the Fourier transform of the function f (x ) =  is
0 , if x > a


2  sin sa − sa sin sa   sin t − t cos t dt = π . Using Parseval’s
2
π

s3
 . Hence deduce that
 ∫  t3

 4
0

∞ 2
 sin t − t cos t  dt = π .
identity prove that ∫  t3
 
 15
0

SOLUTION:


1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

a
1
∫ (a )
2
= − x 2 eisx dx
2π −a

VSCET
2.28 UNIT II



4  sin sa − sa sin sa 
. F (s ) =  
2π  s3 

By Fourier inverse transform,


1
∫ F (s) e
−isx
f (x ) = ds
2π −∞


1 4  sin sa − sa sin sa  e −isx ds
∴ f (x ) =
2π ∫ 2π

 s3


−∞


2  sin sa − sa sin sa  ( cos sx − i sin sx ) ds
=
π ∫ 
 s3


−∞

∞ ∞
2  sin sa − sa sin sa  cos sx ds − 2i  sin sa − sa sin sa  sin sx ds
=
π ∫ 
 s3

 ∫ 
π −∞ s3


−∞


4  sin sa − sa sin sa 
π ∫0 
f (x ) =   cos sx ds − 0
s3 


 sin sa − sa sin sa  cos sx ds = π f (x )
∴ ∫ 
 s3

 4
0

Put x = 0 we get,


 sin sa − sa sin sa  ds = π f (0)
∫ 
 s3

 4
0


 sin sa − sa sin sa  ds = π a 2
∫ 
 s3

 4
0

Put sa = t when s =0 ⇒ t =0

a ds = dt s =∞ ⇒ t =∞

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.29

 
∞  sin t − t sin t  1 π
∴ ∫  3
 dt = a 2
0 

 ()
t
a
 a


4


 sin t − t sin t  dt = π .
∫ 
 t3

 4
0

By parseval’s identity,
∞ ∞
2 2
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ F (s ) ds
−∞ −∞

a ∞
2 16  sin sa − sa sin sa 2
∫( a 2 − x 2 dx = ) ∫ 2π  s 3  ds

−a −∞

a ∞ 2
2 2 8  sin sa − sa sin sa  ds
(
2∫ a − x 2
) dx = ∫
π −∞

s3


0

a ∞ 2
4  sin sa − sa sin sa  ds
∫( a 4 + x 4 − 2a 2x 2 dx = ) ∫ 
π −∞ s3


0

a ∞
 4 x5 2x 
3
4 2
 sin sa − sa sin sa  ds


a x +
5
− 2a  =
3 0 π ∫  s3


−∞


 5 a 5 a5   4 2
 sin sa − sa sin sa  ds
 a + − 2  − ( 0 ) = ∫  s3


 5 3   π −∞

∞ 2
15a 5 + 3a 5 − 10a 5 4  sin sa − sa sin sa  ds
15
=
π ∫  s3


−∞

∞ 2
8a 5 4  sin sa − sa sin sa  ds
15
=
π ∫  s3


−∞

∞ 2 5
 sin sa − sa sin sa  ds = 2π a
∫  s3

 15
−∞


sin sa − sa sin sa 2 2π a 5
2 ∫   ds = (∵ function is even)
0
 s3  15

∞ 2 5
 sin sa − sa sin sa  ds = π a
∫
s3

 15
0

VSCET
2.30 UNIT II

Put sa = t when s =0 ⇒ t =0

a ds = dt s =∞ ⇒ t=∞

2
 
∞  sin t − t sin t  1 πa 5
∴ ∫ 
t 3
 dt =
0 

 a () 


a 15

∞ 2
 sin t − t sin t  dt = π .
⇒ ∫ 
 t3

 5
0

2.4.5. EXAMPLE:

dx
Evaluate ∫ (x 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b2 ) using transforms.
0

SOLUTION:

