saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universiteti

tariel futkaraZe

qarTvelologiis
Tanamedrove gamowvevebi

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2019
 kavkasiaze Tavisi kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad ruseTis im-
periam XIX saukuneSi SeimuSava kavkasielebis, pirvel rigSi,
qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis daSlis gegma, ro-
melsac win aRudgnen cnobili qarTveli moRvaweni: ilia WavWa-
vaZe, grigol dadiani, niko dadiani, iakob gogebaSvili, sergei
mesxi, besarion niJaraZe, ambrosi xelaia, dutu megreli (dimit-
ri xoStaria), ivane margiani, petre Waraia...
ruseTis sabWoTa imperiis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis dapyrobis Semdeg (1921) qarTveli eris enobriv-eT-
nikuri danawevrebis gegmis ganxorcieleba gaagrZeles bolSevi-
kebma. kremlis sanqcirebul enobriv-eTnikur politikas Seewina-
aRmdegnen qarTveli mwerlebi da mecnierebi: Tedo saxokia, kon-
stantine gamsaxurdia, Salva dadiani, arnold Ciqobava, giorgi
axvlediani, vukol beriZe da sxv. romelTa Sexedulebebi gaizi-
ara bolSevikTa erTma nawilmac (maT Soris, lavrenti beriam).
wignSi, i. stalinisa da l. berias poziciaTa aRweris parale-
lurad, saarqivo masalebis safuZvelze gaanalizebulia qar-
Tvel enaTmecnierTa da sazogado moRvaweTa Tvalsazrisebi meg-
ruli (/svanuri) metyvelebis statusis Sesaxeb; aseve, warmoCeni-
lia XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli dapirispirebis Tanamedrove kon-
teqsti.
monografiaSi ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs saqarTvelos winaSe
dRes arsebuli gamowvevebis analizsa da Sesabamis rekomendaci-
ebs, romlebic sayuradReboa sainformacio omSi saqarTvelos
Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis.

redaqtori
profesori, filologiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori merab Cuxua

recenzentebi:
profesori, filologiis doqtori eka dadiani
profesori, filologiis doqtori revaz Sero-
zia
profesori, istoriis doqtori nugzar anTelava
© t. futkaraZe, 2019
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2019
Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal505@ymail.com; gamomcemlobauniversali@gmail.com

ISBN 978-9941-26-433-7

2
 St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University
of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Tariel Putkaradze

Contemporary Challenges
of Kartvelology

Publishing House „UNIVERSAL”

Tbilisi 2019

3
 In order to ensure its control over the Caucasus, the Russian Empire has
developed a plan for the dissolution of linguistic and ethnic unity of the
Caucasian, especially Georgian nation in the XIX century. The plan was
opposed by well-known Georgian state figures, such as Ilia Chavchavadze,
Grigol Dadiani, Niko Dadiani, Iakob Gogebashvili, Sergei Meskhi,
Besarion Nijaradze, Ambrosi Khelaia, Ivane Margiani, Petre Charaia and
others.
Following the conquest of the Democratic Republic of Georgia by the
Russian Soviet Empire (1921), the Bolsheviks embark on the imperial idea
of the linguistic and ethnic divisions of the Georgian nation that was led by
Stalin. The Kremlin linguistic and ethnic policy was challenged by
Georgian writers and scientists: Tedo Sakhokia, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia,
Shalva Dadiani, Arnold Chikobava, Giorgi Akhvlediani, Vukol Beridze and
others; one part of the Bolsheviks (including Lavrenti Beria) shared their
opinions.
In parallel with describing Bolshevik confrontation with the support of
Beria, the views of Georgian linguists and public figures on the status of
Megrelian (Svan) are analyzed on the basis of archival materials; Besides,
on the basis of documentary material, the modern context of controversy,
that has started in the XIX century is also surfaced.
In monographs the main part is dedicated to the analyzis of the existing
challenges facing Georgia. The book is accompanied by recommendations
that can be taken into the consideration in the information warfare from the
viewpoint of the Georgian security concept.

Editor
Prof. Dr. Merab Chukhua

Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Eka Dadiani
Prof. Dr. Revaz Sherozia
Prof. Dr. Nugzar Antelava

© T. Putkaradze, 2019
Publishing House „UNIVERSAL”, 2019
4, A. Politkovskaia st., 0186, Tbilisi,Georgia : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal505@ymail.com; gamomcemlobauniversali@gmail.com

ISBN 978-9941-26-433-7
4
 Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba /prof. merab Cuxua/ ...................................... 11

Sesavali ...................................................................................................... 19

I Tavi: qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri

erTianobis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso
dokumentebSi ............................................................................ 23
1.1. haidi taliavinis daskvnis erTi nawilis
analizi ............................................................................................ 23
1.2. oTxi qarTveluri enis ideologemis Seqmnis
istoria ............................................................................................ 34
1.3. „CxouSieli avtonomistebi“ .......................................... 57
1.4. isak Jvanias jgufi ................................................................ 60
1.5. lavrenti berias pozicia ............................................... 71
1.6. oTxi qarTveluri enis ideologema XXI
saukuneSi (kritikuli analizi) ................................ 97
1.7. qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros segmentaciis
Sesaxeb ori ZiriTadi Tvalsazrisi
/istoriuli dinamika/ .......................................................... 118

II Tavi: saqarTvelos enobrivi situacia

„regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb
evropuli qartiis“ ratificirebis
konteqstSi ................................................................................. 124
2.1. „enis qartiis” mizani .......................................................... 124
2.2. vis aqvs umwerlobo ena? ................................................. 131
2.3. saqarTvelos strategiuli mizani ......................... 139

III Tavi: terminologiuri diversiebi .......................... 142

3.1. separatisti Tu kolaboracionisti? ................... 143
3.2. 9 aprili − damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRe
Tu glovis dRe? ...................................................................... 146

5
3.3. 26 maisi – saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRe
Tu saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis
gamocxadebis dRe? ................................................................. 150
3.4. 14 aprili – dedaenis dRe Tu saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo enis dRe? ........................................................ 151
3.5. tao-klarjeTSi avtoqToni qarTvelobaa Tu
qarTuli diaspora? .............................................................. 152
3.6. saqarTvelos regionebi Tu saqarTvelos
kuTxeebi? ......................................................................................... 153

IV Tavi: qarTuli enis teqnologizeba ....................... 155

4.1. avtomaturi akademiuri Targmanis sakiTxi .... 155
4.2. erTenovani qarTuli teqstebis erovnuli
korpusi ............................................................................................. 157

V Tavi: qarTvelTa enobrivi memkvidreobis

dacvis perspeqtiva ............................................................... 160
5.1. qarTuli enis prestiJi ..................................................... 160
5.2. qarTveluri enobrivi memkvidreoba da
„sisxliT daculi anbani“ .............................................. 162
5.3. germanuli gamocdileba ................................................... 169

Semajamebeli msjeloba .......................................................... 177

reziume inglisur enaze ......................................................... 181

danarTebi ........................................................................................... 185

1. aleqsandre gegeWkori, ianovski-vostorgovis
Rirseul memkvidreebs ............................................................ 185
2. lavrenti beria, megreli avtonomistebis
Sesaxeb ................................................................................................... 193
3. faxulanis Temis koleqtiuri werili megruli
skolebis winaaRmdeg ............................................................... 198
4. moxseneba megruli pirveli jgufebis muSaobis
Sedegebis Semswavleli komisiisa .............................. 202

6
5. isak Jvania, samegrelos avtonomistebis
Sesaxeb ................................................................................................... 207
6. Tedo saxokias moxseneba ..................................................... 208
7. samegrelos mkvidrTa 1925 wlis 23 seqtembris
rezolucia ....................................................................................... 212
8. taras Sengelias ciliswameba ........................................ 214
9. arnold Ciqobava, Cveni dedaqalaqi da Cveni
dedaena .................................................................................................. 224
10. arnold Ciqobava, ar daviviwyoT dedaena ........... 227
11. l. berias werili i. stalins ......................................... 230
12. iv. javaxiSvili niko maris winaaRmdeg
(sagangebo werili da vrceli moxseneba) ............ 232
13. skkp (b) saxelmwifo universitetis partkomis
1934 wlis 21 maisis sxdomis oqmi # 13 .................... 275
14. t. futkaraZe, saerToqarTveluri enisa da
Tanamedrove qarTveluri qvesistemebis
istoriuli mimarTebis amsaxveli sxvadasxva
sqemis SepirispirebiTi analizi ................................... 276

recenziebi .................................................................................................... 299

prof. nugzar anTelava ................................................................. 299
prof. eka dadiani .................................................................................. 307
prof. revaz Serozia ....................................................................... 314

saZiebeli……………………............................................................................... 319
a) pirTa saxelebi................................................................................ 319
b) enebi, dialeqtebi, kilokavebi .......................................... 326
g) erebi, eTnosebi, tomebi, Temebi........................................ 330
d) terminebi ............................................................................................... 333

7
 Content

Foreword /Prof. Revaz Sherozia/ ............................................ 11

Introduction .............................................................................. 19

Chapter I: The issue of the linguistic and ethnic unity of the

Georgian nation in the international publications ........... 23
1.1. Analysis of one part of Heidi Tagliavini’s conclusion ...... 23
1.2. History of the creation of the ideologeme of four
Kartvelian languages ........................................................ 34
1.3. „Chkhoushi Autonomists“ ................................................ 57
1.4. The Group of Isak Zhvania ............................................... 60
1.5. Lavrenti Beria’s position .................................................. 71
1.6. Ideologeme of four Kartvelian Languages in the 21st
century (critical analysis) .................................................. 97
1.7. Historical dynamics of two main points of segmentation
of the Kartvelian linguistic world ..................................... 118

Chapter II: Linguistic Situation of Georgia in the context

of ratification of the European Charter of Regional or
Minority Languages .......................................................... 124
2.1. The purpose of the „Charter of the Language” ................. 124
2.2. Who has an unwritten language? ...................................... 131
2.3. The strategic goal of Georgia ............................................ 139

Chapter III: Terminological diversions .................................. 142

3.1. Separatist or collaborationist? ........................................... 143
3.2. April 9 − The day of restoration of independence or
mourning day? .................................................................. 146
3.3. 26 May - Georgian independence day or declaration day
of first Georgian republic? ................................................ 150
3.4. 14 April - Mother language day or Georgian national
language day? ................................................................... 151
3.5. Is autochtone Georgian population in Tao-Klarjeti or
are they the representators of the Georgian Doaspora? ...... 152
8
3.6. Regions of Georgia or the corner (area) of Georgia? ......... 153

Chapter IV: Technologization of the Georgian language ...... 155

4.1. The issue of the automatic academic translation ............... 155
4.2. The National Corpus of the monolingual Georgian
Texts ................................................................................. 157

Chapter V. Prospects of protection of the Georgian linguistic

heritage …. .......................................................................... 160
5.1. Prestige of Georgian language .......................................... 160
5.2. Kartvelian linguistic heritage and „blood-protected
alphabet” ........................................................................... 162
5.3. German experience ........................................................... 169

Closing conclusion .................................................................... 177

Brief summary in English ........................................................ 181

Attachments .............................................................................. 185

1. Aleksandre Gegechkori, To the worthy heirs of Janovski-

Vostorgov ............................................................................ 185
2. Lavrenti Beria, about Megrelian autonomists .................... 193
3. Collective letter of the Pakhrolan community against
Megrelian schools ................................................................ 198
4. Report on the commission of studying the results
of the work of the First Megrelian Groups ........................... 202
5. Isak Zhvania, About the autonomists of Samegrelo ........... 207
6. Tedo Sakhokia’s report ...................................................... 208
7. Resolution of September 23, 1925 of the inhabitants
of Samegrelo ........................................................................ 212
8. Taras Shengelia’s defamation ............................................ 214
9. Arnold Chikobava, Our capital and our mother tongue ..... 224
10. Arnold Chikobava, Do not forget the mother tongue ......... 227
11. L. Beria’s letter to I.Stalin ................................................... 230

9
12. Ivane Javakhishvili against N. Marr (the special letter and
the long report) ................................................................... 232
13. The meeting protocol #13 (dated May 21, 1923) of
the Party Committee of Tbilisi State University,
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) ............ 275
14. Tariel Putkaradze, Comparative analisis of various
schemas reflecting the historical relationship of the
common Kartvelian language and modern Kartvelian
subsystems ........................................................................... 276

Reviews ……………………………………………………….. 299

Prof. Dr. DNugzar Antelava ................................................... 299
Prof. Dr. Eka Dadiani ........................................................... 307
Prof. Dr. Revaz Sherozia ...................................................... 314

Index ........................................................................................... 319

a) Names ............................................................................... 319
b) Languages, dialects, subdialect .......................................... 326
g) Nations, tribes, ethnic groups, community ....................... 330
d) Terms and other significant words ..................................... 333

10
 winasityvaoba

warmodgenil naSromSi gaanalizebulia bolo as-

wleulSi qarTveluri qvesistemebis gansxvavebuli
kvalifikaciebis istoria da naCvenebia qarTvelur
enobriv erTeulTa kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis safuZveli. dargis specialis-
ti Tu dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli advilad SeamCnevs,
rom gamokvlevaSi Tanamedrove realobis konteq-
stSi kritikuladaa ganxiluli is samecniero naS-
romebi, romlebSic gaanalizebulia enisa da dia-
leqtis gammijnavi kriteriumebi; mniSvnelovania,
rom monografiis avtorma wigni aago SesaZlo (Tu
mosalodneli) safrTxeebis Rrma analizis fonze;
misi azriT, lingvisturi qarTvelologiis (me vit-
yodi saxelmwifos) winaSe dgas xuTi arsebiTi ga-
mowveva:
1. saerTaSoriso akademiur velSi qarTveli eris
enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis sawinaaRmdego ide-
ologem(eb)is dabalanseba /Tavdacva sainforma-
cio omSi/;
2. „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb ev-
ropuli qartiis“ ratificirebis konteqstSi sa-
qarTvelos enobrivi situaciis adekvaturi aRwe-
ra;
3. rusuli enobrivi politikis wiaRSi Seqmnili
terminologiuri diversiebis ganeitralebiT
swor saxelmwifoebriv orientirTa gabundovne-
bis Tavidan acileba;
4. qarTuli enis prestiJis SenarCunebis mizniT
da Tanamedrove gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT
qarTuli enis teqnologizeba (avtomaturi ore-
novani akademiuri Targmanis ganxorcieleba);
5. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis – qarTvelTa
dedaenis, qarTuli (/qarTveluri) samwignobro

11
 enis – konstituciuri statusis dacvis uzrun-
velyofa, qarTveluri zepiri metyvelebebis
, Svaburi da bavariuli enobrivi qvesistemebi germa-
nuli enis rigiTi dialeqtebia da ara damoukidebe-
li enebi.
1. erTmaneTs emTxveva Cemi da prof. tariel
futkaraZis daskvnebi qarTuli samwerlo enis
warmoSobisa da misi qarTvelur ena-kiloebTan
SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli RonisZiebebis
gatareba da saqarTvelos amJamindel saz-
Rvrebs miRma darCenili qarTvelobis enobrivi
identobis gadarCena.

