Crime Detection And

Investigation
   Fundamentals Of Criminal
Investigation
Traffic Management And
Accident Investigation
Drug Education And Vice
Controls
Organized Crime
Investigation
Fire Technology And
Arson Investigation
Special Crime
Investigation
Special Crime Investigation
Reviewer
Definition of Terms

Admission - Any statement of fact made by a party which is against

his interest or unfavorable to the conclusion for which he contends
or inconsistent with the facts alleged by him.

AFIS - Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a biometric

identification (ID) methodology that uses digital imaging technology
to obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data.

Amateur Intermittent Offender - These types of robbers view themselves

as lifetime robbers and commits infrequent robbery offenses, often
recklessly.

Armed Robbery - This involves the use of weapons such as firearm, a

knife or other dangerous weapons.

Animus Lucrandi - means intent to gain, in Robbery.

      Bienes Muebles - in Robbery, means personal property belonging
      to another.

Arrest - The legal taking of a person into a custody in order that

he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.     

Arrest Warrant - An order in writing issued in the name of the

Philippines commanding or directing a peace officer to arrest the
person described therein and brings it before the court.

      The warrant of arrest is to be served within a statutory

      period of 10 days.

      The warrant  of arrest validity continues unless:

      1. Recalled by the issuing court
      2. The respondent has been arrested
      3. Respondent voluntary submitted himself

Arson - An act of willfully and maliciously damaging or destroying a

building or other property by fire or explosion.

Autopsy - known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, autopsia

cadaverum, or obduction, is a highly specialized surgical procedure
that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine the
cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that
may be present.

Accused - A person who’s case was forwarded to the office of the

prosecutor and filed in court.

Baseline - a method of locating object, particularly useful in in

large, irregularly shaped outdoor areas.
Confession - An express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal
prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charged,
while admission refers to statements of fact not directly constituting
an acknowledgment of guilt.

Corpus Delicti - Latin for the “body of the crime”.

Crime - A generic term referring to many types of misconduct

forbidden by law.

Crime Scene - A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event

has been committed.

Criminal - A person who is convicted by final judgment.

Criminalist - The officer responsible for recording a crime scene and

recognizing and preserving physical evidence.

Criminal Investigation - The collection of facts in order to accomplish

the three-fold aims – to identify the guilty party, to locate the guilty
party and to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt.

Criminal Investigator - A well-trained, disciplined and experienced

professional in the field of criminal investigation.

Criminal Law - One that defines crimes treats of their nature and
provides for their punishment.

Crime Scene - The geographical area where the crime was committed.

Crime Scene Sketch -  A simple diagram that creates a mental pictures

of the scene to those who are not present.

      Rough Sketch -  The first pencil-drawn outline of the scene

      and the location of objects and evidence within this outline.

DNA Profiling - (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic

fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist
in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles.

DNA Fingerprinting - is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic

information, called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), of a person's cells.

Early Techniques of Crime Investigation

      Archimedes (287–212 BC) invented a method for determining the
      volume of an object with an irregular shape.

      Book of Xi Yuan Lu - The first written account of using medicine

      and entomology to solve criminal cases.

      Carl Wilhelm Scheele - he devised in 1773 a method for detecting

      arsenous oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses.

      Henry Goddard - at Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet

      comparison in 1835.

      Alphonse Bertillon - was the first to apply the anthropological

      technique of anthropometry to law enforcement, thereby creating
      an identification system based on physical measurements.

      Sir William Herschel - was one of the first to advocate the use
      of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects.
English Constable - early recorded professional criminal investigator.

Evidence -  The means by which facts are proved.

Forcible Rape - Sexual intercourse carried out against a person’s will

by the use of physical violence.

Four Basic Techniques That Can Be Used To Measure A Crime Scene

1. Rectangular/Coordinate System
2. Baseline/Station Line
3. Triangulation/Trilateration
4. Azimuth/Polar Coordinates

         Azimuth - uses polar coordinates. This method requires two

         people; one to hold each end of a tape measure. This type of
         measuring convention is best suited for large open areas where
         there might not be any fixed reference points. A known starting
         point must be established in your scene which might require
         pounding in a stake. That point is located by using a handheld
         GPS (global positioning system). A large protractor or some
         other type of board marked with a circle and degree increments
         is used. The zero location on the board is oriented toward
         magnetic north.

         Triangulation - is a method that can be used when the scene

         is irregularly shaped. Two control points are used for this
         method.

Highgrading – selling

Information - The general term referring to the knowledge acquired

by criminal investigator from various sources. Data gathered by an
investigator from other persons including the victim himself and
other sources.

Instrumentation - The application of instrument and method of physical

science in the detection and investigation of crime.

Interview - The simple friendly questioning of people who have the

information officially needed by investigators.

Interrogation - The vigorous or aggressive questioning of person

suspected of having committed an offense or a person who is reluctant
or willing to make a full disclosure of information in his possessions,
which is pertinent to the investigation of a criminal case.

Investigation - The collection of basic facts establishing that a crime

has been committed and that some other person is responsible thereof.

Kastle–Meyer Test - is a presumptive blood test, first described in

1903, in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect
the possible presence of hemoglobin.

Miranda Doctrine - The principle on the rights of a suspect against

forced self-incrimination during police interrogation.

Modus Operandi - Methods of Operation, Modes of Operation, Manner of

committing the crime.

Murder-Suicide - An act in which an individual kills one or more other

persons immediately before or at the same time as him or herself.

Phenomena - A circumstance, event or occurrence as it actually

exists or existed.
Photography -  The most reliable means of preserving the crime scene
or evidence.

Political terrorists - The use of force or the fear of force to achieve

a political end.

Power-Reassurance Rapist - The rapist who psychologically doubt his

masculinity and seeks to dispel this doubt by exercising power and
control over women.

Professional Robber - This characterized as having a long-term

commitment to crime as a source of livelihood, planning and organizing
crimes before committing them and pursuing money to support a particular
lifestyle.

RA 7438 - An act defining certain rights of person under custodial

investigation.

RA 8353 - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997.

RA 9514 - The Fire Code of the Philippines.

Rectangular - a method of obtaining measurement to locate an object

by making a measurement at right angles from each of two walls. Works
well for indoor measurements.

Special Crime Investigation - The investigation of cases that are

unique and often require special training to fully understand their
broad significance.

Spectrometry - modern detection method of alcohol and drugs.

Suspect - A person arrested for a crime.

Terrorism - The unlawful use of threat of violence against person or

property to further political or social objectives.

Three Fold Aim of Criminal Investigation

1. Identify the Perpetrator
2. Locate the Perpetrator
3. Provide Evidence

Triangulation - method of locating object where measurements are taken

from two fixed points at the scene to the object you desire to locate.
Fire Technology And Arson
Investigation Reviewer

3 State of matter

          Solid
          Liquid
          Gas

4 General Categories Of Heat Energy

          Chemical Heat Energy

          Electrical Heat Energy
          Mechanical Heat Energy
          Nuclear Heat Energy

Backdraft - a phenomenon in which a fire that has consumed all available

oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made available, typically
because a door or window has been opened.

Boiling Point - The temperature of a substance where the rate of

evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation.

British Thermal Unit - (BTU)  The amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one pound of water one degree F.

Calorie - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one

gram of water one degree Centigrade.

Centigrade - (Celcius)  On the Centigrade scale, zero is the melting

point of ice; 100 degrees is the boiling point of water.

Chemical Heat Energy

          Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the

          combustion (oxidation) process.

          Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from decomposing

          compounds.  These compounds may be unstable and release
          their heat very quickly or they may detonate.

          Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture of matter

          in a liquid.  Some acids, when dissolved, give off sufficient
          heat to pose exposure problems to nearby combustibles.

          Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance

          without the addition of external heat.  Spontaneous heating
          occurs most frequently where sufficient air is not present
          to dissipate the heat produced.  The speed of a heating
          reaction doubles with each 180 F (80 C) temperature increase.
Classification of Fires
 
          Class A Fire - Fires involving ordinary combustible materials,
          such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.

          Class B Fires - Fires involving flammable liquids, greases

          and gases.

          Class C Fires - Fires involving energized electrical equipment.

          Class D Fires - Fires involving combustible metals, such as

          magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium.

          Class K Fires - Class K is a new classification of fire as

          of 1998 and involves fires in combustible cooking fuels such
          as vegetable or animal fats.

Combustion - is the self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a

fuel being reduced by an oxidizing agent along with the evolution of
heat and light.

Dry Chemicals and Halons - method of fire extinguishment, interrupt

the flame producing chemical reaction, resulting in rapid extinguishment.

Electrical Heat Energy

          Dielectric Heating - The heating that results from the action

          of either pulsating direct current, or alternating current
          at high frequency on a non-conductive material.

          Heat from Arcing - Heat released either as a high-temperature

          arc or as molten material from the conductor.

          Heat Generated by Lightning - The heat generated by the

          discharged of thousands of volts from either earth to cloud,
          cloud to cloud or from cloud to ground.

          Induction Heating - The heating of materials resulting from

          an alternating current flow causing a magnetic field influence.

          Leakage Current Heating - The heat resulting from imperfect

          or improperly insulated electrical materials.  This is
          particularly evident where the insulation is required to
          handle high voltage or loads near maximum capacity.

          Resistance Heating - The heat generated by passing an

          electrical force through a conductor such as a wire or
          an appliance.

          Static Electricity Heating - Heat released as an arc between

          oppositely charged surfaces.  Static electricity can be
          generated by the contact and separation of charged surfaces
          or by fluids flowing through pipes.

  

Endothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a substance

absorbs heat energy.

Exothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a substance

gives off heat energy.

Fahrenheit - On the Fahrenheit scale, 32 degrees is the melting point

of ice; 212 degrees is the boiling point of water.

Fire point - The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce

vapors sufficient to support combustion once ignited.  The fire point
is usually a few degrees above the flash point.

Fire Triangle - Oxygen, Fuel, Heat

Fire National Training Institute - (FNTI) the Institution for training

on human resource development of all personnel of the Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP).

Flame - A gas-phased combustion.

Flammable or Explosive Limit - The percentage of a substance in air

that will burn once it is ignited.  Most substances have an upper
(too rich) and a lower (too lean) flammable limit.

Flashover - an instance of a fire spreading very rapidly across a gap

because of intense heat. Occurs when a room or other area becomes
heated to the point where flames flash over the entire surface or area.

Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel gives

off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with the air near
the surface.  At this temperature, the ignited vapors will flash, but
will not continue to burn.

Fuel - is the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the

combustion process. Material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned
to produce heat or power.

Fuel Removal - method of fire extinguishment, fire is effectively

extinguished by removing the fuel source.  This may be accomplished by
stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel
in the path of the fire or allow the fire  to burn until all fuel
is consumed.

Glowing Combustion -  A condensed phased combustion.

Heat - the quality of being hot; high temperature. A form of energy

arising from the random motion of the molecules of bodies, which
may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.

Heating - is transfer of energy, from a hotter body to a colder one,

other than by work or transfer of matter.

Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the combustion

(oxidation) process.

Heat Transfer

          Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of energy through

          matter from particle to particle. Heat may be conducted from
          one body to another by direct contact of the two bodies or
          by an intervening heat-conducting medium.

          Convection -  is the transfer of heat by the actual movement

          of the warmed matter. Transfer of heat by the movement of
          air or liquid.

          Radiation -  Electromagnetic waves that directly transport

          energy through space.

Ignition Temperature - The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air

must be heated in order to start self-sustained combustion independent
of the heating source.

Heat - The form of energy that raises temperature.  Heat is measured

by the amount of work it does.

Heat of Decomposition -  The release of heat from decomposing compounds. 

These compounds may be unstable and release their heat very quickly or
they may detonate.

Heat of Solution -  The heat released by the mixture of matter in a

liquid.  Some acids, when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose
exposure problems to nearby combustibles.

Mechanical Heat Energy

          Frictional Heat - The heat generated by the movement between

          two objects in contact with each other.

          Friction Sparks - The heat generated in the form of sparks

          from solid objects striking each other.  Most often at least
          one of the objects is metal.

          Heat of Compression - The heat generated by the forced

          reduction of a gaseous volume.  Diesel engines ignite fuel
          vapor without a spark plug by the use of this principle.

Nuclear Fission and Fusion - The heat generated by either the

splitting or combining of atoms.

Oxidation - The complex chemical reaction of organic material with

oxygen or other oxidizing agents in the formation of more stable
compounds.

Oxidizing Agents - are those materials that yield oxygen or other

oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction.

Oxygen Dilution - is the reduction of the oxygen concentration to

the fire area.

Phases of Fire
    
           Incipient Phase (Growth Stage)  
           Free-Burning Phase (Fully Developed Stage)
           Smoldering Phase (Decay Stage)

Products of Combustion

          Fire gases
          Flame
          Heat
          Smoke

Pyrolysis (also known as thermalde composition) - is defined as the

chemical decomposition of matter through the action of heat.

RA 6975 - created the BFP.

          Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) - administers and enforces

          the fire code of the Philippines. The Fire Bureau shall
          have the power to  investigate all causes of fires and, if
          necessary, file the proper  complaints with the city or
          provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction  over the case.
          Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is Director.
     
          Deputy Chief for Administration of the Fire Bureau - 2nd
          highest officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

          Deputy Chief for Operation of the Fire Bureau - the 3rd

          highest officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

          Chief of Directorial Staff of the Fire Bureau - 4th highest

          officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.

          Directors of the Directorates in the respective national

          headquarters office - rank is Senior Superintendent.

          Regional Director for Fire Protection - The BFP 

          shall establish, operate and maintain their respective
          regional offices in each of the administrative regions of
          the country. Rank is Senior Superintendent.
                - He/She shall be respectively assisted by the
                  following officers with the rank of superintendent:
                  Assistant Regional Director for Administration,
                  Assistant Regional Director for Operations, and
                  Regional Chief of Directorial Staff.
     
          Assistant Regional Director for Fire Protection - The
          assistant heads of the Department's regional offices - rank
          is Senior Superintendent.

          District Fire Marshall - the heads of the NCR district offices -

          rank is Senior Superintendent.

          Provincial Fire Marshall - the heads of the provincial offices -

          rank is Superintendent.

          District Fire Marshall - heads of the district offices - rank

          is Chief Inspector.

          Chief of Municipal/City Fire Station - (also called City/

          Municipal Fire Marshall) - the heads of the municipal or
          city stations - rank is Senior Inspector.

          Fire Station - at least one in every provincial capital, city

          and municipality.

          LGU - (Local Government Unit) - shall provide the site of the

          Fire Station.

RA 9263 - this Act shall be known as the "Bureau of Fire Protection

and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004.

          The BFP is headed by a Chief to be assisted by 2 deputy chief, 1

          for administration and 1 for operation, all appointed by the
          President upon recommendation of DILG Secretary from among
          qualified officers with at least the rank of Senior Superintendent
          in the service.

          In no case shall any officer who has retired or is retirable

          within six (6) months from his/her compulsory retirement age
          be appointed as Chief of the Fire Bureau or Chief of the
          Jail Bureau.

          The Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau
          shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years.
          The President may extend such tour of duty in times of war
          or other national emergency declared by Congress.

RA 9514 - this act shall be known as the fire code of the Philippines
of 2008. An Act establishing a comprehensive fire code of the
Philippines repealing PD 1185 and for other purposes.

Specific Gravity - the density of liquids in relation to water.

Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance without

the addition of external heat.  Spontaneous heating occurs most
frequently where sufficient air is not present to dissipate the
heat produced.

Temperature Reduction - method of extinguishing fire,  cooling the fuel

with water to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.

Vapor Density - the density of a particular gas or vapor relative

to that of hydrogen at the same pressure and temperature.

Definition of Terms Under RA 9514

Abatement - Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the owner and ma nages
the use of a building for him.

Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and

oxidizer used to set off explosives.
Cellulose Nitrate or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and
explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a
cellulose material.

Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic substance,

materials or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro cellulose)
as base.

Combustible, Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials

that are easily set on fire.

Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such
as cotton, oakum, rags, waste cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw,
Spanish moss, excelsior and other similar materials commonly
used in commerce.

Combustible Liquid - Any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8

 C (100 F).

Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with
organic matter or with certain chemicals.

Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive

materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof
trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments
so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.

Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a

result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop
in temperature of the immediate surroundings. 

Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air duct system

which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.

Distillation - The process of first raising the temperature in separate

the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and
condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified
substance.

Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the
proper proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.

Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage

of an electric current across a space between two conductors or
terminals due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.

Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has

partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames. 

Finishes - Materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental

or protective purposes. 

Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat

and light of combustion.

Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn

easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.

Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or

system to warm the occupants of the building or fire fighting
elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to
undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress
the fire. 

Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire

separation walls or partitions.

Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an

increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which
may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations
and the safeguarding of life and property.

Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept
opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient operation of
fire fighting units.

Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the
protection of buildings or persons to include but not limited to
built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic
extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion
products and other warning system components, personal protective
equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and other
garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves
during fire. 

Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and installation of walls,

barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress, etc. integral to and
incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger
to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is
evacuated. These features are also designed to achieve, among others,
safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of egress sealed
from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or
floor of origin and de lay their spread to other parts of the building
by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and floors.
It shall also me an to include the treatment of buildings components
or contents with flame retardant chemicals.

Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which any material gives off
vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.

Forcing - A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing

its shape or dimensions.

Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by

percussion.

Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of manufacturing, fabrication,

conversion, etc., that uses or produces materials which are likely
to cause fires or explosion.

Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through

or around a wall in approximately the same floor level.

Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment
are stored and arranged for fire fighting.

Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a

fire hose is wound and connected.

Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant which consist of

combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on
contact with each other.

Industrial Baking and Drying - The industrial process of subjecting

materials to heat for the purpose of removing solvents or moisture
from the same, and/or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a
uniform glazing the surface of materials being treated.

Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a

safety device in an electrical system.

Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is

used or intended to be used.

Occupant - Any person actually occupying and using a building or

portions thereof by virtue of a lease contract with the owner or
administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.

Organic Peroxide - A strong oxidizing organic compound which

releases oxygen readily. It causes fire when in contact with
combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.

Overloading - The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices

which draw or consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity
of the existing electrical system.

Owner - The person who holds the legal right of possession or title
to a building or real property.

Oxidizing Material - A material that readily yields oxygen in

quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion.

Pressurized Or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - Type or burner where

the fuel is subjected to pressure prior to discharge into the
combustion chamber and/or which includes fans or other provisions for
the introduction of air at above normal atmosphere pressure into the
same combustion chamber. 
Public Assembly Building - Any building or structure where fifty (50)
or more people congregate, gather, or assemble for any purpose.

Public Way - Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed

from the ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently
appropriated for public use.

Pyrophoric - Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously

when exposed to air.

Refining - A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are

removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound.
It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.

Self-Closing Doors - Automatic closing doors that are designed to

confine smoke and heat and delay the spread of fire.

Smelting - Melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to

separate impurities from pure metals. 

Sprinkler System - An integrated network of hydraulically designed

piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets
arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water
when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire.

Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes in a building to which

fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which
water is made available to the outlets as needed. 

Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors

and the interior parts of a house or building.
Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends
from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the
building.

Organized Crime
Investigation Reviewer
Definition of Terms:

Al-Qaeda - is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama

bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam and several other militants in Peshawar,
Pakistan. If translated, al-qaeda means the base.

      Related: Organized Crime Investigation Review Questions

Alex Boncayao Brigade - is a Manila-based death squad that assassinated

dozens of people on the orders of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
It was formed in 1984. It formally split with the NPA in 1991.

Hashim Salamat - Chairman and founder of the MILF Moro Islamoc Liberation
Front. He passed away in 2003. MILF was formed in 1977.

Hukbalahap - It was an anti-Japanese guerrilla movement formed by the

peasant farmers of Central Luzon. In 1946, the organization rebelled
against the government.

Jihad - a war or struggle against unbelievers.

Mujahid - a person engaged in jihad.
Nur Misuari - is a Moro revolutionary, politician, founder and former
leader of the Moro National Liberation Front.
Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas - the original communist party of the
Philippines. It was established on November 7, 1930.
Drug Education and Vice
Control Reviewer
1875 - in San Francisco California, enacted an ordinance which banned
the smoking of opium in opium dens.

1919 - the prohibition of alcohol commenced in Finland.

1920 - the prohibition of alcohol commenced in the United States.

1974 - the Inter Agency Committee on Drug Prevention Education was

created and played vital role in the integration of drug abuse
prevention concepts in social actions programs.

1979 - the first International non-governmental organization conference

was held in Jakarta, Indonesia, followed by the second which was held
from November 3 to 8, 1980 at Manila. After the second conference, the
Philippine council of Non-Governmental Organization was organized.

1988 - the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotics

Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was held further bolstering anti
drug laws.
Addiction - A person has an addiction when he becomes dependent on or
craves a drug and believes he needs the drug to live. All an addicted
drug user can think about is getting the next dose after getting high.

