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arXiv:1004.0569v1 [hep-ph] 5 Apr 2010

Holographic Estimate of Muon g − 2∗

Deog Ki Hong∗
Department of Physics, Pusan National University,
Busan 609-735, Korea
∗ E-mail: dkhong@pusan.ac.kr

I present recent calculations of the hadronic contributions to muon anomalous magnetic

moment in holographic QCD, based on gauge/gravity duality. The holographic estimates
are compared well with the analysis based on recently revised BaBar measurements of
e+ e− → π + π − cross-sections and also with other model calculations for the light-by-
light scattering contributions.

Keywords: anomalous magnetic moment, muon, gauge/gravity duality

1. Introduction
The successful prediction of anomalous magnetic moments in early days of particle
physics was one of the first triumphs of quantum field theory.1 Since then it has
served as a critical test of the standard model of particle physics, which is based on
quantum field theory, guided by gauge principle. Recent measurement of anomalous
magnetic moment of muon (E821 at BNL)2 provides the most stringent test so far,
at the level of sub parts per million, of the standard model,
gµ − 2
aexp
µ = = 11659208.0(5.4)(3.3) × 10−10 , (1)
2
which exhibits currently 3.2σ deviation from the standard model estimate:
∆aµ = aexp SM
µ − aµ = 302(63)(61) × 10
−11
. (2)
If the discrepancy persists in more improved measurements, such as the E969 ex-
periment, planned at BNL, or other experiments at the Fermi Lab, it will certainly
indicate a hint of new physics. Therefore it is quite necessary to understand the
standard model predictions more precisely to pin down the possible hint of new
physics at the level of 5σ or more.
The theoretical prediction of muon g − 2 in the standard model consists of three
different contributions:
ath QED
µ = aµ + aweak
µ + ahad
µ .

∗ Talkgiven at SCGT09, Dec. 8-11, 2009, Japan and to be published by World Scientific Publishing
Co., Singapore (eds. M. Harada, H. Fukaya, M.Tanabashi and K. Yamawaki).
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Among them the QED contribution is most dominant one and has been calculated
to be aQED
µ = 116584718.10(0.16) × 10−11 at 4.5 loops by Kinoshita et al,3 while the
weak interaction corrections are found to be aweak
µ = 154(2) × 10−11 at the two-loop
4
level.
As hadrons (or quarks) contribute to the anomalous magnetic moment of muon
only through quantum fluctuations, the strong interaction contribution is sup-
pressed, compared to that of QED. The current estimate of the hadronic contri-
butions is
ahad
µ = 116591778(2)(46)(40) × 10−11 . (3)
The most uncertainty in the SM estimate is however coming from the hadronic con-
tributions, since we poorly understand strong dynamics, while the electroweak cor-
rections can be calculated accurately in perturbation. Direct calculation of hadronic
contributions from QCD requires lattice calculations, which are currently not accu-
rate enough to give a meaningful result due to large systematic uncertainties.5
In this talk I present new estimates of the hadronic contributions, based on
a holographic model of QCD. Holographic models have been proposed recently for
QCD,6,7 inspired by the gauge/gravity duality, found in string theory,8 which states
that certain strongly coupled gauge theories are equivalent to weakly coupled gravity
in one-higher dimension, the extra dimension being the renormalization scale. The
holographic models of QCD were found to be quite successful to account for the
properties of hadrons at low energy and give relations to their couplings and also
new sum rules,6,7,9,10 offering theoretical understanding of phenomenological rules
for hadrons found in 60’s such as vector meson dominance, proposed by Sakurai.11

2. Holographic QCD
Holographic QCD (hQCD) is a model for 5D gravity dual theory of QCD in the large
Nc and large ’t Hooft coupling limit (λ ≡ gs2 Nc ≫ 1), describing QCD directly with
hadrons. As a gravity dual of QCD with three light flavors we consider U (3)L ×U (3)R
flavor gauge theory in a slice of AdS5 ,
 