amavdroulad, aqve gaSlilia saintereso da vrceli

msjeloba qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros segmenta-
ciis istoriis Sesaxeb.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxlea isic, rom lingvis-
turi qarTvelologiis istoriaSi pirvelad aris
amomwuravad Seswavlili da ganxiluli saqarTve-
los erovnul da sxva arqivebSi daculi gansakuT-
rebuli Rirebulebis dokumentebi da maTTan dakav-
Sirebuli masalebi, sxvadasxva dros miRebuli po-
litikuri gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa didi nawili
saqarTvelos farTo sazogadoebisaTvis (da xSirad
specialistebisaTvisac ki) ucnobia.
monografiis centralur sakiTxad mainc rCeba sva-
nur da megrul-lazur metyvelebaTa lingvisturi
statusis problema. cnobilia, rom svanursa da meg-
rul-lazurs, sociolingvisturi kvalifikaciiT, sa-
marTlianad ganixilaven rogorc saqarTvelos sa-
xelmwifo enis, qarTvelTa dedaenis, anu qarTulis
dialeqtebad. Tumca, Cveni azriT, sakuTriv enobriv-
struqturuli midgomis SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelur ena-
kiloebs Soris sazRvrebs adgens am enobrivi jgu-
fis wevrebs Soris gamovlenili regularuli, ka-

12
nonzomieri da sistemuri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis ar-
seboba; rom qarTvelur ena-kiloebs Soris ena/dia-
leqtis lingvisturi statusis ganmsazRvreli utyu-
ari klasifikatori aris bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa Cve-
neba, swored is adgens sazRvrebs qarTulsa, zanur-
sa da svanurs Soris, vinaidan am samwevrovani siste-
mis nebismier wevrs saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis
daSlis momdevno safexurze ukve gaaCnda sakuTari
lingvisturi fizionomia (fonologia-morfologiis
doneze).

ena/dialeqtis statusis konteqstSi bgeraTSesatyvi-

sobebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebis gabaTilebas
sayuradRebo argumentebiT cdilobs prof. t. fut-
karaZe; kerZod, igi miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli ena yve-
la qarTvelis istoriuli dedaenaa; garda amisa,
bgeraTSesatyvisobis arseboba-ararsebobis mixedviT
msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi enisa Tu dialeqtis
statusi ar aris gansazRvruli. rac mTavaria, bge-
raTSesatyvisobiT dgindeba idiomTa naTesaoba da
ara – statusi... rogorc wesi, idiomis statusi gani-
sazRvreba sociolingvisturi kriteriumebiT.
marTlac, mraval monaTesave enas Soris bgeraTSe-
satyvisoba ar gvaqvs (rusuli, belorusiuli, Cexu-
ri, slovakuri...), magram es erTeulebi, sayovelTao
aRiarebiT, enebad aris kvalificirebuli da piri-
qiT – kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesat-
yvisobebi gvaqvs dialeqtebad miCneul enobriv erTe-
ulebs Soris (germanuli, Cinuri...). amasTanave, xSi-
rad bgeraTSesatyvisoba Tavs iCens ara marto enebs,
aramed dialeqtebsa da TviT kilokavebs Sorisac
ki; aseTia, magaliTad, xunZuri enis kilokavebi: to-
xuri da Wadaqolouri. marTlacda, saintereso para-
lelebia avtoris mier moxmobili, magram Cven mainc
gvgonia, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi qarTvelobas gan-
sazRvravs politikuri TviTSegnebis done (rac uaR-
13
resad maRalia megrel-svanebSi), da ara enobrivi na-
Tesaobis (Tundac lingvisturad identurobis) fe-
nomeni.
rac Seexeba anwuxuri dialeqtis toxuri da Wadaqo-
louri kilokavebis urTierTmimarTebas, sadac am
ori kilokavis sibilanturi Tanxmovnebi TiTqos
iseTsave Sesatyvisobas gviCveneben, rogorc qarTuli
da zanur-svanuri. Cvens enebSi, marTalia, arsebobs
angariSgasawevi sibilanturi opozicia sisina : SiSi-
na, magram qarTvelur enaTa sibilanturi mimarTeba
ar dgas mxolod sisina/SiSina opoziciaze, qarTve-
lur masalaSi gadamwyvet rols sisina : SiSina ko-
respondenciasTan erTad SiSina : SiSina + ukanaenis-
mieri xSuli (qarT. Svidi : zan. SqviTi : svan. iSgvid)
mimarTeba TamaSobs, Torem sisina -> SiSina xunZuris
kilokavebSi ki ara, TviT Zveli qarTulis fargleb-
Sic SeiniSneba, Sdr.: frcxili / frCxili, sxami /
Sxami da mravali sxva, Tumca arc erTi SemTxveva ar
fiqsirdeba j/jg, C/Cq, W/Wk, S/Sq urTierTCanacvlebi-
sa arc Zvel qarTulSi da arc sxva romelime qar-
Tul dialeqtSi. Cveni dakvirvebiT, amgvar SemTxve-
vebSi angariSi unda gavuwioT enobriv sistemaTa Cve-
nebebs, kerZod, is mocemulobebi, rac relevanturia
erT romelime enobriv sistemaSi, gadamwyveti argu-
mentis Zalas kargavs sxva sistemaSi. amitomac ama
Tu im argumentis universalizacia yvela mocemulo-
baSi ver iZleva sasurvel Sedegs; Tumca amave kon-
teqstSi, vimeoreb, udavod mniSvnelovani da aSkara
novaciis Semcveli Cans, qarTvelur konteqstSi, pa-
ralelebis moxmoba germanuli sinamdvilidan; ker-
Zod: germanelTa saSinao sametyvelo erTeulebs So-
risac arsebobs bgeraTSesatyvisobebi, magram, miuxe-
davad amisa, msoflioSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
lingvistebis daskvniTmimarTebis sakiTxebSi. adrec
vambobdiT da dResac vimeoreb, rom saerToqarTve-
luri (iberiuli) samwerlo ena Seiqmna winareqarTve-

14
luri (iberiuli), dialeqturad jer kidev gaudife-
rencirebeli enis bazaze, roca samwerlo ena da
cocxali metyveleba met-naklebad erTmaneTis iden-
tur-igiveobrivi iyo. mxolod momdevno etapze samet-
yvelo enis bazaze ikidebs fexs qarTul-zanur-sva-
nuri dialeqturi sxvaoba, anu kilourad diferenci-
rebuli saero (xalxuri) zepirmetyveleba. swored
saxalxo (sametyvelo) enidan iRebs saTaves Tanamed-
rove qarTveluri dialeqtebi, Torem ZvelqarTuli
samwerlobo ena, romelic uSualod momdinareobda
da agrZelebda saerToqarTveluri samwerlo enis
tradicias, yovelTvis iyo yovel qarTvelTa kultu-
ris, religiis, ganaTlebis da, saerTod, saxelmwi-
fos ena. amiT saerToqarTveluri (iberiuli) samwer-
lo ena Zalian gvagonebs Zvel laTinur samwerlobo
enasa da mis qvesistemebs, laTinuri enis dialeq-
tebs, roca, rogorc Cvens SemTxvevaSic, laTinuri
enis istoriuli dialeqtebis SedarebiTi analizis
gziT rekonstruirebuli sityva-formebi ar emTxveva
Zveli laTinuri samwerlo enis realurad fiqsire-
bul faqtebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsac (samwer-
lo laTinursa) da meoresac (xalxur laTinur met-
yvelebas, anu dialeqtebs) saerTo warmomavloba axa-
siaTebT. magram, vinaidan yovel qarTvelTa samwig-
nobro enas qarTuli warmoadgenda da swored mas
aRiarebdnen da moixmardnen mTels saqarTveloSi,
CvenSi ar damdgara aucilebloba romelime qarTve-
luri dialeqtis mixedviT axali samwignobro enis
Camoyalibebisa, gansxvavebiT laTinuri enidan momdi-
nare espanuri, franguli Tu italiuri samwerlobo
enebisagan. da Tu rogor SeiZleba saerToqarTvelu-
ri warmomavlobis sityvebi Cvens Tvalwin gaxdes
transformirebuli, anu saliteraturo forma zepi-
ri metyvelebis faqti, amas naTlad aCvenebs erTi sa-
xelis istoria CvenSi.

15
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs kolxeTis mefe aietis Svilis
saxelis – afsirtes – bedi. Cveni dakvirvebiT, uZve-
les miTosSi damowmebul afsirt-e anTroponims
ukavSirdeba gacilebiT ufro gviandeli periodis
egrisis mefe waTe pirvelis Zmis sakuTari saxeli,
romelsac ofsit-i erqva. qarTvelur ena-kiloTa Se-
darebiTi fonetikis monacemTa mixedviT qarT. af-
sirt- : zan. ofsit- Sepirispirebas winaaRmdegoba ar
axlavs, Sdr. s.-qarTv. *a -> qarT. a : zan. o. interes-
moklebuli arc is faqti Cans, rom afsirt- / ofsit-
kolxTa samefo ojaxis wevrTa sakuTari saxelebia;
magram umTavresi mainc Cvens SemTxvevaSi dasaxele-
bul anTroponimTa qronologiuri urTierTmimarTe-
bis problemaa, rac iZleva sakuTriv zanuri a -> o
xmovangadawevis SedarebiT zustad daTariRebis Se-
saZleblobas. kerZod, aietis periodis megrul-la-
zurSi a -> o fonetikuri procesi jer kidev ar iyo
moqmedi, amitomac saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobis
afsirt- anTroponimi, romelic, rogorc etyoba,
kolxeTis samefo dinastiisaTvis gamorCeuli saku-
Tari saxeli iyo, ucvlelad gamoiTqmoda. SedarebiT
gviandel periodSi, waTe pirvelis dros, a -> o gar-
daqmna moqmedebda da, Sesabamisad, afsirt- ismoda
rogorc ofsirt-. waTe-gubazis mefobis periodSi a -
> o transformaciis garda lazur-megrulisaTvis
ukve damaxasiaTebeli yofila r -> 0 fonetikuri ga-
uCinarebis procesic: afsirt- -> *ofsirt- -> ofsit-.
Tundac am saxelis – afsirt-e qronologiuri gan-
xilva metad cxadi dasturia imisa, Tu ra gziT mim-
dinareobda transformacia saerToqarTveluridan
kolxur-svanur metyvelebaTa damoukidebel idiome-
bad Camoyalibebisaken. amitomac sworia da uaRresad
zustia t. futkaraZis msjeloba (daskvna) imis Tao-
baze, rom „warmarTobis dros (qristianobamde!) qar-
TvelTa erTiani RvTismsaxurebis (erovnuli) enis
arsebobas cxadyofs svaneTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, aRmo-

16
savleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, samegrelosa Tu
qarTl-kaxeTSi Cawerili warmarTuli Selocvebis
ena; mag., svaneTSi Cawerili Selocvebis didi umrav-
lesobis ena aris arqauli samwignobro ena (SeuZle-
belia, svaneTSi qristianobis gavrcelebisa Tu sva-
nuri kiloebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg SeeswavlaT
warmarTuli Selocvebi)“. svanuris SemTxvevaSi uad-
gilod ar gveCveneba im faqtis Sexsenebac mkiTxve-
lisaTvis, rom warmarTobis periodis yvelaze Zveli
svanuri rituali „adrekila “ da „saqme “, romelic
erTsa da imave Cveulebas miemarTeba (pirveli laS-
xeTSi iyo gavrcelebuli, meore – zemosvaneTSi),
magram svanuris meSveobiT ver gaiSifreba, vinaidan
mxolod iberiuli saliteraturo qarTulis wiaRSi
SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo (Sdr.: a-drek-il- (drek-a) da
sa-qm-e- ) isini TviT svaneTis teritoriaze. asevea
megrulSic, kerZod, locvis aRmniSvneli sityva aq
lazurTan saerTo xvam-a „locva“, o-xvam-e „saloca-
vi; taZari“ formebis saxiT bunebrivia da dRemde aq-
tiuri, magram Selocvis aRsaniSnavad saliteraturo
Selocva aris ZiriTadi megrulisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli r-s CarTviTa da c -> s gadasvliT – Selorsa
<- Selocva. da piriqiT, umniSvnelovanes faqtad gve-
saxeba qarTuli enis codnis ganmsazRvreli specia-
luri terminis arseboba megrulSi da iqidan misi
zogadqarTulSi damkvidreba. mxedvelobaSia termini
CiqorTuli, romelic megrul sinamdvileSi Seiqmna
susti/cudi qarTulis sinonimad (Sdr. sityva-mciro-
ba, mcire qarTuli „vefxistyaosanSi“: „ar Seamoklos
qarTuli, ara qmnas sityva-mciroba“...); faqtia megru-
lis CiCie-qorTuli (glaxa qarTuli) -> CiqorTuli
jer samegreloSi mcxovreb megrelTa qarTul met-
yvelebas miemarTeboda da mxolod Semdgom xdeba
igi sakuTriv qarTulSi gaumarTavi (areul-dareu-
li), mwiri qarTuli metyvelebis aRmniSvneli sinoni-
muri termini.

17
 absoluturad zustia prof. t. futkaraZis msjelo-
ba e.w. umwerlobo qarTveluri enebis arsebobis Se-
saxeb, roca avtori cdilobs sarbieli Seukvecos am
yovlad umwifar formulirebas, romlis saboloo
mizanic swored is aris, rom megrelebi, svanebi, la-
zebi gamocxaddes umwerlobo enebis mflobel „mci-
re erebad“, rac damRupvelia saqarTvelosTvis. mar-
Tlac, avtoris Tqmisa ar iyos: „didi usamarTlobaa
samegrelos, lazeTisa da svaneTis qarTvelobis
STambeWdavi samwignobro istoriis uaryofiT am qar-
TvelT gavuucxooT erTiani qarTuli (qarTveluri)
samwignobro ena da umwignobro enis mqone „xalxe-
bad“ gamovacxadoT“. arada, rogorc akad. arnold
Ciqobava samarTlianad aRniSnavda: „qarTuli sali-
teraturo ena Seqmnilia mTeli qarTveli xalxis mi-
er, igi kuTvnilebaa mTeli qarTvelobisa, iqneba es
qarTveli: xevsuri Tu svani, kaxeli Tu megreli,
qarTleli Tu aWareli... TviT daqucmacebul feoda-
lur saqarTveloSic ki sxva samwerlo ena ara hqo-
niaT arc megrelebsa da arc svanebs. qarTuli sali-
teraturo ena erTaderTi erovnuli enaa mTeli qar-
TvelobisaTvis“.
amitomac yovelgvar mcdelobas, megruli metyveleba
iqces samwerlobo enad da qarTulis nacvlad (Tu
paralelurad) damkvidrdes dawyebiTi ganaTlebis
enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad, aranairi
perspeqtiva ar gaaCnia da arc unda mieces. nuTu zo-
gi Cveni Tanamedrove ise daeca, rom ver gautolda
komunist al. gegeWkoris mier asi wlis win miRweul
azrovnebis dones, romelic gulwrfelad fiqrobda
da werda:
„samegrelos arasodes ucxovria saqarTvelosgan
mowyvetiT; samegrelo aris saqarTvelos istoriuli
da ganuyofeli nawili... megreli dasabamiTve Semoq-
media qarTuli saliteraturo enisa... qarTuli ena
aris megrelTa „samSoblo ena“; Sesabamisad, ...aravi-

18
Tar damoukidebel megrul kulturaze ar SeiZleba
laparaki. samegrelos kultura mTlianad qarTulia,
qarTul safuZvelzea moqarguli, qarTuli fesvebi-
Taa moarsebe“.
lavrenti beriac ki samegrelos enobriv-kulturu-
li avtonomiis winaaRmdegi iyo: „samegrelos avto-
nomia – es nabijis ukan gadadgmaa, es aris naxtomi
300 wliT ukan“.
Cveni mxridan mxolod davamatebT, samegrelom da
misma mosaxleobam didi xnis win airCia simarTlis
gza – erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo, romlis uryevi
mesaZirkvlis simZimec TviTonve itvirTa. da amis na-
Teli dasturia bolo periodis damoukidebeli sa-
qarTvelos xelaxali dabadeba, romlis gvirgvinic
merab kostavasa da zviad gamsaxurdias moRvaweobaa.

profesori merab Cuxua

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos
enis departamentis eqspertTa komisiis Tavmjdomare

19
 Sesavali

qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, msofli-

oSi erT-erTi pirveli eklesia saqarTveloSi, ker-
Zod, sofel did aWaraSi, aago wmida andria pir-
velwodebulma, daaxloebiT, ax.w. 37 wels. meti
albaTobiT, soflis saxels msazRvreli „didi“
daerTo swored pirveli eklesiis gamo (Sdr.: sxva
SemTxvevebSi soflis saxelis msazRvrelad Tu
aris „didi“, iqvea „patarac“, mag.: didi jixaiSi –
patara jixaiSi; Sdr., aseve: zemo saqara – qvemo
saqara, zemo xevi – Sua xevi – imer xevi da sxv.)1.
IV saukuneSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadebiT qarTvelTa saxelmwifom Seuqcevadi
arCevani gaakeTa aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs So-
ris. mravali saukunis manZilze qristianoba, ro-
gorc msoflmxedveloba da dasavlur-kavkasiuri
kultura, qarTvelTa identobis erT-erT ganmsaz-
Rvrel faqtorad iqca2.