Classification of Commonly Used Drugs

   Psychoactive Drugs - These are often described as a psychotropic
   (mind affecting) or mind altering drugs. It is a chemical substance
   that changes ones thinking, feelings, perceptions and behaviors.
      a. Depressants - they are drugs that affects the central nervous
         system causing it to relax.

         Common Types of Depressants

         1. Narcotics - refers to any drugs which produces insensibility,
            stupor, melancholy or dullness of mind with delusion and
            which may be habit forming.
         2. Barbiturates - drugs that affect the central nervous system
            causing sedation.
         3. Tranquilizers - are drugs which relieves uncomfortable
            emotional feelings by reducing anxiety and promoting
            relaxation.
         4. Alcohol - fermented or distilled liquids or drug
            containing ethanol and intoxicating substances.
         5. Solvents and Inhalants - volatile liquids that give off a
            vapor, which is inhaled producing short term excitement
            and euphoric followed by a period of disorientation. Its
            effect includes nausea, sneezing, coughing, nose bleeds,
            fatigue,lack of coordination and loss of appetite.

      b. Stimulants - chemical substances that generally speed up

         central nervous system function, resulting in alertness and
         excitability.
         Common Types of Stimulants
         1. Cocaine - a natural stimulants derived from the plant
            erythroxylon coca.
         2. Methamphetamine/Amphetamine - man made stimulants drugs.
         3. Caffeine - a stimulant found in coffee.
         4. Nicotine - an addictive substance usually obtained from
            cigarette smoking.

      c. Hallucinogen/Psychedelics - sometimes known as “all rounder's”

         and “mind expanders” these drugs affects the person
         perceptions, awareness, emotions and can also cause
         hallucinations as well as illusions.

         Common Types of Hallucinogens

         1. Marijuana
         2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
         3. Ecstacy
         4. PCP, Psilocybin mushroom and peyote

Cocaine - is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite

suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric
sense of happiness and increased energy. It is a quick acting drug
whose effects are rapid from the time of intake. It is legally used
in medicine as a topical anesthetic, specifically in the eye, nose and
throat surgery. It is a crystallinetropane alkaloid that is derived
from the leaves of the coca plant known as “Erythroxylon”

      Alexander Bennet - he discovered the first medical use of

      cocaine in 1873 as anesthetic.

      1879 - cocaine was used to treat morphine addiction.

      1884 - cocaine was introduced into clinical use as anesthetic.
      in Germany.

      1970 - cocaine gained popularity as a recreational drug.

      Medellin and Cali Cartel - were founded in Colombia to meet the

      new demand for cocaine. The Cali Cartel became the number one
      cocaine trafficker after the death of Pablo Escobar.

      Pablo Escobar - the founder of the Medellin Cartel who was

      killed by the police in late 1993.

Chemicals – is any substance taken into the body, which alters the
way, the mind and the bodywork.

Chemical Abuse – is an instance when the use of a chemical has

produced a negative or harmful consequence.

Codeine - Methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic,

anti-tussive and anti-diarrheal properties. It is marketed as the
salt codeine sulfate and codeinephosphate. It is also often used
as recreational drugs. This is primarily because of its easy
availability over the counter or on prescription in combination
of products.

Dangerous Drugs - are those that have high tendency for abuse and
dependency, these substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose
harm to those who use them.

Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 - marked the government assurance to strict

policy against drug abuse. The act was subsequently amended through
Presidential Degree No. 44. Dangerous Drug Board was created to
implement the provisions of the Dangerous Drug Act as the national
policy making body and deal with other related matters on drug abuse
prevention and control.

Dangerous Drugs Board - is the policy making and strategy-formulating

body, under the office of the President, in the planning and
formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control.

      The late President Ferdinand E. Marcos, organized the Dangerous

      Drugs Board on November 14, 1972 under the Office of the President.

      National Agencies Forming Part of the Dangerous Drugs Board

      1. DOH  - Department of Health
      2. DSWD - Department of Social Welfare and Development
      3. DECS - Department of Education, Culture and Sports
      4. DOJ  - Department of Justice
      5. DND  - Department of National Defense
      6. DOF  - Department of Finance
      7. DILG - Department of the Interior and Local Government
      8. DOLE - Department of Labor and Employment
      9. DFA  - Department of Foreign Affairs
      10.CHED - Commission on Higher Education
      11.NYC  - National Youth Commission
      12.PDEA - Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

      Permanent Consultants of the DDB

      1. Director of the NBI
      2. Chief of the PNP

      Two Regular Members of the DDB

      1. President of the IBP - Integrated Bar of the Philippines
      2. Chairman or President of a non-government organization
         involved in dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by
         the President of the Philippines.

      Oplan Iwas Droga - is the national flagship program on drug

      abuse prevention launched by the DDB in 1995.

      Barkada Kontra Droga - is a peer-based program designed as a

      preventive education and information strategy to counter the
      dangers and disastrous effects of drug abuse. It aims to empower
      individuals to be catalysts within their peer groups in
      advocating healthy, drug-free lifestyles through involvement
      in various wholesome activities.

      IDADIN - Integrated Drug Abuse Data and Information Network.

      - is an online drug data pooling and collection system that
      allows better management and assessment of the over-all drug
      demand and supply reduction efforts undertaken by the
      government.

      DDB-DIAL - (DDB Drug Information Action Line) is an action

      center created to receive reports and complaints related to
      drug abuse as well as to provide relevant information and
      assistance to the public.

      KID Listo - is a mascot created to stand as an icon or

      representation of the drug abuse prevention program. KID
      means Kalaban ng Ilegal na Droga. It was brought to different
      schools and communities all over the country to promote the
      anti-drug advocacy.

      5 Pillar Global Drug Control Approach

      1. Drug Supply Reduction
      2. Drug Demand Reduction
      3. Alternative Development
      4. Civic Awareness and Response
      5. Regional and International Cooperation

Dangerous Drugs Board Certification - is issued to attest that

substance/s manufactured or imported by companies are not included in
the list of dangerous drugs and controlled precursors and essential
chemicals.

      Certificate of Exemption - is issued to exempt products or

      preparations containing dangerous drugs and/or controlled
      substances that are below and above the 30% threshold from
      certain regulatory control measures.

Dependency - is the state of physical and psychological dependence,

or both, on a dangerous drug, or drugs, experienced by a person
following the use of that substance on a periodic or continuous basis.

Depressant - A depressant is a drug that slows a person down. Doctors

prescribed depressants to help people be less angry, anxious, or
tense. Depressants relax muscles and make people feel sleepy or like
their head are stuffed.

Drugs - are chemicals that affect a person in such a way as to bring

about physiological, emotional, or behavioral change.

Drug Abuse - is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the

user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are
harmful to themselves or others. Drug abuse exists when a person
continually uses a drug other than its intended purpose. This continued
use can lead to drug addiction and dependency.

      General Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuse

      1. Unexpected changes of behavior
      2. Significant deterioration of grooming
      3. Continually wear long sleeve clothing to hide injection marks
      4. Wearing of sunglasses in appropriate time.
      5. Weight loss not attributed to proper physical exercises.
      6. Association with persons who are known drug abusers
      7. Unusual spending of money

Drug Addiction – a state of periodic or chronic (continuous)

intoxication (drunk) detrimental to individual and to the society
produced by the repeated consumption of drugs.
               - Drug addiction refers to the behavioral condition where
an individual’s need to obtain and use (especially, self-administer)
drugs becomes a strong fixation.
               - Drug addiction is a complex, and often chronic,
brain disease. It is characterized by excessive drug craving, seeking,
and use. Addiction is caused by brain changes caused by constant
drug use.

Drug Dependence - A state of psychic or physical dependence, or both

on dangerous drugs, arising in a person following administration or
use of a drug on a periodic or continuous basis.
                - Drug dependence describes the state when an
individual is dependent upon the drug for normal physiological
functioning.

Drug Experimenter - One who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses

any narcotics substances, marijuana or dangerous drugs as defined not
more than a few times for reasons of curiosity, peer pressure or
other similar reasons.

Drug Syndicate - it is a network of evil. It is operated and manned

by willful criminals who knowingly traffic  human lives for the money.
Large sum of money, they can make in their illegal and nefarious trade.
The set results of their commerce are physical and mental cripples,
ruined lives, even agonizing death.

Ecstacy - In 1912 MDMA or Methylenedioxymetamphetamine was developed

in Germany as an appetite depressant by the pharmaceutical company
Merck. During the late 1970 psychiatrists and psychologist used the
drugs as treatment for emotional and psychological disorders. Among
the youth users referred it as the “sex drugs”. In its purest form
it is crystalline substance white powder with mastic odor.

Enabling - is any action taken by a concerned person that removes or

softens the negative effect or harmful consequences of drug use upon
the user. Enabling only makes thing worse. It is like fighting
fire with gasoline.

Facility Based/Treatment Based Data - are data gathered from the

residential and out-patient treatment and rehabilitation centers in
the Philippines.

Hallucinogen - A hallucinogen is a drug, such as LSD, that changes a

person's mood and makes him see, hear, or think things that aren't
really there. Hallucinogens change the way a person feels time,
making it seem to slow down. As the name implies, hallucinogens may
cause hallucinations - this is when people think they see or hear
imaginary people or things.

Harrison Act - passed in 1914, which required sellers of opiates and

cocaine to procure license. Originally intended to require paper trails
of drug transactions between doctors, drug stores and patients, it
soon became a prohibitive law.

Hashish - It is the dark brown resin that is collected from the tops of
potent Cannabis Sativa. It is at least five times stronger than crude
marijuana. Since it is stronger, the effect on the user is more intense,
and the possibility of side effects is greater. Placing the crude plant
material in a solvent makes it. The plant materials then filtered out
and the solvent is removed, yielding a gummy, resinous substance.

Heroin - is also known as Diacetylmorphine, is a semi synthetic opioid.

It mimics endorphins and creates a sense of well being upon entering
the bloodstream usually through intravenous injection. It is widely
used as a illegal drug for its intense euphoria, which often disappears
with increase tolerance.

High - A high is the feeling that drug users want to get when they
take drugs. There are many types of high, including a spacey feeling,
euphoria, or a feeling that a person  has “special powers”, such as
the ability to fly or see into the future.

Lebanon - also became the transit country for cocaine from South America
to illicit drugs markets.

Marijuana - obtained from an Indian hemp plant known as “Cannabis Sativa”

a strong, handy ,annual shrub which grows wild in temperature and
tropic regions. A mind altering substance produced from cannavis sativa,
it is used because its primary active chemical Tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) induces relaxation and heightens the senses.

      Cannabis is prepared for human consumption in different forms:

      1. Marijuana or Ganja - the leaves and flowering tops of female
         plants.
      2. Hashish or Charas - a concentrated resin composed of glandular
         trichomes and vegetative debris that has been physically extracted
         usually by rubbing, sifting or with ice.
      3. Kif or Kief - the chopped flowering tops of female cannabis
         plants, often mixed with tobacco,Moroccan hashish produced
         in the Rif mountains.Sifted cannabis trichomes consisting of
         only the glandular heads often incorrectly referred to as
         “Crystals or Pollen”.
      4. Bhang - a beverage prepared by grinding cannabis leaves in
         milk and boiling with spices and other ingredients.
      5. Hash Oil - an oily mixture resulting fromchemical extraction
         or distillation of theTHC- rich part of the plant.
      6. Budder - hash oil whipped to incorporate air, making it
         more like butter.

      Methods/Apparatus in Smoking Marijuana

      1. The Joint
      2. The Blunt
      3. The Hookah
      4. The Bong - is a tube with a small bowl at the end of a
         thinner tube inserted throughthe side near the base.
      5. The Waterfall
      6. The Pipe
      7. The Shotgun
      8. The Chillum
      9. The One Hitter or Bat - is a contrivance that allows the
         small amount of cannabis to be burned and inhaled in a
         single breath.

Middle East - the Bec ka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the

biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East.

Morphine - is a strong opiate analgesic drug and is the principal

active agent in opium. It acts directly on the central nervous system
relieving pain. It is claimed to be six (6) times more potent than
opium. It is administered into the body by means of injection. It is
used legally as an analgesic in hospital setting to relieve pain
after surgery and pain associated with trauma.

Most Commonly Used/Abused Substances In The Philippines

1. Methamphetamine hydrochloride (Shabu)
2. Cannabis Sativa or Marijuana
3. Inhalants (Contact Cement)

Motbok - an alcohol rationing system with personal ration record book

employed by Sweden from 1914 to 1955.

Narcotics - is any drug that produces sleep or stupor and relieves

pain due to its depressant effect on the central nervous system. A
term narcotic comes from the Greek word for sleep “Narkotikos".

Opium - Obtained from a female poppy plant known as “Papayer Somniferum”.

It comes from the Greek word which means “juice”. It is the original
components of Morphine and Heroin. It was known to be cultivated in
lower Mesopotamia long ago as 3400 BC. In De Medicina (30 AD), Aulus
Cornelius Celsus specified various uses for “Poppy Tears” as an
emollient for painful joints and anal crevices, in anodynes pills
promoting relief of pain through sleep.

      Opium Preparation - The smoking of opium does not involve the

      burning of the material as might be imagined. The prepared opium
      is indirectly heated to temperature at which active alkaloids,
      mainly Morphine, are vaporized.

      Opium Chemical Properties and Physiological Effects - Opium

      includes two groups of alkaloids: Phenanthrenes(including
      Morphine and Codeine) and Benzylisoquinolines
      (including Papaverine).

      Opium Medical Uses - Opium has been a major commodity of trade

      for centuries, due to the fact that it has long been used as a
      pain killer and sedative.

Presidential Proclamation No.1192 - declared the 2nd week of November

as Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Week, and celebrated every year.

Physical Dependence - An adaptive state caused by repeated drug use

that reveals itself by development of intense physical symptoms when
the drug is stopped (withdrawal syndrome).

Polydrug Abuse - Many people who abuse on drug tend to take all sorts
of drugs. Some play chemical “Russian roulettes” by taking everything
including unidentified pills. This is called polydrug abuse.

Psychological Dependence - An attachment to drug use which arises from

a drug ability to satisfy some emotional or personality need of an
individual. (Physical dependence not required but it does not seem to
reinforce psychological dependence.

RA 9165 - commonly known as The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of

2002. It took effect on July 4, 2002.

      Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) - continues as policy making body

      and it formed the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
      as the led agency in the enforcement of the law under the office
      of the President.

      The new law abolished the National Drug Law Enforcement and
      Prevention Coordinating Center, the PNP Narcotics Group, the
      NBI Narcotics Unit and the Customs Narcotics Interdiction Office.

      Establishing the proper intelligence network has been inherent

      task given by the law to PDEAin coordination with the following
      support units:The PNP AIDSOTF, the NBI AIDTF, the Customs Task
      Force in Dangerous Drugs and Controlled Chemicals along with
      other government and non-government entities dedicated to curb
      the drug problem.

      National Strategies Against Dangerous Drugs

      1. Supply Reduction Strategy - which refers to the concept of
         keeping the  drugs away from the potential drug users.

         Intended Programs
         a. Law Enforcement
         b. Amendments of the Law

      2. Demand Reduction Strategy - refers to the concept of keeping the

         potential users awayfrom drugs.

         Intended Programs
         a. Preventive Education
         b. Sports Development
         c. Moral and Spiritual Values Recovery
         d. Treatment and Rehabilitation

      3. International and Local Cooperation/Coordination - refers to

         an effective and efficient cooperation and coordination of all
         local and international agencies of the government.

         Intended Programs
         a. Joint Training and Exercises
         b. Intelligence Networking
         c. Interdiction Operation

Rehabilitation - is a dynamic process directed towards the changes

on the health of the person to prepare him from his fullest life
potentials and capabilities, and making him law-abiding and productive
member of the community without abusing drugs.

Shabu - Methamphetamine was discovered in Japan in 1919. This

crystalline powder is solute in water making it an ideal drug for
injection. During world War II, the drugs was used as stimulants for
combat soldiers. After the war it was regarded as a cure all for
treatment in mild depression and a good weight control substance.
In the mid 80’s it was introduced in the Philippines and has gained
popularity not only in urban areas but rural communities as well. It
is also regarded as poor man’s cocaine.

Stimulant - A stimulant speeds up a person's body and brain.

Stimulants, such as methamphetamines, have the opposite effect of
depressants. Usually stimulants make a person high energetic. When
the effects of a stimulant wear off, a person will feel tired
or sick.

Tetrahydrocannabinol - (THC) It is the psychoactive agent of marijuana.

The more THC present in marijuana, the more potent is the drug. It is
also known as the “sinister element” in marijuana. This is what causes the
“high lift” or “trip” in marijuana users.
The Golden Crescent
1. Afghanistan
2. Pakistan
3. Iran
4. India

The Golden Triangle of Drug Trafficking

1. Laos
2. Thailand
3. Burma

Tolerance - it is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same

effect.

Treatment – Is a medical service rendered to a client for the effective

management of hit total conditions related to drug abuse. It deals
with the physiological without abusing drugs.

Withdrawal Period - From the point of habituation or drug dependence

up to the time a drug dependent is totally or gradually deprived of
the drug.
 Drug Education and Vice
Control
RA no. 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

RA no 6425 - Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 - the law that was repelled by RA no. 9165.

Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) - the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies
and programs on drug prevention and control.

Duties/Function of the DDB -To develop and adopt a comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced national drug abuse
prevention and control strategy.

Composition of the DDB

1. 3 permanent members
2. 2 regular members
3. 12 ex officio members

The 12 ex officio members are the following:

1. DOJ secretary or his/her representative

2. DOH secretary or his/her representative
3. DND secretary or his/her representative
4. DOF secretary or his/her representative
5. DOLE secretary or his/her representative
6. DILG secretary or his/her representative
7. DSWD secretary or his/her representative
8. DFA secretary or his/her representative
9. DECS secretary or his/her representative
10. CHED chairman or his/her representative
11. National Youth Commission chairman or his/her representative
12. PDEA director general

 The DDB is under the office of the President.

 The Department Secretary's representative shall in no case be lower than Under Secretary.

The Two Regular Members of the DDB are:

The President of The Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP)
The Chairman or President of a non-governmental organization involved in dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the
President of the Philippines.

Permanent Consultants of the DDB

1. Director of the NBI

2. Chief of the PNP

PDEA - implementing arm of the DDB.

Qualification of the 3 Permanent members of the DDB

- at least 7 years training and experience in the field of dangerous drugs and in any of the following fields: law,medicine,
criminology,psychology or social work.They are appointed by the President.

  The President shall designate a Chairman  of the DDB from among the 3 permanent members who shall serve for 6 years.
 The Chairman of the DDB shall have a rank of Under Secretary.
 Term of office of the permanent members of the DDB - 6 years and until their successors shall have been duly appointed and
qualified.
 The PDEA shall be headed by a Director General with the rank of undersecretary.
 The PDEA Director General shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines.

Duties/Functions of PDEA Director General

  1. Responsible for the general administration and 
      management of the agency.
  2. Perform other duties that may be assigned to 
      him/her by the President.

  The PDEA Director General and the 2 Deputy Director General must possess adequate knowledge, training and experience in the
field of dangerous drugs and in any of the following field: law enforcement, law, medicine, criminology, psychology and social
work.

There are 2 PDEA Deputy Director General

  1. One for Administration
  2. One for Operation

  They shall have a rank of Assistant Secretary and both are appointed by the President of the Philippines upon recommendation
of the board.
 Mandatory Services of the PDEA
  1. Intelligence and Investigation
  2. International Cooperation and Foreign Affairs
  3. Preventive Education and Community Involvement
  4. Plans and Operation
  5. Compliance, Legal and Prosecution
  6. Administrative and Human Resource
  7. Financial Management
  8. Logistic Management
  9. Internal Affairs

  PDEA shall establish regional offices.

PDEA Academy -  Shall be established either in Baguio City or Tagaytay City and in such other places as may be necessary.

  PDEA Academy shall be headed by a Superintendent with the rank of Director. He shall be appointed by the PDEA Director
General.

3 Pronged Approached in the Solution of Drug Problems

  1. Law enforcement activities
  2. Preventive Drug Education and Information 
      program in school and in communities.
  3. Treatment and Rehabilitation programs for drug 
      dependent.

Classification of Drugs according to effect

1. Depressant - "downers" - a drug reducing functional or nervous activity. Lower the level of arousal when taken.
2. Stimulants - "Uppers" - increase mental  and/or physical function. A substance that raises the levels of physiological or nervous
activity in the body.
3. Hallucinogens - "psychedelics" - a drug that causes hallucinations. Psychoactive drugs that cause subjective change in perception,
thought,emotion and consciousness.

Classification of Drugs according to Pharmacology

1. Depressants
2. Narcotics
3. Tranquilizers
4. Stimulants
5. Hallucinogens
6. Solvents/Inhalants
 Classifications of Drugs according to Legal Categories

1. Prohibited Drugs
2. Regulated Drugs
3. Volatile substances

Golden Triangle of Drug Trafficking

1. Laos
2. Thailand
3. Burma

The Golden Crescent

1. Afghanistan
2. Pakistan
3. Iran
4. India

Classification of Drug user/Abuser

1. Situational user - those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to perform an important work. Such individual
may or may not exhibit psychological dependence.
2. Spree user - school age user who take drugs for "kicks", adventure, daring experience or a means of fun.
3. Hardcore addicts - those whose activities revolves almost entirely around drug use and securing supplies. They show strong
psychological dependence on the drug.
4. Hippies - Those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.