Let f (x ) = e −ax and g (x ) = e −bx then we have,

2  a  2  b 
Fc ( f (x )) =   and Fc (g(x )) =  .
π  s2 + a 2  π  s 2 + b2 

Hence by the property of Fourier cosine transform we have,


∞ ∞

∫ f (x ) .g(x ) dx = ∫ Fc ( f (x )) .Fc ( g(x )) ds


0 0

∞ ∞
2  a  2  b 
∫ e .e dx = ∫
−ax −bx
 .   ds
0 0
π  s 2 + a 2  π  s 2 + b2 
∞ ∞
2ab 1
∫e ∫ (s 2 + a 2 )(s 2 + b2 ) ds
−(a +b )x
dx =
0
π 0

∞ ∞
 e −(a +b )x  2ab 1
  =
π ∫ (s 2 + a 2 )(s 2 + b2 ) ds
 −(a + b )  0 0


 1  2ab 1
0 −

=
−(a + b)  π ∫ (s 2 + a 2 )(s 2 + b2 ) ds
0

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.31


1 π
∴ ∫ (s 2 + a 2 )(s 2 + b 2 ) ds = 2ab (a + b )
0


1 π
(i.e.) ∫ (x 2 + a 2 )(x 2 + b 2 ) dx = 2ab (a + b ) .
0

4.6. EXAMPLE:

Using Parseval’s identity calculate,


dx
∞ x2
(i) ∫ 2
(ii) ∫ 2
dx , if a > 0 .
0 ( x2 + a2 ) 0 ( x 2 + a2 )
SOLUTION:
2  a 
(i) Let f (x ) = e −ax then we have, Fc ( f (x )) =   .
π  s2 + a 2 

Now applying Parseval’s identity of Fourier cosine transform we have,


∞ ∞
2 2
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ Fc ( f (x )) ds
0 0

∞ ∞ 2
−ax 2 2  a 
∫ (e ) dx = ∫   ds
π  s2 + a2 
0 0

∞ ∞
2 a2
∫ e dx = ∫
−2ax
2
ds
0
π 0 ( s2 + a 2 )
∞ ∞
e −2ax  2 a2
  = ∫ 2
ds
 −2a  0 π 0 (s2 + a2 )

0 − 1  = 2 a2
 −2a  π ∫ 2
ds
0 (s 2 + a 2 )

1 π
⇒ ∫ 2 2
ds =
4a 3
0 (s 2
+a )

1 π
(i.e.) ∫ 2 2
dx =
4a 3
0 (x 2 + a )

VSCET
2.32 UNIT II

2  s 
(ii) Let f (x ) = e −ax then we have, Fs (f (x )) =  .
π  s2 + a2 

Now applying Parseval’s identity of Fourier sine transform we have,


∞ ∞
2 2
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ Fs ( f (x )) ds
0 0

∞ ∞ 2
−ax 2 2  s 
∫ (e ) dx = ∫   ds
π  s2 + a2 
0 0

∞ ∞
2 s2
∫ e dx = ∫
−2ax
ds
2 2
0
π 0 (s 2
+a )
∞ ∞
e −2ax  2 s2
  = ∫ 2 2
ds
 −2a  0 π 0 (s 2
+a )

0 − 1  = 2 s2
 −2a  π ∫ 2
ds
0 (
s2 + a2 )

s2 π
⇒ ∫ 2 2
ds =
0 (s 2
+a ) 4a


s2 π
(i.e.) ∫ 2 2
dx = .
0 ( 2
x +a ) 4a

2.5. APPLICATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR SOLVING

INTEGRAL EQUATIONS:

2.5.1. EXAMPLE:

−λ
Solve the integral equation ∫ f (x ) cos λx dx = e .
0

SOLUTION:

Replace λ by s,

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.33

∫ f (x ) cos sx dx = e
−s

0

2 2 −s
π ∫ f (x ) cos sx dx = π
e
0

2
Fc ( f (x )) = e −s .
π
By inverse Fourier cosine transform,

2
f (x ) =
π ∫ Fc (s) cos sx ds
0

2 2 −s
=
π ∫ π
e cos sx ds
0

2
=
π ∫ e −s cos sx ds
0

2  e −s 
=  2
π 1 + x 2(
− cos sx − x sin sx ) 
0
(here a = −1, b = x )
2 
( −1 − 0 ) 
1
= (0) − 2
π  1 + x2 
2  1 
f (x ) =  .
π  1 + x2 