1 osmaluri da komunisturi imperiuli „qvesknelebidan“

aWaris gamosvlis Semdeg 20 saukunis winandeli aWarlebi-
sa da wmida tbeli abuseriZis mier Seqmnili kalapoti
postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi aaRorZines aWaris mkvidrma
cnobilma moRvaweebma: fridon xalvaSma, zurab gorgila-
Zem, mamia varSaniZem, vaxtang makaraZem, SuSana futkaraZem,
nugzar jafariZem, biWiko diasamiZem, daviT TedoraZem, gu-
ram futkaraZem, zurab xabaZem, nodar SavaZem, SoTa cec-
xlaZem, sandro beriZem, niaz zosiZem, SoTa mamulaZem, da-
viT bolqvaZem, Teimuraz maxaraZem... aWaraSi aRzrdilma
bevrma sxva Rirseulma qarTvelma.
2 ukve VII saukuneSi saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, qarTu-
li meoba da qristianoba urTierTganmsazRvrel cnebebad
romaa qceuli, Cans ioane sabanisZis saintereso formuli-
dan: „Cveulebisaebr mamulisa svla“ (msjelobisaTvis ix.:
a. nikoleiSvili, ortomeuli: qarTvel mweralTa erov-
nul-politikuri mrwamsi, t. I, gv. 43-48).
20
1555 wels amasiaSi iransa da osmaleTs Soris da-
debuli zavis Semdeg muslimanuri imperiebis ag-
resiiT Sewuxebuli qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis
mmarTvelebi imedis TvaliT uyureben erTmorwmune
ruseTis imperias. qarTvelTa ndobis gamoyenebiT,
me-19 saukuneSi kavkasiaSi Semosulma ruseTma, am
regionSi (/kavkasiaSi) saboloo damkvidrebis miz-
niT, erTmorwmune qarTvelebis daxmarebis nac-
vlad, iaraRis ZaliT gaanadgura mravalsaukuno-
vani qarTuli samefo dinastia, saqarTvelos ekle-
siis avtokefalia da miznad daisaxa qarTveli
eris sruli mospoba.
mefis ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia-aneqsi-
is Semdeg imperiis erTian sazRvrebSi gaCnda bu-
nebrivi pirobebi qarTvelTa erovnuli erTianobis
aRorZinebisaTvis. qarTvelTa konsolidacia xels
ar aZlevda ruseTs, amitom qarTvelTa eTnikuri
danawevrebis mizniT („gaTiSe da ibatone“), rusma
moxeleebma SeimuSaves strategia, romlis mTavari
mimarTuleba iyo qarTvelTa dedaenis gavrcele-
bis arealis maqsimalurad SezRudva; am strategi-
is xerxemali iyo peterburgis universitetSi Seq-
mnili fsevdomecnieruli ideologema3 e.w. oTxi
qarTveluri enis Sesaxeb; kerZod, „mecnieruli
kvlevebiT“ maT miznad daisaxes kuTxuri metyve-
lebebis (/dialeqtebis) gamocxadeba damoukidebel
enebad, am axal „enebze“ saqmiswarmoebisa Tu saek-
lesio RvTismsaxurebis dawyeba da qarTvelTa
enobriv-eTnikuri dapirispirebis provocireba4.

3 ideologema – politikuri mizniT SemuSavebuli kvazi-

mecnieruli debuleba.
4 Mmefis xelisufleba intensiurad afinansebda amgvar
„samecniero“ proeqtebs. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom 1880 wli-
21
ruseTis komunisturi imperiis mesveurTa aqtiuro-
biT XX saukuneSi eEs fsevdomecnieruli ideologe-
ma farTod gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi; igi
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
amJamad mimdinare sainformacio omSic.

Tanamedrove realobidan gamomdinare, dRes, Cveni

azriT, lingvisturi qarTvelologiis winaSe dgas
xuTi arsebiTi gamowveva5:
1. saerTaSoriso akademiur velSi qarTveli eris
enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis sawinaaRmdego ideo-
logem(eb)is dabalanseba /Tavdacva sainformacio
omSi/;
2. „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb ev-
ropuli qartiis“ ratificirebis konteqstSi sa-
qarTvelos enobrivi situaciis adekvaturi aRwera;
3. rusuli enobrivi politikis wiaRSi Seqmnili
terminologiuri diversiebis ganeitralebiT swor
saxelmwifoebriv orientirTa gabundovnebis Tavi-
dan acileba;
4. qarTuli enis prestiJis SenarCunebis mizniTa
da Tanamedrove gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
qarTuli enis teqnologizeba (avtomaturi oreno-
vani akademiuri Targmanis ganxorcieleba);
5. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis – qarTvelTa de-
daenis, qarTuli (/qarTveluri) samwignobro enis
– konstituciuri statusis dacvis uzrunvelyofa,
qarTveluri zepiri metyvelebebis SenarCunebisaT-
vis aucilebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba da saqar-

dan peterburgis universitetis profesorma al. cagarel-

ma uari Tqva enaTmecnierebaSi muSaobis gagrZelebaze
(vrclad ix. T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi
qarTvelologiaSi 2006, Ggv. 91-92).
5 Bbunebrivia, aris sxva gamowvevebic.

22
Tvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs miRma darCenili
qarTvelobis enobrivi identobis gadarCena.
aqve aRvniSnav:
ramdenime mizezis gamo qarTvelTa enobriv
identobas safrTxe saqarTveloSic emuqreba;
kerZod:
- globaluri qselis epoqaSi inglisuri Tu sxva
farTod gavrcelebuli enebis (Cinuri, rusuli...)
gamoyenebis sivrcis gazrda safrTxes uqmnis sxva
xalxebis dedaenebs; avtomaturi Targmanebis
epoqaSi ki metad gviandeba qarTulenovani
avtomaturi akademiuri mTargmneli programis
Seqmna (aseTi programa kulturul funqcias
SeunarCunebs da gadaarCens mcirericxovani eris
enas);
- saqarTvelos politikur speqtrSi dResac
aqtiuria fsevdoliberalTa jgufi, romelic
xels uwyobs megrulad Tu svanurad bibliis
(saxarebisa Tu sxva saeklesio wignebis)
„Targmnasa“ da svaneTsa da samegreloSi
RvTismsaxurebis enad istoriuli saeklesio enis
nacvlad kuTxuri metyvelebis damkvirebas. rac,
saboloo jamSi, samegrelosa da svaneTis
qarTvelobas daukargavs dedaenas – qarTul sam-
wignobro enas (saxarebis megrulad da svanurad
Targmnis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTve-
lologiis aqtualuri problemebi da qarTvelolo-
giis centris amocanebi /Actual Problems of
Kartvelology and Objectives of the
Kartvelology Centre of Saint Andrew the First-
Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate
of Georgia/ Tb., 2011, gv. 17-18).

23
wignSi dokumenturi da saarqivo masalebis safuZ-
velze gaanalizebulia Tanamedrove lingvisturi
qarTvelologiis zemoxsebuli xuTi gamowveva.
vfiqrob, naSromSi warmodgenili daskvnebi sayu-
radReboa saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis koncefciis
konteqstSi.

I Tavi
qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri
erTianobis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso
dokumentebSi

1.1. haidi taliavinis daskvnis

erTi nawilis analizi

„rbili Zalis“ (SOFT POWER) politikis konteq-

stiT saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimdinare sainfor-
macio omSi6 zogjer Cveni evropeli Tu amerikeli
partniorebic eqcevian rusuli propagandis gav-
lenis qveS. magaliTisaTvis ganvixilav ruseT-sa-
qarTvelos omis (2008) Sesaxeb haidi taliavinis
xelmZRvanelobiT momzadebuli dokumentis erT
monakveTs. Aaq h. taliavini imowmebs amerikel mec-
niers – ronald sunis (Ronald Grigor Suny war-
moSobiT eTnikuri somexia), romelic, Tavis mxriv,
„aTanamedrovebs“ wignis Sesaval nawilSi ganxi-
lul rusul ideologemas7; kerZod, h. taliavinis
daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT:

6 vrclad ix.: profesori jozef nai, „rbili Zala – msof-

lio politikaSi miznis miRwevis saSualeba“, 2004 ; Prof. Dr.
Joseph Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, 2004.
7 XXI saukuneSic ruseTis imperiis antikavkasiur poli-
tikas ewinaaRmdgeba qarTvelTa prodasavluri arCevani,
24
„istoriulad qarTuli erovnuli identoba Tavis
warmoSobas me-4 saukuneSi qarTuli avtokefaliu-
ri eklesiis Camoyalibebas da me-5 saukuneSi qar-
Tuli enis gamoCenasa da anbanis Seqmnas ukavSi-
rebs. Tumca, saqarTvelo saukuneebis manZilze
sxvadasxva adgilobriv subeTnikur erTeulad iyo
dayofili, romelTagan TiToeuls hqonda Tavisi
sakuTari tradiciebi, zne-Cveulebebi, dialeqtebi
da, megrelebis, lazebisa da svanebis SemTxvevaSi
ki – sxva enebi, romlebic hgavs qarTuls. eTnikur
jgufTa konsolidaciis da erad Camoyalibebis
procesi ar dasrulebula“8.
istoriuli sinamdvile didad gansxvavdeba h. ta-
liavinis mier aRwerilisagan:

ris gamoc ruseTi dResac cdilobs saqarTvelos ganad-

gurebas.
8
http://www.ceiig.ch/Report.html (tomi, II, gv. 2). History of an
Ambivalent Relationship: „Georgian national identity claims historical
origins dating as far back as the establishment of an autocephalous
Georgian church in the 4th century and the emergence of the Georgian
language with its own alphabet in the 5th century. Nevertheless, for
centuries Georgia was divided into diverse local sub-ethnic entities, each
with its own characteristic traditions, manners, dialects and, in the case of
the Mingrelians, Lazs and Svans, with separate languages similar to
Georgian. The process of ethnic consolidation and nation-making had not
been completed (A standard work on this process is: Ronald Grigor
Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, Bloomington/Indianapolis,
1994). h. taliavinis mcdari debulebebis kritikisaTvis
vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, 2002 da 2010 wlebis saerTo-sa-
xalxo aRwerebi ruseTSi da qarTvelTa identobis sakiT-
xebi; ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-
tutis samecniero konferencia, Tb., 14-17 ivnisi, 2010;
https://www.scribd.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTa-
Reestri-Da-Sakartvelo.
25
mravali istoriuli faqti cxadyofs, rom qarTu-
li ena, rogorc qarTvelTa dedaena9, 15 saukuneze
meti xania arsebobs. saukuneebis win swored qar-
Tuli eniT qarTvelTa konsolidaciaze saubroben
Zveli mematianeni; Sesabamisad, qarTveli eris kon-
solidaciis procesi dasrulda didi xnis win. pa-
ralelurad, araerTi dampyrobeli cdilobda
enobriv-eTnikurad daenawevrebina („gaTiSe da iba-
tone“) geopolitikurad rTul regionSi mcxovre-
bi qarTveli eri, rom qarTvelTa dasustebis Sem-
TxvevaSi kontroli daemyarebina kavkasiis regi-
onsa Tu Savi zRvis aRmosavleT nawilze.
faqtia isic, rom h. taliavins aseTi araadekvatu-
ri daskvna gamoaqvs sabWoTa periodSi gabatonebu-
li e.w. oTxi „qarTveluri enis“ „ideologiaze“
dayrdnobiT.
r. sunis (/h. taliavinis/ mier warmodgenili „hipo-
Teza“ Teoriulad samgvarad SeiZleba Sefasdes
(Sesabamisad, samgvarad dadgeba problemis ararse-
bobisa Tu gadaWris sakiTxi):
a) r. suni da h. taliavini cdebian, radganac qar-
Tvel ers aqvs mravalsaukunovani erTiani samwig-
nobro ena, erTiani saeklesio ena da erTiani
enobriv-eTnikuri identoba. dasaxelebuli zepiri
qarTveluri qvesistemebi ki am erovnuli enis ze-
piri saxesxvaobebia; anu didi xania momxdaria qar-
TvelTa enobrivi konsolidacia da am mxriv prob-
lema ar arsebobs.