Commonly abused drugs:

1. Sedatives - are depressant drugs which reduce anxiety and excitement such as barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol.
2. Stimulants - are drugs which increase alertness and activity such as amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine.
3. Hallucinogen/Psychedelics - drugs which affect sensation,thinking,self awareness and emotion.
4. Narcotics - drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. This includes opium and its derivatives like morphine,codeine and
heroin.
5. Solvents - volatile substances which are found to be the most commonly abused. 

Primary causes of drug addiction:

1. Pride - excessive feeling of self worth or self esteem or sense of self importance.
2. Anger - against, himself,family,friends and society in general.
3. Lust - burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse.
4. Gluttony - "food trip" in the lingo of junkies.
5. Greed - wealth,fame,recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their work of art such as musician,actors and athletes
who indulge in rug abuse.
6. Envy - to get attention from someone as sign of protest.
7. Laziness - "i cant syndrome" incapacity to achieve is a breeding ground of drug abuse and boredom coupled with poor self image.

Warning Signs of Commonly Abused Drugs

 
1. Marijuana

  glassy red eye

 loud talking
 inappropriate laughter followed by sleepiness
 loss of interest, motivation
 weight gain or loss

  2. Depressant

  contracted pupils 
 drunk-like
 difficulty concentrating
 clumsiness
 poor judgement

  3. Stimulants - ex. cocaine, amphetamines

  dilated pupils
 hyperactivity
 euphoria 
 irritability
 anxiety
 excessive talking followed by depression or excessive sleeping
 may go long period of time without eating or sleeping
 weight loss
 dry mouth and nose

  4. Inhalants - ex. glues, aerosols, vapors

  watery eyes
 impaired vision, memory and thought
 secretions from the nose or rashes around the nose and mouth
 head aches and nausea
 appearance of intoxication
 drowsiness
 poor muscle control
 changes in appetite
 anxiety
 irritability
 lots of cans,aerosols in the trash

  5 . Hallucinogens - ex. LSD, PCP

  dilated pupils
 bizarre and irrational behavior including paranoia, aggression, hallucination
 mood swings
 detachment from people
 absorption with self or other objects
 slurred speech
 confusion

  6. Heroin 

  contracted pupils
 no response of pupils to light
 needle marks
 sleeping at unusual time
 sweating
 vomiting
 coughing, shiffling
 twitching
 loss of appetite

  7. Alcohol

  clumsiness
 difficulty walking
 slurred speech
 sleepiness
 poor judgement
 dilated pupils
 possession of false ID cards

  8. Tobacco/Nicotine

  smell of tobacco
 stained fingers or teeth

Analgesic - any drugs such as salicylates, morphine or opiates used primarily for the relief of pain.
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation Reviewer

Accident (Legal meaning) – an accident is any happening beyond the

control of a person the consequences of which are not foreseeable.
(There is no criminal liability in accident provided, the following
requisites or elements under the law must be satisfied;
   1. performance of a lawful act
   2. with due care
   3. causes injury to another by mere accident
   4. without any fault or intention of causing it

Articulated Vehicle - shall mean any motor vehicles with a trailer

having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer rest
upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the
trailer and of its load is born by the motor vehicle.

Benz Patent-Motorwagen - (motorcar) built in 1886, is widely regarded

as the first automobile. It is a vehicle designed to be propelled by
an internal combustion engine.

Box Junction - is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent

congestion and gridlock at junctions. A road area at a junction marked
with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only if its exit from
it is clear. Box junctions were introduced in UK during 1967,
following a successful trial in London.

Chain of Events – is the making up of accident or the link which

explains the occurrence of the accident and its components are present
in every accident.

      Perception of hazard – is the point of sensory warning at

      which the operator sensed the approaching hazard. The driver
      may not comprehend or recognized the hazard in all of its
      implications at this point of perception, but there was a
      warning. The normal routine is perception, realization, or
      recognition, decision, and action.

      Possible Perception - is a link in the accident chain dealing

      with the reaction of a normal person. Prompt perception occurs
      when possible and actual perception are very close. Maximum
      delayed perception occurs when actual perception is delayed
      until impact shock alerts the driver..

      Encroachment – is the movement of a vehicle into the path

      assigned to the other traffic unit.

      Evasive Action – is the first action taken by a traffic unit

      to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid the hazard.

      Point of no escape – is that location and that time after or

      beyond which an accident cannot be prevented by the driver or
      pedestrian.

      Initial Contact – it is the first accidental touching of an

      object collided with by a traffic unit in motion.

      Maximum Engagement – is the greatest collapse or overlap in a

      collision.

      Disengagement – is the separation of a traffic unit in motion

      from an object with which it has collided.

      Final Rest of Stopping – it usually stabilizes the accident

      situation where both vehicles in a collision has ceases its
      force, and stopping may occur with or without control by the
      driver or pedestrian.

Classification of Road
1. National Road
2. Provincial Road
3. City Road
4. Municipal Road
5. Barangay Road
6. Private Road

Compressed Air Car - is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor

powered by compressed air. The car can be powered solely by air, or
by air combined (as in a hybrid electric vehicle) with gasoline,diesel,
ethanol, or electric plant.

Crosswalks - are designed to keep pedestrians together where they can

be seen by motorists, and where they can cross most safely across the
flow of vehicular traffic.

Defensive Driving – is an act of driving while preventing accidents

despite of the wrong actions of others aggravated by the existence
of adverse driving conditions. Which requires knowledge, alertness,
foresight, judgment and skill.

Ferdinand Verbiest - a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the

first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 which was of small scale and
designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor, that was unable to carry
a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first working
steam-powered vehicle.

Force Majure – is an inevitable accident or casualty, an accident

produced by any physical cause which is irresistible. In other words
it is an Act of Man, such robbery, fire, fault, negligence,
rebellion, etc.

Fortuitous Event – an event which takes place by accident and could

not have been foreseen. In other words it is an Act of God which
could neither be foreseen nor resisted, such as earthquake,
lightning, flood, and the like.

Francois Isaac de Rivaz - A French and Swiss national who invented a

hydrogen powered internal combustion engine with electric ignition and
described it in a French patent published in 1807. In 1808 he fitted
it into a primitive working vehicle the world's first internal combustion
powered automobile.

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle - FCHV was developed by Toyota in 2005. The
vehicle is powered by the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
to power the motor driving the vehicle.

Geneva Convention on Road Traffic - September 19, 1949. Promotes the

development and safety of international road traffic by establishing
certain uniform rules.

Gottlieb Daimler - He invented the high-speed petrol engine.He is

also thought to have invented the first real motorcycle in 1885.

Gustave Trouve - In November 1881, Trouvé demonstrated a working

three-wheeled electric automobile at the International Exhibition of
Electricity in Paris.

Hit-and-run - is the act of causing (or contributing to) a traffic

accident (such as colliding with a person or a fixture), and failing
to stop and identify oneself afterwards. It is considered a crime in
most jurisdictions.

      Characteristics of Hit-and Run Drivers

      1. After living the scene, he dreads or frighten of being caught.
      2. He may have left the accident scene because he was shocked,
         injured, or intoxicated.
      3. He may have been too confused to know he was doing.
      4. He may have a long record of violations or accidents and
         therefore a terrible fear of  getting further involve with
         the law.
      5. More often, he fears financial loss specially if he does not
         have liability insurance.
      6. Hit-and run drivers do not have a establish method of
         operation unlike criminals.

Imprudence – indicates deficiency of action. If a person fails to

take the necessary precaution to avoid injury to a person or damage
to property, there is imprudence. Imprudence usually involves lack
of skill.
Ivan Kulibin - a Russian mechanic and inventor, he developed in 1971
a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as
a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearings.

Karl Friedrich Benz - was a German engine designer and car engineer,
generally regarded as the inventor of the first automobile powered by
an internal combustion engine, and together with Bertha Benz,
pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.

Last Clear Chance - it means that the driver who is in the better
position to prevent the accident shoulders the responsibility of
preventing the accident. The last clear chance principle is always
applied in any traffic accidental investigation in order to justify
penalized the driver who was not defensive in its driving.

Lester Wire - a policeman in Salt Lake City, Utah. He developed the

first electric traffic light in 1912 which used red-green.

Macadam - is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer

John Loudon McAdam around 1820. The method simplified what had been
considered state of the art at that point. Single-sized aggregate layers
of small stones, with a coating of binder as a cementing agent, are
mixed in an open-structured roadway.

Mesopotamia - (Present Iraq) location of the oldest constructed roads

discovered to date. The stoned paved streets date back to about 4000 BC,
in the Mesopotamia cities of Ur and Babylon.

Milestone - The earliest road signs, giving distance or direction.

milestone is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road
or boundary at intervals of one mile or occasionally, parts of a mile.
They are typically located at the side of the road or in a median.

Motor Car Act 1903 - introduced registration of motor cars and

licensing of drivers in the United Kingdom and increased the
speed limit.

Motor Vehicle – shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other
than muscular power using the public highways, but exempting road
rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, bulldozers, graders,
fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles which runs only on rails or tracks,
tractors, trailers, and traction engine.

Negligence – indicates a deficiency of perception. If a person fails

to pay proper attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury
or damage impending to be caused there in negligence. Negligence
usually involves lack of skill.

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot - was a French inventor. He is known to have

built the first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, the
world's first automobile.
Nikolaus August Otto - the German inventor of the first
internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a
piston chamber.

Paris - in 1964, first time that police women were used for traffic
control duties.

Pavement Markings – are markings on the roads and surfaces whereby a

message is conveyed by means of words or symbols, officially reflected
for the purpose of regulating, warning and guiding traffic.
      May Indicate a Number of Things like
      1. Where lanes are divided
      2. Where you may pass other vehicles
      3. Where you may change lanes or which lane to use for turns
      4. Where pedestrian walkways are located
      5. Where you may stop for traffic signs and traffic signals

      Types of Pavement Markings

      1. Curve Markings – are used to show where parking is legally
         prohibited or not allowed, such Bus Stop, or in front of a
         fire hydrant, drive way.
      2. Object Markings – are painted on fixed poles, and on vertical
         ends of bridges and ports to avoid accidents.
      3. Reflectorized Markings – are used to mark hazardous areas
         and also used as delineators or road limits, these delineators
         are aids especially during night driving, particularly when
         the alignment of a road changes and might confused the
         operator of the vehicle.
      4. Striped Curb Markings – are markings used in traffic islands
         in order to warn the driver of the traffic island on the road
         and aids the motorist to its traffic lane.
      5. Painted Crosswalk – are placed at intersections and other
         places where there is considerable pedestrians traffic to
         provide pedestrians with safety zones when crossing.
      6. Broken White Lines – is used to define or separate traffic lanes.
         It permits crossing from one lane to another if there is ample
         passing distance, and if the opposing lane is clear of traffic.
      7. Solid White Line – is used to separate opposing streams of
         traffic. Crossing is unlawful except where ample distance
         exists and where the opposing traffic lane is clear of traffic.
      8. Solid Yellow Line – is your driving lane prohibits you from
         passing other vehicles.
      9. Double Yellow Line – indicates two way traffic; were crossing
         of pedestrian and motorist is not allowed. It separates the
         opposing flow of traffic.
      10.Broken Yellow Lines – is a two way/highway which means no
         overtaking or passing is permitted only when the road
         ahead is clear.
      11.Stop Line – it indicates where stop should be made.
PD 96 - A law declaring unlawful the use or attachment of sirens,
bells, horns, Whistles or similar gadgets that emit exceptionally
loud or startling sounds, including dome lights and other signalling
or flashing devices on motor vehicles.(January 13, 1973)

      Excemptions - Motor Vehicles designated for official use by the

      1. AFP
      2. NBI
      3. LTO
      4. PNP
      5. BFP
      6. Hospital Ambulances

      Penalty
      1. Confiscation - 1st offense
      2. Imprisonment - 6 months and/or Fine. - 2nd and succeeding offenses.
      3. Cancellation or Revocation or Certificate of Registration

PD 1911 - a law authorizing the disposal of of unclaimed recovered and

impounded carnapped motor vehicles.

      This law provides that all carnapped or stolen motor vehicle,

      recovered and impound by law enforcement agencies which after a
      period of three (3) months from the date of its seizure/recovery
      have remained unclaimed or whose real owners could no longer be
      determined or established because the original numbers of the
      motor engine or chassis numbers could no longer be determined and
      restored, are considered as abandoned motor vehicles and shall be
      sold and disposed of by the Chief PNP or his authorized
      representative in a public auction.

      In all cases before any public auction is effected, there shall

      be published once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks in a
      newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines or in the
      place where it was recovered or found, a description of the motor
      vehicles intended to be auctioned with a notice that after the
      lapse of one month from the date of the last publication, should
      no person file a claim for the recovery of the same, said motor
      vehicles will be sold at public auction.

Pedestrian Crossing - is a place designated for pedestrians to cross

a road.

Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet - was a French engineer. He is widely

credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building
about the year 1764. Proposed a method of construction relying on a
firm well-drained foundation of large rocks topped by progressively
smaller ones, forming a convex surface to make it more impervious to
water. He is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman
science to road building.
Places Where Parking is Prohibited
1. Within an intersection
2. On a crosswalk
3. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.
4. Within four meters of the driveways entrance to any fire station.
5. Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
6. In front of a private driveway
7. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb
   or edge of the highway.
8. At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting
   parking.

PNP Highway Patrol Group - is an operational support unit of the PNP

in charged of anti-carnapping, highway robbery and hi-jacking incidents.
Formerly called Traffic Management Group. Traffic Management in
Metro Manila is managed by the MMDA.

Professional Driver – shall mean every and any driver hired or paid
for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or
for public.

      Categories of Drivers
      1. Tourist
      2. International Driver
      3. Government
      4. Professional
      5. Non-professional
      6. Student Permit

RA 4136 - the Land Transportation and Traffic Code.

RA 6539 - Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972. An act preventing and

penalizing carnapping.

      Carnapping -  is the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor

      vehicle belonging to another without the latter's consent, or
      by means of violence against or intimidation of persons, or by
      using force upon things.

Road Intelligence – Unusual points of serious congestion must be noted.

Note and report unnecessary delay at stop signs or signals which are
installed when traffic is heavier. Note and report congestion that ties
up traffic for a block or more.

Skid Marks - are marks caused by tires on roads which occur when a
vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of
the road.

      Importance of Skid Mark In Traffic Accident Investigation

       - Skid marks can be analyzed to find the maximum and minimum
         vehicle speed prior to an impact or incident.
      Kinds of skid Marks
      1. Pavement Grinding – is the collection of many fine scratches
         and some larger one form by particles of gritty materials
         such as stone, gravel, glass and sometimes bit of metal
         embedding itself in the rubber of the tire or in the thread
         pattern and being ground or scored against the road surface.
      2. Tire Grinding – is the collection of particles of rubber
         ground from the tire surface by gritty paving, especially
         before the tire gets hot enough smear. It occur on hard,
         dry, granular surfaces, particularly weathered or new but
         not traffic-polished cement.
      3. Erasing – is a clean light area where a sliding tire had
         erased or removed dirt from the pavement. Erasing is most
         likely to be found on traffic-polished concrete road.
      4. Squeeze Mark – are areas where a sliding tie rubs moisture
         of the surface in its path. It occurs on some kind of surface
         as erasing except that the surface is wet.
      5. Smear of Soft Material – materials such as snow, mud, or
         debris usually wet smooth or spread by a sliding tire. It
         occurs on road covered with snow, or mud.
      6. Smear of Bituminous Material – is excess asphalt or tar,
         usually warm which spread by a sliding tire this occurs in
         pavement patches and joints in very warm weather and else
         where when there is an excess of tar or asphalt bleeding to
         the surface.
      7. Tire Smear – is a rubber melted from the tire rather than
         material melted from the road by a sliding tire.
      8. Scrub of Tire during Collision – collision of cars usually
         cause the wheel to jam and prevents it from turning. If the
         vehicles are moving there will be a heavy scrubbing action
         between tire and road surface.
      9. Furrow – is a ploughed depression made by a sliding tire with
         material piled-up on each sides and usually at the end. If
         the soil is smooth and sticky, there may be soft material
         smear in the bottom of the rut.

        Types of Ending Skid Mark

      1. Overlapping Skid mark – occurs when the rear wheels track on
         top of the front wheel marks in sliding.
      2. Front Wheel Marks – are in long skids on hard pavement with
         bituminous binders. Front wheels skid marks in which most of
         the mark is at edge of the tire.
      3. Rear Tire Marks – are relatively faint because of lesser
         weight on the tire in slowing. They may show thread grooves
         when the front tire marks do not.
      4. Flat Tire Scuffs – will leave marks by a scrubbing action
         even without application of brakes due to overload.
      5. Gaps in Skid marks – are interruptions in skid marks made by
         release of brake pressure and its reapplication.
      6. Skip Skid – are skid marks that are broken or interrupted
         without brakes being release.
      7. Curb in Skid marks – are usually gentle slides toward the
         edge of the road which is simply downhill.

Sources of Power In Transportation

1. Man Power
2. Animal Power
3. Water and Air Power
4. Petroleum Fuel
5. Bi-fuel, bio gas, and Ethanol fuel
6. Hydrogen
7. Electric

Registration Classification of Vehicles

1. Private
2. For Hire
3. Government
4. Diplomatic

Scuff Marks – are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or
scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.

      Types of Scuff Marks

      1. Decelerating Scuff – are left while the vehicle is slowing
         by braking effort and tires are both sliding and rolling.
      2. Accelerating Scuff – are left by a wheel driven by the
         engine and spinning on the ground.
      3. Side Scuff – are scuff marks left by a tire that is free to
         rotate without braking or power the sliding sideways, these
         are usually left by a vehicle steering around a curb and
         also in collision.
      4. Combination Scuff – are combination of slide with either
         decelerating or accelerating scuffs.
      5. Flat Tire Scuff – are marks lefts on the road by the edges
         of under-inflated or greatly overloaded tires. They are
         usually smear of rubber, a flat tire rolls it become a very
         hot specially at the edges where the pressure is greatest.
      6. Scrub of Tire – during collision it is much the same when
         the wheel is rotating as when it is locked.
      7. Furrows – by a rotating and sliding wheel are little different
         than one with a locked wheel.

State of Necessity – there is state of necessity even if the injury

to a person results in his death, because self-preservation always
makes the actor feel that his own safety is greater than that of
another.
   Elements or requisites under the law
   1. the evil sought to avoided actually exists ;
   2. the injury feared be greater that that done to avoid it;
   3. that there is no other practical and less harmful means of
      preventing it.
Thomas Telford - a Scottish civil engineer, architect and stonemason,
and a noted road, bridge and canal builder.  he was dubbed The Colossus
of Roads, and, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering
in the early 19th century. He was elected as the first President of
the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Timeline - History of Transportation

      3500 BC - Fixed wheels on carts are invented - the first wheeled
      vehicles in history. Other early wheeled vehicles include the
      chariot.
              - River boats are invented - ships with oars

      2000 BC - Horses are domesticated and used for transportation.

      181-234 - The wheelbarrow is invented.

      770 - Iron horse shoes improve transportation by horse.

      1492 - Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about

      flying machines - with over 100 drawings that illustrated his
      theories on flight.

      1620 - Cornelis Drebbel invented the first submarine - a human

      oared submersible.

      1662 - Blaise Pascal invents the first public bus - horse-drawn,

      regular route, schedule, and fare system.

      1740 - Jacques de Vaucanson demonstrates his clockwork powered

      carriage.

      1783 - First practical steam boat demonstrated by Marquis

      Claude Francois de Jouffroy d'Abbans - a paddle wheel steamboat.

      1783 - The Montgolfier brothers invent the first hot air balloons.

      1787 - Steamboat invented.

      1769 - First self-propelled road vehicle invented by Nicolas

      Joseph Cugnot.

      1790 - Modern bicycles invented.

      1801 - Richard Trevithick invented the first steam powered

      locomotive (designed for roads).

      1807 Isaac de Rivas makes a hydrogen gas powered vehicle -

      first with internal combustion power - however, it is an
      unsuccessful design.
      1807 - First steamboat with regular passenger service - inventor
      Robert Fulton's Clermont.

      1814 - George Stephenson invents the first practical steam

      powered railroad locomotive.

      1862 - Jean Lenoir makes a gasoline engine automobile.

      1867 -First motorcycle invented.

      1868 - George Westinghouse invents the compressed air locomotive

      brake - enabled trains to be stopped with fail-safe accuracy.

      1871 - First cable car invented.

      1885 - Karl Benz builds the world's first practical automobile

      to be powered by an internal combustion engine.

      1899 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin invents the first successful

      dirigible - the Zeppelin.

      1903 - The Wright Brothers invent and fly the first engined
      airplane.

      1907 - Very first helicopter - unsuccessful design.

      1908 - Henry Ford improves the assembly line for automobile

      manufacturing.

