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Notes in compressible fluid flow

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 Chapter one

Notes in Compressible Fluid Flow

Gas dynamics: Fluid dynamics which includes thermal effect (p, T, ρ) as well as the
flow velocity. This type of flow mainly is compressible.
Compressibility:
The fluid flow affected by the change in temperature, pressure and then the density of
fluid changes besides the effect of flow dynamics. This mean that the density changes
according the local change in thermodynamics properties as well as the local effect of
velocity on thermodynamics properties.
The amount of substant that can be compressed τ.
Where τ is the property.

Element volume υ.
Pressure exerted on element side P.
If P is increased by dp then υ will change
with dυ.
1 
 
 p
Where τ is fractional volume per unit pressure change.
Isothermal compressibility at constant temperature:

 1  
   
  p T

Isentropic compressibility:
  1  
   
  p s

1



  
2

  
 1  2  1 
   
 1 p   p
 
 
 is change in fluid density

  p

If the fluid is liquid, then τ is small and the change in pressure from one point to another
 is constant then the fluid is incompressible.

If the fluid is gas then τ is large and the change in pressure from point to another is large
 is not constant then fluid is compressible.

The laws that governed the compressible flow (physical laws):-

1. The continuity equation
o
m  Q   A  const .

2. Newton second law of motion


 dv
 F  m dt
3. First law of thermodynamics
“Work and heat are energy”
“if a system undergoes through a cycle, the algebraic transfer is proportional to
algebraic transfer”.
∮ 𝛿𝑤 = ∮ 𝛿𝑄

∮(𝛿𝑤 − 𝛿𝑄) = 0

For closed system Q  W  E

For open system Q–w=E
 ΔE – internal energy
𝑄 = 𝑤 + ∆𝐸
1 1
Q  U 1  mgz 1  mv 12  p1  w  U 2  mgz 2  mv 22  p2
2 2
inspecific form (per unit mass)
v 12 v 22
q  u1  gz 1   p1 1  w  u 2  gz 2   p 2 2
2 2
2 2
v v
q  h1  gz 1  1  w  h2  gz 2  2
2 2
extensive properties (divided by mass)
intensive properties (indepen det of mass)
q  0 adiabatic
w  0 no shaft of work
g(z 2  z1 ) is small
v 12 v2 v 12
h1   h2  2 h1  local  dynamic enthalpy
2 2 2
4. Second law of thermodynamics
 Q 
 S  
 T reversible
Q
0
T
ds  0
ds  0  reversible
ds  0  irreeversible
5. Equation of state

P   RT P  mRT
m
P  RT   RT T , P  absolute Specific volume
v
specific gas constant J/kgk
v 1
 molar mass kg/ kg mol
m  universal gas constant 8314 J/kg mol
R K
M
R
 R
R
M

m  nM
Pv  n M RT  n RT
n- number of moles.

Review to some thermodynamics relations

For perfect gas
Q  W  du
Tds – pdv = du ------------------------- (1)
h = u + pv /kg
dh = du + pdv + vdp ---------------------(2)
dh = Tds –pdv +pdv +vdp
dh – vdp = Tds ------------------------- (3)

Specific heats

 u 
Cv    J / kgk
 T v
 h 
Cp  
 T p

From equation 1
Tds = CvdT +pdv --------------------------------- (4)
From equation 3
Tds = CpdT – vdp -------------------------------- (5)

The flow is isentropic = adiabatic + reversible

ds = 0
-CvdT = pdv
CpdT = vdp
 cp vdp
 
cv pdv
cp
k
cv
dp dv
k 0
p v
ln p  k lnv  c
ln(pv k )  c
pv k  c ,where  c  e c
p
pv k  c  k  c

h  u  pv
c pT  cvT  RT
c p  cv  R  cv
cp
 1 R / cv
cv
k  1 R / cv
R
cv 
k 1
or  c p
1 R
1 
k cp
k
cp  R
k 1
R  287J / kgk
Speed of sound (sound of velocity)
Consider an isentropic pipe, fill with static
fluid. If a piston moves with an infinitesimal
acceleration with constant velocity dv, a
pressure wave propagates with a constant
velocity c (sound velocity) the flow
downstream is still at rest. Consider a
stationary observer looking to control volume.