9
cnebebi: „qarTuli ena“, „qarTvelTa dedaena“ da „qarTve-
luri ena“ CvenTvis sinonimebia (Sdr.: prof. r. Serozia
„qarTvelTa dedaenis“ sinonimad iyenebs mxolod „qarTve-
lur enas“; ix. aqve: sqolio 28).
26
b) r. suni da h. taliavini ar cdebian – qarTveli
eri jer ar arsebobs; momavalSi SeiZleba moxdes
qarTvelTa konsolidacia;
g) r. suni da h. taliavini ar cdebian: uZvelesi
droidan dRemde arsebobs oTxi qarTveluri eTni-
kuri jgufi: qarTveli, svani, megreli da lazi.
Sesabamisad, aucilebelia, saerTaSoriso Tanadgo-
miT xeli Seewyos „umwerlobo qarTveluri“ „eT-
nosebis“ damoukidebeli enebis, rogorc umcireso-
bis enebis, ganviTarebas.
samwuxarod, ara mxolod saqarTvelos zogma sxva
megobarma, aramed enobrivi politikis sferoSi
momuSave qarTvel saxelmwifo moxeleTa nawilmac
ar icis, rom qarTvel ers aqvs mravalsaukunovani
erTiani samwignobro ena, erTiani saeklesio ena
da erTiani enobriv-eTnikuri identoba (dokumen-
turi masalis analizisaTvis ix. qvemoT).
winaswarve aRvniSnav, rom saqarTvelosaTvis nam-
dvilad saxifaToa es faqti da miT ufro is, rom,
araiSviaTad, zepir qarTvelur enobriv saxesxvao-
baTa statusis gansazRvrisas (Tu qarTvelTa eT-
nikuri identobis kvalificirebisas) eqspertebi
eyrdnobian rusuli enobrivi (/eTnikuri) politi-
kis wiaRSi Seqmnil ideologemebs.
Sdr.: kavkasiis iaraRiT dapyrobis Semdeg, XIX-XX
saukuneTa mijnaze ruseTis imperiis moxeleebma
sagangebod SemuSavebuli enobrivi politikiT da-
iwyes „gaTiSe da ibatones“ gegmis ganxorcieleba;
kerZod, qarTvelTa zogi kuTxuri metyvelebis da-
moukidebel enad gamocxadebiT Seecadnen qar-
TvelTa enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas.
es gza gaagrZeles bolSevikebma. dResac amave
gziT midis kremli; mag., 2002 da 2010 wlebis ruse-
27
Tis mosaxleobis aRwerebis dokumentebSi gansxva-
vebul erovnebebadaa CaTvlili: qarTveli, megre-
li, svani, aWareli...10 mag., 2010 wlis aRweris Sede-
gebis mixedviT, ruseTSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva
erovnebaa: Грузины (картвели), Аджарцы (аджарели),
Ингилойцы (ингилой), Лазы, Мегрелы (маргали, мингрелы),
Сваны11.
rusi mecnierebi aqtiurad cdiloben, Seamciron
qarTuli enis, zogadad, qarTvelTa sacxovrisis
sazRvrebi; mag., prof. i. koriakovis azriT, qar-
TvelTa gansaxlebis dasavleTi sazRvari samtre-

10 t. futkaraZe, 2002 da 2010 wlebis saerTo-saxalxo aRwe-

rebi ruseTSi da qarTvelTa identobis sakiTxebi; ivane
javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis sa-
mecniero konferencia, Tb., 14-17 ivnisi, 2010; t. futkaraZe,
Tanamedrove qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri aRwera „msof-
lios enaTa reestris“ (inguarium.iling-ran.ru) mixedviT da
arsebuli sinamdvile, saqarTvelo da msoflio (warsuli
da Tanamedroveoba), baTumi, 2009. wakiTxul iqna moxsene-
bad samecniero konferenciaze: „saqarTvelo da msoflio
(warsuli da Tanamedroveoba)“, baTumi, 2008 w. 14-15 noembe-
ri.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTa-Reestri-
Da-Sakartvelo. msjelobisaTvis ix. qvemoT.
11 t. futkaraZe, 2002 da 2010 wlebis saerTo-saxalxo aRwe-
rebi ruseTSi da qarTvelTa identobis sakiTxebi; ivane
javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis sa-
mecniero konferencia, Tb., 14-17 ivnisi, 2010;
https://www.scribd.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTa-
Reestri-Da-Sakartvelo. rusuli aRwerebis dokumentebSi arse-
buli kvalifikaciebisa da aRweris SedegebisaTvis ix.:
http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm
http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/alfavit/alfavit_nacion10.php (da-
mowmeba: 25.12.2018); ix., aseve: t. futkaraZe, kidev erTxel
mcdari eTnolingvisturi kvalifikaciebis Sesaxeb; gela-
Tis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali, 2, quTaisi, 2008.
28
diamdea, CrdiloeTi ki – cageramde; kerZod, igi
sxvadasxva enad acxadebs ra qarTuls, megruls,
svanurs, lazurs, qarTveluri „eTnikuri jgufe-
bis“ aseT rukas gvTavazobs12:

rukaze „qarTvelebisa“ da „megrelebis“ sacxovri-

sebis sazRvari cxeniswyalis qvemo welSia; „qar-
Tvelebis”, „megrelebisa“ da „svanebisa“ ki – cxe-
niswyalis zemo welSi.
rusuli ideologemebis inerciiTaa Seqmnili bev-
ri evropuli Tu amerikuli kvalifikaciac; mag.,
araerTi akademiuri saerTaSoriso cnobaris, en-
ciklopediisa Tu eTnikuri rukis mixedviT, qar-
TvelTa naxevari qarTvelad ar miiCneva; mag.,
msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi eTnologi-
uri enciklopediis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi aris
Semdegi eTnosebi(/enebi): azerbaijanelebi, asirie-
lebi (aisorebi), afxazebi, bacbebi, berZnebi, lazebi,
megrelebi, osebi, rusebi, svanebi (romlebic, Turme,
samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTulsa da rusuls

12 prof. i. koriakovis ruka: http://linguarium.iling-ran.ru/maps/1-

all.gif (damowmeba: 05.05.2018). http://lingvarium.org.
29
sic!), somxebi, urumebi, qarTvelebi, qarTveli ebrae-
lebi, qurTebi13.
farTod vrceldeba araadekvaturi lingvisturi
Tu eTnikuri rukebic; mag., saqarTvelos ramdenime
universitetis sapatio profesoris, iost gipertis
lingvisturi ruka ase gamoiyureba:

i. gipertma es ruka Seqmna 1993-2003 wlebSi sabWo-

Ta kvalifikaciebis inerciiT14. am da zogi sxva
rukis mixedviT15 samegreloSi, lazeTsa da svaneT-
Si ar aris qarTuli ena; dasaxelebuli avtoris
azriT, samegrelo, lazeTi da svaneTi „umwerlo-
bo qarTveluri enebis“ gavrcelebis arealia.
2003 wels gamoqveynebul am rukaze qarTuli ena
ar aris: afxazeTSi, imerxevSi, taoSi... da cxinva-
lis mxareSi. sinamdvileSi, qarTuli ena mudam
iyo da dResac aris dasaxelebul kuTxeebSi. cxin-
valis mxareSi ki qarTvelTa genocidi moxda 2008
wels da, Sesabamisad, aq qarTvelebi veRar cxov-

13
http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE (damowmeba:
12.01.2019);
14
prof. i. gipertis ruka (damowmeba: 22.12.2018):
http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/kaukasm.htm
15
ix. aAseve, ASCN-is mxardaWeriT (fraiburgis universitetis
programa) CSEM-ის მიერ Seqmnili saqarTvelos enebis ruka (damow-
meba: 19.01.2019): http://csem.ge/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/languages_of_georgia.jpg.
30
roben 2008 wlis rusuli okupaciis Semdeg: cxin-
valis mxare am rukas daemsgavsa 2008 wlis ruseT-
saqarTvelos omis Semdeg16. Sdr. qarTuli enis
gavrcelebis areali adekvaturi rukis mixedviT:

Aaqve ix. qarTveluri zepiri metyvelebebis ruka,

saidanac naTlad Cans, rom cxeniswyali aris ara
qarTulisa da megrulis sazRvari (rogorc amas i.
koriakovi da sxvebi warmoaCenen), aramed – megru-
lisa da imerulisa:

16
am rukis Sesaxeb eqspertTa erTi jgufi wers: „ruka kargad
asaxavs saqarTvelos lingvistur mravalferovnebas“ („rekomen-
daciebi enobriv umciresobaTa dacvis mimarTulebiT enobrivi
politikis SemuSavebisaTvis“, Tb., 2008, gv. 9 (konsultanti: poz-
nanis adam mickeviCis saxelobis universitetis profesori doq-
tori tomaS vixerkeviCi).
31
evropis istoriis axal rukebzec bevri Seusabamo-
baa; mravalTagan erT-erTs davimowmeb:
V saukuneSi, vaxtang gorgaslis dros, maSin roca
saqarTvelo (/qarTli) namdvilad erTiani saxel-
mwifoa, damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad warmodge-
nilia saqarTvelos ori nawili: dasavleT saqar-
Tvelo – lazikad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo – ibe-
riad (arada, qoronimi „iberia“ erTiani saqarTve-
los ucxour saxeladac gamoiyeneboda)17:

17
https://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/500/500_Southeast.html
(damowmeba: 12.05.2018).

32
Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris:
h. taliavinis saeWvo daskvnis msgavsi cdomilebebi
sxva mimarTulebiTac SeiZleba iyos; Sesabamisad,
mosalodnelia, sxva waxnagiTac saqarTvelom da-
savleTeli eqspertebisagan araswori Sefasebebi
Tu rekomendaciebi miiRos.

saerTaSoriso akademiur velSi saqarTvelos Sesa-

xeb kvazimecnieruli Tvalsazrisebis arseboba
ver aixsneba mxolod ruseTis mier organizebuli
sainformacio omis warmatebiT; dasavleTeli eq-
spertebisaTvis madezorientirebelia, aseve, saqar-
Tvelos zog wamyvan universitetsa Tu saxelmwi-
fo struqturaSi dRemde gabatonebuli midgome-
bic, romelTa arseboba rusuli ideologemebis
inerciiT SeiZleba aixsnas; mag., saqarTvelos da-
moukideblobis aRdgenidan 27 weli gavida, magram
sabWoTa periodSi damkvidrebuli e.w. „umwerlobo
qarTveluri enebis“ „ideologia“ jerjerobiT ver
gadaisinja ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTuli enis in-
stitutSi18, sadac erT-erTi saelCos dafinanse-

18
e.w. „umwerlobo qarTveluri enebis“ ideologema uaryo-
filia amave universitetis eTnologiis mimarTulebaze; ix.,
33
biT, 2015 wlis 14 aprils pompezurad waradgines
e.w. xuTenovani – qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-in-
glisuri – leqsikoni (kritikuli analizi ix. qve-
moT)19.
saqarTvelos garedan dafinansda, aseve, mxatvru-
li filmebis gaxmovaneba svanurad (TiTqosda, sva-
nebis dedaena qarTuli ar iyos!):

ucxoeTidan dafinansda wignis: „svanuri sabavSvo

literatura“ gamocema da prezentacia (gaimarTa
2013 wlis 10 dekembers)20; prezentaciis dros „sva-
nuri enis“ mdgomareobis Sesaxeb isaubra rikard
berugma – svanuri sabavSvo literaturis konkur-
sis iniciatorma. r. berugi aseve mizanmimarTulad

mag., roland TofCiSvili, saqarTvelos eTnologia, Tb.,

2008; rozeta gujejiani, beJan xorava, qarTuli sazogadoeb-
rivi azris istoriidan, samecniero Jurnali: qarTveluri
memkvidreoba XIII, quTaisi, 2009, gv. 79-92 da sxv.
19
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chSKfvqWc1k (damowmeba:
12.05.2018).
20
https://gipa.ge/caucasus-school-of-journalism-and-media-manage-
ment/geo/news/detail/74/svanuri-sabavshvo-literatura.html
34
cdilobs, Seiqmnas svanuri saliteraturo ena (mi-
si partnioria jipa /saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv
saqmeTa institute/)21:

dRes svanuri (/megruli, lazuri) samwignobro eni-

sa Tu lingvisturi korpusis Seqmnis procesi Za-
lian hgavs me-19 saukunis bolos mimdinare rusul
ideologizebul „saganmanaTleblo“ „Sturms“ –
megruli da svanuri anbanebis Seqmnis mcdelo-
bebs22.
mravali faqti cxadyofs, rom svaneTi aris qarTu-
li kulturis savane. qarTvelTa obieqturi enob-

21
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.870916819613045.1073741-
862.354449327926466&type=3 U(damowmeba: 25.09.2018);
http://newold.gipa.ge/caucasus-school-of-journalism-and-media-
management/geo/news/detail/74/svanuri-sabavshvo-literatura.html (damow-
meba: 05.01.2019).
https://www.facebook.com/pg/LushnuLiteraturashKonkurste/photos/?tab=al
bum&album_id=576114975813753 (damowmeba: 05.01.2019).
22
me-19 saukunis bolos svanuri da megruli anbanebis Seqmnis
mcdelobis Sesaxeb ix.: T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sa-
kiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006, gv. 38, 93, 121, 126, 146.
35
riv-eTnikuri istoria rom icodnen qarTveli eris
Rirsebis pativismcemelma evropelma megobrebma,
sxva qarTvelebisagan gammijnav saeWvo proeqtebs
ar daafinansebdnen, kerZod, mravalsaukunovani
qarTuli samwignobro kulturis Seqmnis Tanamona-
wile ZirZvel qarTvelebs – svanebs – XXI sauku-
neSi ar SesTavazebdnen, winaprebis mier Seqmnili
dedaenobrivi samwignobro kulturis nacvlad,
„daimkvidron“ erT-erT zemosvanur kiloze Seqmni-
li „TavianTi“ „saliteraturo ena“ (sul sxva Te-
maa kuTxuri qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis –
didi qarTveluri memkvidreobis gadarCena-Senar-
Cunebaze zrunva; amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT)23.

arsebiTia kidev erTi garemoeba:

saqarTvelos amJamindel (2018 w.) saskolo wigneb-
Sic da eTnikur umciresobaTaTvis gansazRvrul
saxelmZRvaneloebSic qarTveluri enobrivi samya-
ro jer kidev oTxi qarTveluri enis ideologema-
ze orientirebuli kvazimecnieruli TeoriiT is-
wavleba.

1.2. oTxi qarTveluri enis ideologemis

Seqmnis istoria

Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi Seqmnili kolxuri (qar-

Tveluri) arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebi
TiTqmis srulad moicavs qujisa da farnavazis
gaerTianebul qarTulenovan saxelmwifos. araiS-

23
vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, svanebi: sacxovrisi, dedaena, dia-
leqtebi; krebuli: „svaneTi _ qarTuli kulturis savane“,
eZRvneba saqarTvelos kaTolikos-partiarqis, uwmidesisa da
unetaresis, ilia meoris dabadebidan 75-e da aRsaydrebidan
30-e wlisTavs; Tb., 2008, 141-152.
36
viaTad, kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealad
Tvlian mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos da acxa-
deben, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi moxda am
kulturis „infiltracia”. sinamdvileSi kolxuri
arqeologiuri kultura farTodaa gavrcelebu-
li rogorc amJamindeli saqarTvelos udides na-
wilSi, aseve, istoriul samxreT saqarTvelos te-
ritoriaze da ufro samxreTiTac; mag., prof. joni
afaqiZis mier Sedgenili ruka ase gamoiyureba:

Dprof. j. afaqiZem es ruka warmoadgina 2017 wlis 18

dekembers saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTul universitetSi
wakiTxul moxsenebaSi: „kolxuri kulturis brinja-
os metalurgia da ganZebis fenomeni (maxasiaTeblebi
da gavrcelebis areali) “ 24.

24
https://sangu.edu.ge/index.php?page=362&news_id=2759&lang=geo; ix. aseve:
Joni Apakidze, Die Spätbronze – und Früheisenzeit in West- und Zentralkaukasien.
Chronologische Studien zur Kolchis-Kultur, 1600–700 v. Chr. – Prähistorische
37
Zveli berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, daaxloebiT,
aseTivea qarTvelTa gansaxlebis veli Zv. w. pirveli
aTaswleulis damlevs25:

daaxloebiT, aseT sazRvrebSi iyo farnavazisa da qu-

jis, gorgaslis, daviT aRmaSeneblis, Tamar mefisa

Archäologie in Südosteuropa 24, Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden/Westf. 2009.

Zweibändige Monographie(deutsch mit georgischem und englischem Résumé).
http://www.vml.de/d/detail.php?ISBN=978-3-89646-595-5. arqeologiuri
Ffaqtobrivi masalisa da msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix. t. fut-
karaZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, dedaena, dia-
leqtebi), 2005; ingl. versia: gv. 395-394; Turq. versia: gv. 395-
492; The Georgians The Kartvels (Historical Home, Mother Tongue
Dialects); English version pg. 395-492; Turkish version pg. 331-394; ga-
momcemloba „quTaisis saxelmwifo universiteti“; Publishing
house „Akaki Tsereteli State University“;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158690/The-Georgians-the-Kartvels;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158759/Kartveller-Gurculer.
25
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, dedae-
na, dialeqtebi), 2005, gv. 613-625.
38
Tu giorgi brwyinvalis saqarTvelo (/qarTlis sa-
xelmwifo)26.
kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis arealSi iyo Zv.w.
II-I aTaswleulebSi arsebuli saerToqarTveluri ena,
romelsac daefuZna qarTvelTa samwignobro ena27.