      1908 - Hydrofoil boats co-invented by Alexander Graham Bell &

      Casey Baldwin - boats that skimmed water.

      1926 - First liquid propelled rocket launched.

      1940 - Modern helicopters invented.

      1947 - First supersonic jet flight.

      1956 - Hovercraft invented.

      1964 - Bullet train transportation invented.

      1969 - First manned mission (Apollo) to the Moon.

      1970 - First jumbo jet.

      1981 - Space shuttle launched.

Traffic – is a movement of vehicles along a route where passengers

and cargoes are carried by transportation.
      Elements of street and highway traffic
      1. The road user
      2. The vehicle and its load
      3. The road.

      Police officers main functions in Traffic

      1. Police traffic directions
      2. Police traffic law enforcement
      3. Police traffic accident investigation.

Traffic Accident -  (traffic Collision) occurs when a vehicle collides

with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other
stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.

      Elements of traffic accident

      1. The vehicle involved
      2. The highway
      3. The road user.

          Causes of Traffic Accident

      1. Direct Causes – the direct causes of an accident are
         observable by witness and participants, or may be constructed
         from physical evidence found at the scene. Since a direct cause
         relates to the action of the human part of the traffic unit
         concerned it is a behavior cause. Usually only four direct
         causes are considered in accident investigation;
            a. Initial Behavior - Any movement, position, or failure
               to signal intent to make a traffic maneuver that creates
               a dangerous situation and is either hazardous, illegal,
               improper, or unusual may be initial behavior of a nature
               justly term a direct cause of an accident.
            b. Speed – Too fast for conditions is the direct cause of
               many accidents.
            c. Delayed Perception – is inattention to the major task
               of operating a motor vehicle, and occurs when the driver
               is distracted by conversation with other occupants of
               the car, lighting a cigarette or cigar, looking at a
               roadway or the scenery, or glancing at occupants of
               nearby vehicles.
            d. Faulty Evasive Action – Faulty evasive action always
               occurs after perception and is the reaction of a
               driver or pedestrian to a hazardous situation on
               the highway.
      2. Mediate and Early Causes – These mediate and early causes of
         an accident are also termed condition causes in formalized
         accident investigation procedure. A mediate cause of an
         accident occurs between the early and the direct causes in
         the time span leading to the accident, but it has a closer
         relationship to the direct cause than to the early causes.
         A mediate cause should not be listed unless it explains the
         direct cause of an accident. A mediate cause of an accident
         is an irregular or unusual condition of a vehicle, the road,
         the weather, or of a road user (driver or pedestrian) that
         explains on of the four direct causes of an accident: initial
         behavior, speed, delayed perception and faulty evasive action.
      3. Early Causes - An early cause of an accident results from the
         act of any individual, or the failure to act by any person,
         which creates conditions leading to the chain of events
         making up an accident.

         Early cause of an accident - is an act or negligence on the

         part of an individual or an organization which causes or
         permits a mediate cause to exist.

      Traffic Accident Analysis

      1. Condition of the motor vehicles involved in the accident;
      2. Condition of the drivers at the time of the accident;
      3. Load of the vehicle;
      4. Weather condition;
      5. Characteristics of the road, which involves the design
         condition, and inhabitants of the place of accident
      6. Presence or absence of traffic sign and its condition.
         All these factors must considered in order to fully uncover
         the reasons of the accident, and thereby provide a factual
         bases in coming-up with a traffic prevention program and
         traffic plans and programs.

    
      Key Events in a Traffic Accident

      Key Event – means the one which characterizes the manner of

      the occurrence of the traffic accident. It determines the
      time, place, and type of accident.

      1. Point of Possible Perception – is the place and time at which

         the unusual or unexpected movement or condition could have
         been perceive by a normal person.
      2. Delay in Perception or Perception Time – it is the time
         between the point of possible perception and actual
         perception.
      3. Prompt Perception – is the perception of hazard which is
         actually nearly the possible accident.
      4. Maximum Delayed Perception – occurred when the traffic unit
         does not sense a hazard until he hits another vehicle.
      5. Point of No Escape – is the place and time after or beyond
         which the accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit
         under consideration.
      6. Point of Impact – is used to mean as the point of initial
         contact, sometimes it is considered the point of maximum
         engagement or center of force.
      7. Final Position – is the place and time when the object
         involved in the accident finally come to rest without
         application of power.

Traffic Actuated Signal – is controlled by an individual using his

hands in signaling the flow of traffic wherein traffic shall proceed
in accordance with the desire of the individual controlling the
flow of traffic.

Traffic Code - (also motor vehicle code) refers to the collection of

local statutes, regulations, ordinances and rules that have been
officially adopted by countries to govern the orderly operation and
interaction of motor vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians and others upon
the public (and sometimes private) ways.

Traffic Education – comprises all means for public information and the
safety education of both drivers and pedestrians as to traffic laws
and the use of traffic facilities and an adequate training programs in
traffic control throughout the police unit.

Traffic Engineering - is a branch of civil engineering that uses

engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of
people and goods on roadways.

      Functions of Traffic Engineering

      1. Fact finding surveys and recommendation of traffic rules and
         regulations.
      2. Supervision and maintenance to the application of traffic
         control devices.
      3. Planning of traffic regulations.

      Objectives of traffic Engineering

      1. To achieve efficient, safe, free and rapid flow of traffic.
      2. To prevent traffic accidents and casualties.
      3. To present the role of traffic engineering in reducing the
         needs for police action and simplifying police performance.
      4. To show that good police action and performance makes
         engineering plans effective.

Traffic Investigation - Objective

1. Securing facts upon which to base an accident prevention program;
2. Determining whether or not laws have been violated, gathering
   evidence which will reveal the road user responsible for the
   accident, and taking on-the-scene police action; and
3. Ascertaining the facts so that those involved in accidents can
   properly exercise claims under our Civil Law.

Traffic Island - a small raised area in the middle of a road which

provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division
between two opposing streams of traffic.

      Kinds of Traffic Islands

      1. Divisional and or Pedestrian Barrier
      2. Channelizing Island
      3. Refuge Island
      4. Rotary Island

Traffic laws - are the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles,
while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that
may have developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely
flow of traffic.

Traffic Law Enforcement – comprises all police activities in connection

with the direction of traffic, regulation and education of drivers,
determine potential offenders, constant patrol, giving of assistance
in the prosecution of offenders, investigation of accidents, follow-up
complaints, requesting police action, warning, summoning or arrest of
violators, reporting of road hazards and obstruction.

      Traffic Enforcement Action

      1. Detection
      2. Apprehension
      3. Prosecution
      4. Adjudication
      5. Penalization

      Enforcement action is usual limited to:

      1. Verbal or written warning;
      2. Summon or citation requiring the offender to appear in court;
      3. Arresting traffic violators for traffic violations not attended
      4. Suspension or revocation of license;
      5. Payment of fines or civil damages, and;
      6. Prosecution of criminal offenses in relation to traffic.

Traffic lights - a set of automatically operated coloured lights,

typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road
junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts.

Traffic Light Signals – is a power operated traffic control device

by which traffic is warned or directed to take some specific actions.

      Light: Flashing Red

      1. This is the same as STOP SIGN.
      2. STOP at the designated line.
      3. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”
      4. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
      5. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.

      Light: Flashing Yellow

      1. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN.
      2. Proceed through the intersection with caution.
      3. You have the right of way over a flashing RED light.
      4. Vehicles on the other side will proceed to a FULL STOP.
      Light: Steady Green and Steady left/Right Arrow
      1. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make
         a left turn.
      2. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make
         a right turn.
      3. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign
         disallowing a right turn while the RED lights is On

Traffic Management – it comprises all public surfaces , facilities

and agencies having responsibility for licensing, approving,
maintaining and controlling the flow of traffic and the use of traffic
facilities.

Traffic Patrol – Traffic patrol refers to the observation

of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers and other users of
vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement
and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public.

      Purpose of Traffic Patrol

      1. Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving.
      2. Detecting and apprehending violators.
      3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions.
      4. Observing and reporting road conditions, including view
         obstruction which needs attention.
      5. Providing certain services to the public.

      Types/Kinds of Traffic Patrol

      1. Line Patrol – Conducts observation either in moving or
         stationary observation at a certain route or point of a major
         street in a city.
      2. Area Patrol – Conduct observation either by moving patrol or
         stationary observation in a certain area, which included a
         number of streets roads or sections of a highway.
      3. Stationary Observation – Observation of traffic conditions
         of a selected place, usually one with unfavorable accident
         experiences for traffic law supervision. Stationary observation
         may be conspicuous, visible or concealed, depending upon the
         location of the patrol unit in relation to the street under
         observation.
      4. Conspicuous Observation – Stationary observation in which
         the observer remains in full review of traffic conditions.
      5. Visible Observation – Stationary observation in which observer
         is full view but so located, for example, at Side Street, so
         as to require effort on the part of traffic users to discover
         the observer.
      6. Concealed Observation – Stationary observation in which the
         observer is not visible to persons using ordinary power of
         observation form the roadway being observed.

Traffic Signs – a device mounted on a fixed or portable means of words

or symbols, officially created and installed for the purpose of
regulating, warning and guiding traffic.

      Types of Traffic Signs

      1. Regulatory Signs - are intended to inform road-users of
         special obligations, instructions or prohibitions which must
         comply. A round shape is used for regulatory signs with
         exception of stop and yield signs.
      2. Warning Signs - are intended to warn road-users of danger on
         the road and to inform them of its nature. These signs have
         an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal.
      3. Guide or Informative Signs - are intended to guide road-users
         while they are traveling or to provide them with other useful
         information.

       Types of Guide Signs

      1. Route markings – is usually found on highways composed of
         several lanes which are going into different direction.
      2. Destination and distance signs – is usually erected on
         highway informing the motorist as to the number of kilometers 
         and at which way to take going to its place of destination.
      3. Information signs – is usually erected on highway which
         informs the motorist of the establishments in the era, such
         hospitals, restaurants, restrooms, hotels, and other
         establishments which provide services to motorist.

Transfer Evidence – it is an evidence found at the accident scene

that will connect to the suspected vehicle and with the crime scene.
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation
Investigation - an inquiry, judicial or otherwise for the discovery and collection of facts concerning the matters
involved.
                        - it is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting vital information, facts,
circumstances in order to establish the truth.

Criminal Investigator - a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation of all criminal cases
as provided for and embodied under the revised penal code, criminals laws and special laws which are criminal
in nature.
                                      - a well trained, disciplined and experienced professional in the field of criminal
investigation.

Custodial Investigation - investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a person has been arrested
or deprived of his freedom of action.

Neighborhood Investigation - one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for ransom cases which is often overlooked
was kidnapped or last known sighting area during the window of opportunity.(last time seen until the time
discovered missing.

Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been committed.
Corpus delicti - (latin for the body of the crime) - used to describe the physical or material evidence that a crime
has been committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim.
Confession - is an express acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt as
to the offense charge.

Admission - refers to statement of facts not directly constituting an acknowledgement of guilt.

Organized criminal group - a structured group of three or more persons existing

for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crime or offenses.

Organized crime - a combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a criminal or virtual criminal
activity on a continuing basis for the purpose of profit or power using gangland style to attain their purpose.

Physical evidence - evidenced addressed to the senses of the court that are capable of being exhibited, examined
or viewed by the court. This includes but not limited to fingerprints, body fluid, explosives, hazardous chemicals,
soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts used in the commission of the crime.

Victimology/victim profiling - a detailed account of the victims lifestyle and personality, assist in determining
the nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim and the type of person who could have committed
the crime. Complete information regarding the victims physical description, normal behavior patterns, the family
dynamics and known friends and acquintances should be obtained as soon as possible.

Miranda vs. Arizona - Ernesto Miranda had confessed to rape and kidnapping, after two hour interrogation.
Because the interrogators failed to inform Miranda of his right to counsel and remain silent, his conviction was
overturned.

Waterboarding - refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with his or her head lowered, then the
face is covered and water is poured over it causing the suspect to gag and experience the sensation of drowning.

Chinese water torture - interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping water on the forehead of the suspect.
The goal is to drive the suspect to near insanity thereby obtaining a confession.

Serial Killer - is someone who murders 3 or more people with "cooling off" periods in between.

Police Blotter - is an 18" x 12" logbook with hard bound cover that contains the daily register of all crime
incident reports, official summary of arrests and other significant events reported in a police station.
A separate police blotter shall be maintained for offenses requiring confidentiality like violence against women
and children and those cases involving a child in conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to
RA 9262 (anti violence against women and children act of 2004) and RA 9344 ( juvenile justice and welfare
act of 2006).

Actus Reus - proof that a criminal act has occurred.

Sketch - a rough drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more finished picture.

Types of Sketches
  1. Floor plan (Birds Eye View) 
  2. Elevation Drawing
  3. Exploded View
  4. Respective Drawings

Allan Pinkerton - a Scottish american detective who created the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,
the first detective agency in the US.Pinkerton foiled a plot to assassinate President Lincoln.

Rouges Gallery - is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and suspects kept for identification
purposes.A compilation of descriptions, methods of operation having places and names of criminal and their
associates.

Mugshot - is a photographic portrait taken after one is arrested.

Criminal investigation - it is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the three fold aims:
 3 Fold Aims Of Criminal Investigation

1. To identify the guilty party

2. To locate the guilty party
3. To provide evidence of his guilt

6 Cardinal points of investigation 

1. What specific offense was committed

2. How the offense was committed
3. Who committed it
4. Where the offense was committed
5. When it was committed 
6. Why it was committed

Tools of an investigator in gathering facts

  
  1. Information - data gathered by an investigator and other 
      person including the victim himself and from:
                             1. public records
                             2. private records
                             3. modus operandi file
  2. Interview - skillful questioning of witness and  
      suspects.
  3. Instrumentation - scientific examination of real 
       evidence, application of instruments and          
       method of physical sciences in  detecting crime.                                                  
Phases of investigations
 
  1.Phase 1 - identify the suspect through:
                      1. confession
                      2. eyewitness testimony
                      3. circumstantial evidence 
                      4. associate evidence
  2. Phase 2 - locate and apprehend suspect.
  3. Phase 3 - gather and provide evidence to 
       establish  the guilt of the accused.

Composition/Organization of an investigation team:

1. Team leader
2. Investigator/recorder
3. Photographer
4. Evidence Custodian
5. Composite illustrator/Artist

Equipment of an Investigator

1. Police line
2. Video camera
3. Voice recorder
4. Camera
5. Measuring device
6. Gloves
7. Flashlight
8. Fingerprint kit
9. Evidence bag
10. Evidence tag
11. Evidence bottles/vials
12. Investigators tickler

Investigators Tickler

1. Investigators checklist
2. Anatomical diagram form
3. Evidence Checklist
4. Turn-over receipt

Standard Methods of Recording Investigative Data:

1. Photographs
2. Sketching crime scenes
3. Written notes (what you have seen/observed)
4. Developing and lifting fingerprints found at the crime scene.
5. Gathering physical evidence
6. Plaster cast
7. Tape recording of sounds
8. Video tape recording of objects
9. Written statement of objects and witnesses.

2 Kinds of Information
  1. Regular sources - ex. citizen, company records
  2. Cultivated sources - ex. paid informant

 Interrogation or questioning witness or suspect who is reluctant to divulge or reveal information with the
goal of extracting a confession or obtaining information while an Interview is simple questioning of a person
who cooperate with  the investigator.

How the Suspect is Identified

  1. Confession or Admission - is a declaration of an 
      accused acknowledging his guilt.
  2. Eyewitness testimony
  3. Circumstantial evidence

How circumstantial Evidence Obtained

  1. Motive
  2. Opportunity
  3. Associative Evidence

Types of Interview
  1. Informal (on the scene interview) - conducted by
      police/investigator at the crime scene to get 
      description of criminal if seen.
  2. Formal - interview conducted by the investigator
      assigned to the case.

Types of Formal Interview 

  1. Normal - for willing or cooperative witness.
  2. Group/Pretext Interview - for hostile witness or 
      witness who refuse to cooperate.
  3. Follow Up - additional interview in addition to vital
      points if necessary.

Qualifications of Interviewer
  1. Salesman
  2. Actor
  3. Psychologist

Requisites of an Interview
  1. Establish rapport
  2. Forcefulness of personality
  3. Breadth of interest
Setting of Interview
  1. Background Interview - time and place of
      interview are not a consideration except for busy
      person.
  2. Routine Criminal Cases - interview should be 
      carefully planned. Busy person can be interviewed
      at night, privacy is important.
  3. Important Criminal Cases - should be conducted in
      places other than the subjects home/office to 
      prevent him/her feeling confident. Investigator 
      should get interviewees respect.
    4. Appropriate Time - General rule - (ASAP) as soon 
        possible while facts are fresh in the memory of
        interviewees.

Methods of Crime Scene Search

  1. Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form
      of a rectangle. The searchers (3 person is good)
      proceed slowly at the same pace along paths 
      parallel to one side of the rectangle.
  2. Double Strip Search Method - modification of the
      strip search method. The rectangle is traversed
      first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.
  3. Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is
      good) follow each other along the path of a spiral
      beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards
      the center.
  4. Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned
      to each subdivision of a quadrant and then each
      quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.
  5. Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to 
      be approximately circular. The searchers gather at
      the center and proceed outward along radii or 
      spokes. Procedure is repeated several times 
      depending on the size of the circle and the number
      of searchers.
strip search method

spiral search method

wheel search method

Criminal Sociology
   Introduction To Criminology
   Philippine Criminal Justice System
   Juvenile Delinquency And Crime Prevention
   Human Behavior And Crisis Management
   Police Ethics and Values
 Introduction To Criminology
 
Abrahamsen - In his crime and human mind, 1945, explained the causes
of crime by his formula "Criminal Behavior equals criminalistic
tendencies plus crime inducing situation divided by the persons
mental or emotional resistance to temptation.

 
Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) - was a Belgian mathematician, astronomer
and statistician, he helped to establish the cartographic school and
positivist schools of criminology which made extensive use of statistical
techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into
the relationships between crime and other social factors. Among his
findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well
as gender and crime.

 
Alienist - a doctor specializing in the treatment of mental illness.
An expert witness in a sanity trial.

 
Andrew Von Hirsch -  developed the notion of just desert.

   
           Just desert - has five guidelines; 1. treat legal
           punishment as a desert; 2. avoid doing harm; 3. sentence
           delinquency, not the delinquent; 4. interfere parsimoniously;
           5. restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern day
           utilitarianism.

 
Anger - is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or
something you feel has deliberately done you wrong.

 
Anomie - is a condition in which society provides little moral
guidance to individuals.

 
Anthropology - is the study of humans, past and present.

 
Atavism - The return of a trait or recurrence of previous behavior
after a period of absence.

 
Atavistic Anomaly - physically their throwbacks on the evolutionary
scale to more primitive times, where people were savages.

 
August Aichhorn - is considered to be one of the founders of psychoanalytic
education. He is remembered for his work with juvenile delinquent and
disadvantaged youth. He believed that imposed discipline and suppression
which were practiced in traditional reformatories yielded few
positive results.

 
Autophobia - is the specific phobia of isolation; a morbid fear of
being egotistical, or a dread of being alone or isolated.

   
          Monophobia - is an acute fear of being alone and having to
          cope without a specific person, or perhaps any person, in
          close proximity.

 
Biometrics - is a technique for identification of people that uses
body characteristics or behavioural traits and is increasingly being
used instead of or in conjunction with other forms of identification
based on something you have (e.g. ID card) or something you know
(e.g. password or PIN).
  
Bromberg - (crime and mind 1948) criminality is the result of
emotional immaturity. A person is emotionally matured when he has
learned to control his emotion effectively and who live at peace
with himself and in harmony with the standard of conduct which are
acceptable to society. Am emotionally immature person rebels against
rules and regulations, tends to engage in unusual activities and
experience a feeling of guilt due to inferkiority complex.

 
Brotherhood - an association, society, or community of people linked
by a common interest, religion, or trade.

 
Cesare Beccaria - founders of the classical school of thought within
criminology.

 
Cesare Lombroso - an Italian criminologist, founder of the Italian
school of criminology, formulated the theory of anthropological
criminology, essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and
that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects,
which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

 
Charles Darwin - wrote Origin of Species in 1859, kicked off the
scientific revolution, father of evolution.

 
Charles Goring - author of the influential work The English convict:
a statistical study.

   
          The English convict: a statistical study - It was first
          published in 1913, and set out to establish whether there
          were any significant physical or mental abormalities among
          the criminal classes that set them apart from ordinary men,
          as suggested by Cesare Lombroso. He ultimately concluded
          that "the physical and mental constitution of both criminal
          and law-abiding persons, of the same age, stature, class,
          and intelligence, are identical. There is no such thing as
          an anthropological criminal type."

 
Classical School - based on free will; able to make decisions in a
logical way; assumes people are hedonistic.

 
Conflict Of Culture Theory - by Thorstein Sellin. It was emphasized
in this theory that the multiplicity of conflicting cultures is the
principal source of social disorganization. The high crime and
delinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial group is explained by
their exposure to diverse and incongruent standards and codes of
larger society.