1. Continuity equation
 Ac  (   d  ) A(c dv)
 c   c dv  cd   d dv
c
dv  d             (1)

2. Momentum equation
d
(m  )   F
dt
dv
m  F
dt
The rate of change of momentum equals to the net forces acting in the direction of
motion.
 F  pA  ( p  d p )A  Adp
o
m  (c  dv )  c     Acdv
dp
Adp    Acdv  dv             (2)
c
c dp dp dp
equ .1  equ .2  d  c2  c 
 c d d
The flow is isentropic ds = 0
 p
 const . (adiabatic process)
k
dp d
lnp kln   lnconst .  k 0
p 
dp p p
k  RT
d  
dp
 kRT  c  kRT for gasses
d

Wave of pressure propagation

1. Stationary source point
V = 0 ; M = 0 during time Δt

2. Subsonic: particle move with V < C

 3. Sonic source V = C M = 1

4. V > C
c 1 1
sin    
v v /c M

Problem (1): Find the temperature of the air if a sound wave travels in the air with a
speed of 400 m/ s. (ANS 398.1K)
A1.
C2 = kRT = 1.4*287*T
T = 4002/ (1.4*287) = 398.1K

Problem (2): An aircraft is flying at a speed of 960 km/h through air at a pressure of 82
kPa and temperature of 0 0C. Calculate the Mach number and Mach angle for this
aircraft. ANS (0.805)
A2.
 960 1000
v   266.6m / s
3600
c  kRT  1.4  287  273  331.2m / s
v 266.6
M    0.805
c 331.2

Problem (3): A projectile is fired into air in which the pressure is 340 kPa and the
density is 4.5 kg/m3. It can be observed the Mach cone is originated from the projectile
with a total angle of 20°. What is the speed of the projectile with respect to air?. ANS
(1873m/s).
A3.
2α = 20
α = 10º, sinα = 1/M , M = 1/sin10 = 5.75

p 340 103
T    263.25K
 R 287  4.5
c  KRT  1.4  287  263.25  325.22m / s
V  MC  5.75  325.22  1870m / s

Problem (4): A particle is moving in air at sea level where the temperature is 15ºc. The
two disturbance spheres created by the particle at points A and B are shown in the figure
below. Determine the Mach number and the velocity of particle. ANS (0.5, 170.1 m/s)

V 3
M    0.5
C 6
C  KRT  1.4  287  288  340.2m / s
V  MC  0.5  340.2  170.1m / s

Problem (5): A particle which is moving at temperature of 20o creates two disturbance
spheres at point A and B are shown in the figure below. Determine the Mach number and
velocity of particle. Also find the Mach angle. ANS (4, 1373m/s, 14.48o)
 4 9

x  4 9 x 7 8
x  12m
4 1
sin   
16 4
1
M  4
sin 
C  KRT  1.4  287  293  343.11m / s
V  MC  4  343.11  1372.45m / s
1
  arcsin  14.477
4

Problem (6): A supersonic aircraft at an altitude of 3 km at constant velocity of 650 m/s.

the aircraft passes directly over an observer who is stationary on the ground. How much
time elapses, after the aircraft has passed over the observer before the observer hears the
sound of aircraft? Assumed that the average speed of sound is 325 m/s. ANS (7.994s)
V 650
M   2
C 325
1 1
sin    ,,,,   30
M 2
3000
tan   ; AB  5196.2 m
AB
AB 5196.2
t   7.994s
V 650
Problem (7): A gas confined in a long tube-piston system. If the piston moves with an
infinitesimal acceleration to create an infinitesimal disturbance compression wave. Derive
the sound speed of the wave using the 1st. Law of thermodynamics.
  Ac  (   d  ) A(c dv)
 c   c dv  cd   d dv
c
dv  d             (1)

