Marcia

c Drost, March 10, 2008 1

150 Lecture Notes - Section 7.1

Trigonometric Identities
5 3
Given csc θ = , tan θ =
3 4

Find the other four trigonometric functions.

1
Solution: csc u =
sin u
1 1 3
sin u = = 5 =
csc u 3
5

since sin2 u + cos2 u = 1

 2
3
+ cos2 u = 1
5
9
cos2 u = 1 −
25
16
cos2 u =
25
4
cos u = ±
5

Since sin u > 0 and tan u > 0, u is in QI.

4
Therefore cos u =
5

3 5
sin u = csc u =
5 3

4 5
cos u = sec u =
5 4

3 4
tan u = cot u =
4 3

Simplify: sin x cos2 x − sin x

sin x(cos2 x − 1)
Since sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
cos2 x − 1 = − sin2 x
sin x(− sin2 x)
− sin3 x
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c Drost, March 10, 2008 2

sin θ cos θ
Simplify: +
cos θ 1 + sin θ

sin θ cos θ
Verify the identity: + = csc θ
1 + cos θ sin θ
(sin θ)(sin θ) + (cos θ)(1 + cos θ)
=
(1 + cos θ)(sin θ)
sin2 θ + cos θ + cos2 θ
=
(1 + cos θ)(sin θ)
sin2 θ + cos2 θ + cos θ
=
(1 + cos θ)(sin θ)
1 + cos θ
=
(1 + cos θ)(sin θ)
1
=
sin θ

csc θ = csc θ

Factoring expressions:

tan2 x − tan2 x · sin2 x

tan2 x (1 − sin2 x)
tan2 x (cos2 x)
sin2 x
· cos2 x
cos x
2

sin2 x

Factor:
4 tan2 θ + tan θ − 3
(4 tan θ − 3) (tan θ + 1)

Factor:
csc3 x − csc2 x − csc x + 1
csc2 x(csc x − 1) − 1(csc x − 1)
(csc x − 1) (csc2 x − 1)
(csc x − 1) (csc x − 1) (csc x + 1)
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Simplify:
sin t + cot t · cos t

cos t
sin t + · cos t
sin t
cos2 t
sin t +
sin t
2
sin t cos2 t
+
sin t sin t
2
sin t + cos2 t 1
= = csc t
sin t sin t
1
Rewrite: so that it is not in fractional form.
1 + sin x
1 1 1 − sin x
= ·
1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 − sin x
1 − sin x
=
1 − sin2 x
1 − sin x
=
cos2 x
1 sin x
= −
cos2 x cos2 x
1 sin x 1
= − ·
cos x cos x cos x
2

= sec2 x − tan x · sec x

1 1
Rewrite: − so that it is not in fractional form.
1 − sin x 1 + sin x

1 1
Note: To verify the identity 2 tan x · sec x = − , start with the
1 − sin x 1 + sin x
RHS (right hand side) and simplify till it matches the LHS (left hand side).
cos u
Verify: = sec u + tan u
1 − sin u
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c Drost, March 10, 2008 4

π √
Use x = 2 tan θ, 0 < θ < , to express 4 + x2 as a trigonometric function of θ.
2
√ p
4 + x2 = 4 + (2 tan θ)2
√
= 4 + 4 tan2 θ
p
= 4(1 + tan2 θ)
p
= 4 sec2 θ)
= 2 sec θ

Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

1 1 1
Reciprocal Identities csc x = sec x = cot x =
sin x cos x tan x
sin x cos x
tan x = cot x =
cos x sin x
Pythagorean Identities sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x

Even-Odd Identities sin(−x) = − sin x cos(−x) = cos x tan(−x) = − tan x

Cofunction Identities sin(90o − u) = cos u tan(90o − u) = cot u sec(90o − u) = csc u

cos(90o − u) = sin u cot(90o − u) = tan u csc(90o − u) = sec u