√ 1
Z
S = d5 x g Tr |DX|2 + 3|X|2 − 2 (FL 2 + FR 2 ) + SY + SCS . (4)
4g5
where the metric is given as, taking the AdS radius R = 1,
1
ds2 = 2 (dxµ dxµ − dz 2 ), ǫ ≤ z ≤ zm . (5)
z
We take the ultraviolet (UV) regulator ǫ → 0 and introduce an infra-red (IR) brane
at zm to implement the confinement of QCD, breaking the conformal symmetry.7
The bulk scalar (X) and the bulk gauge fields (A) are dual to q̄ q and q̄γ µ T a q,
respectively. Following Katz and Schwartz,12 we have introduced a flavor-singlet
bulk scalar (Y ) for the η ′ meson, which is dual to F 2 (F F̃ ) and is described by
 
5 √ 1 κ Nf
Z
2
SY = d x g |DY | − (Y det(X) + h.c.) . (6)
2 2
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Finally we introduce a Chern-Simons term to reproduce the QCD flavor anomaly,13

Nc
Z
SCS = [ω5 (AL ) − ω5 (AR )] , (7)
24π 2
where d ω5 (A) = Tr F 3 . Our calculations can be easily applied to other holographic
models like Sakai-Sugimoto model, which will give similar results.
Gauge/gravity duality at large Nc and large λ implies that the generating func-
tional of one-particle irreducible Green’s functions is given by the classical gravity
action of the dual theory:

W4D [φ0 (x)] = S5Deff [φ(x, ǫ)] with φ(x, ǫ) = φ0 (x) . (8)

Using this equality we will be able to calculate the hadronic contributions at the
leading order in 1/Nc and 1/λ expansion.

3. Holographic calculations of hadronic contributions

The strong interaction contributions to the muon magnetic moment consist of three
pieces; the hadronic vacuum polarization (HLO), the higher-order hadronic vacuum-
polarization effect, and the hadronic light-by-light (LBL) scattering.
The HLO contribution (see Fig. 1) is given as5
 2 Z ∞
HLO 2 α
aµ = 4π dQ2 f (Q2 ) Π̄had 2
em (Q ) , (9)
π 0

where the vacuum polarization is defined as Π̄had 2 had 2 had

em (Q ) = Πem (Q ) − Πem (0) and
the kernel is
q
m 2 2 3
Q Z (1 − Q 2
Z) Q2 − Q4 + 4m2µ Q2
µ
f (Q2 ) = with Z = − . (10)
1 + m2µ Q2 Z 2 2m2µ Q2

µ µ
had

Fig. 1. Leading hadronic-vacuum-polarization contribution to muon g − 2.

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From the AdS/CFT formula (8) the vector current correlator ΠV (q 2 ) can then be
expressed in terms of the infinite set of the vector meson wave-functions ψVn (z), as
shown in Fig. 2, which is the holographic realization of the vector meson dominance
proposed by Sakurai,
∞
2 1 X [ψ̇Vn (ǫ)/ǫ]2
ΠV (q ) = 2 , (11)
g5 n=1 (q 2 − MV2n )MV2n

where the dot denotes the derivative with respect to z, ψ̇ ≡ ∂z ψ. Using the holo-

had =
V
0(n)
=ρ,0 ω, ...
Fig. 2. A diagram illustrating neutral vector meson exchanges giving dominant contributions to
ΠV at the large Nc limit.

graphic renormalization to take care of the UV divergence and keeping only the
first four low-lying states, we find for Euclidean momentum Q2 = −q 2 ≥ 014
4
X Q2 FV2n
Π̄V (Q2 ) ≃ 2 + M 2 )M 4
+ O(Q2 /(MV25 )) (12)
n=1
(Q Vn V n

where FVn is the decay constant of n-th excited vector mesons. Plugging the holo-

0.006

0.005

0.004
f HQ2L PemHQ2L

0.003

0.002

0.001

0.000
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Q2 @GeV2D

Fig. 3. Comparison of the integral kernel f (Q2 )Π̄em (Q2 ) which has a peak around Q2 = m2µ :
The dashed curve corresponds to the result including full contributions from the infinite tower of
vector mesons, while four bold curves are obtained by integrating out the infinite tower at the
levels of n = 1, 2, 3, 4. The dashed curve is almost (within about 1% deviation) reproduced when
n = 4. In the plot the number of flavors Nf is taken to be 2.
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graphic vacuum polarization (12) into the formula (9), we obtain14

N =2
aHLO
µ
f
|AdS/QCD = 470.5 × 10−10 , (13)

which agrees, within 30% errors, with the currently updated value,15 estimated from
new 2009 BaBar data16

aHLO
µ [ππ]|BABAR = (514.1 ± 3.8) × 10−10 . (14)

For the hadronic light-by-light corrections, shown in Fig. 4, we need to calcu-

late 4-point functions of flavor currents. Since there is no quartic term for AQem

q1
q3
q2
µ−

Fig. 4. Light-by-light corrections to muon g − 2.