2.5.2. EXAMPLE:
∞ 1 − λ, 0≤λ ≤1
Solve the integral equation ∫ f (x ) cos λ x dx = 
0, λ >1
, and hence deduce that
0
∞ 2
 sin t  π
∫  t  dt = 2 .
0

SOLUTION:
Replace λ by s,
∞ 1 − s, 0≤s ≤1
∫ f (x ) cos sx dx = 
0, s >1
0

2 1 − s, 0≤s ≤1

2
π ∫ f (x ) cos sx dx = 
π 0, s >1
0

VSCET
2.34 UNIT II

2 1 − s, 0≤s ≤1
Fc ( f (x )) =  .
π 0, s >1

By inverse Fourier cosine transform,



2
f (x ) =
π ∫ Fc (s) cos sx ds
0
1
2 2
=
π ∫ π
(1 − s ) cos sx ds
0
1
2
=
π ∫ (1 − s ) cos sx ds
0

2  sin sx − cos sx 1
= ( 1 − s ) − ( −1)
π  x x 2  0
2  cos x   1 
=   0 − 2  −  0 − 2 
π  x   x 
2  cos x 1 
= − 2 + 2 
π  x x 
2  1 − cos x 
f (x ) =  
π  x2 
∞ 1 − λ, 0≤λ ≤1
Since ∫ f (x ) cos λ x dx = 
0, λ >1
0

Put λ = 0 ,

∫ f (x ) (1) dx = 1
0

2  1 − cos x  dx = 1
π 0 ∫ 
x2

∞ 2 sin2 ( x2 ) dx = π
∫ x2 2
0
2

 sin x
 2 () 
 π
∫ 
x
 dx =
4
0  
 

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.35

x
Put t = when x = 0, t = 0
2
1
dt = dx x = ∞, t = ∞
2
∞ 2
 sin t  2dt = π
∫ 
 2t 

4
0
∞ 2
 sin t  2 dt = π
∫ 
 t  4

4
0
∞ 2
 sin t  dt = π .
∫ 
 t 

2
0

2.5.3. EXAMPLE:
1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
∞ 
Find f (x ) from ∫ f (x ) sin xt dt = 2, 1 ≤ t ≤ 2 .
0 
0, t > 2
SOLUTION:
2
f (x ) = (1 + cos x − 2 cos 2x ) .
πx

2.6. LIST OF FORMULA:

1. Fourier integral theorem:


∞ ∞
1
f (x ) =
π ∫∫ f (t ) cos λ (t − x ) dt d λ
0 −∞

2. Fourier sine integral formula:


∞ ∞
2
f (x ) =
π ∫ sin λx ∫ f (t ) sin λt dt d λ
0 0

3. Fourier cosine integral formula:


∞ ∞
2
f (x ) =
π ∫ cos λx ∫ f (t ) cos λt dt d λ .
0 0

VSCET
2.36 UNIT II

2.6.1. EXAMPLE:
1, for x ≤1
Express the function for f (x ) =  as a Fourier integral. Hence evaluate
0 for x >1
∞ sin λ cos λ x ∞
sin λ
∫ λ
d λ and find the value of ∫ λ
dλ .
0 0

SOLUTION:
The Fourier integral formula,
∞ ∞
1
f (x ) =
π ∫∫ f (t ) cos λ(t − x ) dt d λ
0 −∞

1, for t ≤1
Here f (t ) = 
0, for t >1

1  
∞ 1

π ∫0  −∫1
∴ f (x ) =  (1) cos λ(t − x ) dt d λ


∞ 1
1  sin λ(t − x ) 
π ∫0 
=   dλ
λ −1


1 1
=
π ∫ λ [sin λ(1 − x ) − sin λ(−1 − x )] d λ
0


1 1
=
π ∫ λ [sin(λ − λ x ) + sin(λ + λx )] d λ
0


1 1
=
π ∫ λ (2 sin λ. cos λx ) d λ
0

 sin λ. cos λx  π
∴ ∫ 
 λ
 d λ = f (x )
 2
0

π 1, for x ≤1

 sin λ. cos λ x 
∫ 
 λ
 dλ = 
 2 0, for x >1
0

Put x = 0 :

sin λ π π
∫ λ
d λ = (1) = .
2 2
0

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.37

2.6.2. EXAMPLE:

cos λ x
Find the Fourier cosine integral of e −ax and hence evaluate ∫ 1 + λ2
dλ .
0