26
ix. istoriografiuli rukebi (damowmeba: 05.01.2019):
http://valeryhistory.blogspot.com/2010/11/blog-post.html
https://burusi.wordpress.com/2009/10/18/georgia-xii/#jp-carousel-52834
https://www.flickr.com/photos/levanrami/4339043643.
27
saerToqarTveluri enisa da qarTvelTa samwignobro enis
mimarTebis Sesaxeb Cveni Tvalsazrisi pirvelad gamoqveynda
2000 wels qalaq zugdidSi Catarebuli XX respublikuri di-
aleqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebSi: t. futkaraZe,
saerToerovnuli saliteraturo enisa da „saSinao“ samet-
yvelo kodebis mimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli saliteraturo
enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis mixedviT (sametyvelo ko-
debis ierarqiisaTvis), XX dialeqtologiuri respublikuri
samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 102-106. ix., aseve, t.
futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro eni-
sa, 2006. The Origin of the Georgian Literary Language and its Prospects,
Tbilisi, 2006; http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-
Georgian-Literary-Language-and-its-Prospects. qarTvelTa samwignob-
ro enis safuZvlad saerToqarTveluri ena miaCnia, aseve,
prof. merab Cuxuas. man, Cemgan damoukideblad, politikuri
devnilobis dros Tavisi xedva ase Camoayaliba: „saerToqar-
Tveluri (iberiuli) samwerlo ena Seiqmna winareqarTvelu-
ri (iberiuli), dialeqturad jer kidev gaudiferencirebu-
li enis bazaze, roca samwerlo ena da cocxali metyveleba
met-naklebad erTmaneTis identur-igiveobrivi iyo. mxolod
momdevno etapze sametyvelo enis bazaze ikidebs fexs qar-
Tul-zanur-svanuri dialeqturi sxvaoba anu kilourad di-
ferencirebuli saero (xalxuri) zepirmetyveleba. m. Cuxua,
qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-2003,
gv. 8. saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dros Sesaxeb gan-
sxvavebuli TvalsazrisebisaTvis ix.: T. gamyreliZe, v. ivano-
vi, indoevropuli ena da indoevropelebi, 1984, gv. 909 (rusul
enaze); r.gordeziani, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis
problema, Tb., 1993, gv.38-39.
39
saerToqarTveluri enis safuZvelze – Tanamedrove
qarTvelTa yvela enobrivi qvesistemisaTvis amosa-
vali enobrivi variantis safuZvelze (da ara –
qarTl-kaxur dialeqtze) – Seqmnilma qarTulma sam-
wignobro enam, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos rTul ge-
opolitikur situaciaSi arsebobis miuxedavad, XX
saukunemde uzrunvelyo qarTvelTa enobriv-eTni-
kuri erTianobis SenarCuneba.
bolo 16 saukunis dokumenturi monacemebis mixed-
viT, danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT:
qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro enis CamomZer-
wav mwignobarTa didi nawili iyo istoriuli egrisi-
dan (amJamindeli samegrelo, guria, afxazeTi, svane-
Ti, aWara, livana, lazeTi, klarjeTi, imereTi); swo-
red amiT unda aixsnas Semdegi faqti:
samegrelosa Tu svaneTis, kaxeTisa Tu qarTlis Svi-
lebs arasodes ucdiaT, samwignobro kultura Seeq-
mnaT mSobliuri dialeqtis mixedviT, ramdenadac
yvelam kargad icoda, rom mravalsaukunovani sam-
wignobro qarTuli ena winaprebis mier Seqmnili sa-
erTo dedaena iyo. saukuneebis manZilze, sxva qar-
Tvelebis msgavsad, samegrelos mosaxleobac Zerwav-
da qarTul samwignobro enas; am eniT iRebda ganaT-
lebas da aRasrulebda RvTismsaxurebas28. swored
amitomaa es samwignobro ena zogadqarTuli – qar-
Tveluri – samwignobro ena; Sesabamisad, CemTvis

28
vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxov-
risi, samwignobro ena, dialeqtebi), 2005, gv. 624. t. futkara-
Ze, qarTvelologiis Sesavali, Tb., 2014.
40
terminebi: qarTuli samwignobro ena da qarTveluri
samwignobro ena sinonimebia29.
kavkasiis iaraRiT dapyrobis Semdeg ruseTis imperi-
is moxeleebma intensiurad daiwyes adgilobrivTa
asimilaciisa da „gaTiSe da ibatones“ gegmis ganxor-
cieleba; kerZod, XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedidan
gaaqtiurdnen qarTvelTa asimilaciisa da enobriv-
eTnikuri danawevrebis mimarTulebiT. am gzaze pir-
veli nabiji iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifo kancela-
riaSi, eklesiasa da saero ganaTlebis sistemaSi qar-
Tuli enis gamoyenebis SezRudva.
me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan rusi moxeleebi cdi-
loben qarTuli enis srulad gamodevnas saqarTve-
los ori kuTxidan – svaneTidan da samegrelodan. am
mizniT rusuli anbanis safuZvelze, generalma us-
larma Seqmna „svanuri anbani“, xolo peterburgelma
profesorma al. grenma – megruli anbani.
amave periodSi, levickis iniciativiT, xonis semina-
riis maswavleblebma: ivan petrovma da Tada aSordi-
am, samegrelos mkvidr qarTvelTa didi samwignobro

29
sabWoTa periodSi mizanmimarTulad gamijnes sinonimebi:
„qarTuli“ da „qarTveluri“ (Sdr., nikoloz baraTaSvili:
„erTs qarTvelurad kidev SesZaxebs.“..). amis gamo, prof. re-
vaz Serozias azriT, umjobesi iqneba, dRes qarTvelTa sam-
wignobro enas daerqvas „qarTveluri samwignobro ena“. ase-
Ti SemoTavazeba mxolod garkveuli pirobiTobiT SeiZleba
miviRoT manam, sanam termins: „qarTuli (samwignobro) ena“
ar daubrundeba Tavisi pirvandeli mniSvneloba (da es male
moxdeba); Sdr., eTnonim „qarTvels“ wmida ilia marTalis
dros dakarguli hqonda istoriuli semantika, magram qar-
Tveli moRvaweebis mondomebiT maleve aRidgina. darwmune-
buli var, sul mokle xanSi daiZleva sabWoTa inerciac da
terminebi: „qarTuli ena“, „qarTuli samwignobro ena“ isev
gaxdeba zogadqarTuli dedaenis aRmniSvneli.
41
istoriis miuxedavad, Seqmnes meore megruli anbani,
Seadgines megruli sakiTxavi teqstebi. rusi moxele-
ebis mizani iyo saeklesio tradiciisa da mecnieru-
li logikis ignorirebiT, jer adgilobrivi dialeq-
ti daepirispirebinaT erTiani erovnuli enisaTvis –
qarTulisaTvis, Semdeg ki akademiur sivrceSi qar-
Tuli ena myarad CaenacvlebinaT rusuli eniT. mag.,
kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli kirile ianov-
ski30 1881 wels aqveynebs cirkulars, romlis mixed-
viTac saqarTvelos teritoriaze dawyebiTi klase-
bidanve unda SemoRebuliyo rusulenovani swavle-
ba31.
1886 wlis seqtemberSi levickim kategoriulad mo-
iTxova samegrelos skolebis megrul enaze gadayva-
na. es iyo pirveli mcdeloba, swavlebisa da RvTis-
msaxurebis sferoSi megruli metyvelebis damkvid-
rebiT srulad gadaefaraT qarTuli enis istoriu-
li funqcia saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi. rusi moxelee-
bis „argumenti“ aseTi iyo: megrel-svanTaTvis qar-
Tuli dedaena ar aris; megrelebis dedaenaa umwer-
lobo megruli ena, svanebisa ki – umwerlobo svanuri
ena; Sesabamisad, maT keTilSobilur miznad gamoac-

30
kiril petres Ze ianovski (1822-1902) ruseTis saimperio xe-
lisuflebis saidumlo mrCeveli, kavkasiis saswavlo olqis
zedamxedveli 1878-1902 wlebSi; aqtiurad ibrZoda saqarTve-
loSi qarTuli enis akrZalvisTvis.
31
Kk. ianovski agrZelebda graf nikita paninis (1770 w.), gene-
ral tormasovis (1810 w.), Stabskapitan Saxovskisa (1834 w.) da
sxva rus moxeleTa kavkasiur politikas.
42
xades, am „mcire xalxebisaTvis“ SeeqmnaT samwignob-
ro kultura32.
qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas XIX sa-
ukunis bolo meoTxedsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
aqtiurad aRudgnen win gamorCeuli qarTvelebi:
ilia WavWavaZe, grigol dadiani33, niko dadiani, ia-
kob gogebaSvili, sergei mesxi, besarion niJaraZe, am-
brosi xelaia, ivane margiani, petre Waraia da sxvebi,
romelTac SeZles, mosalodneli safrTxe adekvatu-
rad ganemartaT farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. samegre-
lo-svaneTis qarTvelobam srulad gaacnobiera, rom
ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi kulturul istorias
uucxovebdnen da mravalsaukunovani samwignobro

32
sakiTxis istoriisa da samecniero literaturis mimoxil-
visaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Serozia, „evropuli
qartia regionuli an umciresobis enis Sesaxeb“ da saqarTve-
lo“, quTaisi, 2010; T. Putkaradze, E.Dadiani, R. Serozia „European
Charter for Regional or Minority Languages“ and Georgia“, Kutaisi, 2010;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-
Revaz-Seroozia-2010
33
episkoposi grigol dadiani: „megruli qarTuli enis dia-
leqtia da ara damoukidebeli ena... megreli qarTul enas
aRiqvams rogorc Tavis Zireul sakuTrebas...“ vrclad ix.:
guria-samegrelos episkoposis, uwmidesi grigolis gankar-
gulebis safuZvelze Seqmnili komisiis dadgenileba megrul
kiloze locvaTa Targmanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb (1895),
/rusulidan Targmnes T. gvancelaZem da m. tabiZem/, qarTve-
luri memkvidreoba, XIV, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 204-235; ix., agreT-
ve: T. gvancelaZe, m. naWyebia, m. tabiZe, guria-samegrelos
episkoposi grigol dadiani, saiubileo samecniero konfe-
renciis masalaTa krebuli: „saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-
sitetis Teologiis kaTedra 5 wlisaa“ Tb., 2006; grigol da-
dianis Sesaxeb ix. aseve: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ2e0ZvmFw8.
43
enis Semqmnel sazogadoebas dedaenad ucxadebdnen
umwerlobo kuTxur metyvelebas34.
rusifikaciis warumatebel process ase aRweren Te-
do Jordania da Tedo saxokia:
T. Jordania: „ara naklebi Rvawli mimiZRvis me, ro-
gorc mebrZols ianovskis proeqtisas. aman xom qarTu-
li ena samegrelos skolebidan amoagdo. Semdeg amisa
xeli mihyo dasamxobad qarTvelT eklesiisa, e.i. saek-
lesio enisa, samegreloSi... viRac naZiralebs qarTuli
locvebi megrulad gadaaTargmnia da egzarxosis das-
turi iTxova. aq isev me davuxvdi... ramdeni usiamovneba
amaze me momadga. piradad me amaze aras vityvi, xolo
ianovskisagan dawyebuli saqme samudamod CaifuSa...
imereTSi gadasvlis Semdeg me aRvadgine qarTuli enis

34
mravalsaukunovani qarTuli mwignobrobis SemqmnelTa di-
di nawili istoriuli egrisis (/odiSis, samegrelos) mkvid-
ria. vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, RvTismsaxurebis ena „yovel-
Ta qarTvelTa“ erTianobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi mTava-
ri faqtori (samwignobro enisa da dialeqtTa mimarTebis sa-
kiTxisaTvis“, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001, gv.
227-241; T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia,
RvTismsaxurebisa da sasuliero ganaTlebis ena, rogorc
rusuli imperiuli politikis ganxorcielebis saSualeba sa-
qarTveloSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001, gv.
89-116; m. tabiZe, enobrivi politikis sakiTxebi qarTul si-
namdvileSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2002, gv.
155-165; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, zogadqarTuli samwig-
nobro ena da qarTvelTa dialeqtebi (istoriuli mimoxil-
va), qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VI, quTaisi, 2002, gv. 187-203;
T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologia-
Si, Tb., 2006; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, qarTveluri enobrivi
sivrce, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007, gv. 155-
165; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi
da qarTvelologiis centris amocanebi, qarTvelologiis
aqtualuri problemebi, I, Tb., 2012, gv. 9-38.
44
ufleba svaneTis skolebSi (sadac qarTuli ena gadag-
debuli iyo 1903 wlidan)“35.
T. saxokia: „yvelas mogexsenebaT, rom megruli enis
sakiTxi rusebis Semosvlamde ar arsebobda. es sakiTxi
gaCnda mas aqeT, rac rusebma saqarTveloSi fexi moiki-
des. roca saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samTavroebi gauq-
mda da Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva nawilebi gaerTian-
da, rusis mTavrobam igrZno am gaerTianebis saSiSroeba
da gadawyda xelovnurad Seeqmna daqucmaceba Cvenis
qveynisa. 1870-ian wlebSi ieriSi mitanil iqna samegre-
los skolebze. aq saministro skolebidan qarTuli ena
gamodevnil iyo, rogorc aradedaena da pirdapir ru-
sulis saSualebiT aswavlidnen sagnebs... ase midioda
samegrelos garusebis saqme 1890 wlamde. am xnidan iwye-
ba ufro „dasabuTebiT“ uaryofa qarTuli enisa, ro-
gorc samSoblo enisa... am xnidan scenaze gamodis kavka-
siis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli ianovski (eTnikurad –
poloneli) da misi marjvena xeli levicki (isic polo-
neli)... levickim xonis seminariis maswavlebel pet-
rovs megrelTaTvis calke anbanic Seadgenina, ra Tqma
unda, rusuli asoebiT da imave seminariis muSakis da
SemdegSi „cnobili“ Tada aSordias saSvalebiT megru-
li xalxuri zRaprebi Tu leqsebic Caawerina; es saxel-
mZRvanelo unda gamxdariyo samegrelos skolebSi. T.
aSordias kargi adgili misces, materialurad uzrun-
velyves, Tan daavales, zugdidis mazraSi qarTuli ena,
Tuki sadme arsebobda aseTi, skolebidan gamoedevna da
xeli Seewyo rusuli enis ganmtkicebisaTvis. aSordias
Tavis mxriv agentebic gauCndnen da gaaCaRa saqme; sa-
megrelos skola gadaiqca bavSvebis daClungebisa da
gadagvarebis erTgvar qarxnad. erTi Tofis dacliT
mTavrobam ori kurdRlis mokvla moaxerxa: samegre-