(Qem = 1/2 + I3 ), there is no 1PI 4-point function for the EM currents in hQCD,
because higher order terms like F 4 or F 2 X 2 terms are suppressed. In hQCD the

k
k
k

0 ′
π , η, η
π 0 , η, η ′
π 0 , η, η ′

q2 q3 q1 q3
q1 q2 q3
q1 q2
µ− µ− µ−

Fig. 5. Light-by-light correction is dominated by the pseudo scalar mesons exchange.

LBL diagram is therefore dominated by VVA or VVP diagrams (see Fig. 5), which
come from the Chern-Simons term, Eq. 7:

δ3
Fγ ∗ γ ∗ P (A) (q1 , q2 ) = SCS (15)
δV (q1 )δV (q2 )δA(−q1 − q2 )
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where the gauge fields satisfy in the axial gauge, V5 = 0 = A5 ,

q2
   
1
∂z ∂z Vµâ (q, z) + Vµâ (q, z) = 0 , (16)
z z
⊥
2
q â g52 v 2 â
  
1 â
∂z ∂z Aµ + Aµ − 3 Aµ = 0, (17)
z z z ⊥

where ⊥ denotes the projection onto the transversal components. For two flavors the
longitudinal components, Aaµk = ∂µ φa , and the phase of bulk scalar X are related
by EOM as
g2v2
 
1
∂z ∂z φ + 5 3 (π a − φa ) = 0 ,
a
(18)
z z
g2 v2
−q 2 ∂z φa + 5 2 ∂z π a = 0 . (19)
z
The anomalous form factor is then given as,17 with ψ a (z) = φa − π a and Jq =
V (iq, z)
 
Nc
Z
Fπγ ∗ γ ∗ = ψ(z m )J(Q ,
1 mz )J(Q ,
2 mz ) − ∂z ψJ Q1 Q2 ,
J (20)
12π 2 z

where we take as boundary conditions ψ(ǫ) = 1 and ∂z ψ(z)|zm = 0.

Q2 FΠ ΓΓ
1 2 3 4 5 Q2

-0.05

-0.10

-0.15

Fig. 6. Fπγ ∗ γ (Q2 , 0) for lower part; Fπγ ∗ γ ∗ (Q2 , Q2 ) for upper part (Brodsky-Lepage).

To calculate the hadronic LBL contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic

moment we expand the photon line in the anomalous form factor (20) as
X −g5 fρ ψρ (z)
J(−iQ, z) = V (q, z) =
ρ
q 2 − m2ρ + iǫ

The result is shown in Table 1 for several choices of vector-mode truncations.18 Our
results are comparable with recent results by A. Nyffeler,19 obtained in the LMD+V
model;

aPS
µ = 9.9(1.6) × 10
−10
. (21)
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Table 1. Muon g − 2 in unit of 10−10 from AdS/QCD.

0 ′
Vector modes aπ
µ aηµ aηµ aPS
µ

4 7.5 2.1 1.0 10.6

6 7.1 2.5 0.9 10.5
8 6.9 2.7 1.1 10.7

4. Discussions
In the era of electroweak precision, it becomes more important to understand pre-
cisely QCD corrections to the electroweak processes. As being non-perturbative
strong dynamics, QCD corrections are often difficult to estimate and one resorts to
lattice calculations, which are, however, not precise enough for certain measurements
such as muon anomalous magnetic moment. Recent development in gauge/gravity
duality shows that in the large Nc and large λ limit the estimate of QCD contribu-
tions can be made precisely in holographic QCD, thus may be useful in assessing
the new physics effects. I present recent estimates14,18 of anomalous magnetic mo-
ment of muon in holographic QCD, which are found to be in consistent with other
calculations.

Acknowledgments
D.K.H. is grateful to the organizers of SCGT09 for a very stimulating meeting and
thanks Doyoun Kim and Shinya Matsuzaki for the collaborations upon which this
talk is based on. This work is supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant
funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund)
(KRF-2007-314- C00052).

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