SOLUTION:
The Fourier cosine integral,
∞ ∞
2
f (x ) =
π ∫ cos λx d λ ∫ f (t ) cos λt dt
0 0

Here f (t ) = e −at .
∞ ∞
2
∫ cos λx d λ ∫e
−at
∴ f (x ) = cos λt dt
π 0 0

2  a 
=
π ∫ cos λx d λ  a 2 + λ 2 
0

2a cos λx
f (x ) =
π ∫ a 2 + λ2 d λ
0

cos λ x π
⇒ ∫ a 2 + λ 2 d λ = 2a f (x )
0

Put a = 1 :

cos λx π
⇒ ∫ 1 + λ2 dλ = 2
e −x .
0

2.6.3. EXAMPLE:
1, 0≤x ≤π
Express f (x ) =  as a Fourier sine integral and hence evaluate
0, x >π


1 − cos πλ
∫ λ
sin λ x d λ .
0

SOLUTION:
∞ ∞
2
f (x ) =
π ∫ sin λx ∫ f (t ) sin λt dt d λ
0 0

2
∞ π 
π ∫0 ∫
= sin λ x  (1) sin λ t dt d λ

0 

VSCET
2.38 UNIT II

∞ π
− cos λt 
sin λx 
2
= ∫
π 0  λ
 dλ
0

2  −1 ( cos πλ − 1)  d λ
π ∫
= sin λ x  
0
λ

2  1 − cos πλ  d λ
=
π ∫ sin λx  λ


0

 1 − cos πλ  d λ = π f (x )
⇒ ∫ sin λ x  λ

 2
0

π 1, 0≤x ≤π
= 
2 0, x >π

2.7. CONVOLUTION OF TWO FUNCTIONS:

2.7.1. DEFINITION:

The convolution of two functions f (x ) and g(x ) is defined as



1
( f * g )(x ) =
2π ∫ f (t ) g (x − t ) dt .
−∞

2.7.2. CONVOLUTION THEOREM FOR FOURIER TRANSFORM:

If F (s ) and G (s ) are the Fourier transform of f (x ) and g(x ) respectively then the
Fourier transform of the convolution of f (x ) and g(x ) is the product of their Fourier
transform.

(i.e.) ( )
F f (x ) * g(x ) = F (s ). G (s ) .

PROOF:

1
∫ ( f * g ) (x ) e
isx
F [(f * g )(x )] = dx
2π −∞

1
∞  1 ∞  isx
=
2π ∫  2π ∫ f (t ) g (x − t ) dt  e dx

−∞  −∞

1
∞  1 ∞ 
=
2π ∫ f (t ) 
 2π
∫ g(x − t ) eisx dx  dt

−∞ −∞

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.39

1
∞  1 ∞ 
=
2π ∫ f (t )  2π ∫ g(x − t ) eisx eist . e −ist dx  dt

−∞  −∞

1
∞  1 ∞ 
=
2π ∫ f (t )  ∫ g (x − t ) e is (x −t ) d (x − t ) e ist dt
−∞  2π −∞ 

1
=
2π ∫ f (t ) G (s ) e ist dt
−∞

1
= G (s )
2π ∫ f (t ) eist dt
−∞

= G (s ).F (s )

( )
(i.e.) F f (x ) * g(x ) = F (s ). G (s ) .

2.8. PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM:

2.8.1. PROPERTY: (LINEAR PROPERTY:)


F [af (x ) + bg (x )] = aF ( f (x )) + bF (g (x ))

2.8.2. PROPERTY:

(
If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) the F eiax f (x ) = F (s + a ) . )
PROOF:

1
F e ( iax
)
f (x ) =
2π ∫e
iax
f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

1
∫e
i (s +a )x
= f (x ) dx
2π −∞

( )
F e iax f (x ) = F (s + a ) .

