TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:

‣ Describe the stages of cell cycle.

‣ Differentiate mitosis from meiosis.

‣ Explain the reason behind variation in all

species.

‣ Describe the different genetic disorders.

Not all SPLIT UPS are bad!
 Types of Cells
• Somatic Cells (haploid to diploid: n→2n) mitosis

• Meiotic Cells (diploid to haploid: 2n→n) meiosis

 Cell Cycle
Mitosis, Meiosis and everything in between
Binary Fission (in
Prokaryotes)
Mitosis/Meiosis (in
eukaryotes)
Stages of
Cell Cycle

G1 - Growing

S - Copying DNA

G2 - Preparing for Division

M - Mitosis
Interphase
‣G1
‣S
‣G2
Mitosis
‣Prophase
‣Metaphase
‣Anaphase
‣Telophase
 •“living” phase of the cell
•cell obtain nutrients,
respires, grows, transcribe
its DNA, protein synthesis
•non-dividing stage

Interphase
Chromosome
Chromosome vs. Chromatin
 Chromosome
Haploid (n) = 23
Diploid (2n) = 46
46 chromosomes (humans)
‣23 pairs of chromosomes
✓22 pairs of autosomal
chromosomes
✓one pair of sex
chromosomes(allosomes): X
and Y
✓male: 46 XY
✓female: 46 XX
 Mitosis
•division of the mother cell into
two daughter cells with the
same amount and quality of
genetic material
•2 identical daughter cells
•for somatic cells
Stages of Mitosis: PMAT
PROPHASE
M E TA P H A S E
ANAPHASE
T E LO P H A S E
Animal Plant
Cell Cell
Identify!
Why do you look like that?
 Meiosis
✦ cell division which produces gametes
(egg and sperm cells). Takes place in the
testes and ovary
✦ reductional (diploid to haploid)
✦ the union of haploids (sperm and egg
cell) in fertilization maintains the
chromosome set (diploid of the species)
✦ results to 4 genetically different cells
Stages of Meiosis: PMAT 2x
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
M E TA P H A S E I
ANAPHASE I
T E LO P H A S E I
C Y TO K I N E S I S
PROPHASE II
PROPHASE II
M E TA P H A S E I I
ANAPHASE II
T E LO P H A S E I I
Gametogenesis
 Genetic Disorder
non-disjunction
‣failure of homologous chromosomes
or sister chromatids to separate properly
during cell division

aneuploidy
‣not normal number of chromosomes
•monosomy
•trisomy
 Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)
• Trisomy
• males have an extra X chromosome
• tall structure, poor beard growth, minor breast development, testicular atrophy (failure to
produce sperm) and female pubic hair pattern
• monosomy
Turner Syndrome (45,X0)
• all or part of one X chromosome is absent
• short stature, webbed neck, rudimentary ovaries, underdeveloped breasts, broad-shield like chest
 Cri-du-chat Syndrome (46,5p-)
• partial monosomy (loss of some part of the p arm of chromosome 5)
• individual has a shrieking cry similar to that of a meowing cat
• anatomical malformations, gastrointestinal and cardiac malfunctions
• often mentally retarded
 Down Syndrome (47,21+)

• trisomy 21
• prominent epicanthic fold in the corner of the eye
• Simian crease
• characteristically short
• small, round heads; protruding, furrowed tongues
• short broad hands, physical and mental development are
retarded
 Edwards Syndrome (47,18+)
• trisomy 18
• small head
• low set malformed ears
• abnormally small jaws,
• lip/cleft palate
• clenched hands
• underdeveloped thumbs or nails
• very low rate of survival due to heart and kidney
abnormalities and other organ disorders
Patau Syndrome (47,13+)
• trisomy 13
• cleft palate
• polydactyly
• low set of ears
• abnormal genitalia
• overlapping of fingers over thumb
• cutis aplasia (missing portion of the skin or hair
• heart and kidney defects