35
Tedo Jordania, qarTuli enisaTvis brZola 1882-1910 wleb-
Si da vin daicva qarTuli ena samegrelos samrevlo Skoleb-
Si? (antikritika pasuxad b. i. fancxavas da mis kampanias); qu-
Taisi, 1913. gv. 15-17. stamba „Zmoba“.
45
los saministro skolebidan qarTuli gamodevna da ga-
rusebis gzaze Seayena samegrelos mkvidrni... gansakuT-
rebiT samegrelosaTvis Seiqmna mZime dekanoz vostor-
govis farfaSi. igi Tamamad iZaxda: megrelebi sxvani
arian, qarTvelebTan saerTo araferi aqvT da amitom
qarTuli ena maTs skolebSi ar unda iswavlebodes, mis
magivrad rusuli, saxelmwifo ena, aswavleTo... 1905 w.
revoluciam cotaTi Seanela Cveni rusifikatorebis
gulmodgineba. revoluciis Semdeg, reaqciis dawyebis-
Tanave, bneleTis Zalni isev amuSavdnen. 1918 w. foTSi
maswavlebel stefane gaguas iniciativiT ukve TviT
megrelebi gamovidnen levicki-vostorgovis mier daw-
yebuli saqmis ganmgrZobni, rogorc moxaliseni. magram
yvelas balRTa laRobad migvaCnda maTi nacodvili da
seriozulobaSi ar CamogvirTmevia, sanam 1925 wels, ro-
ca yvelaze nakleb movelodiT aseTi avantiuris gaRvi-
Zebas, zugdidSi daiwyo avtonomiis niadagis mzadeba.
mafaluelTa jgufma moskovSi Txovna gagzavna: „gvix-
seniT saqarTvelos suverenitetisagan, samegrelos
„proletariatis sacodaobas nuRa uyurebT da uSua-
lod SeuerTeT ruseTis proletariatso“...36
ruseTis imperiis moxeleebisaTvis mniSvnelovani mi-
marTuleba iyo qarTuli enis gandevna saqarTvelos
eklesiidan, pirvel rigSi, samegrelosa da svaneTis
eklesiebidan; kerZod, 1902 wlis 20 agvistos deka-
nozma i. vostorgovma37 acnoba guria-samegrelos

36
Tedo saxokia, Tqven visRa misdevT?! Tb., 1927; dokumenti
ix.: https://www.scribd.com/document/24443368/Putkaradze-Saqartvelos-
Mokle-Istoria.
37
ivan ivanis Ze vostorgovi (1864-1918) - rusi saeklesio mwe-
rali da misioneri; amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis saekle-
sio da saero skolebis zedamxedveli; redaqtori Jurnali-
sa: "Духовный вестник Грузинского Экзархата". aqtiurad ibrZoda
saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis akrZalvisTvis. i. vostorgovi
ruseTis marTlmadideblurma eklesiam 2000 wels wmidanad
46
episkopos aleqsandres (oqropiriZe), rom ruseTis
sinodis gadawyvetilebiT, saeklesio-samrevlo sko-
lebSi, qarTuli enis nacvlad, adgilobrivi „ena“ un-
da iswavlebodes.
episkoposma aleqsandrem ar Seasrula saegzarqosos
es antiqarTuli gadawyvetileba. ganrisxebulma vos-
torgovma dasmenis werili gaagzavna peterburgSi
aleqsandres winaaRmdeg. imperatorma nikoloz meo-
rem Rvawlmosili mRvdelmTavari gadaayena guria-
odiSis winamZRolobidan; mis adgilas ki dainiSna
episkoposi dimitri (abaSiZe), romelic energiulad
Seudga samegrelos skolebidan qarTuli enis gamo-
devnas. samegrelos mosaxleoba daupirispirda epis-
kopos dimitris; kerZod, „samegrelos mkvidri 113
Tavadaznauris xelmoweriT ruseTis sinodSi gaig-
zavna saprotesto werili samrevlo skolebSi qar-
Tuli enis akrZalvis gamo. 1904 wlis 28 ivliss epis-
koposma dimitrim gagzavna saidumlo sapasuxo gan-
cxadeba da moiTxova, araTu samegreloSi, aramed sa-
qarTvelos yvela saeklesio skolaSi akrZaluliyo
qarTulenovani swavleba...38.
am dapirispirebis Sesaxeb faseuli dokumenturi ma-
sala Semogvinaxa T. Jordaniam, romelic, aseve, ib-
rZoda samegrelos skolebSi qarTuli enis uflebe-
bis dacvisaTvis39. Tedo Jordanias aqtiurad uWerda

Seracxa. daundoblad ebrZoda wmida mRvdelmTavar ambrosi

aRmsarebels (xelaias).
38
sergo vardosaniZe, qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi (XX-XXI sa-
ukuneebi); Tb. 2010 gv. 72-73.
39
ix.: Tedo Jordania, qarTuli enisaTvis brZola 1882-1910
wlebSi da vin daicva qarTuli ena samegrelos samrevlo Sko-
lebSi? (antikritika pasuxad b. i. fancxavas da mis kampanias);
quTaisi, 1913. gv. 15-17. stamba „Zmoba“.
47
mxars wmida axalmowame mRvdeli simon mWedliZe40 (da
bevri sxva sasuliero Tu saero moRvawe).
samegreloSi qarTuli enis, rogorc am kuTxis
mcxovrebTa istoriuli dedaenis, dacvis konteq-
stSia saintereso sargis kakabaZis aseTi cnobac:
„1911 wels, sof. walenjixaSi mRvdelma kalandiam qarTu-
lad Sesrulebul wirvaSi gauria ramdenime asamaRlebeli
megrulad, ramac aRaSfoTa iq damswreni. wirvis gaTave-
bisTanave xalxma scema mRvdels imdenad sastikad, rom
cemaSi monawileTa gamosarkvevad xelisuflebis mier gag-
zavnil iqna zugdidis mazris gamomZiebeli. es gamomZiebe-
li SemTxveviT iyo adgilobrivi mkvidri giorgi dadiani,
romelmac, Tavis mxriv, es saqme miCqmala“41.
saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis
periodSi (1918-1920) isev iyo mcdeloba, daarsebuli-
yo „megrulenovani“ skolebi; kerZod, aqtiurobda
qalaq foTis „qalTa gimnaziis pedagogiuri sabWos“
Tavmjdomaris – stefane gaguas ramdenimekaciani
jgufi (maT hqondaT organizacia „mafalu“)42, rome-

40
saTanado informacia ix. wignSi: wmida axalmowame mRvdeli
simon mWedliZe, Tb., 2017, gv. 157-163 (masalis mowodebisaTvis
madlobas vuxdiT wignis gamomcemels, winasityvaobisa da ga-
mokvlevis avtors, prof. damana meliqiSvils).
41
s. kakabaZe, qarTveli xalxis istoria, 1783-1921, Tb., 1997,
gv. 205 (madlobas vuxdiT prof. sergo vardosaniZes am in-
formaciis mowodebisaTvis).
42
Tedo saxokia: „revoluciis Semdeg, reaqciis dawyebisTana-
ve, bneleTis Zalni isev amuSavdnen. 1918 w. foTSi maswavle-
bel stefane gaguas iniciativiT ukve TviT megrelebi gamo-
vidnen levicki-vostorgovis mier dawyebuli saqmis gan-
mgrZobni, rogorc moxaliseni (T. saxokia, „Tqven raRas mis-
devT?!“ http://www.georoyal.ge/?MTID=5&TID=44&id=2111).
Sdr.: „mafaluizmi“ iyo „mecadineoba imisaTvis, rom Seenar-
Cunebina megruli ena da megruli TviTmyofadi yofiTi kul-
tura“ (vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, „megruli
48
lic foTsa da zugdidSi moqmedebda43. st. gaguas
jgufis iniciativas negatiurad Sexvda saqarTvelos
demokratiuli xelisufleba, Tumca arsebiTi yu-
radReba ar miuqcevia.

qarTvelTa dedaenis istoriis gayalbebiT qarTveli

eris enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis rusuli gegma
aqtiurad ganaaxles bolSevikebma; kerZod, 1913 wels
gamoqveynda i. stalinis wigni: „marqsizmi da naciona-
luri sakiTxi“, romelSic vkiTxulobT (vimowmebT
1951 wlis gamocemidan):
„kavkasiaSi arian mTeli rigi xalxebi, romelTac primi-
tiuli kultura, gansakuTrebuli ena aqvT, magram
mSobliur literaturas moklebulni arian... ra vuyoT
aseT xalxebs: megrelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, svanebs,
lekebs da sxv., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparako-
ben, magram TavianTi literatura ki ara aqvT? “ (gv. 138-
139)... „nacionaluri sakiTxi kavkasiaSi SeiZleba gada-
iWras mxolod im mimarTulebiT, rom dagvianebuli
erebi da xalxebi umaRlesi kulturis saerTo kala-
potSi movaqcioT“ (gv. 142).
rogorc vxedavT, yovelgvari istoriuli logikis
sawinaaRmdegod, mefis ruseTis moxeleebis kvalad,
i. stalini umwerlobo enis mqone dagvianebul ere-
bad Tu xalxebad acxadebs: megrelebs, afxazebs,
aWarlebs, svanebs, lekebs da sxv.
i. stalinis warmodgenili koncefcia didad ar gan-
sxvavdeba ianovsk-vostorgovis midgomisagan. aqve

sakiTxi“; redaqtori oTar janeliZe; recenzentebi: da-

viT sandoZe, guram kutalaZe), Tb., 2009, gv. 101).
43
Sdr.: v. gvaramiasa da g. ciciSvilis azriT, „st. gaguas mier
wamowyebuli „mafalus“ iniciativa gulisxmobda samegrelos
regionis kulturuli monapovaris warmoCenas da amiT saerTo
erovnuli (qarTuli – t. f.) kulturis gamdidrebas“ (v. gvara-
mia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 80-86).
49
aRvniSnavT, rom mefis ruseTis moxeleebi eyrdno-
bodnen peterburgeli profesoris – q. patkanianis
„samecniero“ xedvebs44. Aam mimarTulebiT q. patkania-
nis gza gaagrZela gamorCeulad niWierma mecnierma
niko marma, romelic manam, sanam q. patkanianis velSi
moxvdeboda, seriozul winaaRmdegobas uwevda ruse-
Tis imperiis moxeleebs; Sdr.:
1905 wels daweril naSromSi: „qarTvelTa erovneba“ n.
mari saqarTvelos ganixilavda erTian nacionalur-
kulturul erTeulad, romelsac amyarebda eklesia
da saliteraturo ena (mari 1905, 8). iv. javaxiSvilis
azriT, am poziciidan misi radikalurad gadaxris maC-
venebelia 1917 wlidan qarTveli inteligenciisaTvis

44
„somxuri enciklopediis“ cnobiT, q.P patkanians (q. patka-
novs) aqtiuri kavSirebi hqonda somxuri saeklesio kongre-
gaciis (mxiTaristebis) veneciisa da venis centrebTan (mxiTa-
ristebis mizania somxuri enis, kulturis kvleva da propa-
ganda). Tavis mxriv, q. patkanianma rusul akademiur wreebSi
warmatebuli karierisaken gza gauxsna niko mars, romelic
maleve gaxda imperiis xelisuflebis oficialuri struqtu-
rebis moxele (mxiTaristebis, aseve, n. marisa da iv. javaxiS-
vilis urTierTobis Sesaxeb damatebiT ix.: prokopi ratiani…,
iv. javaxiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebisa da gan-
viTarebis sakiTxisaTvis, „qarTuli istoriografiis“ sam-
tomeuli, t. I, 1968, gv. 225-292; S. lomsaZe, gviani Sua sauku-
neebis saqarTvelos istoriidan, axalcixuri qronikebi, Tb.,
1979, gv. 70. Qq. patkanovis mecnieruli araobieqturebisaTvis
ix., mag.: К.П. Патканов, «Изследование о диалектах армянского
языка. „Филологический опыт“, Санктпетербург, типография
имперской академии наук, 1869, ст. 3; К.П. Патканов, Ванские надписи
и значение их для истории передней Азии, Журнал Министерства
Народного Просвещения, Декабрь, 1883, ст. 198-274… aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom Tavis naSromeSi q. patkanovi somxur zepir metyve-
lebebs dialeqtebs uwodebs, qarTvelur idiomebs ki - to-
mobriv enebs (dokumenturi masalisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.
m. labaZe, enisa da kilos gamijvnis sakiTxi lingvistur qar-
TvelologiaSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaTvaliswine-
biT“, Tb., 2019).
50
„avadmyofuri nacionalistobis“ dabraleba (suica
471-1, N 25, f. 179)45. aqve, iv. javaxiSvili miuTiTebs,
rom n. mari „Tavis... gamamxnevebel garemoebad“ miiC-
nevs rusul „uxeS samxedro Zalas“ da amxels mas „ru-
seTis mTavrobis... wreebTan“ saeWvod daaxloebaSi
(suica 471-1, N 25, f. 134, 158).
1922 wels dawerili werilidan naTlad Cans, rom ivane
javaxiSvili niko mars ruseTis imperiis interesebis
damcvel politizebul mecnierad Tvlis; misive az-
riT, internacionalizmsa da msoflio kulturaze vi-
Tom mzrunveli akademikosi sinamdvileSi rusul „po-
litikur nacionalistur interesebs“ icavs... iv. ja-
vaxiSvili n. mars uwodebs „rusuli gulmodginebiT“
savse „ukidures Sovinists“, romelic, amavdroulad,
eWvis TvaliT uyurebs amerikelTa da dasavleTevro-
pelTagan mosalodnel samecniero kontaqtebs saqar-
TvelosTan.
aqve, sainteresoa iv. javaxiSvilis msjeloba ganaT-
lebis enisadmi n. maris damokidebulebis Sesaxeb;
kerZod, ivane javaxiSvilis cnobiT, n. mari „erTi im
pirTagani yofila“, romelTac ruseTis samecniero
akademiaSi winadadeba Seitanes, „akademikosebisaT-
vis savaldebulod gaexadaT rusulad wera, rom maT
ucxo enebze weris ufleba ar hqonodaT“. iv. javaxiS-
vilis logikuri daskvniT, am SemTxvevaSi, termini
ucxo ararus mecnierTa mSobliur enas moiazrebda,
romlis samecniero daniSnulebasac ver an ar acno-
bierebda ruseTis imperiis erTguli cnobili mecni-
eri. saqarTvelos konteqstSi es iyo qarTuli enis
samecniero perspeqtivis SezRudvisaken gadadgmuli
nabiji.
Ffaqtia isic, rom gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi n. mari
aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli ara mxolod qarTuli enis fun-
qcionirebis SezRudvis mimarTulebiT, aramed megru-
45
saarqivo masalisaTvis ix. danarTi # 12.
51
lis damoukidebel enad gamocxadebis procesSi; am
kuTxiTac sainteresoa iv. javaxiSvilis Sefaseba46:

„1908 wels n. mari ambobda, rom iafetur enaTa Stos sa-

ukeTeso da damaxasiaTebel warmomadgenlad „qarTul-
sa da masTan Zmurad dakavSirebul cocxal kilokavebs
garda, ese igi egreT wodebul qarTebisa da iberTa
jgufis (ukeT rom iTqvas, qarTebisa, iberTa [igulis-
xmeba megrul-Wanuri] da svanTa jgufebs) garda, mkvda-
ri enebic Sedian“-o (n. mari, 1908, gv. 1). maSasadame, im
dros, rodesac Tavisi Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebani
pirvelad gamoaqveyna, n. marisTvis megruli, Wanuri da
svanuri qarTuli enis „Zmurad dakavSirebuli cocxa-
li kilokavebi“, dialeqtebi iyo mxolod... n. maris ze-
momoyvanili debulebis Semdgom, mkiTxveli samarTli-
anad iqneba gaocebuli, radganac missave 1912 w. saja-
rod warmoTqmulsa da dabeWdil sityvaSi: „kavkasia da
sulieri kulturis Zeglebi“ imave avtoris amgvar
msjelobas Sexvdeba: „qarTvelTmcodneni, qarTul na-
cionalur Sexedulebaze damynobilni, ugulebels
hyofdnen mTel rigs qarTulis, Tumca monaTesave, mag-
ram damoukidebel enebs, rogorc mag., svanurs, meg-
ruls, Wanurs da maT qarTulis „damaxinjebul“ Tqmad
anu dialeqtad sTvlidnen“-o... avtors daviwyebia, rom
amgvarive „nacionalisturi“ Sexeduleba masac hqonda
da 1905 da 1908 wlebSi „megruli, Wanuri da svanuri ma-
sac qarTulis cocxal kilokavebad miaCnda... 1915 wels
ki werda: qarTvelebs, megrel-Wanebs da svanebs enobri-
vad da tomobrivad imgvarive damokidebuleba aqvT,
rogorc rusebs, polonelebsa da Cexebs...“47.