2.8.3. PROPERTY: (SHIFTING THEOREM:)


If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) then F ( f (x − a )) = eisa F (s )

PROOF:

1
F ( f (x − a )) =
2π ∫ f (x − a ) e isx dx
−∞

VSCET
2.40 UNIT II

Put x −a = t If x → −∞ , t → −∞

dx = dt x →∞ ,t →∞

1
∴ =
2π ∫ f (t ) e is (t +a ) dt
−∞

1
= eisa
2π ∫ f (t ) eist dt
−∞

F ( f (x − a )) = e isa F (s ) .

2.8.4. PROPERTY: (CHANGE OF SCALE PROPERTY:)


1
F   , a > 0 .
s
If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) then F ( f (ax )) =
a a 
PROOF:

1
F ( f (ax )) =
2π ∫ f (ax ) eisx dx
−∞

Put ax = t If x → −∞ , t → −∞

a dx = dt x →∞ ,t →∞
∞ t
1 is dt
∴ =
2π ∫ f (t ) e a
a
−∞

1 1 

i  t
s
= 
a  2π ∫ f (t ) e a  dt 
−∞ 
1
F   .
s
F ( f (ax )) =
a a 

2.8.5. PROPERTY: (MODULATION PROPERTY:)


1
If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) then F f (x ) cos ax = ( ) 2
[F (s + a ) + F (s − a )]
PROOF:

1
(
F f (x ) cos ax = ) 2π ∫ f (x )cos ax eisx dx
−∞

1  eiax + e −isx  isx
=
2π ∫ f (x ) 
 2
 e dx

−∞

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.41

1 1 
∞ ∞
1
= 
2  2π ∫ f (x )ei(s +a )x dx +
2π ∫ f (x )ei(s −a )x dx 

−∞ −∞

1
(
F f (x ) cos ax = ) 2
[F (s + a ) + F (s − a )] .

2.8.6. PROPERTY:
dn
(
If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) then F x n f (x ) = (−i )n ) ds n
( F (s ))
PROOF:

1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

Diff. w.r.to ‘s’, n times,



dn 1 ∂n
ds n
(F (s )) =

(
∫ ∂s n f (x ) e dx
isx
)
−∞

1
=
2π ∫ f (x ) e isx (ix )n dx
−∞

(i )n
∫ ( f (x ) x )eisx dx
n
=
2π −∞

(
= (i )n F x n f (x ) )
1 dn
⇒ (
F x n f (x ) = ) (i )n ds n
(F (s ))

dn
( )
F x n f (x ) = (−i )n
ds n
(F (s )) .

2.8.7. PROPERTY:

( )
If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) then F f ' (x ) = −is ( F (s )) , where f (x ) → 0 as x → ± ∞ .

PROOF:

1
( )
F f ' (x ) =
2π ∫e
isx
f ' (x ) dx
−∞

Let u = eisx dv = f ' (x ) dx

du = e isx (is ) dx v = f (x )

VSCET
2.42 UNIT II

1  isx ∞
∞ 
=
2π 
(
 e f (x ) )−∞ ∫ f (x ) eisx (is) dx 

−∞ 

1  

= ( 0 − 0 ) − is ∫ f (x ) e isx dx 
2π  −∞ 

( )
F f ' (x ) = (−is ) ( F (s ))

lll ly F ( f n (x )) = (−is )n ( F (s )) , if f , f ', f '',⋯ f n −1 → 0 as x → ±∞ .