 
Containment Theory - criminality is brought about by the inability of
the group to contain behavior of its member and that of effective
containment of the individual into the value system and structure of
society will minimize crime.

 
Copycat Crime - A copycat crime is a criminal act that is modelled or
inspired by a previous crime that has been reported in the media or
described in fiction.

 
Criminaloid - (from the word "criminal" and suffix -oid, meaning
criminal-like) is a person who projects a respectable, upright facade,
in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality. This type, first
defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions of his 1876 work
"the Criminal man".

 
Criminal Personality - 1. the roots of criminality lie in the way in
which people think and make decisions; 2. criminals think and act
differently from others, even at a very young age; 3. criminals are
irresponsible, 4. deterministic explanations of crime result from
believing the criminal who is seeking sympathy.
    
          Anti-Social Personality - characterized by patterns of
          irresponsible and antisocial behavior, as well as
          aggressive tendencies.

 
Cyril Burt - gave the theory of general emotionality. An excess of the
submissive instinct account for tendency of many criminals to be
weak-willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may be due to the
impulse of fear.

 
Determinism - belief that individual behavior is beyond the control
of the individual; opposite of free will.

 
Differential Association Theory - Criminal behavior is learnable and
learned in interaction with other deviant persons. Through this
association, they learn not only techniques of certain crimes, but
also specific rationale, motives and so on.

   
          Edwin Sutherland - Differential association theory was
          Sutherland's major sociological contribution to criminology;
          similar in importance to strain theory and social control
          theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the
          individual's social relationships.

   
          Imitation-Suggestion Theory -  by Gabriel Tarde, Delinquency
          and crime pattern are learned and adopted. The learning
          process either be conscious type copying or unconscious
          copying of confronting pattern of behavior.

 
Differential-Social Disorganization Theory - This is sometimes called
Social Disorganization. There is social disorganization when there is
breakdown, changes, conflict of values between the new and the old,
when there is reduced influence of the social institution over behavior
and when there is declining influence of the solid moral and ethical
front.

      
 
Electroencephalogram - recording of electrical activity of the brain;
measures it.

 
Emile Durkheim - father of sociology. He is a Frenchman, Chief among
his claims is that society is a sui generis reality, or a reality
unique to itself and irreducible to its composing parts. It is
created when individual consciences interact and fuse together to
create a synthetic reality that is completely new and greater than
the sum of its parts.

 
E. O. Wilson - put forth a theory that differed from earlier theories,
believed that biological factors affect the perception and learning
of social behaviors.

 
Etiology of Crime - causes of crime.

 
Eugenics - the science of improving a human population by controlled
breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race.

 
Free Will - the idea that human beings are free to choose one behavior
or action over another.

 
Frustration - the feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially because
of inability to change or achieve something.

 
General Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment on
those persons who have not suffered.
    
          Specific Deterrence -  involves the effects of legal punishment
          on those who have suffered it.

 
Genetics - the branch in biology that deals with heredity.

 
Healy - (individual delinquency) crime is the expression of the mental
content of the individual. Frustration of the individual causes
emotional discomfort, personality demands removal of pain and the
pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is the start of the
crime delinquency of an individual.

 
Gianelt Index of Criminality - this crimino-synthesis explains the
reason why a person may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so.

 
Hedonism - pleasure or the absence of pain is the soul good in life.

 
Henry Maudsley - mental illness and criminal behavior went hand in
hand, crime prone traits were inherited.

 
Incapacitation - when they are locked up behind bars, they can't commit
anymore crimes.

 
Italian School Of Criminology - Founded in the end of the 19th century
by Cesare lombroso and 2 of his disciples, Enrico Ferri and Rafael
Garofalo.

   
          Enrico Ferri - an italian criminologist, student of Lombroso,
          His work served as the basis for Argentina’s penal code of 1921.
          His research led to him postulating theories calling for crime
          prevention methods to be the mainstay of law enforcement, as
          opposed to punishment of criminals after their crimes had
          taken place.

   
          Rafael Garofalo - often regarded as the father of Criminology.
          He is a student of Cesare Lombroso.

 
James Q. Wilson -  advocate for special deterrence; ultilitarian.

 
Jeremy Bentham - founders of the classical school of thought within
criminology. He is a lawyer.

 
Jukes Family -  family of criminals. Descendants are criminally minded
and committed crimes.

   
          Jonathan Edwards Family - opposite of jukes Family,
          descendants are good people and attained prominence in
          various fields.

 
Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness was a
1912 book by the American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Goddard.
The work was an extended case study of Goddard's for the inheritance of
"feeble-mindedness," a general category referring to a variety of mental
disabilities including mental retardation, learning disabilities, and
mental illness. Goddard concluded that a variety of mental traits were
hereditary and society should limit reproduction by people possessing
these traits.

 
Karyotype Studies - examination and comparison of chromosomes.

 
Kleptomania - a recurrent urge to steal, typically without regard
for need or profit.

 
Lawrence Kohlberg - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions, and
the bearing of grudges.

 
Limbic System - a set of areas in the human brain that integrate a
wide variety of messages from the senses and control goal-oriented
response to environmental and internal stimuli.

 
Megalomania - is a psychopathological condition characterized by
delusional fantasies of power, relevance, omnipotence, and by inflated
self-esteem.

 
Mens Rea - The state of mind indicating culpability which is required
by statute as an element of a crime.(Latin) guilty mind.

 
Miller Lower-Class Culture Conflict Theory - citizens who obey the
street rules of lower class life find themselves in conflict with
the dominant culture.

 
Moral/Intellectual Stages - deals with how adults morally represent a
reason about the world that they live in.

 
Morphology - deals with the form and structure of an organism or any
of its parts; measuring different parts of the human head; there is
a meaningful relationship between certain types of physical features
and personality.

 
Neo-Classical Perspective - stressed that the legal system should
focus exclusively on doing justice; respond to the crime; the
criminal made the rational decision.

 
Neurosis - condition characterized by anxiety, impulses may
breakthrough and take control.
    
          Amnesia - a partial or total loss of memory. Origin late 18th
          century: from Greek amnēsia ‘forgetfulness.’

   
          Delusion - a belief that is not true : a false idea. : a
          false idea or belief that is caused by mental illness.

   
          Dementia praecox (a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness")
          refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder
          characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually
          beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. It is a term
          first used in 1891 in this Latin form by Arnold Pick (1851–1924),
          a professor of psychiatry at the German branch of Charles
          University in Prague.

   
          Psychosis - severe form of mental disturbance, behavior
          impairs or gets in the way of everyday focus, Id takes
          control.

   
          Schizophrenia - often linked to criminal behavior,
          incoherent thought process, thinking is scrambled and may
          have split personalities.

   
          Paranoia - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions,
          and the bearing of grudges.

 
Penal Couple - is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and
victim of a crime. That is, both are involved in the event.

 
Penitentiary -  repent of wrongdoing and the will to atone for it.

 
Phobia - an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.
  
Phrenology - study of the shape of the skull and bumps of
facial features. The study of facial features.

   
          Craniology - the scientific study of the shape and size of
          the skulls of different human races. Another term for
          Phrenology.

 
Psychopatic Personality – This is the most important cause of
criminality among youthful offenders and habitual criminals. It is
characterized by infantile level or rescind, lack of conscience,
deficient feeling of affection to others and aggression to environment
and other people.

 
Physiognomy - to judge, interpret, or assess a person's character or
personality from his or her outer appearance, especially the face.
This study and science was used by Beccaria (1764) and lavater (1175)

to discover the character of a person.  

 
Positivist School - based on determinism; human behavior is controlled
by science.

   
          Positivism - the belief that the classical school of
          thought is wrong in explaining what causes crime because
          they failed to explain adequately the why portion.

   
          Cesare Lombroso - father of positivism; medical doctor who
          wanted to see whether criminals were physically different,
          believed in atavistic anomaly.

 
Psychiatry - the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional
disturbance, and abnormal behavior.
  
Psychoanalytic - the analysis of human behavior. First laid out by
Sigmund Freud in the 19th century.

 
 
Recidivism - elapse into criminal behavior; where you return back into
the criminal system.

 
Regression - a return to an earlier stage of life or a supposed previous
life, especially through hypnosis or mental illness, or as a means of
escaping present anxieties.

 
Samuel Yochelson - convinced that there is such thing as a criminal
personality.

 
Schools of Thought - devices for organizing fundamentally differing
views of human nature and relating them to issues surrounding crime
and its control.

 
Sexual Deviation - a type of mental disorder characterized by a
preference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices.

   
          Exhibitionism - a mental condition characterized by the
          compulsion to display one's genitals in public.

   
          Fetishism - is sexual attraction to objects, situations, or
          body parts not traditionally viewed as sexual.

   
          Paraphilia - a condition characterized by abnormal sexual
          desires, typically involving extreme or dangerous activities.
    
          Pedophilia - sexual feelings directed toward children.

   
          Sadomasochism - is the giving or receiving of pleasure,
          sometimes sexual, from acts involving the infliction or
          reception of pain or humiliation.

   
          Sadism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual
          gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation
          on others.

   
          Transvestism (also called transvestitism) - is the practice
          of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally
          associated with another gender.

   
          Masochism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially
          sexual gratification, from one's own pain or humiliation.

   
          Voyeurism - Watching others while naked or having sex,
          generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophilia
          or scoptophilia.

   
          Zoophilia - is a paraphilia involving cross-species sexual
          activity between human and non-human animals or a fixation
          on such practice.

 
Shaw and Mckay's Ecological Theory - crime is a product of transitional
neighborhoods that manifest social disorganization and value conflict.

 
Sigmund Freud - austrian psychiatrist; his approach: crime is but
one form of deviance.
    
          ID - contains the inner world of the individual's inborn
          instincts and reflexes.

   
          Ego - represents the real world of the individual's
          conscious reason and common sense.

   
          Superego - inner world of the individual's ideal
          expectations and conscience; the conceptions of what the
          individual considers to be morally good.

 
Social Bond Theory - relation between social factors and individual
activities; individuals become free to commit crimes when their ties
to society are broken.

 
Spiritual School - based on determinism; human behavior is determined
by God or demons or Satan.

 
Stanton Samenow -  convinced that there is such thing as a
criminal personality.

 
Thomas Hobbes - he believed that man is egotistical and self-centered;
if he thought he could get away with it, then he would commit the crime.

Type of Physique

   
          Ectomorph - a person with a lean and delicate body build. Are
          tall and thin and less social and more intellectual.

   
          Mesomorph - a person with a compact and muscular body build.
          Have well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance. They
          are active, aggressive, sometimes violent, and more likely
          to become criminals.

   
          Endomorph - a person with a soft round body build and a
          high proportion of fat tissue. Have heavy builds and are
          slow moving. They arte known for lethargic behavior
          rendering them unlikely to commit violent crime and more
          willing to engage in less strenuous criminal activities such
          as fencing stolen property.

 
Typology of Crime - involve classifying offenses or offenders according
to some criteria of relatedness or similarity.

 
Utilitarianism - the belief that legal punishments serve two vital
functions: 1. deterring persons from committing the crimes and
2. protecting society from those wholes acts threaten the social order;
the greatest good for the greatest number.

 
William Sheldon - an American psychologist who created the field of
somatotype and constitutional psychology that tried to correlate body
types with behavior,intelligence, and social hierarchy through his
Ivy league nude posture photos.

                               Temperament

   
          Viscerotonic - Coined by WH Sheldon, from viscera + -o- +
          tonic. Designating a personality type characterised as
          sociable, easy-going, and comfort-seeking.

   
          Somatonic - active, dynamic; walks, talks, gestures
          assertively and behaves aggressively.

   
          Cerebrotonic - Introvert and full of functional complaints
          to allergies, skin troubles, chronic fatigue, insomia,
          insensitive skin, and to noise, shrinks from crowds.

 
XYY Syndrome - these people are very tall and disproportionate;

more inclined to commit crimes .

 
Introduction To Criminology
Criminology - the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law enforcement.

3 Main School of Thought

Classical school
Positivist school
Chicago school

Classical school - based on utilitarian philosophy developed in the 18th century. This school of
thoughts argues:

That people have free will to choose how to act.

Deterrence is based upon the notion of the human being as a hedonist who seeks pleasure and
avoid pain and a rationalcalculator weighing up the cost and benefits of the consequences of each
action.
Punishment of sufficient severity can deter people from crime as the cost (penalties) outweigh
benefits and that the severity of punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring criminal behavior.

Prominent Philosophers of Classical school

Cesare Becarria - author of crimes and punishment.

Jeremy Bentham - inventor of the panopticon - type of institutional building designed to allow
an observer to observe inmates of an institution without them being able to tell whether or not they
are being watched.

Positivist school - presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and  external factors outside
of the individuals control.
                                

Positivism can be  broken in 3 segments which include:

                 1. Biological
                 2. Psychological
                 3. Social - - one of the largest contributors   
                     to biological positivism and founder of       
                     the Italian school of criminology is Cesare 
                     Lombroso.
                        

Italian School

Cesare Lombroso - an Italian doctor and sometimes regarded as the father of criminology.

Considered also as the founder of criminal anthropology. He suggested that physiological traits such
as the measurement of the check bones or hairline or a cleft palate, considered to be throwbacks to
neanderthal man, were indicative of "atavistic criminal tendencies". This approach has been
superseded by the beliefs of Enrico Ferri.
Enrico Ferri - a student of Lombroso, believe that social as well as biological factors played a role and
held the view that criminals should not be held responsible when factors causing their criminality
were beyond their control.

Sociological positivism - suggest that societal factors such as poverty, membership of subcultures

or low levels of education can predispose people to crime.
Adolphe Quetelet - made use of data and statistical analysis to gain insight into relationship between
crime and sociological factors. He found that age, gender, poverty, education and alcohol consumption
were important factors related to crime.
Rawson W. Rawson - utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between population density and crime
 rates with crowded cities creating an environment conducive for crime.
Joseph Fletcher and John Glyde - also presented papers to the statistical society of London on their
studies of crime and its distribution.
Henry Mayhew - used empirical methods and an ethnographic approach to address social questions
and poverty.
Emile Durkheim - viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of society with uneven distribution of wealth
and other differences among people.

Chicago school - arose in the early 20th century, through the work of Robert Park, Ernest Burgess
and other urban sociologist at the university of Chicago. Park and Burgess identified five 
concentriczones that often exist as cities grow, including the zone in transition which was identified
as most volatile and subject to disorder.

Edwin Sutherland - suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older, more experienced
criminals that they may associate with. (differential association). 

2 Main difference between the classical and positivist schools ofcriminology

Classical school                           Positivist school
1.Free will                                   1. Determinism
2. Philosophy                              2. Scientific methods

De minimis - is an addition to a general harm principle.The general harm principle fails to consider
the possibility of other sanctions to prevent harm, and the effectiveness of criminalization as a chosen
option.

Thanatos - a death wish.

Tagging - like labeling, the process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice.
               
Criminology Consists of 3 Principal Divisions
1. Sociology of Law - which is an attempt at scientific
    analysis of the conditions under which criminal law
    influences society.
2. Criminal Etiology - which is an attempt at scientific
    analysis of the study of causes or reasons for
    crime.
3. Penology - concerned with control crime by 
    repressing criminal activities through the fear of 
    punishment.

Crime - is a wrong doing classified by the state as a felony or misdemeanor.

Felony - is a serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison.

Misdemeanor - is a crime for which the punishment is usually a fine and/or up to one year in jail.

*Crimes are defined and punished by statutes and by 

  the common law.

Etiology - study of causes and reasons for crime.

Atavism - the view that crime is due to a genetic throwback to a more primitive and aggressive
form of human being.

Elements Necessary For A Crime To Occur

1. Desire or motivation on the part of the criminal.
2. The skills and tools needed to commit the crime.
3. Opportunity.

Spree killer - is someone who embarks on a murderous assault on 2 or more victims in a short time
in multiple locations.

Spree killing - killings at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders.

Spree murder - two or more murders committed by an offender/offenders without a cooling off period

Serial murder - two or more murders committed by an offender/offenders  with a cooling off period.

Mass murderer - are defined by one incident with no distinctive time period between the murders.

Thrill killing - a premeditated murder committed by a person who is not necessarily suffering from
mental instability and does not derive sexual satisfaction from killing victims or have anything against
them and sometimes do not know them but instead motivated by the sheer excitement of the act.

Victimology -studies the nature and cause of victimization.

Psychology - the scientific study of the human mind and its functions.

Psychiatry - the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.

Ecology - the environment as it relates to living organisms.

Demography - the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations.

Epidemiology - the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease.

Anthropology - the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of humans.

Impulse - a sudden strong urge or desire to act.

Kleptomania - is an irresistible impulse to steal in the absence of economic motive.

Prototype - is a standard or typical example.

Pathological - is caused by or evidencing a mentally disturbed condition.

Criminal Justice System
Criminal Justice System - is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding
social control, deterring and mitigating crime or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties
and rehabilitation efforts.

Goals of Criminal Justice

1. to protect individuals and society

2. to reduce crime by bringing offenders to justice
3. to increase the security of the people

Criminal Justice System consists of three main parts

1. legislative - create laws

2. courts - adjudication
3. corrections - jail, prison, probation, parole

Participants of Criminal Justice System

1. police - first contact of offender since they investigate wrongdoing and makes arrest.
2. prosecution - proves the guilt or innocence of wrongdoers.
3. court - venue where disputes are settled and justice is administered.
4. correction - after accused is found guilty, he is put to jail or prison to be reformed.
5. community - where the convict after service of sentence comes back to be integrated to be a productive
member of society.
Community Policing - the system of allocating officers to particular areas so that they become familiar with
the local inhabitants.

Early History of Punishment

1. Early Greece and Rome 
     a. most common state administered punishment 
         was banishment and exile.
     b. economic punishment such as fins for such crime
         as assault on slave, arson, or house breaking.
2. Middle 5th to 15th century 
     a. blood feuds were the norm.
     b. law and government not responsible for conflict.
3. Post 11th century feudal periods
     a. fine system, punishment often consisted of
         payment to feudal lord.
     b. goals, public order and pacifying the injured.
     c. corporal punishment for poor who can not pay.
4. 1500's
     a. urbanization and industrialization, use of torture
         and mutilation showed and punishment began to
         be more monetary based.
     b. use of gallery slaves - ship-rowers.
     c. shipped inmates to american colonies
5. 1700's - early 1800's
     a. increase in prison population
     b. gap between rich and poor widens
     c. physicality of punishment increases

Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence - the state tries to convince 
    potential criminals that the punishment they face is
    certain, swift, and severe so that they will be afraid
    to commit an offense.
2. Specific Deterrence - convincing offenders that the
    pains of punishment is greater than the benefits of 
    crime so they will not repeat their criminal offending
3. Incapacitation - if dangerous criminals are kept 
    behind bars, they will not be able to repeat their
    illegal activities.
4. Retribution/Just Desert - punishment should be no
    more or less than the offenders actions deserve, it
    must be based on how blameworthy the person is.
5. Equity/Restitution - convicted criminals must pay
    back their victims for their loss, the justice system 
    for the costs of processing their case and society
    for any disruption they may have caused.
6. Rehabilitation - if the proper treatment is applied,
    an offender will present no further threat to society
7. Diversion - criminals are diverted into a community
    correctional program for treatment to avoid stigma
    of incarceration.The convicted offender might be 
    asked to make payments to the crime victim or 
    participate in a community based program that
    features counseling.
8. Restorative Justice - repairs injuries suffered by 
    the victim and the community while insuring
    reintegration of the offender.Turn the justice 
    system into a healing process rather than a 
    distributor of retribution and revenge.

3 Broad Categories of Crime

1. Sensational crime
2. Street Crime
3. Corporate Crime, White Collar Crime, and 
    Organized Crime.

Sensational Crime - certain offenses are selected for their sensational nature and made into national issues.
Much of what we know about crime comes from the media.

Street Crime - includes a wide variety of acts both in public and private spaces including interpersonal violence
and property crime.
Justice - the quality of being just, fair and reasonable.

Rule of law - is a legal maxim whereby governmental decisions be made by applying known legal principles.

Judge - a public officer who presides over court proceedings and hear and decide cases in a court of law either
alone or as part of a panel of judges.

Prosecutor - the person responsible for presenting the case  in acriminal trial against an individual accused of
breaking the law.

Law - is a system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs,
maintain the stability of political and social authority and deliver justice.

Plaintiff - the person who brings a case against another in court of law.

Respondent - the defendant in a lawsuit.

Appellee - the respondent in a case appealed to a higher court.

Appellant - the party who appeals the decision of the lower court. A person who applies to a higher court for
a reversal of the decision of a lower court.

Stare Decisis - the legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent. Latin for "to stand
by that which is decided", general practice of adhering to previous decisions when it makes new one.

Miranda Doctrine - criminal suspect has the right to remain silent which means they have the right to refuse
to answer questions from the police.They have the right to an attorney and if they can not afford an attorney, on

Pro Bono - legal work done for free.