46
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirve-
li buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1992, 53-54.
47
iv. javaxiSvilis es citatac cxadyofs, rom qarTveluri
enobrivi qvesistemebis statusis sakiTxis „politizeba“ Cven
mier ar dawyebula 2000 wels, rogorc amas zogi Cveni arake-
Tilsindisieri oponenti acxadebs da am gziT cdilobs, Sec-
52
AsayuradReboa iv. javaxiSvilis sxva citatebic niko
maris Sesaxeb (srulad ix. danarTi # 12):
„Cven, qarTvel mecnierebma mSobeli eris keTildReobis
da warmatebisaTvis xelisSesawyobad aRmosavleT enebis
f-ts Tavi mivanebeT da samSobloSi wamovediT qarTuli
umaRlesi saswavleblis Sesaqmnelad. mas [n. mars] Turme
ar sjeroda da verc warmoidgenda... yoveli adamianisaT-
vis, romelsac sazogadoebrivi alRo aqvs, erovnuli Seg-
neba moepoveba da mTlad gadagvarebuli ar aris, Cveni na-
biji srulebiT advili gasagebi unda iyos“ .
„erekle mefes imisTvis ar daudvia ruseTTan xelSek-
ruloba, rom saqarTvelos isic daekarga, rac mas auci-
leblad hqonda da Tu akad. n. marrs TavisTavi rusis
xalxis mesaidumle mrCevelad da moZRvrad miuCnevia
da Tavis politikurs mrwamssa da zneobas Zalasa da
Zalmomreobaze ar amyarebdes, mas [n. mars] ruseTis
droebiTi mTavrobisaTvis unda moegonebina swored is,
ris daviwyebis arc politikuri da arc zneobrivi uf-
leba marTlac rom ar hqonda: gatexili ficisa da dar-
Rveuli xelSekrulebis aRdgena!“ .
„akad. n. marrma im dros, rodesac Cveni qarTuli un-
tis gaxsnis nebarTvas vTxoulobdiT, ruseTis maSin-
del mTavrobaSi winadadeba Seitana, rom TbilisSi sa-
jarod rusuli saxelmwifo u-ti gaxsniliyo. ra miz-

domaSi Seiyvanos Tanamedrove sazogadoeba; Sdr.: qarTvel-

Ta enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis mizniT, kvazimecnieruli
debulebebi Seiqmna ruseTis imperiaSi me-19 saukunis meore
naxevarSi. 2000 wlidan mecnierTa erTma jgufma /t. futka-
raZe, T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, a. Jordania, n. bar-
Taia, i. vaSakiZe, e. dadiani, r. Ggujejiani, m. miqautaZe, l. xa-
WapuriZe.../ daviwyeT imperiis mier politizebuli am sakiT-
xisadmi mecnieruli midgomis aRorZineba.
niSandoblivi faqti: iv. javaxiSvilis mier dafuZnebuli uni-
versitetis amJamindeli qarTuli enis mimarTuleba, qarTve-
luri enobrivi samyaros segmentaciis TvalsazrisiT, iv. ja-
vaxiSvilis sapirispiro gzas agrZelebs (ix. qvemoT).
53
niT? im mizniT, rom, raTgan ruseTis saxelmwifoSi
mcxovrebi erni saerTo erovnul-naTesaobriv kavSirsa
da SeduRebas moklebulni arian, maT iseTi kulturu-
li dawesebulebani esaWiroebaT, romelnic am SeduRe-
bas xels Seuwyoben“48.

niko maris kvalifikaciebs mizanmimarTulad rom

iyenebda bolSevikuri imperiis xelisuflebac, es
Cans isak Jvanias Semdegi teqstidan:

„maSin komisiam S. eliavas daZalebiT megruli enac

ar cno, Tumca, akademikos maris ganmartebis Semdeg
(xazgasma Cemia – t.f.), rom arsebobs megruli ena da
ara – kilo, amx. eliavam Secvala Tavisi azri“49.

i. stalinis „Teoriis“ Sesabamisad (i. stalini am pe-

riodSi eyrdnoboda n. maris pozicias!), 1923 wlis iv-
lisSi Catarda saqarTvelos ck meore sesia, romel-
mac miiRo „deklaracia enis Sesaxeb“. deklaraciaSi
vkiTxulobT: „Cveni uryevi principia, rom yvelafe-
ri, rogorc marTva-gamgeoba, ise swavleba da sxva,
xdebodes xalxisaTvis gasageb da mSobliur enaze“50.
aqve naTqvamia:
„eTnikuri siWrelis da CamorCenilobis pirobebSi dgas
CamorCenili erebis (xazi Cemia – t. f.) kulturul-eko-

48
qarTvelologiis dagegmvis konteqstSi niko marisa da iv.
javaxiSvilis dapirispirebam kritikul zRvars miaRwia 1918-
1922 wlebSi, roca n. maris prorusuli (/antiqarTuli) poli-
tika Riad amxila iv. javaxiSvilma. dokumentebisa da msjelo-
bisaTvis vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, i. vaSakiZe, qarTvelologi-
is orgvari dagegmva; Tb., 2011, gv. 25-27). Niv. javaxiSvilis mier
niko maris mamxilebeli werili da vrceli sagangebo moxse-
neba ix. aqve: danarTi # 12.
49
citatas vimowmebT v. gvaramiasa da g. ciciSvilis dasaxe-
lebuli wignidan: gv. 183.
50
gazeTi „komunisti“, 1923 w. 3 ivlisi.
54
nomikuri donis amaRlebis... tomebSi nacionaluri gan-
calkevebis naSTebis aRmofxvris mZime amocana. amier-
kavkasiis cocxali salaparako enebi (xazi Cemia – t. f.)
unda gadaiqcnen maTi kulturuli ganviTarebis da maT
mier muSur-glexuri revoluciis monapovarTa SeTvi-
sebis mZlavr iaraRad“.
amave dokumentiT amierkavkasiis ck-is prezidiums
winadadeba mieca, mokle xanSi gamoeca kanoni, rome-
lic daaregulirebda rogorc federaciis saxelmwi-
fo organoebSi, aseve, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
organoebSi „samSoblo enis“ (anu dedaenis) gamoyene-
bis wesebs.
aSkaraa, rom dasaxelebuli deklaracia Seqmnilia i.
stalinis adrindeli (1913 w.) ideebis safuZvelze. i.
stalinis marqsistuli xedvebis mixedviT Seqmnili
gegmis ganxorcieleba, savaraudod, filipe maxara-
Zis xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo bolSevikTa ramdenime
jgufma, romelTa nawilma samegrelos avtonomiac
moiTxova. maT daupirispirda bolSevikTa erTi nawi-
li al. gegeWkorisa51 da lavrenti berias xelmZRva-
nelobiT; kerZod, samegrelos avtonomiasa da saq-
miswarmoebaSi megruli „enis“ (aseve, sxva separatis-
tuli gamoxdomebis) moTxovnis dasabalanseblad,
al. gegeWkorisa da l. berias aqtiurobiT, amierkav-
kasiis cak-ma 1924 wlis 27 Tebervals miiRo gansxvave-
buli Sinaarsis dekreti: „respublikis saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebSi saxelmwifo enis, mosaxleobis um-
ravlesobis da nacionaluri enis gamoyenebis Sesa-
xeb“. am dekretis bazaze sruliad saqarTvelos cak-
ma 1924 wlis 4 aprils miiRo deklaracia, romliTac

51
al. gegeWkori gardaicvala 1928 wels.
55
gamoiricxa megruli enis saqmiswarmoebis enad ga-
mocxadeba52.
sayuradRebo faqti: 1925 wlis 5-9 aprils saqarTve-
los sabWoebis III yrilobaze, zugdidis samazro ko-
mitetis mdivani b. SogiraZe yrilobas megrulad mie-
salma (misi gamosvla saliteraturo qarTuliT gad-
mosca vinme Tordiam). igive SogiraZe diskusiis
dros rusulad gamovida (da ara – qarTulad)53. amave
yrilobaze sityviT gamosulma amierkavkasiis ck-is
wevrma bimurza afrasiZem yrilobas mimarTa svanuri
metyvelebis balsqvemour dialeqtze. 1925 wels sva-
nurad sityviT warmomTqmeli bimurza afrasiZe aris
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos wevris,
bimurza afrasiZis (dadeSqelianis) babua. CvenTan sa-
ubarSi batonma bimurzam Tqva:
„babuaCemi brwyinvaled flobda dedaenas – qarTul
enas. babuaCemTan xSirad iyo stumrad amierkavkasiis
cak-is Tavmjdomare filipe maxaraZe; Sesabamisad,
albaT, yrilobaze misi davalebiT gamovida svanu-
rad“. b. afrasiZe-dadeSqelianma, aseve, gviTxra: „ami-
erkavkasiis cak-is wevr bimurza afrasiZes hqonda
mdidari biblioTeka, romelSic 1930 wels Tavisi
axalgamocemuli wigni – „svanuri zmna“ unaxavs enaT-
mecnier varlam Tofurias“.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT:
erTi mxriv, istoriuli realobisa da, meore mxriv,
sabWoTa imperiis interesebis („gaTiSe da ibatone“)
Sesabamisad, 1922-24 wlebidan bolSevikTa adgilob-
riv wreebSic megrulTan mimarTebiT gamoikveTa or-
gvari pozicia; kerZod:

52
al. gegeWkorisa da l. berias werilebi ix. wignis bolos:
danarTi № 1, danarTi № 2.
53
v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 152
56
1. saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis – samegrelos (is-
toriuli egrisis, odiSis) mosaxleobis istoriuli
gzis Sesabamisad, samegreloSi saqmiswarmoebis, ga-
naTlebisa da presis enad qarTuli enis SenarCuneba
(l. beria, al. gegeWkori...);
2. „nacionalur sakiTxSi“ i. stalinis adrindeli
xedvis Sesabamisad, megruli metyvelebis damkvidre-
ba dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad
da presis enad.
dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom meore midgomis
momxreni ar warmoadgendnen samegrelos, maTi idee-
bi ar efuZneboda samegrelos qarTvelobis intere-
sebsa da survilebs. isini iyvnen ara separatistebi,
aramed sabWoTa imperiis enobrivi politikis brma
mimdevrebi, romlebic ver acnobierebdnen, rom am
gzaze dadgomiT uars ambobdnen maTive winaprebis
mier Seqmnil mravalsaukunovan samwignobro kultu-
raze. am jgufs pirobiTad vuwodebT stalinel ko-
laboracionistebs.
stalineli kolaboracionistebi, Tavis mxriv, or Zi-
riTad jgufad iyofodnen:
a) pirebi, romlebic iTxovdnen samegrelos SeerTe-
bas ruseTTan an nacionaluri avtonomiis gamocxa-
debas 1922-1936 wlebSi arsebuli „amierkavkasiis so-
cialisturi federaciuli respublikis“ farglebSi;
aseve, samegreloSi megruli metyvelebis damkvidre-
bas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad
da presis enad (bukonia-beselias jgufi, gr. axalai-
as jgufi da beglar berias jgufi.54 lavrenti berias

54
beglar beria, galdava, nikoleiSvili, Sonia, cimintia... da-
saxelebuli pirebi 1923 wels partiidan garicxes avtonomiis
57
mtkicebiT, am jgufis lideri iyo miSo dadiani; XI
danarTSi ix. l. berias werili). specialur litera-
turaSi es jgufi „CxouSieli avtonomistebis“ saxe-
liT aris cnobili55;
b) pirebi, romlebic iTxovdnen samegrelos gamocxa-
debas „amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli
respublikis“ administraciul olqad da megruli
metyvelebis damkvidrebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis
enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad (isak Jvani-
as jgufi).
Cveni gamokvlevis konteqstSi arsebiTia is, rom ori-
ve jgufi iTxovda megruli metyvelebis qcevas sam-
werlobo enad da qarTulis nacvlad (Tu paralelu-
rad) mis damkvidrebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad,
saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad56. cxadia, orive

moTxovnis gamo (saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, f. 14, aR.

1, s. 493, furceli 17; dokuments vimowmebT wignidan: v. gvara-
mia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 146-148).
55
ix. iqve, gv. 135-144: Tavi VII – „CxouSieli“ avtonomistebi da
maTi moTxovnebi.
56
es moTxovna dResac ismis xolme: zogi dResac Tvlis, rom
samegreloSi qarTuli bevrs ar esmis, amitom swavla-ganaT-
lebisaTvis aucilebelia megrulenovani skolebi; megrule-
novani skolebisa da samegrelos administraciuli olqis
moTxovnis kanonzomierebis mtkicebas isaxavs miznad Cven mi-
er araerTxel citirebuli wigni: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi
ciciSvili, „megruli sakiTxi“, Tb., 2009 (ix., mag. Tavi V, „ra
awuxebs samegrelos glexobas“, gv. 102-114). am avtorebmac ar
ician, rom msoflios TiTqmis yvela enas aqvs iseTi dialeq-
tebi, romelTa mflobelebs ar esmiT samwignobro ena, Tuki
es ena ar Seiswavles. qarTuli samwignobro enac bevri sxva
kuTxis qarTvelisaTvis iqneba gaugebari, Tuki ganaTlebas
ar miiRebs – ar iswavlis istoriul samwignobro enas da mxo-
lod kuTxuri kilos farglebSi darCeba misi enobrivi msof-
laRqma. vfiqrobT, amgvari moTxovna dResac saxifaToa qar-
Tveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobisaTvis, ramdenadac
58
jgufi kremlis mier iyo Seqmnili. maT Soris arsebu-
li mcire sxvaoba saerTo scenaris nawilad unda mi-
viCnioT; scenari ki aseTi iyo:
ufro radikaluri moTxovnis fonze qarTvelobis
Segueba SedarebiT kompromisul variantze. „scena-
ristebis“ Canafiqri iTvaliswinebda imasac, rom e.w.
megruli enis (da samegrelos avtonomiis) sakiTxi
iseT doneze yofiliyo aqtualizebuli, rom jansaRi
azris gamosaTqmelad adgili aRar darCeniliyo. ro-
gorc qvemoT vnaxavT, gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi
dasaxelebul orive jgufs erT konteqstSi ganixi-
lavdnen rogorc qarTveli moRvaweni (Tedo saxokia,
konstantine gamsaxurdia...), ise bolSevik xelisu-
falTa erTi nawilic (al. gegeWkori, l. beria...).
qvemoT mokled ganvixilavT stalinel kolaboraci-
onistTa orive jgufis Tvalsazrisebs.