2.8.8. PROPERTY:
x  F (s )
If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) then F  ∫ f (x ) dx  = .
a  (−is )

PROOF:
x
Let φ (x ) = ∫ f (x ) dx then φ ' (x ) = f (x ) .
a

∴ F φ ' (x ) = (−is ) F (φ (x )) (by property (7))

x 
= (−is ) F  ∫ f (x ) dx 
a 

x  1
∴ F  ∫ f (x ) dx  =
−is
F φ ' (x ) ( )
a 
x  1
F  ∫ f (x ) dx  = F ( f (x ))
a  (−is )

x  F (s )
(i.e.) F  ∫ f (x ) dx  = .
a  (−is )

2.8.9. PROPERTY:

(
If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) then F f (x ) = F (−s ) . )
PROOF:

1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.43


1
∴ F (−s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) e −isx dx
−∞

Taking complex conjugate on both sides we get,



1
∴ F (−s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) e isx dx
−∞

(
= F f (x ) . )

2.8.10. PROPERTY:

(
If F ( f (x )) = F (s ) then F f (−x ) = F (s ) . )
PROOF:

1
F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) eisx dx
−∞

Taking conjugate,

1
∴ F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (x ) e −isx dx
−∞

Put x = −t If x → −∞ , t → ∞

dx = −dt x →∞ , t → −∞
−∞
1
∴ F (s ) =
2π ∫ f (−t ) eist (−dt )

−∞
1
=−
2π ∫ f (−t ) eist dt


1
=
2π ∫ f (−t ) e ist dt
−∞

(
F (s ) = F f (−t ) . )

2.9. PROPERTIES OF SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORM:

2.9.1. PROPERTY: (LINEAR PROPERTY)


(i) Fs [af (x ) + bg (x )] = aFs ( f (x )) + bFs (g (x ))

VSCET
2.44 UNIT II

(ii) Fc [af (x ) + bg (x )] = aFc ( f (x )) + bFc (g(x ))

2.9.2. PROPERTY: (MODULATION PROPERTY)


1
(i) (
Fs f (x ) cos ax = ) 2
[Fs (s + a ) + Fs (s − a )]
1
(ii) (
Fc f (x ) cos ax = ) 2
[Fc (s + a ) + Fc (s − a )]
1
(
(iii) Fs f (x ) sin ax = ) 2
[Fc (s − a ) − Fs (s + a)]
1
(iv) (
Fc f (x ) sin ax = ) 2
[Fs (s + a ) − Fs (s − a)]

2.9.3. PROPERTY:
1
Fs   , a > 0
s
(i) Fs ( f (ax )) =
a a 
1
Fc   , a > 0
s
(ii) Fc ( f (ax )) =
a a 

2.9.4. PROPERTY:

(i) ( )
Fs f ' (x ) = −s ( Fc (s )) , where f (x ) → 0 as x → ± ∞

2
(ii) ( )
Fc f ' (x ) = −
π
f (0) + s Fs (s ) , where f (x ) → 0 as x → ± ∞

2.9.5. PROPERTY:
d
(i) (
Fs x f (x ) = − ) ds
(Fc (s))
d
(ii) (
Fc x f (x ) = ) ds
(Fs (s))

2.10. EXAMPLES:

2.10.1. EXAMPLE:
2
/2
Find the Fourier sine transform of x e −x .

MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE


FOURIER TRANSFORM 2.45

SOLUTION:
d
We know that Fs x f (x ) = − ( ) ds
(Fc (s ))

∴ (
Fs x e −x
2 /2
) = − dsd F (e c
−x 2 / 2
) (1)

We know that,

(
Fc e −x
2
/2
) =e −s 2 / 2

(
Fs x e −x
2
/2
) = − dsd F (e ) c
−s 2 /2

= −e −s
2 /2  −2s 
 
 2 

(
Fs x e −x
2
/2
)=se −s 2 /2
.

2.10.2. EXAMPLE:

Find Fourier cosine transform of e −a


2 2
x
and hence find Fs x e −a ( 2x 2
).
SOLUTION:
d
We know that Fs x f (x ) = − ( ) ds
(Fc (s))

∴ (
Fs x e −a
2x 2
) = − dsd F (e ) c
−a 2x 2
(1)

We know that,

(
Fc e −a
2 2
x
) = 12 a1 e −s 2 / 4a 2

(
Fs x e −a
2x 2
) = − dsd F (e ) c
−a 2x 2

d  1 1 −s 2 / 4a 2 
=−  e 
ds  2 a 
1 1 −s 2 / 4a 2  −2s 
=− e  2
2a  4a 

(
Fs x e −a
2x 2
) = 2 s2a 3
e −s
2 / 4a 2
.

VSCET

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