v2
h  const .
2
c2 (c dv) 2
h    h  dh  
2 2
2 2
c c dv 2
h   h  dh   cdv 
2 2 2
dh  cdv            (2)

dp
Tds  dh  ds  0

dp
dh             (3)

from equations 2and 3
dp dp
 cdv  dv         (4)
 c
equations 1 and 4
dp c dp
 d  c 
c  d
Problem (8): A supersonic aircraft flies at an altitude of 3000 m. An observer on the
ground hears noise generated by the aircraft, which is 3000 m away horizontally, after 12
s. assume that the atmosphere is isothermal. Determine:
(a) The Mach number of the aircraft.
(b) The velocity of aircraft.
(c) The distance traveled before the observer hears the noise, and
(d) The temperature of the isothermal atmosphere.

oA 3000
tan     1    450
oc 3000
1 1
M    1.414
sin  sin 45
 AB AB
tan 45    AB  3000m
AO 3000
CD  3000  3000  6000m
CD 6000
v    500m / s
t 12
c2 v2 5002
T     311k
kR kRM 1.4  287 1.442
Problem (9): Show that for a perfect gas, the fractional change in pressure across an
infinitesimal pressure pulse is given by the equation
dp dv
k
p c
and that the change in temperature is given by the equation
dT dv
 (k  1)
T c
 Ac  (   d  ) A(c dv)
 c   c dv  cd   d dv
c
dv  d             (1)

p
 const . (adiabatic process)
k
dp d
lnp  kln   lnconst .  k 0
p 
dp dv
k
p c

c2 (c dv) 2
h   h  dh  
2 2
2 2
c c dv 2
h   h  dh   cdv 
2 2 2
dh  cdv            (2)

(k  1)
c p dT  cdv  dT  cdv T
kR
dT (k  1) dv
 cdv  (k  1)
T kRT c
Problem (10): A compression pulse changes the velocity of the air over which it passes by
3 m/s. Calculate the pressure rise and the temperature change across the pulse, if the air is
initially at a temperature and pressure of 150C and 101.3 kPa respectively.
p p
dp  cdv  kRT dv  k dv
RT RT
101.3 103  1.4
dp   1.248kPa
287  288
kRT
dh  cdv  c p dT  cdv  dT  dv
cp
1.4  287  288
dT   3  1.015k
1005
Problem (11): At a given instant of time, two pressure waves, each moving at a speed of
sound emitted by a point of source with constant velocity in fluid at rest as shown in the
figure below. Determine the Mach number.

v x t (x  125) t
M   
c 50t 250t
125
x   31.25mm
4
31.25 31.25  125
M    0.625
50 250
Problem (12): A gas has molar mass of 44 and specific heat of 1.3, find speed of sound if
the gas temperature (-30Co). If this gas flowing at a velocity of 450 m/s, find Mach number
and Mach angle.

8314
c  kRT  1.3   243  244.3m / s
44
v 450
M    1.842
c 244.3
1 1
  sin 1 ( )  sin 1 ( )  32.9
M 1.842
Problem (13): A sound wave across which the pressure rise is 0.05 Kpa is travelling
down a pipe into air at a temperature of 20 Co and pressure of 105 Kpa. Calculate the
velocity of the air behind the wave.
o
m  c  (   d  )(c dv )
c  c  dv  cd   dvd 
 c
dv  d         (1)

p
 cons . isentropic process
k
dp d
lnp  kln   lnconst .  k 0
p 
d dp
               (2)
 pk
equation (2) in (1)
c
dv  dp
kp
c  kRT  1.4  287  303  348.7 m / s
348.7  0.05 103
dv   0.1186m / s
1.4  105 103
OR from momentum

p  (p dp)  m  (c dv)  c 

dp dp dp
dp  m dv  dv    RT
m c pc
0.05 10 3
dv   287  303  0.1186m / s
105 103

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