Writ - a form of written command in the name of the court or other legal authority to act or abstain from acting
in some way.

Subpoena - is a writ issued by a court authority to compel the attendance of a witness at a judicial proceeding.
Summon - a legal document issued by a court or administrativeagency of government authoritatively or urgently
call on someone to be present.

Discretion - the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice 
system.

What is twelve table? early Roman laws written around 450 BC which regulated family.religious, and economic
life.

What is the medical model of punishment?

- a view of corrections holding that convicted offenders are victims of their environment or sick people who were
suffering from some social malady that prevented them into valuable members of society.

What is the difference between Indeterminate sentence and Determinate sentence?

1. Indeterminate sentence
    a. a term of incarceration with a stated minimum 
        and maximum length. ex. 3-10years
    b. prisoner is eligible for parole after the minimum
        sentenced has been served.
    c. based on belief that sentences fit the criminal,
        indeterminate sentences allow individualized
        sentences and provide for sentencing flexibility.
    d. judges can set a high minimum to override the
        purpose of the indeterminate sentence.
2. Determinate sentence
    a. a fixed term of incarceration ex. 3 years
    b. these sentences are felt by many to be 
        restrictive for rehabilitative purposes.
    c. offenders know exactly how much time they 
        have to serve.

Various Factors Shaping Length of Prison Terms

1. Legal Factors 
    a. the severity of the offense
    b. the offenders prior criminal record
    c. whether the offender used violence
    d. whether the offender used weapons
    e. whether the crime was committed for money
2. Extra Legal Factors
    a. social class
    b. gender
    c. age
    d. victim characteristics

What are the institutions of socialization?

1. Family
2. Religion
3. Schools
4. Media

Family - is the primary institution of socialization in society.

Police Ethics and Community Relations
PNP Philosophy
  1. Service
  2. Honor
  3. Justice

PNP Core Values
  1. Makadios (God-Fearing)
  2. Makabayan (Nationalistic)
  3. Makatao (Humane)

Ethical Acts to be Observed by PNP members

  1. Morality
  2. Judicious use of authority
  3. Integrity
  4. Justice
  5. Humility
  6. Orderliness
  7. Perseverance

Definition of Terms

 Customs - established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force of law
 Traditions - bodies of belief, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation
with the effect of an unwritten law.
 Courtesy - a manifestation of expression of consideration and respect for others.
 Ceremony - a formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to special
occasion.
 Social Decorum - a set of norms and standard practiced by the members during social activities and
other functions.

Police Community Relation - generally refers to the sum total of attitudes and behavior between police and
the communities they serve.

Public Relations - a collection of communication techniques used by individuals or organizations to convince

an audience about the merits of an idea, organization, program, practice or policy.

Community Service - refers to the activities whereby police engage in pro-social activities to enhance the well
being of the community beyond law enforcement and other maintenance.

Community Participation - involves members of the community taking an active role in trying to genuinely
help the police.

Police Traditions 
1. Spiritual beliefs 
2. Valor
3. Patriotism
4. Discipline
5. Gentlemanliness
6. Word of Honor
7. Duty
8. Loyalty
9. Camaraderie

Spiritual Beliefs - can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality, an inner path enabling a person to
discover the essence of his/her being or the deepest values and meanings by which people live.

Valor - great courage in the face of danger. Strength of mind or spirit that enables a person to encounter danger
with firmness.

Patriotism - love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it.

Discipline - the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior using punishment to correct
disobedience.

Gentlemanliness - characteristic of or having the character of a gentleman. A man whose conduct conforms
to a high standard of propriety or correct behavior.

Word of Honor - a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do or not to do something in the
future.

Duty - a task or action that someone is required to perform.

Loyalty - a strong feeling of support or allegiance. Is faithfulness or a devotion to a person, country, group or
cause.

Camaraderie - mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together. Goodwill and
lighthearted rapport between or among friends.
Seminar on Contemporary Police Problem

Contemporary Police Problem may be Classified into the following:

1. Police Misconduct - is a broad category.The term refers to a wide range of procedural,criminal and civil
violations.
2. Police Corruption - is the abuse of authority for personal gain.

Misconduct - is procedural when it refers to police who violate police department rules and regulation.

Criminal - when it refers to police who violate the penal laws.

Civil - when it refers to police who violate a citizens civil right.

Common forms of Misconduct

1.  Excessive use of physical or deadly force

2. Discriminatory arrest
3. Physical or verbal harassment
4. Selective Enforcement of the law
5. False arrest and imprisonment
6. Perjured testimony about illegal searches

Common Forms of Police Corruption

1.  Bribery
2. Extortion
3. Receiving of Fencing Stolen goods
4. Selling drugs,theft of drugs and money from drug dealer
5. malicious prosecution
6. Making false report and committing perjury
7. Protecting illegal gambling
8. Theft of seized property
 9. Receiving discounts on purchases
10. Selling information about police operation

What are the safeguards against police misconduct

1.  Establish Code of conduct

2. Train new recruit ethically and properly
3. Investigate and Discipline violators
4. Establish independent body ex. Pleb

 Despite legal safeguards and well intentioned reforms, Police problems have continued to produce 
headlines.
 What can society do against the age-old problem of police misconduct and corruption? ans. Monitor
and Correct.

Trends in the forms of Police Corruption

  1. Drugs - became the major driver of corruption replacing 
      gambling, prostitution and alcohol.
  2. Corruption is systemic in police departments.

Systemic - affecting the entire system, group, body or society as a whole.

Standard strategies for reducing Police Corruption

  1. Create permanent external oversight over the police with 
      particular emphasis on monitoring police officer  behavior. 
  2. Holding supervisors responsible for the integrity of their 
      subordinate.
  3. Reforming merit promotion and assignment.
  4. Changing police culture.
  5. Creating training programs in integrity for recruits and in-service 
      personnel particularly first line supervisors.
  6. Creating an effective internal integrity monitoring unit.
  7. Annually evaluating the integrity of all officers.
  8. Making the Chief responsible for enforcing all disciplines.
  9. Proactively investigate misbehavior.
  10. Improving standards for recruitment and training.

Information about  Police corruption comes from several sources

  1. Appointed commission/Body of investigation
  2. Civil and Criminal investigations of police behavior
  3. Investigations undertaken by the police themselves
  4. Accounts by public media
  5. Observations by outside witnesses
  6. Surveys of police officers and the public
  7. Accounts by people involved in corrupt activity

Being  on the Pad - this phrase is associated with bribery and extortion, a category of police corruption.
Police Brutality - actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily
prodding with night sticks and stopping and searching people to harass.

Most Common Types of Corruption in the PNP

1. Case Fixing - subjective imposition of penalties or downright 
    sabotage of the investigation process in exchange 
    for  money or other things for personal gain.
2. Bribery - receipt of cash or a gift in exchange for past of future 
    assistance in avoidance of prosecution.
3. Extortion - common practice of holding "street court" where 
    incidents such as minor traffic tickets can be avoided
    with a cash payment  to the officer and no receipt given.
4. Protection - taking of money or other rewards from vice operators 
    or from legitimate companies operating illegally
    in return for protecting them from law enforcement activity.
5. Recycling - use or sale of confiscated items and evidence, usually 
    drugs or narcotics.
6. Selective Enforcement - occurs when police officer exploit their 
    officer discretion e. areglo, balato.
7. Internal Pay-Offs - sale of work assignments, day offs, holidays, 
    vacation period and even promotion.
Juvenile Delinquency

PD 603 - Child and Youth Welfare Code

RA 9262 - Anti Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004.

RA 9344 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006

Youthful offender - over 9 years old but under 18 years old at the time of the commission of the offense.

Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquency

  1. Rational Choice - causes of crime lie within the
      individual offender rather than in their external
      environment.
  2. Social Disorganization - absence or breakdown of 
      communal institutions and communal relationships
      that traditionally encouraged cooperative 
      relationships among people.
                   
                    Communal Institutions
          1. Family
          2. School
          3. Church
          4. Social Groups

   3. Strain Theory - crime is caused by the difficulty of

      those in poverty in achieving socially valued goals
      by legitimate means.
  4. Differential Association - young people are 
      motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers 
      and learn criminal skills from them.
  5. Labelling Theory - once a person is labeled criminal
      they are more likely to offend. Once labeled as 
      deviant, a person may accept that role and more 
      likely to associate with others who have been 
      similarly labeled.
  6. Social Control Theory - proposes that exploiting 
      the process of socialization and social learning 
      builds self control and can reduce the inclination
      to indulge in behavior recognized as anti social.

Four Types of Control That Can Help Prevent Juvenile Delinquency

  1. Direct - punishment is threatened or applied for
      wrongful behavior and compliance is rewarded by
      parents, family and authority figures.
  2. Internal - youth refrains from delinquency through
      the conscience or super ego.
  3. Indirect - by identification with those who   
      influence behavior because his/her delinquent act 
      might cause pain and disappointment to parents
      and others with whom he/she has close
      relationships.
  4. Control - through needs satisfaction, if all 
      individuals needs are met, there is no point in
      criminal activity.

Breed vs. Jones - A US court decision where it held that juveniles can not be tried when acquitted in juvenile 
court then tried again in adult criminal court.Double jeopardy applies to juveniles as well as adults.
Juvenile Delinquency - is the participation in illegal behavior by minors who fall under a statutory limit.

Juvenile Delinquent - is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would
have been charged as a crime if they were an adult.

Crimes Commonly Committed by Juvenile Delinquents

1.  Status offenses - is an action that is prohibited only to a certain class of people and most often applied
to offenses onlycommitted by minors. example, under age smoking.
2. Property crimes - is a category of crime that includes theft,robbery,motor vehicle theft,arson,shop lifting
and vandalism.
3. Violent Crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim.

Age of Majority - is the threshold of adulthood as it is conceptualized,recognized or declared by law.The vast

majority of country including the Philippines set majority age at 18.

Young Adult - a person between the ages of 20 and 40 whereas adolescent is a person between the ages of 13
and 19.
  
Types/Categories of Juvenile Delinquency

1.  Delinquency - crimes committed by minors which are dealt with by the juvenile courts and justice system
2. Criminal behavior - crimes dealt with by the criminal justicesystem.
3. status offenses - offenses which are only classified as such because one is a minor, such as truancy which
is also dealt with by juvenile court.
Truancy - is any intentional unauthorized absence from compulsory schooling.
Vandalism - Ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable.The term includes criminal
damage such as graffiti and defacement directed towards a property without the permission of the owner.
Graffiti - is writing or drawings scribbled,scratched or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place.
Defacement - refers to marking or removing the part of an object designed to hold the viewers attention.

Types of Offenders That Emerge in Adolescence

1. Repeat Offender - (life-course-persistent offender) - begins offending or showing anti-social/aggressive

behavior in adolescence or even childhood and continuous in adulthood.
2. Age Specific Offender (adolescence-limited offender) - juvenile offending or delinquency begins and ends
during their period of adolescence.
Human Behavior and
Crisis Management Reviewer

Automatic Cues or Fixed Action Responses - these are responses that

are usually found or used among animals when you instruct them to do
something. For example, in an animal show, animal trainers use a
whistle to elicit a specific response from an animal.
Antisocial Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing
pattern of a disregard for other people’s rights, often crossing the
line and violating those rights. It usually begins in childhood or
as a teen and continues into their adult lives.

Anxiety - a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something

with an uncertain outcome.

Apathy - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.

Avoidant Personality Disorder - experience long-standing feelings of

inadequacy and are extremely sensitive to what others think about
them. These feelings of inadequacy leads to the person to be socially
inhibited and feel socially inept. Because of these feelings of
inadequacy and inhibition, the person with avoidant personality
disorder will seek to avoid work, school and any activities that
involve socializing or interacting with others.

Borderline Personality Disorder - (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of

instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions.
People with borderline personality disorder are also usually very
impulsive, oftentimes demonstrating self-injurious behaviors (risky
sexual behaviors, cutting, suicide attempts).

Compulsion - A sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to

do some action.
Conditions and Factors that surrounds and influences an individual 
that can cause certain behavior patterns.
1. Environment 
2. Society                                                       
3. Heredity
4. Learning

Counter-Surveillance - any method either physical or technical

employed by the offender(s) to detect Law Enforcement involvement
or the use of surveillance.

Courier - the person(s) delivering the concessions(s), which, purports

to be, that being demanded by the offenders.

Criminal Behavior - is intentional behavior that violates a criminal

code; intentional in that it did not occurs accidentally or
under duress.

Criminal Psychiatry - a branch of psychiatry that deals with the

evaluations, prevention and cure of criminal behavior.

Criminal Psychology - a branch of psychology that deals with the study

of behavior and mental processes of the criminal.

Criminal Siege - is a result of a perpetration of crime that went

wrong and the criminals were trapped or cornered by law enforcers. In
many cases, hostage taking is violent and unplanned.

Criminal Sociology - a branch of sociology that studies about the

criminal and to its relation to the social structure of organization
of society as well the process on how the criminal learn the behavior,
both criminal and non-criminal.

Crisis - Any situation that is threatening or could threaten to harm

people or property, seriously interrupt operations, damage reputation
and/or negatively impact the bottom line.

Crisis Intervention - focuses on studying an individual’s life in

order to defuse the destructive effects of the unusual stress being
experienced, and then assisting the individual in crisis to go back
to his or her normal condition before the crisis.

Crisis Management - is the expert handling of a situation to reduce or

eliminate danger or destruction.

Crisis Negotiation - the use of communication techniques and strategies

to influence a person to change his/her behavior in accordance with
goals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.

      Crisis Negotiation Team - Composition

      1. Primary Negotiator - actually communicates with the subject.
      2. Secondary Negotiator - (Backup) assists the primary negotiator
         by offering advice, monitoring the negotiations, keeping
         notes, and ensuring that the Primary Negotiator sees and
         hears everything in the proper perspective.
      3. Intelligence Liaison/Recorder - interviews individuals
         associated with the suspect to compile a criminal history
         and a history of mental illness, as well as to gather other
         relevant information. He is also in charge of the recordings
         of all conversations.
      4. Negotiation Team Leader - the most senior member of the team
         act as a leader. His primary responsibility is to act as a
         buffer between command personnel and the Negotiation Team.
         He/She advises the Incident/On-Scene Commander on the best
         negotiating strategies and co-ordinates the process with the
         SWAT and the forward command resources.
      5. Board Negotiator - he/she maintains a visual display of all
         information relevant to the negotiations, i.e. deadlines,
         demands and details of persons known to be in the stronghold.

Deadlock - means no deal and no agreement—in other words, failure of

the negotiation.

Debriefing - shall be conducted after each positive police action to

evaluate and study operational lapses. Proper assessment of the
situation is an important key to a successful operation during
hostage-taking scenarios. Debriefing also assists in determining and
establishing best practice.

Delusion - is a belief held with strong conviction despite superior

evidence to the contrary.

Dependent Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing

need for the person to be taken care of and a fear of being abandoned
or separated from important individuals in his or her life. This
leads the person to engage in dependent and submissive behaviors
that are designed to elicit care-giving behaviors in others. The
dependent behavior may be see as being “clingy” or “clinging on”
to others, because the person fears they can’t live their lives
without the help of others.

Depressive and Suicidal - is an individual who has no contact with

reality. He/She is characterized by the following:
a. Irritable depressed mood
b. Diminished interests
c. Weight loss and fatigue
d. Insomnia or hypersomnia
e. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
f. Feeling of worthlessness and guilt
g. Lack of concentration
h. Thoughts of death.

Deviant Behavior - a behavior that deviates from the norms and

standards of the society. It is not criminal behavior but it has
the tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will become criminals
when it violates the provision of the criminal law.

Emphaty - is the ability to understand and share the feelings of

another. It is where the negotiator tries to perceive the emotional
state or condition of the subject and feedback a response that
demonstrates his/her understanding of the subject.

Hematophobia - an abnormal and persistent fear of blood.

Histrionic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing

pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality.
Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center
of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they
are not. While often lively, interesting and sometimes dramatic, they
have difficulty when people aren’t focused exclusively on them.

Hostage - an individual who has been held by the perpetrators against

his/her will.

Hostage-taker(s) - an individual or group of person who hold another

person(s) against his/her/their will as bargaining chips for purposes
of demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any
police action, or pursuing personal interest or that of the general
public.

Hostage Taking - is a situation that set of circumstances wherein a

suspected law violator is holding a person in captive by the use of
force or threat of violence.

Hot Debrief - short debriefing conducted by negotiating team prior to

turn over to another set of negotiating team.

Human Behavior - is refers to the manner, the way in which a human

react to his environment.

Illusion - is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain

normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Though
illusions distort reality, they are generally shared by most people.
Impulsion - a strong urge to do something.

Incident/On-Scene Commander - the senior officer in command of the

incident.

Inside Agent - a person who is in any advantageous position (e.g.

employed by the victim or victim’s organization) which allows them
to gather intelligence or carry out counter surveillance on behalf
of the offenders.

Intermediary - any person authorized by the Incident/On-Scene

Commander to communicate with the hostage-takers either upon the
request of the latter or to facilitate smooth communication between
the designated negotiators and the hostage-takers. All actions of the
intermediary are supervised by the negotiators.

Kidnapper(s) - an individual or group of persons who kidnapped or held

another person against his/her will as bargaining chips for purposes of
demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any
police action, or pursuing personal interest.

Learned - an operant behavior which involves cognitive adaptation that

enhances the human being’s ability to cope with changes in the
environment and to manipulate the environment.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing

pattern of grandiosity (either in fantasy or actual behavior), an
overwhelming need for admiration, and usually a complete lack of empathy
toward others. People with this disorder often believe they are of
primary importance in everybody’s life or to anyone they meet.

Negotiation - to communicate on a matter of disagreement between two

parties, with a view to first listen to the other party’s perspective
and then attempt to arrive at a resolution agreed by consensus.

Negotiator - a trained PNP personnel or any person authorized by the

Incident/On-Scene Commander to negotiate for and in behalf of the
police.

Neighborhood Check – the process of getting information from a person

who knew the victim particularly in the neighborhood with the purpose
of obtaining material information about the victim and probable suspect.

Obsession - an idea or thought that continually preoccupies or intrudes

on a person's mind.

Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - (OCD) is an anxiety disorder

characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness,
apprehension, fear or worry (obsessions), repetitive behaviors aimed
at reducing the associated anxiety (compulsions), or a combination of
such obsessions and compulsions. Symptoms of the disorder include
excessive washing or cleaning, repeated checking, extreme hoarding,
preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts,
relationship-related obsessions, aversion to particular numbers and
nervous rituals such as opening and closing a door a certain number of
times before entering or leaving a room.

Paranoid - is a mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive,

long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.

Paranoid Personality Disorder - are generally characterized by having

a long-standing pattern of pervasive distrust and auspiciousness of
others.  A person with paranoid personality disorder will nearly
always believe that other people’s motives are suspect or even malevolent.
Individuals with this disorder assume that other people will exploit,
harm, or deceive them, even if no evidence exists to support this
expectation.

Pay-off – the act of exchanging an agreed amount between the family and
the kidnappers at a designated time and place for the safe release of
the victim.

Personality Disorder - is not a mental disorder. Individuals with

personality disorders can function in the world to a high level, e.g.
look after themselves, business, finance, etc. However, they fail to
function normally in terms of their relationship with other people.
They have dramatic/aggressive clusters of behavior.

      Characteristics of a Person with Personality Disorder

      1. No conscience – lacks guilt or remorse, inability to love,
         no empathy. A Bully.
      2. Selfish, no loyalty
      3. Manipulative/charmer – likes power/controlling others
      4. Sexually experimenting
      5. Seeks immediate gratification, thrill seeker
      6. Low anxiety, blames others – never their fault
      7. Frustration tolerance low – may turn to his/her for stimulation
      8. Low self esteem, poor achievement history
      9. Poor planner – lacks follow through
      10.Probable marital and employment problems
      11.Chaotic family relationship
      12.Excessive/exorbitant and
      13.Changing demands
      14.Suicide potential high
      15.Seeks attention/audience
      16.Wants to prove can do something
      17.May like attention and not want to end incident

Phases of a Crisis
1. Pre-Incident Phase - is the period of time prior to an incident
   occurring. This Phase consists of the following:
   a. Prediction - determination of what incident is going to occur
      and when it is going to occur, is the key to minimizing the
      effects of the incident.
   b. Prevention - the best way to minimize the damage done by an
      incident is to prevent it from occurring. Not all incidents are
      preventable like natural disasters. Some preventable incidents
      may be detected too late to prevent them.
   c. Preparation - 2 Forms of preparation
         1. Preparation of the response designed to prevent the incident
         2. Preparation for the incident.
2. Incident Occurrence - is the instance in time at which the incident
   occurs or starts to occur if it has not been prevented.
3. Post-Occurrence Phase - during this phase, the incident may get
   worse. This Phase consists of the following:
   a. Recognition
   b. Response
         1. Initial Response
         2. Consolidation
         3. Stand down
   c. Recovery
   d. Investigation
4. Post-Incident Phase - incident is likely to have a finite lifetime.
   Most incidents will conclude without intervention. However, without
   intervention the effects of the incident may be worse or the
   incident may last longer. This Phase Consist of the following:
   a. Restoration - once the incident is over, normality returns over
      a period of time which can take months or years for very severe
      incidents.
   b. Investigation - may be performed after the incident concludes
      to provide information and evidence for any hearing, inquiries
      and criminal prosecution.
   c. Post-Incident Discussion Activities - activities include
      immediate incident debriefs and other types of incident
      discussions occurring some time after the incident concludes.
      The aim of the debriefs is to identify areas for improvement.

