PRACTICAL

RESEARCH II
By: Kent Adriane R. Pacot,LPT
checkingmemory
your
What is the review of related literature?

Mention some of the purposes of writing a

review of related literature.
 At most five years old from the
year of publication with the
exception of well-cited references
on educational theories, principles,
methods, etc.
Books
ocating
iterature
At most five years old from the
year of publication and must come
from a legitimate source.

Journals

Elsevier (journals.elsevier.com);
Wiley (onlinelibrary.wiley.com);
Online Taylor and Francis
(tandfonline.com)
Google Scholar
(scholar.google.com)

Sources
DATA COLLECTION

Data Collection is a
process to find out the
answer for the research
problem.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA
The primary data are collected fresh and for the first time from the
field.
• The secondary data are collected from secondary sources.
• •Secondary source means which work has been done by someone like book,
research thesis, article, research paper, government document and file
report, web information etc.
The usefulness and relevancy of secondary data depends upon-

• Reliability of data
• Sustainability of data
• Adequacy of data
TWO APPROACHES IN DATA COLLECTION
Survey Experiment
Conducted in case of descriptive Conducted in case of experimental
research studies research studies

Usually appropriate in case of social and Usually appropriate in case of natural and
behavioral sciences physical sciences

Variables that exist or have already Researcher measures the effects of an

occurred are selected by observe experiment which he conducts
intentionally and there is a deliberate
manipulation

An example of field research An example of laboratory research

Data are collected via census or sample Data are collected from several readings
surveys of experiments
INTERVIEW METHOD
• Collecting data involves presentation of oral verbal stimuli and reply
in terms of oral verbal responses.
Two types of taking interviews
• Personal interview
• Telephonic interview
OBSERVATION METHOD
• Collection of information through
investigator’s own direct
observation without asking from
the respondent. Subjective bias is
eliminated if observation is done
accurately.

• The information is obtained

based on what is happening. This
method is independent from
respondent’s willingness to
respond.
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
• A questionnaire consists of a number of
questions printed or typed in a definite
order on a form or set of forms. The
questionnaire is mailed or posted or sent
personally to the respondents. The
respondents are expected to read and
understand the questions and write down
the reply in the given space.
 SCHEDULES METHOD
• This method is very similar to questionnaire. But
the difference which lies in the fact that
schedules are being filled in by the researcher
after getting the reply from the respondents.
This method is very useful in extensive enquiries
and can lead to fairly reliable results. Census is
done especially through this method.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF DATA
COLLECTION METHOD
• Nature, scope and objective of research: The selected data collection
method should always maintain a balance among nature, scope and
objectives of the study.

• Budget: Availability of funds for the research project determines to a

large extent which the method would be suitable for the collection of
data.

• Time: Prefixed time frame for the research project has also to be
taken into account in deciding a particular method of data collection.

• Sufficient knowledge: Proper procedure and required sufficient

knowledge helps to select the perfect data collection method.
GUIDELINES IN USING QUESTIONNAIRE FOR
DATA COLLECTION
1. Decide on the method of administering the questionnaire.
2. Draft your questionnaire
3. The personal information section
4. The main section
TESTS
• They are quantitative research instrument
used mainly for assessing various skills and
types of behavior as well as for describing
certain characteristics. There are two main
types of tests in quantitative studies.
TWO TYPES OF TEST
1.Standardized tests- are scored uniformly across different areas and
groups. They are used by official institutions to assess a wide range of
groups, such as students or test-takers.

2.Non- standardized tests- it is administered to specific sets of people.

Three (3) Moves
• The CARS model has three (3) rhetorical moves:
• Move 1: Establishing a research territory
• Move 2: Establishing a niche
• Move 3: Occupying the niche

Source: Swales and Feak (2009) Academic Writing For Graduate

Students. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Move 1: Establishing a research territory

• a. show that the general area is important, problematic, or relevant in

some way (optional)
• Language examples:
• Recently, there has been a growing interest in…
• The development of …is a classic problem in…
• A central issue is…
• The relationship between…and…has been investigated by many
researchers

Source: Swales and Feak (2009) Academic Writing For Graduate

Students. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Move 1: Establishing a research territory
Move 1: Establishing a research territory

• b. introduce and review items of previous research in the

area (obligatory)
The literature review can be organized:
1) Beginning with established major theories then moving
to theories associated with individual authors
2) In chronological order
3) According to the theories topics or findings

Source: Swales and Feak (2009) Academic Writing For Graduate

Students. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Move 1: Establishing a research territory
Move 2: Establishing a niche

• Indicate a gap in the previous research, or extend previous knowledge

in some way (obligatory)
• Language examples
• However, little information…(attention, work, data, research, few
studies, investigations, researchers, attempts)
• The research tended to focus on…
• These studies have emphasized,…as opposed to…

Source: Swales and Feak (2009) Academic Writing For Graduate

Students. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Move 2: Establishing a niche
Move 2: Establishing a niche
Move 3: Occupying the niche

• a. outline purposes or state the nature of present

research (obligatory)
• b. list research questions or hypothesis
• c. announce principal findings
• d. state the value of the present research
• e. indicate the structure of the research paper

Source: Swales and Feak (2009) Academic Writing For Graduate

Students. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Move 3: Occupying the niche
Move 3: Occupying the niche
Move 3: Occupying the niche
Using technology for citation and reference management
Using Mendeley
Mendeley is a desktop and web program produced by Elsevier for
managing and sharing research papers, discovering research data and
collaborating online.
Read anywhere
Step 1 – Download Mendeley Desktop
Step 2 – Register
Step 3 – Install MS Word Plug-in
Step 4 – Start Populating Account with LR Items
Step 5 – Start Writing and Citing