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Phylum
In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪləm/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification
or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany
the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the
terms as equivalent.[1][2][3] Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom
Animalia or Metazoa contains approximately 35 phyla; the plant kingdom
Plantae contains about 14, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about 8
phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships
between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and
Embryophyta.

Contents
General description
Definition based on genetic relation
Definition based on body plan
Known phyla
Animals
Plants
The hierarchy of
Fungi
biological classification's
Protista eight major taxonomic
Bacteria ranks. A kingdom
Archaea contains one or more
phyla. Intermediate
See also minor rankings are not
Notes shown.

References
External links

General description
The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek phylon (φῦλον, "race, stock"),
related to phyle (φυλή, "tribe, clan").[4][5] Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new
species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features
that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"). "Wohl aber ist eine solche reale und
vollkommen abgeschlossene Einheit die Summe aller Species, welche aus einer und derselben
gemeinschaftlichen Stammform allmählig sich entwickelt haben, wie z. B. alle Wirbelthiere. Diese
Summe nennen wir Stamm (Phylon)." which translates as: However, perhaps such a real and
completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one
and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a]
Stamm [i.e., race] (Phylon). In plant taxonomy, August W. Eichler (1883) classified plants into five
groups named divisions, a term that remains in use today for groups of plants, algae and fungi.[1][6]
The definitions of zoological phyla have changed from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the
four embranchements of Georges Cuvier.[7]
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Informally, phyla can be thought of as groupings of organisms based on general specialization of body
plan.[8] At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain
degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of
organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition).[9]
Attempting to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is
unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological
nature—such as how successful different body plans were.

Definition based on genetic relation

The most important objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree" that defines
how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The minimal requirement is that all
organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other
group.[9] Even this is problematic because the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms'
relationships: as more data become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able
to determine the relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent
that they are related to one another or not. For example, the bearded worms were described as a new
phylum (the Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular work almost half a
century later found them to be a group of annelids, so the phyla were merged (the bearded worms are
now an annelid family).[10] On the other hand, the highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was divided into
two phyla (Orthonectida and Rhombozoa) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably
deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes.[11]

This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be
abandoned in favour of cladistics, a method in which groups are placed on a "family tree" without any
formal ranking of group size.[9]

Definition based on body plan

A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists Graham Budd and
Sören Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct
organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the
characters that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a
phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.

This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters common to most
members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also, this definition is based on an
arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil
record. A greater problem is that it relies on a subjective decision about which groups of organisms
should be considered as phyla.

The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "stem groups" to the
phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important
similarities.[9] However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it
must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.[9] Furthermore, organisms in the
stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics
necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct body
plan.[12]

A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival of rare groups,
which can make a phylum much more diverse than it would be otherwise.[13]

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Known phyla

Animals

Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least because some are
based on described species,[14] some on extrapolations to numbers of undescribed species. For
instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published
estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and
100 million.[15]

Protostome
Deuterostome Bilateria
Basal/disputed
Others

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Distinguishing Species
Phylum Meaning Common name
characteristic described

Thorny-headed Reversible spiny proboscis that

Acanthocephala Thorny head bears many rows of hooked 1,420
worms[16]:278
spines

Annelida Little ring [16]:306 Segmented worms Multiple circular segment 17,000 + extant

1,250,000+
Segmented bodies and jointed
Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods
limbs, with Chitin exoskeleton extant;[14] 20,000+
extinct
300-500 extant;
Brachiopoda Arm foot[16]:336 Lampshells[16]:336 Lophophore and pedicle
12,000+ extinct
Moss animals, sea Lophophore, no pedicle,
Bryozoa Moss animals mats, ciliated tentacles, anus outside 6,000 extant[14]
ectoprocts[16]:332 ring of cilia

Chitinous spines either side of

Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms[16]:342 approx. 100 extant
head, fins
Hollow dorsal nerve cord,
Chordata With a cord Chordates notochord, pharyngeal slits, approx. 55,000+[14]
endostyle, post-anal tail

Cnidaria Stinging nettle Cnidarians Nematocysts (stinging cells) approx. 16,000[14]

approx. 100-150
Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies[16]:256 Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia
extant
Circular mouth surrounded by
Cycliophora Wheel carrying Symbion 3+
small cilia, sac-like bodies

Fivefold radial symmetry in approx. 7,500

Echinodermata Spiny skin Echinoderms[16]:348 living forms, mesodermal extant;[14] approx.
calcified spines 13,000 extinct
Inside
Entoprocta Goblet worms Anus inside ring of cilia approx. 150
anus[16]:292
Hairy
Gastrotricha Gastrotrich worms Two terminal adhesive tubes approx. 690
stomach[16]:288

Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms[16]:260 approx. 100

Acorn worms, Stomochord in collar,

Hemichordata Half cord[16]:344 approx. 130 extant
hemichordates pharyngeal slits
Eleven segments, each with a
Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons approx. 150
dorsal plate
Umbrella-like scales at each
Loricifera Corset bearer Brush heads approx. 122
end
Tiny jaw Accordion-like extensible
Micrognathozoa Limnognathia 1
animals thorax

Muscular foot and mantle 85,000+ extant;[14]

Mollusca Soft[16]:320 Mollusks / molluscs
round shell 80,000+ extinct[17]
Round worms, Round cross section, keratin
Nematoda Thread like 25,000[14]
thread worms[16]:274 cuticle

Horsehair worms,
Thread
Nematomorpha gordian approx. 320
form[16]:276
worms[16]:276
A sea Ribbon worms,
Nemertea approx. 1,200
nymph[16]:270 rhynchocoela[16]:270

Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms[16]:328 Legs tipped by chitinous claws approx. 200 extant

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Distinguishing Species
Phylum Meaning Common name
characteristic described
Straight Single layer of ciliated cells
Orthonectida Orthonectids[16]:268 approx. 26
swimming[16]:268 surrounding a mass of sex cells

Phoronida Zeus's mistress Horseshoe worms U-shaped gut 11

Differentiated top and bottom
surfaces, two ciliated cell
Placozoa Plate animals Trichoplaxes[16]:242 3
layers, amoeboid fiber cells in
between

Platyhelminthes Flat worm[16]:262 Flatworms[16]:262 approx. 29,500[14]

Porifera [a] Pore bearer Sponges[16]:246 Perforated interior wall 10,800 extant[14]
Priapulida Little Priapus Penis worms approx. 20
Single anteroposterior axial cell
Rhombozoa Lozenge animal Rhombozoans[16]:264 100+
surrounded by ciliated cells

Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers[16]:282 Anterior crown of cilia approx. 2,000[14]

Mouth surrounded by invertible
Sipuncula Small tube Peanut worms 144-320
tentacles
Water bears, Moss Four segmented body and
Tardigrada Slow step 1,000
piglets head
Bilaterian, but lacking typical
Strange hollow Acoels, bilaterian structures such as
Xenacoelomorpha 400+
form xenoturbellids gut cavities, anuses, and
circulatory systems[18]

Total: 34 1,525,000[14]

Plants

The kingdom Plantae is defined in various ways by different biologists (see Current definitions of
Plantae). All definitions include the living embryophytes (land plants), to which may be added the two
green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and Charophyta, to form the clade Viridiplantae. The table below
follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with
Archaeplastida,[19] a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta
divisions.

The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source to source, and
has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta
and ferns in division Pteridophyta,[20] while others place them both in Pteridophyta, as shown below.
The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and
gnetophytes),[21] or for conifers alone as below.

Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms
up to the level of orders, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal
clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been
reduced to a very much lower level, e.g. subclasses.[22]

Land plants
Viridiplantae
Green algae

Other algae (Biliphyta)[19]

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Common Distinguishing Species

Division Meaning
name characteristics described
Horn-shaped
Anthocerotophyta[23] Anthoceros-like plants Hornworts sporophytes, no 100-300+
vascular system
Persistent unbranched
Bryum-like plants, moss
Bryophyta[23] plants
Mosses sporophytes, no approx. 12,000
vascular system
Charophyta Chara-like plants Charophytes approx. 1,000
(Yellow-)green
Chlorophyta Chlorophytes approx. 7,000
plants[16]:200
Cycas-like plants, palm- Seeds, crown of
Cycadophyta[24] Cycads approx. 100-200
like plants compound leaves
Ginkgo, Seeds not protected
only 1 extant;
Ginkgophyta[25] Ginkgo-like plants maidenhair by fruit (single living
50+ extinct
tree species)
Glaucophyta Blue-green plants Glaucophytes 15
Seeds and woody
Gnetophyta[26] Gnetum-like plants Gnetophytes vascular system with approx. 70
vessels

Lycopodiophyta,[21] Lycopodium-like plants

Clubmosses
Microphyll leaves,
& 1,290 extant
Lycophyta[27] Wolf plants spikemosses
vascular system

Flowering Flowers and fruit,

Magnoliophyta Magnolia-like plants plants, vascular system with 300,000
angiosperms vessels

Marchantiophyta,[28] Marchantia-like plants Ephemeral

unbranched
Liverworts approx. 9,000
Hepatophyta[23] Liver plants sporophytes, no
vascular system

Pinophyta,[21] Pinus-like plants Cones containing

seeds and wood
Conifers 629 extant
Coniferophyta[29] Cone-bearing plant composed of
tracheids

Use phycobiliproteins
Rhodophyta Rose plants Red algae as accessory approx. 7,000
pigments.
Total: 13

Fungi

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Division Meaning Common name Distinguishing characteristics

Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp).[30]