Phobia - is an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or

situation that poses little real danger but provokes anxiety and
avoidance.

Proof of life - positive proof that the hostage is alive, obtained

from a reliable or verified source.
Psychotic – (Paranoid Schizophrenic) is a mental disorder which means
that individuals affected cannot function in the world adequately on
a day-to-day basis. They see the world as disorder and they are
desperately trying to make sense of it. They have odd/eccentric clusters
of behavior and fear/terror may be their underlying emotion.

      Characteristics of a Psychotic Individual

      1. Disorganized Thinking
         a. Delusions, false beliefs – often of persecution or
            grandeur despite evidence to the contrary.
         b. Thoughts spill out in no logical order, leaps from one
            idea to another.
      2. Disturbed Perception - Hallucinations, all 5 senses with no
         known cause.
      3. Inappropriate emotions/actions - Laughs at funerals, cries when
         others laugh, performs compulsive or senseless acts e.g.
         rocking, rubbing, twisting hair.
      4. Socially withdrawn, aloof, detached
      5. Disoriented/confused/paranoid
      6. Argumentative, suspicious of others, over reacts
      7. Acts peculiarly such as collecting rubbish and talking to
         himself/herself
      8. Belief that his/here body/thoughts is controlled by
         external force.

Rapport - a close and harmonious relationship in which the people

concerned understand each other’s feelings or ideas and communicate.

Schizoid Personality Disorder - is a personality disorder characterized

by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a
solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.

Schizophrenic - is an individual who has no contact with reality.

He/She is usually characterized by the following:
a. He/She is a psychotic;
b. He/She has a fundamental personality disorder;
c. He/She exhibits symptoms such as hallucinations, voices, obscene
   language, giggling, self absorbed smile and sudden breaks in flow
   of thinking.

Stockholm Syndrome - term that refers to a situation during hostage

taking where the victim develops rapport and becomes sympathetic with
his/her captor.

Stronghold - any location or structure, fixed or mobile, where the

hostage is being held.
Suicide Intervention - the use of communication techniques and
strategies to influence a person to change behavior and reconsider
his desire to commit suicide.

Tactical Interrogation - refers to the act of questioning or eliciting

information from a suspect to produce information of tactical or
operational value.

Time - is the most important element of hostage negotiation.

Victim -  the person/company/organization to whom the unwarranted

demand or threat is directed or intended, or is expected by the
offenders to respond.

Victim Communicator - the individual communicating directly with the

people making the threat(s), demand(s) or issuing instructions.

Victimology – the process of obtaining a detailed account of the

victim’s lifestyle and personality that can assist in determining the
nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim, and the
type of person who could have committed the crime. It also includes
complete information regarding the victim’s physical description,
normal behavioral patterns, family dynamics and known friends and
acquaintances. 
Human Behavior and Crises Management
Crisis Management - is the process by which an organization deals with a major event that threatens to harm the
organization or the general public.

Crisis - is any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group,
community or society.

Risk Management - involves assessing potential threats and finding the best ways to avoid those threats.

Crisis Management - dealing with threats after they have occurred.Crises Management is occasionally referred as
incident management.

Crisis Negotiation - is a technique for law enforcement to communicate with people who are threatening violence
including barricaded subject, hostage taker, stalkers, threats, workplace violence or person threatening suicide.

Forensic Psychology - forensic discipline that evaluates behavioral patterns and how they relate to crime.

Hostage Negotiation - a negotiation conducted between law enforcement agencies, diplomatic or other governmenta
representatives for the release of a person held hostage against their will by criminal, terrorist or other elements.

Crises Management Plan - crises management methods of a business or organization.

3 Elements of Crises Management

  1. threat to the organization or public
  2. element of surprise
  3. short decision time

Types of Crises
  1. Natural Disaster
  2. Technological Crises
  3. Confrontation
  4. Malevolence
  5. Organizational Misdeeds
  6. Work place violence
  7. Rumors
  8. Terrorist attacks/Man made disasters

Natural Disaster - considered acts of god - such as environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
floods, landslides, storms, tsunamis and droughts that threaten life, property and the environment itself.

Technological Crises - are caused by human application of scienceand technology.

Confrontation Crises - occur when discontented individuals and/or groups, fight business, government and various
interest groups to win acceptance of their demands and expectations.

Common Type of Confrontation Crises

  1. Boycott
  2. Picketing
  3. Sit-ins
  4. blockade
  5. Occupation of buildings
  6. Resisting/Disobeying police
  7. Ultimatums to those in authority

Crises of malevolence - opponents or miscreants individuals use criminal means or other extreme tactics for the
purpose of expressing hostility or anger toward a company or country with aim of destabilizing or destroying it. ex.
product tampering, kidnapping, terrorism, espionage.

Crises of Organizational Deeds - occurs when management takes actions it knows will harm stakeholders without
adequate precaution.

3 Types of Organizational Misdeeds

  1. Crises of skewed management values
  2. Crises of Deception
  3. Crises of Management Misconduct

Human Behavior - refers to the range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture,
attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and genetics.

Factors Affecting Human Behavior

  1. Genetics
  2. Attitude
  3. Social Norms
  4. Perceive behavioral control
  5. Core faith
  6. Survival instinct

Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Criminal Behavior

1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Delirium
 3. Delusional Disorder
4. Dementia
5. Impulse Control Disorder
6. Intoxication or withdrawal from medication or drugs
7. Malingering
8. Mood disorders such as major depression, anxiety disorders and 
    bipolar disorders
9. Personality disorders, especially anti social personality disorder
10.Pervasive developmental disorder (autism)
11.Psychotic disorder
12.Schizophrenia
13.Schizo-afflective disorder
14.Schizophreniform disorder
15.Substance dependence and abuse
16.Traumatic brain injury

Mental Illness/Mental Disorder - a health conditions that changes a persons thinking, feelings or behavior and that
causes the person distress and difficulty in functioning.

Schizophrenia - a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought,
emotion and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings,withdrawal from reality
and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion and a sense of mental fragmentation.

Autism - a mental condition present from early childhood characterized by great difficulty in communicating and
forming relationship with other people and in using language and abstract concepts.

Hypnosis - the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently losses the power of voluntary
action and is highly responsive to suggestions or directions.

Stalking - is a term used to refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or group to another person.

Human Behavior and Crisis Management Definition of Terms

2 Basic Instinct/Impulse

1. Eros – life instinct – preservation of life

2. Thanatos – Death instinct

3 Possible Causes Of Crime And Delinquency

1. Conscience so over bearing – strong

2. Weak Conscience
3. Desire for immediate gratification of needs

3 Components Of The Human Personality

1. ID
2. Ego
3. Super Ego

3 Dimension Of Personality Related To Criminal Behavior –

    Eysencks Theory

1. Psychotism
2. Extroversion
3. Neurotism

46 Chromosomes – normal person.

Female – XX on 23rd chromosomes

Male - XY on 23rd chromosomes

Anal – Anus is the source of gratification.

Basic concept Of The Crisis Theory

1. Equilibrium
2. Time
3. Change

Behavior - 
 1. Overt – directly seen
2. Covert – motives, emotions

Catatonic – wax – motor disorder, will stay in one position for a long period without moving, harmless.

Change – the result of crisis on individual.

Coprolalia – obtaining of sexual pleasure by using or hearing certain dirty words

Criminal Psychology – Human conduct against criminal laws.

Crisis – A state provoked when a process faces obstacle, hazard to important life goals that is for a time insurmou

Delusion – erroneos belief

1. Delusion of persecution
2. Delusion of grandeur – you feel as a powerful person

Dyspareunia – painful intercourse

Ego – In charge with reality.

Electra Complex – For female, female child develop hatred to the mother but sexual attraction to the father.

Equilibrium – state of balance or adjustment between opposite or divergent influences.

Exhibitionism – exposure of genitals in pjublic.

Extroversion – sensation seeking, anventurous, dominant, assertive.

Faotreurism – rubbing genitals to other person.

Fetishism/Fatalism – sex objects are not human.

Frigidity – inability to have sexual arousal and enjoy coitus.

Genetic Basis Of Criminology – bad seed theory.

Genital – With other person.

Gonorrhea – infection of genitals acquired through sexual contacts.

Symptoms
                          1.  Inflammation
                          2.  Discharge of white, yellow or yellowish green fluid   
                               from the urethra
                          3.Burning sensation when urinating
Treatment – injection of penicillin

Halucination – perceive something without realistic basis.

Hebephrenic – harmless, excessive withdrawal from human contact, characterized by silliness and child like mann

Herpes – infection of the genetals acquired after 2-20 days of sexual contact with the carrier.

Symptoms

1. Sores, ruptures, and blisters

2. It is recurrent

Treatment – no sure cure yet

Histrionic – characterized bhy over reactivity. OA

Homosexuality – sexual attraction and relationship with the person of the same sex.

ID – Based on pleasure principle. Animal instinct.

Incest – sex with close relative

Insanity – Symptoms

1. Halucination
2. Delusion

Klismaphilia – erotic activity involving the anal region

Masochism – he is the one being hurt.

Mental disorder – is insanity. Is known as severe psychosis, also called schizophrenia.

Narcisism – love of one's self

Narcisistic Personality – inflated ego, “mataas ang pagtingin sa sarili”

Necrophilia – sex with a corpse

Neurotism – low self esteem, mood swings, excessive anxiety.

Oedipus Complex – For male, male child develop hatred to the father but sexual attraction to the mother.

Oral – Mouth is source of gratification. From birth up to 3 years.

Paranoid – characterized by extreme suspiciousness, most dangerous.

Paranoid Personality – characterized by suspiciousness but absence of delusion and halucination. Neurotic.

Paraphilias – abnormal ways of sexual gratification.

Personality Disorder – not insane

1. Psychopath/Sociopath/Anti-social personality
2. Narcisistic Personality
3. Paranoid Personality
4. Histrionic
5. Schizoid Personality

Phallic – Source of pleasure is the sex organ. About 5 years old.

Phedophilia – having sex with children, usually below 13 years old.

Psychology – Study of behavior.

Psychopath – no sense of shame, no morality, do not learn from their experience.

Psychosexual development

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital

Psychotism – aggressive, egocentric, impulsive. 

Sadism – a person who achieve sexual satisfaction by seeing the partner suffer.

Sado-Masochism – both sadism and masochism

Schizoid Personality – extreme social withdrawal.

Sexual Disorders -

1. Sexual Dysfunctions
2. Paraphilias
3. Gender identity Disorder

Sexual Dysfunction – sexual disorder. Arousal disorder.

1. Failure to achieve orgasm

 2. Premature orgasm

Sigmund Freud – psycho analytic theory.

Super Ego – In charge with morality – conscience.

Syphilis – STD disease acquired 3-4 weeks after sexual contact with an infected person.

Symptom – Sore or chancre in the penis or scrotum for male, cervix or vaginal

walls for woman, can be diagnosed by blood test.

Treatment – antibiotics

Time – involves the period of disorganization, period of upset, and the period of adaptation.

Transvestism – cross-dressing, sexual gratification by wearing the clothes of the opposite sex.

Types Of Psychosis

1. Disorganized or hebephrenic
2. Catatonic
3. Paranoid
4. Undifferentiated

Undeffirentiated – simple schizophrenia, do not care about their hygiene anymore, harmless, taong grasa.

Venereal Diseases – sexually transmitted diseases

1. Gonorrhea
2. Syphilis
3. Herpes
4. Aids

Voyeurism – peeping tom

XYY – appearance of extra chromosomes, violent people. Aggressive, usually tall.

Zoophilia/Bestiality – having sex with animal

Correctional Administration
   Institutional Corrections
 Non-Institutional
Corrections

Institutional Corrections
Alcatraz - a US federal penitentiary, Often referred to as "The Rock",
the small island of alcatraz was developed with facilities for a lighthouse,
a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a federal prison
from 1933 until 1963.
Alexander Maconochie - was a Scottish naval officer, geographer, and
penal reformer. He is known as the Father of Parole.

          His 2 Basic Principle of Penology

          1. As cruelty debases both the victim and society, punishment
             should not be vindictive but should aim at the reform of
             the convict to observe social constraints, and
          2. A convict's imprisonment should consist of task, not time
             sentences, with release depending on the performance of a
             measurable amount of labour.

Auburn Prison - Constructed in 1816 ,(opened 1819) it was the second

state prison in New York, the site of the first execution by electric
chair in 1890. It uses the silent or congregate system.

Banishment - a punishment originating in ancient times, that required

offenders to leave the community and live elsewhere, commonly in the
wilderness.

BJMP - (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology) government agency

mandated by law (RA 6975) to take operational and administrative control
over all city, district and municipal jails.
It takes custody of detainees accused before a court who are temporarily
confined in such jails while undergoing investigation, waiting final
judgement and those who are serving sentence promulgated by the court
3 years and below.

          - created Jan. 2, 1991.

          - Charles S. Mondejar - 1st BJMP chief.
          - BJMP chief tour of duty, must not exceed 4 years, maybe
            extended by President. Grounds:
                                   1. In times of war
                                   2. other national emergencies.
          - Senior superintendent - the rank from which the BJMP chief
            is appointed. This is the rank of the BJMP Directors of
            the Directorates in the National Headquarters. This is also
            the rank of the Regional Director for Jail Management
            and Penology.
          - Chief of the BJMP - Highest ranking BJMP officer. Appointed
            by the President upon recommendation of DILG Secretary. Rank
            is Director.
          - BJMP Deputy Chief for Administration - the 2nd highest ranking
            BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation
            of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
          - BJMP Deputy Chief for Operations - the 3rd highest ranking
            BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation
            of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
          - BJMP Chief of the Directorial Staff - the 4th highest BJMP
            officer. Appointed by the President upon recommendation of
            the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief Superintendents.

Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.

Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used in Great Britain for

delinquent boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated (1895) with the
Gladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young offenders. The first
institution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent, England.

Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually a symbol

or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, with
the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent as a punishment
or imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or otherwise oppressed person.

Bridewell Prison and Workhouse - was the first correctional institution

in England and was a precursor of the modern prison. Built initially as
a royal residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was given to the city of
London to serve as the foundation for as system of Houses of Correction
known as “Bridewells.” These institutions, eventually numbering 200 in
Britain, housed vagrants, homeless children, petty offenders,
disorderly women, prisoners of war, soldiers, and colonists sent
to Virginia.

Bridewell Prison and Hospital - was established in a former royal palace

in 1553 with two purposes: the punishment of the disorderly poor and
housing of homeless children in the City of London.

Bureau of Corrections - has for its principal task the rehabilitation

of national prisoners, or those sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment
of more than three years.

          - has 7 prison facilities

          - 1 prison institution for women
          - 1 vocational training centre for juveniles.
          - Classification Board - classifies inmates according to
            their security status.
          - Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC) receives, studies
            and classifies inmates committed to Bureau of Corrections.
          - Board of Discipline - hears complaints and grievances with
            regard to violations of prison rules and regulations.
          - Iwahig Penal Farm - established in 1904 upon orders of Gov.
            Forbes, then the Sec. of Commerce and police.
          - New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in Muntinlupa
            Camp Bukang Liwayway - minimum security prison.
            Camp Sampaguita - medium security prison
          - Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932 (RA 3732)
          - Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm - established Sept.27, 1954
            (Proclamation No.72) location:Occidental Mindoro
          - Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16, 1973
          - Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in the Phil.
            designated as insular penitentiary by Royal Decree in 1865.
  

Burning at Stake - a form of ancient punishment by tying the victim

in a vertical post and burning him/her.

Cesare Beccaria - an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher and

politician best known for his treaties On Crimes and Punishments (1764),
which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work
in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology

Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who analyzed law as an expression

of justice. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation
of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

Code of Justinian -  formally Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”), 

Justinian I the collections of laws and legal interpretations developed
under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from AD
529 to 565.

Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to prison by means of

such a warrant or order.

Correctional Administration - the study and practice of a system of

managing jails and prisons and other institutions concerned with the
custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

Corrections - describes a variety of functions typically carried out

by government agencies, and involving the punishment, treatment, and
supervision of persons who have been convicted of crimes.

Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have been sentenced to

death and are awaiting execution.

Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria, proponent of the

classical theory, that punishment is to prevent others from
committing crime.

Director Charles S. Mondejar - the first Chief of BJMP. He took his

oath of office on July 1 of   1991.

District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly

average population of ten or less inmates, and is located in the
vicinity of the court.

Draco - was the first legislator of ancient Athens, Greece, 7th century
BC. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by a
written code to be enforced only by a court.

Ducking Stool - a chair fastened to the end of a pole, used formerly

to plunge offenders into a pond or river as a punishment.

Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where prisoners are confined.

Elmira Reformatory - located in new York, was originally a prison opened

to contain Confederate prisoners of war during the Civil War. It became
known as a “death camp” because of the squalid conditions and high death
rate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.

Elmira System - An American penal system named after Elmira Reformatory,

in New York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became an innovator in the
reformatory movement by establishing Elmira Reformatory for young felons.
The Elmira system classified and separated various types of prisoners,
gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training and
industrial employment, used indeterminate sentences.

Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine slaves. They were attached

to work benches and forced to do hard labor in period of imprisonment.

Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an example to others

to deter further commission of crime.

Expiation - (Atonement) execution of punishment visibly or publicly for

the purpose of appeasing a social group. Expiation is a group vengeance
as distinguished from retribution.

First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatory

model.

Four Classes of Prisoners

   1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term
      of three years and one day to death;
   2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of six
      months and one day to three years;
   3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day
      to three years; and
   4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of one
      day to six months.

Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick as a punishment.

Fred T. Wilkinson - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

Galley - a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up to three banks
of oars, chiefly used for warfare or piracy and often manned by slaves
or criminals.

Goals of Criminal Sentencing

          1. Retribution
          2. Punishment
          3. Deterrence
          4. Incapacitation
          5. Rehabilitation
          6. Reintegration
          7. Restoration

Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Guillotine - an ancient form of capital punishment by cutting the

head.

Halfway House - a center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners,

psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society.

Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain both civil and criminal
law. First known codified law prior to Roman law. Better organized and
comprehensive than biblical law. One of its law is lex taliones (an eye
for an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the
satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human life.

Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently moored,

especially for use as storage or (formerly) as a prison.
Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment, is the penetration
of an organism by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, by
complete (or partial) perforation of the body, often the central body mass.
Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.

Institutional Corrections - refers to those persons housed in secure

correctional facilities.

Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation

or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences

          Gaol - old name/term of jail.

          Three Types of Detainees

          1. Those undergoing investigation;
          2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and
          3. those awaiting final judgment

          Jails - holds
          a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences
          b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to prison
          c. Offenders who have violated their probation or parole
          d. Defendants who are awaiting trial

James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal reformer and prison

administrator who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the strongest advocates in the
movement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz and replace it with
a new maximum-security prison, eventually successful in 1963 when
it closed.

January 2, 1991 - the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was

created thru Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the Department
of Interior and Local Government.

Jean Jacques Villain - pioneered classification to separate women and

children from hardened criminals.

Jeremy Bentham - a prison reformer, believed that the prisoner should

suffer a severe regime, but that it should not be detrimental to the
prisoner's health. He designed the Panopticon in 1791.

John Howard - a philanthropist and the first English prison reformer.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive

justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by the
criminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones; punishment

inflicted by throwing stones at the victim.

Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only 24 to 48 hours.

A suspect may later be transferred from the lockup to the jail.

Mamertine Prison -  was a prison (carcer) located in the Comitium

in ancient Rome. It was originally created as a cistern for a spring
in the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were lowered through
an opening into the lower dungeon.

Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, whereby

credits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a certain number of
marks being required for release.
Mittimus - is a process issued by the court after conviction to carry
out the final judgment, such as commanding a prison warden to hold the
accused, in accordance with the terms of the judgment. Mittimus is
often attached on the commitment order issued by the court whenever the
convict is to be transferred to prison for service of sentence.

Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths in a defined

population during a specified interval of time.

Mutilation or maiming - an ancient form of punishment, is an act of

physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of any living
body, sometimes causing death.

National Prisons Association - was organized in Cincinnati in 1870.

Neo-Classical - children and lunatics should not be punished as they

can not calculate pleasure and pain.

          Classical Theory - pain must exceed pleasure to deter crime.

          All are punished regardless of age, mental condition, social
          status and other circumstances.

          Positivist Theory - criminal is a sick person and should be

          treated and not punished.

          Eclectic - it means selecting the best of various styles

          or ideas.

Newgate Prison - not a real prison but an abandoned copper mine of

Simsbury Connecticut. Inmates are confined underground (Black hole
of horrors).
Operational capacity - the number of inmates that can be accommodated
based on a facility's staff, existing programs, and services.

Panopticon - a prison design, allowed a centrally placed observer to

survey all the inmates, as prison wings radiated out from this
central position.

Parole - refers to criminal offenders who are conditionally released

from prison to serve the remaining portion of their sentence in the
community.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - was created pursuant to

Presidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, as amended, to administer the
probation system. Under Executive Order No. 292, the Probation
Administration was renamed as the Parole and Probation Administration,
and given the added function of supervising prisoners who, after serving
part of their sentence in jails are released on parole or granted
conditional pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and Parole are
the agencies involved in the non-institutional treatment of offenders.

Penal Management - refers to the manner or practice of managing or

controlling places of confinement such as jails and prisons.

PD No. 603 - was promulgated to provide for the care and treatment of
youth offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination
of the case.

          Under this law, a youth offender is defined as a child, minor

          or youth who is over nine years but under eighteen years of
          age at the time of the commission of the offence.
Pennsylvania and New York - pioneered the penitentiary movement by
developing two competing systems of confinement. The Pennsylvania
system and the Auburn system.

          Pennsylvania System - An early system of U.S. penology in

          which inmates were kept in solitary cells so that they could
          study religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and
          perform handicraft work.(Solitary System). 

          Auburn System - An early system of penology, originating

          at Auburn Penitentiary in New York, under which inmates
          worked and ate together in silence during the day and were
          placed in solitary cells for the evening.(Congregate System)

Penology - a branch of Criminology that deals with prison management

and reformation of criminals.

          Poene (latin) - penalty

          Logos (latin) - science

Pillory - a wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, in which
offenders were formerly imprisoned and exposed to public abuse.
        
Prison -  which refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries managed
and supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the
Department of Justice.

Prison Hulks - (1776-1857) were ships which were anchored in the Thames,
and at Portsmouth and Plymouth. Those sent to them were employed in hard
labour during the day and then loaded, in chains, onto the ship at night.

Prison Reform - is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons,

aiming at a more effective penal system.

Probation - Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over

an offender, ordered by a court instead of serving time in prison.

          John Augustus - Father of Probation. Augustus was born in Woburn,

          Massachusetts in 1785. By 1829, he was a permanent resident
          of Boston and the owner of a successful boot-making business.
  
          Father Cook - a chaplain of the Boston Prison visited the courts
          and gained acceptance as an advisor who made enquiries into the
          circumstances of both adult and juvenile offenders

Provincial Jail - under the office of the Governor. Where the imposable
penalty for the crime committed is more than six months and the same was
committed within the municipality, the offender must serve his or her
sentence in the provincial jail.

          Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, the offender

          shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions of
          the Bureau of Corrections.

Punishment - the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution

for an offence.

Quakers - (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are members of a

family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious
Society of Friends. Many Quakers have worked for reform of the criminal
justice systems of their day. Quakers believe that people can always
change: their focus has been on reforms that make positive change more
likely, such as increased opportunities for education, improved prison
conditions, help with facing up to violent impulses, and much else.
          William Penn - founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the
          English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of
          Pennsylvania.was the first great Quaker prison reformer.
          In his ‘Great Experiment’ in Pennsylvania in the 1680s he
          abolished capital punishment for all crimes except murder.
          He also stated that ‘prisons shall be workhouses,’ that bail
          should be allowed for minor offences’, and ‘all prisons shall
          be free, as to fees, food and lodgings’. He provided for
          rehabilitation, as he stipulated that prisoners should be
          helped to learn a trade, so that they could make an honest
          living when they were released.

          John Bellers - (1654-1725) was the earliest British Friend to

          pay serious and systematic attention to social reform. He
          pleaded for the abolition of the death penalty, the first
          time this plea had been made. He argued that criminals were
          the creation of society itself and urged that when in prison
          there should be work for prisoners so that they might return
          to the world with an urge to industry.

          Elizabeth Fry -  (1780-1845) was the most famous of Quaker

          reformers, though others were equally influential in raising
          public awareness. Reforms such as the separation of women and
          children from men and the development of purposeful activity
          of work or education came about through pressure from
          informed people.

RA 6975 - sec.60 to 65, created the BJMP.

         Rank Classification of BJMP

               Director
               Chief Superintendent
               Senior Superintendent
               Superintendent
               Chief Inspector
               Senior Inspector
               Inspector
               Senior Jail Officer IV
               Senior Jail Officer III
               Senior Jail Officer II
               Senior Jail Officer I
               Jail Officer III
               Jail Officer II
               Jail Officer I

RA 10575 - The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

Rack - a form of torture or punishment wherein pain is inflicted to

to the body through stretching.

Rated Capacity - the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating

official to institutions within the jurisdiction.

Reformation - the object of punishment in a criminal case is to correct

and reform the offender.

Reformatory Movement - The reformatory movement was based on principles

adopted at the 1870 meeting of the National Prison Association.

          The reformatory was designed:

          a. for younger, less hardened offenders.
          b. based on a military model of regimentation.
          c. with indeterminate terms.
          d. with parole or early release for favorable progress
             in reformation.

Rehabilitation - to restore a criminal to a useful life, to a life in

which they contribute to themselves and to society.

Retribution - punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong

or criminal act.

Security Level - A designation applied to a facility to describe the

measures taken, both inside and outside, to preserve security and custody.

          The simplest security level categorization is:

          a. maximum 
          b. medium
          c. minimum

          Maximum - security facilities are characterized by very

          tight internal and external security.
        
          Common security measures include: (Maximum)
          - A high wall or razor-wire fencing
          - Armed-guard towers
          - Electronic detectors
          - External armed patrol
          - A wide, open buffer zone between the outer wall or fence
            and the community.
          - Restrictions on inmate movement
          - The capability of closing off areas to contain riots or
            disruptions.

          Houses the following inmates:

          - Those sentenced to death
          - Those sentenced with min. 20 years
          - Those remanded inmates/detainees with min. 20 years sentence
          - Those whose sentences is under review by SC (min.20 years)
          - Those whose sentences is under appeal (min.20 years)
          - Those with pending cases
          - Those who are recidivist

          Ultra-Maximum/Super-Maximum Security Prison -  house notorious

          offenders and problem inmates from other institutions.
          These institutions utilize: Total isolation of inmates,
          Constant lockdowns

          Medium-security institutions - place fewer restrictions on

          inmate movement inside the facility.

          Characteristics often include:(Medium)

          - Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters
          - No external security wall
          - Barbed wire rather than razor wire
          - Fences and towers that look less forbidding

          Houses the following inmates:

          - Those sentenced to less than 20 years

          Minimum-security prisons - are smaller and more open.

            
          They often house inmates who:
          - Have established records of good behavior
          - Are nearing release

          Characteristics often include:(Minimum)

          - Dormitory or barracks living quarters
          - No fences
          - Some inmates may be permitted to leave during the day
            to work or study.
          - Some inmates may be granted furloughs

Sing Sing Prison - was the third prison built by New York State. It is
a maximum security prison.

Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise - was a British prison administrator and

reformer, and founder of the Borstal system.

Sir Walter Crofton - the director of Irish prisons. In his program,

known as the Irish system, prisoners progressed through three stages of
confinement before they were returned to civilian life. The first portion
of the sentence was served in isolation. After that, prisoners were
assigned to group work projects.

Stocks - instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame with

holes in which the feet  and sometimes the hands of an offender can
be locked.

Three major government functionaries involved in the Philippine 

correctional system:
          1. DOJ
          2. DILG
          3. DSWD

          DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries through the

          Bureau of Corrections, administers the parole and probation
          system through the Parole and Probation Administration, and
          assists the President in the grant of executive clemency through
          the Board of Pardons and Parole.

          DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal

          jails through the provincial governments and the Bureau of
          Jail Management and Penology, respectively.

          DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation centres for

          youth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare.

Transportation - a punishment in which offenders were transported from

their home nation to one of that nation's colony to work.

Twelve Tables - The Law of the Twelve Tables (Latin: Leges Duodecim
Tabularum or Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stood
at the foundation of Roman law. Established basic procedural rights
for all Roman citizens as against one another

Underground Cistern - a reservoir for storing liquids, underground tank

for storing water. This was also used prison in ancient times.

Utilitarianism - a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century

English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if
it tends to produce the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of
the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.

Voltaire - believes that fear of shame is a deterrent to crime.

Walnut Street Jail - opened in 1790 in Philadelphia. Considered the 1st

state prison. Inmates labored in solitary cells and received large
doses of religious training.
Workhouses - European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison, where
offenders were sent to learn discipline and regular work habits.

Zebulon Reed Brockway - was a penologist and is sometimes regarded as

the Father of prison reform and  Father of American Parole in the
United States.

Non-Institutional Corrections
Board of Pardons and Parole - was created pursuant to Act No. 4103,
as amended. It is the intent of the law to uplift and redeem valuable
human material to economic usefulness and to prevent unnecessary
and excessive deprivation of personal liberty.
      Functions
      1. To grant parole to qualified prisoners;
      2. To recommend to the President the grant of pardon and other
         forms of executive clemency;
      3. To authorize the transfer of residence of parolees and
         pardonees, order their arrest and recommitment, or grant
         their final release and discharge.

      Basis for Grant of Parole

      1. The prisoner is fit to be released;
      2. There is a reasonable probability that, if released, he
         or she will live and remain at liberty without violating
         the law; and
      3. His or her release will not be incompatible with the
          welfare of society.

      How May Executive Clemency Be Exercised?

      1. Reprieve
      2. Absolute pardon
      3. Conditional pardon
      4. Commutation of sentence.

      Commutation – refers to the reduction of the duration of a

      prison sentence of a prisoner.

      Commutation Allowed When:

      1. person is over 70 years old
      2. 8 justices fail to reach a decision affirming the
         death penalty

      Absolute Pardon - An act of grace, proceeding from the power

      entrusted with the execution of the laws, Exempts the individual
      from the penalty of the crime he has committed.

      Conditional Pardon - If delivered and accepted, it is a contract

      between the executive and the convict that the former will
      release the latter upon compliance with the condition.
            Example of a condition:
            Not to violate any of the penal laws of the country again.

      Reprieve - refers to the deferment of the implementation of

      the sentence for an interval of time; it does not annul the
      sentence but merely postpones or suspends its execution

      Basis for Grant of Executive Clemency

      The BPP recommends to the President the grant of executive
      clemency when any of the following circumstances are present:
      1. The trial or appellate court recommended in its decision
         the grant of executive clemency for the prisoner
      2. Under the peculiar circumstances of the case, the penalty
         imposed is too harsh compared to the  crime committed
      3. Offender qualifies as a youth offender at the time of the
         commission of the offence
      4. Prisoner is seventy years old and above;
      5. Prisoner is terminally-ill;
      6. Alien prisoners where diplomatic considerations and amity
         among nations necessitate review and
      7. Other similar or analogous circumstances whenever the
         interest of justice will be served thereby

      When Applications for Executive Clemency will not be

      Favourably Acted Upon by The Board of Pardon and Parole
      1. Convicted of evasion of service of sentence;
      2. Who violated the conditions of their conditional pardon;
      3. Who are habitual delinquents or recidivists;
      4. Convicted of kidnapping for ransom;
      5. Convicted of violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972
         and the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002;
      6. Convicted of offences committed under the influence of drugs 
      7. Whose release from prison may constitute a danger to society.

      Issues Confronting The Philippine Corrections System

      1. Overcrowding of Certain Prison Institutions/Jails
      2. Fragmented Set-Up of the Corrections System
      3. Lack of Information Technology Systems and Expertise
      4. Lack of/Inadequate Training - lack of awareness and
         understanding by some prison/jail officials and staff on
         the rights of inmates.

      Petitions for parole shall be addressed to the Chairman or to

      the Executive Director of the Board. However, the Board may,
      motu proprio , consider cases for parole, commutation of
      sentence or conditional pardon of deserving prisoners whenever
      the interest of justice will be served thereby.

      Minimum Requirements A Prisoner Must Meet Before Petitions for

      executive clemency may be reviewed.
    
          For Commutation of Sentence 
          1. The prisoner shall have served at least one-third (1/3)
             of the minimum of his indeterminate and/or definite
             sentence or the aggregate minimum of his indeterminate
             and/or definite sentences.
          2. At least ten (10) years for prisoners sentenced to
             Reclusion Perpetua or Life imprisonment for crimes or
             offenses committed before January 1, 1994.
          3. At least twelve (12) years for prisoners whose sentences
             were adjusted to a definite prison term of forty (40)
             years in accordance with the provisions of Article 70
             of the Revised Penal Code, as amended.
          4. At least fifteen (15) years for prisoners convicted of
             heinous crimes as defined in Republic Act No. 7659 and
             other special laws committed on or after January 1, 1994
             and sentenced to one or more Reclusion Perpetua or Life
             imprisonment.
          5. At least twenty (20) years in case of one (1) or more
             Death penalty/penalties, which was/were automatically
             reduced or commuted to one (1) or more Reclusion Perpetua
             or Life imprisonment.

           For Conditional Pardon

           The prisoner shall have served at least one-half (1/2) of
           the minimum of his original indeterminate and/or definite
           sentence. However, in the case of a prisoner who is convicted
           of a heinous crime as defined in Republic Act No. 7659 and
           other special laws, he shall have served at least one-half
           (1/2) of the maximum of his original indeterminate sentence
           before his case may be reviewed for conditional pardon.

          For Absolute Pardon

          After he has served his maximum sentence or granted final
          release and discharge or court termination of probation.
          However, the Board may consider a petition for absolute
          pardon even before the grant of final release and discharge
          under the provisions of Section 6 of Act No. 4103, as amended,
          as when the petitioner: (1) is seeking an appointive/elective
          public position or reinstatement in the government service;
          (2) needs medical treatment abroad which is not available
          locally; (3) will take any government examination; or
          (4) is emigrating.

         Prisoners who escaped or evaded service of sentence are not

         eligible for executive clemency for a period of one (1) year
         from the date of their last recommitment to prison or
         conviction for evasion of service of sentence.

Bureau of Correction - Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years,

the offender shall serve his or her sentence in the penal institutions
of the BuCor.

Carpeta - refers to the institutional record of an inmate which

consists of his mittimus or commitment order issued by the Court after
conviction, the prosecutor's information and the decisions of the
trial court and the appellate court, if any; certificate of non-appeal,
certificate of detention and other pertinent documents of the case.
District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a monthly
average population of ten or less inmates, and is located in the
vicinity of the court.

      Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under

      investigation or undergoing trial, or serving short-term
      sentences.
           - Jails include provincial, district, city and municipal
             jails managed and supervised by the Provincial Government
             and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP),
             respectively, which are both under the Department of the
             Interior and Local Government.

      Municipal and city prisoners are committed to municipal, city

      or district jails managed by the BJMP.

      Prison -  refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries

      managed and supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency
      under the Department of Justice.
             - prison refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries
               managed and supervised by the Bureau of Corrections,
               an agency under the Department of Justice.

      Provincial Jail - Where the imposable penalty for the crime

      committed is more than six months and the same was committed
      within the municipality, the offender must serve his or her
      sentence in the provincial jail which is under the Office of
      the Governor.

Executive Clemency - refers to Reprieve, Absolute Pardon, Conditional

Pardon with or without Parole Conditions and Commutation of Sentence
as may be granted by the President of the Philippines.

Indeterminate Sentence Law

     The indeterminate sentence is composed of:

     1. a MAXIMUM taken from the penalty imposable under the penal code
     2. a MINIMUM taken from the penalty next lower to that fixed in the code.

     The law does not apply to certain offenders:

     1. Persons convicted of offense punished with death penalty or
        life imprisonment.
     2. Those convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal to commit
        treason.
     3. Those convicted of misprision of treason, rebellion, sedition
        or espionage.
     4. Those convicted of piracy.
     5. Those who are habitual delinquents.
     6. Those who shall have escaped from confinement or evaded sentence.
     7. Those who violated the terms of conditional pardon granted to
        them by the Chief Executive.
     8. Those whose maximum term of imprisonment does not exceed one year.
     9. Those who, upon the approval of the law, had been sentenced
        by final judgment.
     10. Those sentenced to the penalty of destierro or suspension.

     Purpose of the law: to uplift and redeem valuable human material

     and prevent unnecessary and excessive deprivation of liberty
     and economic usefulness

          - It is necessary to consider the criminal first as an

            individual, and second as a member of the society.

          - The law is intended to favor the defendant, particularly

            to shorten his term of imprisonment, depending upon his
            behavior and his physical, mental and moral record as a
            prisoner, to be determined by the Board of Indeterminate
            Sentence.

     The settled practice is to give the accused the benefit of the

     law even in crimes punishable with death or life imprisonment
     provided the resulting penalty, after considering the attending
     circumstances, is reclusion temporal or less.

     ISL does not apply to destierro. ISL is expressly granted to

     those who are sentenced to imprisonment exceeding 1 year.

     Procedure For Determining The Maximum and Minimum Sentence

          - It consists of a maximum and a minimum instead of a single
            fixed penalty.

          - Prisoner must serve the minimum before he is eligible

            for parole.

          - The period between the minimum and maximum is indeterminate

            in the sense that the prisoner may be exempted from serving
            said indeterminate period in whole or in part.

          - The maximum is determined in any case punishable under the

            RPC in accordance with the rules and provisions of said
            code exactly as if the ISL had never been enacted.

          - Apply first the effect of privileged mitigating

            circumstances then consider the effects of aggravating and
            ordinary mitigating circumstances.

          - The minimum depends upon the court’s discretion with the

            limitation that it must be within the range of the penalty
            next lower in degree to that prescribed by the Code for the
            offense committed.

          - NOTE: A minor who escaped from confinement in the reformatory

            is entitled to the benefits of the ISL because his confinement
            is not considered imprisonment.

Parole – The suspension of the sentence of the convict after serving

the minimum term of the intermediate penalty, without being granted a
pardon, prescribing the terms upon which the sentence shall be suspended.
       - May be given after the prisoner has served the minimum
         penalty; is granted by the Board of Pardons and Parole under the
         provisions of the Indeterminate Sentence Law.

      Disqualification for Parole - The following prisoners shall

      not be granted parole:

      1. Those convicted of an offense punished with Death penalty,

         Reclusion Perpetua or Life imprisonment;
      2. Those convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal to commit
         treason or espionage;
      3. Those convicted of misprision of treason, rebellion, sedition
         or coup d'etat;
      4. Those convicted of piracy or mutiny on the high seas or
         Philippine waters;
      5. Those who are habitual delinquents i.e. those who, within a
         period of ten (10) years from the date of release from prison
         or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious
         physical injuries, robbery, theft, estafa and falsification,
         are found guilty of any of said crimes a third time or oftener;
      6. Those who escaped from confinement or evaded sentence;
      7. Those who were granted Conditional Pardon and violated any
         of the terms thereof;
      8. Those whose maximum term of imprisonment does not exceed one
         (1) year or those with definite sentence;
      9. Those suffering from any mental disorder as certified by a
         government psychiatrist/psychologist;
      10.Those whose conviction is on appeal;
      11.Those who have pending criminal case/s.

      Special Factors - The Board may give special consideration to

      the recommendation for commutation of sentence or conditional
      pardon whenever any of the following circumstances are present
      1. Youthful offenders;
      2. Prisoners who are sixty (60) years old and above;
      3. Physical disability such as when the prisoner is bedridden,
         a deaf mute, a leper, a cripple or is blind or similar
         disabilities;
      4. Serious illness and other life-threatening disease as
         certified by a government physician;
      5. Those prisoners recommended for the grant of executive clemency
         by the trial/appellate court as stated in the decision;
      6. Alien prisoners where diplomatic considerations and amity
         between nations necessitate review;
      7. Circumstances which show that his continued imprisonment will
         be inhuman or will pose a grave danger to the life of the
         prisoner or his co-inmates; and,
      8. Such other similar or analogous circumstances whenever the
         interest of justice will be served thereby.

Prison Record - refers to information concerning an inmate's personal

circumstances, the offense he committed, the sentence imposed, the
criminal case number in the trial and appellate courts, the date he
commenced serving his sentence, the date he was received for
confinement, the place of confinement, the date of expiration of
the sentence, the number of previous convictions, if any, and his
behavior or conduct while in prison.

Probation - is a disposition under which an accused, after conviction

and sentence, is released subject to conditions imposed by the court
and to the supervision of a probation officer.

      Progress Report - refers to the report submitted by the

      Probation and Parole Officer on the conduct of the
      parolee/pardonee while under supervision.
      Infraction Report -  refers to the report submitted by the
      Probation and Parole Officer on violations committed by a
      parolee/pardonee of the conditions of his release on parole or
      conditional pardon while under supervision.

      Summary Report - refers to the final report submitted by the

      Probation and Parole Officer on his supervision of a
      parolee/pardonee as basis for the latter's final release
      and discharge.

Sentence - in law, is the penalty imposed by the court in a criminal

case against a person, known as the “accused”, who is found guilty of
committing the crime charged.

Youth Offender - is defined as a child, minor or youth who is over

nine years but under eighteen years of age at the time of the
commission of the offense.