Bladder Ascomycetes,[16]:396
Ascomycota Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by
fungus[16]:396 sac fungi
septa. Can reproduce asexually.[31]
Small base Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual
Basidiomycota Basidiomycetes[16]:402
fungus[16]:402 reproduction.[32]
Offshoot
Blastocladiomycota branch Blastoclads
fungus[33]
Little cooking Predominantly Aquatic saprotrophic or parasitic.
Chytridiomycota pot Chytrids Have a posterior flagellum. Tend to be single
fungus[34] celled but can also be multicellular.[35][36][37]
Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present,
Ball of yarn Glomeromycetes, AM terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands.
Glomeromycota
fungus[16]:394 fungi[16]:394 Reproduction is asexual but requires plant
roots.[32]
Small
Microsporidia Microsporans[16]:390
seeds[38]
New
Predominantly located in digestive tract of
beautiful
Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigomycetes herbivorus animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and
whip
aquatic.[40]
fungus[39]
Pair Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and
Zygomycota Zygomycetes[16]:392
fungus[16]:392 asexually.[40]
Total: 8

Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain
uncertain,[41] and it is considered a protozoan by the International Society of Protistologists[42] (see
Protista, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be polyphyletic (its members do
not share an immediate ancestor),[43] which is considered undesirable by many biologists.
Accordingly, there is a proposal to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided
between phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla incertae sedis (of uncertain placement):
Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina.[41]

Protista

Kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it
can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi.[16]:120 Protista is a
polyphyletic taxon[44] (it includes groups not directly related to one another), which is less acceptable
to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new
kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system.[45]

Protist taxonomy has long been unstable,[46] with different approaches and definitions resulting in
many competing classification schemes. The phyla listed here are used for Chromista and Protozoa by
the Catalogue of Life,[47] adapted from the system used by the International Society of
Protistologists.[42]

Chromista
Protozoa

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Common
Phylum/Division Meaning Distinguishing characteristics Example
name
Amorphous
Amoebozoa Amoebas Amoeba
animal
Bigyra Two ring
Cercozoa
Choanozoa Funnel animal
Ciliophora Cilia bearer Ciliates Paramecium
Cryptista
Euglenozoa True eye animal Euglena
Complex shells with one or more
Foraminifera Hole bearers Forams Forams
chambers
Haptophyta
Loukozoa Groove animal
Metamonada Giardia
Microsporidia Small spore
Myzozoa Suckling animal
Mycetozoa Slime molds
Ochrophyta Yellow plant Diatoms Diatoms
Egg
Oomycota Oomycetes
fungus[16]:184
Percolozoa
Radiozoa Ray animal Radiolarians
Sarcomastigophora
Sulcozoa
Total: 20

The Catalogue of Life includes Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom Plantae,[47] but other
systems consider these phyla part of Protista.[48]

Bacteria

Currently there are 29 phyla accepted by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
(LPSN)[49]

1. Acidobacteria, phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured

2. Actinobacteria, High-G+C Gram positive species
3. Aquificae, only 14 thermophilic genera, deep branching
4. Armatimonadetes
5. Bacteroidetes
6. Caldiserica, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
7. Chlamydiae, only 6 genera
8. Chlorobi, only 7 genera, green sulphur bacteria
9. Chloroflexi, green non-sulphur bacteria

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10. Chrysiogenetes, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Desulfurispira natronophila,

Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
11. Cyanobacteria, also known as the blue-green algae
12. Deferribacteres
13. Deinococcus-Thermus, Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly known"
species of this phyla
14. Dictyoglomi
15. Elusimicrobia, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
16. Fibrobacteres
17. Firmicutes, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers Bacilli (aerobic) and
Clostridia (anaerobic)
18. Fusobacteria
19. Gemmatimonadetes
20. Lentisphaerae, formerly clade VadinBE97
21. Nitrospira
22. Planctomycetes
23. Proteobacteria, the most known phyla, containing species such as Escherichia coli or
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
24. Spirochaetes, species include Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
25. Synergistetes
26. Tenericutes, alternatively class Mollicutes in phylum Firmicutes (notable genus: Mycoplasma)
27. Thermodesulfobacteria
28. Thermotogae, deep branching
29. Verrucomicrobia

Archaea

Currently there are five phyla accepted by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
(LPSN).[49]

1. Crenarchaeota, second most common archaeal phylum

2. Euryarchaeota, most common archaeal phylum
3. Korarchaeota
4. Nanoarchaeota, ultra-small symbiotes, single known species
5. Thaumarchaeota

See also
Cladistics
Phylogenetics
Systematics
Taxonomy

Notes
a. Paraphyletic

References
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External links
Are phyla "real"? Is there really a well-defined "number of animal phyla" extant and in the fossil
record? (https://web.archive.org/web/20060622202444/http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/200
5/04/down_with_phyla_1.html)
Major Phyla Of Animals (http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01.htm)

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