1.3. „CxouSieli avtonomistebi“

1925 wels cibak bukoniam, solomon beseliam da kidev

18 pirma „samegrelos mSromeli xalxis“ saxeliT mi-
marTes „sruliad ruseTis starostas, mama mixeil
ivanes Ze kalinins“; dokumentSi ori ZiriTadi moT-
xovna iyo:
1. samegrelos avtonomiis uSualo daqvemdebareba
moskovze saqarTvelos suverenitetis gareSe, rom
„samudamod ganmtkicdes samegrelos da ruseTis
mSromelTa kavSiri“. avtonomiis saxelis ori varian-

megruli metyvelebis gadaqceva saqmiswarmoebisa da mwig-

nobrobis enad am kilos mflobelT gauucxoebs mravalsau-
kunovan istoriul dedaenas – qarTul enas da enobriv-kul-
turulad daanawevrebs qarTvel ers.
59
ti iyo SemuSavebuli: an: laz-kolxida, an: margalis-
tani.
bukonia-beselias argumenti: samegrelo ruseTs Seu-
erTda 1804 wlis traqtatiT da aleqsandre meoris
1867 wlis 4 ianvris brZanebiT;
2. samegrelos „samSoblo enaze“ – „megreli tomis“,
megreli xalxis enaze – megrul enaze – gazeTebis ga-
mocemis aRdgena „leninizmis xazis mkacri dacviT“,
romel xazsac ewinaaRmdegebian „qarTveli uklonis-
tebi“ da „samegrelos mSromeli xalxis saTaveSi uk-
lonistebis mier dayenebuli megreli amxanagebi“.
bukonia-beselias azriT, megreli xalxi calke eria,
megruli ki aris damoukidebeli ena57.
1925 wlis 13 seqtembers gamoqveynebul werilSi:
„megreli avtonomistebis Sesaxeb“58 lavrenti beria
am jgufis winamZRolad asaxelebs mixeil (miSo) da-
dians, romelsac dauweria naSromi: „filosofia da
ubrZnesi ena“; am gamouqveynebel naSromSi gatarebu-
lia azri, rom megruli ena msoflios margalitia,
megruli Zvelsityvaoba pirveldawyebiTi enaa aziisa
da afrikis xalxebisaTvis, rom megrelebi pirveli
xalxia dedamiwaze...“59
rac Seexeba gr. axalaias jgufs:
1925 wlis 20 marts grigol axalaias, aliko kvaracxe-
lias, bagrat xufenias, marzi xubutiasa da ilia jan-

57
moTxovnebs vimowmebT lavrenti berias werilidan: „meg-
rel avtonomistebis Sesaxeb“, gazeTi „komunisti“, 1925, 13
seqtemberi. l. beria am dros iyo saqarTvelos Cekas saidum-
lo operatiuli ganyofilebis ufrosi.
58
l. beriasa da msgavsi Sexedulebebis mqone sxva avtorTa
Tvalsazrisebis kritikisaTvis ix. v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili,
„megruli sakiTxi“, Tb., 2009, gv. 22-27.
59
iqve, gv. 136-137 (am dros l. beria sul 26 wlisa iyo).
60
jalias xelmoweriT werili gaegzavna ssr kavSiris sa-
xalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomares; xelmomwerTa
azriT, kacobriobis uxsovari droidan megreli xalxi
qarTveli (qarTveluri) tomisagan gamoirCeva rogorc
CveulebiT, ise salaparako eniT; megreli xalxi iCag-
reba imitom, rom megruli eniT ar miewodeba komuniz-
mis ideebi da iTxoven beladebis wignebis Targmnas
megrul enaze. avtorebi emijnebian qarTvel ers da mi-
iCneven, rom xelisufleba maT, rogorc damoukidebel
ers, ise unda moeqces60. avtorebi kategoriulad iT-
xovdnen megruli enis qcevas saqmiswarmoebisa da swav-
lebis enad. am jgufis mier gamoicemoda gazeTi: „no-
Te“ (redaqtori grigol axalaia)61.
l. beria dadiani-bukonia-beselia-axalaias jgufSi
aerTianebs isak Jvaniasac, Tumca, faqtia, rom buko-
nia-beseliasagan gansxvavebiT, isak Jvania iTxovda
samegrelos administraciul olqs. am cdomilebis
miuxedavad, vfiqrobT: cnobili sazogado moRvawee-
bis kvalad, l. beria miSo dadians, gr. axalaiasa Tu
isak Jvanias erT rangSi imitom ganixilavda, rom sa-
mive maTgani cdilobda, megruli metyveleba eqcia
samwignobro enad da saqmiswarmoebis enad, rac, erTi

60
kritikisaTvis ix. v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli
wigni, gv. 149-151.
61
„noTe“ daixura 1925 wels. sainteresoa: am saxeliT 1990
wels „saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis“ zugdidis regiona-
lurma organizaciam zugdidSi gamosca orkvireuli gazeTi;
redaqtori: jambul arqania. amave saxeliT gazeTi gamoice-
moda 1997-1998 wlebSi. sityva-forma „noTe“ momdinareobs na-
Tel- fuZidan. „noTes“ semantikuri veli: naTeli, sxivi, Ci-
raRdani, Wraqi...… cudi miznis SesafuTad kargi sityvis gamo-
yeneba specsamsaxurebis stilia; e.w. terminologiuri diver-
siebisaTvis ix. qvemoT, Tavi IV.
61
mxriv, qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri daSlis Se-
uqcevad safuZvels Seqmnida, meore mxriv ki, sameg-
relos mosaxleobas daukargavda winaprebis mier
Seqmnil, sul mcire, 16-saukunovan samwignobro kul-
turas.
logikuria, amave jgufSi ganvixiloT bolSeviki ta-
ras Sengeliac, romelmac 1933 wels dawera cilis-
mwamebluri werili („danosi”)62: „skkp (b) centralu-
ri komitetis mdivans, amx. i. stalins, ssr kavSiris
ck-is Tavmjdomares, amx. kalinins da ssrk saxkomsab-
Wos Tavmjdomares, amx. molotovs”; kerZod, igi sa-
megrelos saxeliT iTxovda aWaris avtonomiis
msgavs avtonomiur olqs saqarTvelos Semadgenlo-
baSi da megruli enisa da literaturis Seqmnas.

62
rusulenovani saarqivo dokumentis TargmanisaTvis ix. da-
narTi № 8 (rusul dedanTan erTad gamoqveyndeba am da sxva
saarqivo dokumentebis wignSi, romelsac kolegebTan erTad
vamzadeb gamosacemad). dokumentis gansxvavebuli interpre-
taciisaTvis ix. v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wig-
ni, gv. 117.
62
 1.4. isak Jvanias jgufi

isak Jvania, i. stalinis oficialur Tvalsazrisze63

dayrdnobiT, bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebisTanave
cdilobda samegrelos administraciuli olqis Seq-
mnas, megruli skolebis daarsebasa da megruli gaze-
Tebis gamocemas. am aspeqtiT, sainteresoa 1925 wlis
24 agvistos zugdidis samazro komitetis prezidiu-
mis wevrebisa (i. Jvania da sxvebi) da centris warmo-
madgenlebis (maTikaSvili, giorgaZe, egorovi) er-
Toblivi dadgenileba:
1. samegrelo „gaformdes“, rogorc saqarTvelos
ssr SemadgenlobaSi Semavali kulturul-teritori-
uli erTeuli.
2. neba daerTos partkomis organos saxiT yoveldRi-
uri gazeTisa da sxv. politikur-literaturuli da
sasoflo-sameurneo xasiaTis broSurebis gamocemas.
3. pirveli safexuris skolebSi SemoRebul iqnes meg-
ruli eniT swavleba.
4. yvela dawesebulebaSi saqmiswarmoeba SemoRebul
iqnes megrul „enaze“64.
dasaxelebuli moTxovnebi gaimeora saqarTvelos
kompartiis centraluri komitetis (wevrebi: kaxiani,
okujava, eliava, gegeWkori, orjonikiZe, maTikaSvi-
li, suxiSvili, ivanov-kavkazski) 1925 wlis 3 seqtem-
bris dadgenilebam „megruli sakiTxis Sesaxeb“; dad-
genileba iTvaliswinebda:

63
ი. სტალინის არაოფიციალური თვალსაზრისი naTlad ჩანს 1925
wels s. orjonikiZisadmi gagzavnil daSifrul depeSაში:
„advilad damjere amxanagebma daijeres xumroba samegrelos
აvtonomiis Sesaxeb“ (citatas vimowmebT wignidan: v. gvara-
mia, g. ciciSvili, „megruli sakiTxi“, 2009, gv.216, 330, 387).
64
saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, f. 14, aR. 6, 226 furc.
53/3. masalas vimowmebT vaxtang gvaramiasa da giorgi ciciS-
vilis dasaxelebuli wignidan, gv. 108.
63
1. samegrelos im raionebSi/soflebSi, sadac mosaxleo-
bam ar icis qarTuli ena, „aucileblad CaiTvalos ur-
TierToba megrul enaze“;
2. raionis sasamarTloSi, sadac ar esmiT qarTuli ena,
daSvebul iqnes sasamarTlo laparaki da sasamarTlo
ganaCenisa da dadgenilebis gacema megrul enaze;
3. SesaZleblad CaiTvalos glexebis gazeTisa da saagi-
tacio xasiaTis furclebis gamocema megrul enaze;
4. SesaZleblad CaiTvalos samegrelos pirveli safe-
xuris skolebSi megrul enaze swavleba65.

amgvar gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen aleqsandre ge-

geWkori da lavrenti beria, romelTac egorov-maTi-
kaSvil-kaxian-Jvanias moTxovnebi, faqtobrivad, gaa-
igives miSo dadianisa da gr. axalaias jgufebis moT-
xovnebTan; kerZod, 1925 wlis 8 seqtembris gazeT „ko-
munistSi“ maT winaaRmdeg gailaSqra al. gegeWkorma

65
saarqivo dokumentis gansxvavebuli interpretaciisaTvis
ix.: v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 90-92
(saarqivo dokumenti: fondi 14, aR. 2, s.359, furc. 29). Cemi az-
riT, umwerlobo xalxis enas namdvilad esaWiroeba aseTi
mxardaWera; Sdr., dRes, daaxloebiT, aseTi aqtivobebia gaT-
valiswinebuli „regionul an umciresobaTa enebis evropuli
qartiiTac“; Tumca, aqve xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT:
megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi arian mravalsaukunovani samwig-
nobro tradiciis mqone qarTvelebi; Sesabamisad, megrulis
Sesaxeb zemoxsenebuli dadgenilebebic da dResac zogi jgu-
fis mier megrulisaTvis (/ svanurisaTvis, lazurisaTvis)
„regionuli an umciresobis enis“ statusis miniWebis moT-
xovna, anda, saqarTvelos skolebSi megruli da svanuri „ene-
bis“ swavlebis „iniciativa“, erT mizans emsaxureba: qar-
TvelTa nawils gauucxoos istoriuli dedaena – qarTuli
ena; qarTveloba dayos oTxenovan konglomeratad da, sabo-
loo jamSi, qarTveli eri samudamod daSalos ramdenime
„mcire erad“ (msjelobisaTvis ix. qvemoT).
64
weriliT: „ianovski-vostorgovis Rirseul memkvid-
reebs“. kolaboracionistebis orive moTxovnas (sa-
megrelos avtonomia da megruli enis statusi) al.
gegeWkorma aseTi argumentebiT upasuxa:
„1. samegrelos arasodes ucxovria saqarTvelosgan
mowyvetiT; samegrelo aris saqarTvelos istoriuli
da ganuyofeli nawili, iseTive, rogorc qarTl-kaxeTi,
mTa, guria, imereTi.
2. megrelebi warmoadgens qarTveli eris iseTive Stos,
rogoricaa: imerlebi, gurulebi, fSav-xevsurni... meg-
reli ar aris calke erovneba, rogorc amas acxadebda
ianovsk-vostorgov-aSordia; garda amisa, megreli da-
sabamiTve Semoqmedia qarTuli saliteraturo enisa (aq
al. gegeWkori imowmebs wmida anton Wyondidelisa da
Tedo Jordanias istoriul saxelebs; aseve, samegre-
lodan gamosuli partiuli da upartio inteligenciis
pozicias, romelic dafiqsirda 1924 wels – t f.)... qar-
Tuli ena aris megrelTa „samSoblo ena“; Sesabamisad,
megruls ver vuwodebT damoukidebel enas, radgan meg-
rulSi ZiriTadad igive qarTuli sityvebia; metic, meg-
rulis „uklebliv yvela Ziris sityvebi mTlad eTanab-
reba qarTuli sityvebis Zirebs imdenad, rom qarTuli
literaturuli enis Sesaswavlad aucilebelia megru-
li dialeqtikis gacnoba... megruli marTla dialeqtia,
mxolod dialeqti, qarTuli enis erT-erTi StoTaga-
nia“... „araviTar damoukidebel megrul kulturaze ar
SeiZleba laparaki. samegrelos kultura mTlianad
qarTulia, qarTul safuZvelzea moqarguli, qarTuli
fesvebiTaa moarsebe“66.

66
al. gegeWkoris werilis gaumarTleblad subieqturi ana-
lizisaTvis ix., v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wig-
ni, gv. 5; kerZod, avtorebi weren, rom gegeWkoris es sityvebi
simarTlea, magram „am simarTlesTan erTad man (gegeWkorma)
araferi sTqva, rom istoriis bedukuRmarTobis gamo sameg-
relos mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili realurad mxo-
lod megruli eniT funqcionirebda; radgan samegrelo-af-
xazeTSi mosaxle megrelTa erT nawils ar esmoda sxva ena,
65
al. gegeWkoris msgavsi argumentebiT gaakritika sa-
megrelos avtonomiis moTxovna lavrenti beriam
1925 wlis 13 seqtembris gazeT „komunistSi (№210) da-
beWdil werilSi: „megrel avtonomistebis Sesaxeb“,
romelSic miSo dadianis antiqarTuli jgufis wev-
rad gamoacxada zugdideli bolSevikebis erT-erTi
Zveli lideri isak Jvania; es ukanaskneli am dros iyo
zugdidis mazris komunistTa xelmZRvaneli.
isak Jvania rbili toniT, magram mainc sajarod gamo-
epasuxa l. berias; kerZod, 1925 wlis 15 seqtembers
gamoqveynda isak Jvanias pasuxi saTauriT: „samegre-
los avtonomistebis Sesaxeb“67.
gazeT „komunistis“ sxva publikaciebi cxadyofs,
rom saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisufleba imxanad
lavrenti berias Tvalsazrisze idga68; kerZod, al.

garda Tavisi mSobliuri megruli enisa, saWiro iyo im Tavi-

seburebis gaTvaliswineba. amasTanave, megrel mosaxleobas
uxsovari droidan hqonda Sesisxlxorcebuli salaparako
megruli ena, romelic damaxinjebuli qarTuli ki ar iyo,
rogorc es zogierT sabWoTa Cinovniks gamohyavda, aramed
qarTuli enis paralelur, Zma enas warmoadgenda“. vaxtang
gvaramiam da giorgi ciciSvilma, iseve rogorc qarTvelTa
enobrivi samyaros istoriis armcodne sxva pirebma, ar ician,
rom megruli metyveleba aris qarTvelTa dedaenis kuTxuri
saxesxvaoba, maTive terminologiuri perifrazi rom gamovi-
yenoT, istoriuli qarTuli (qarTveluri) enisagan miRebu-
li „Svili saxesxvaoba“ (zepiri formiT arsebuli saxesxvao-
ba) da ara – „umwignobro Zma saxesxvaoba“.
67
ix. danarTi # 5.
68
bunebrivia, l. beria i. stalinis faruli mxardaWeris
gareSe aqtiurad ver imoqmedebda. i. stalinis
„orsaxovnobis“ safuZveli: erTi mxriv, marqsistul-
leninuri „nacionaluri“ politika, meore mxriv, qarTuli
msoflaRqma. i. stalinis qarTuli emociis Sesaxeb ix. vaxtang
gGuruli, mefe-mama, Tb., 2014, gv. 191-200; niko javaxiSvili,
ucnobi stalini (dakvirvebani miს warmomavlobaze,
66
gegeWkorisa da l. berias statiebs mohyva qarTvel-
Ta erovnul-enobriv erTianobasa da „separatizmis
mxilebaze“ orientirebuli sxva werilebic, romel-
Ta avtorebi iyvnen: d. TofuriZe, sof. xobSi dabade-
buli uxucesi social-demokrati („samegrelo da
aSordistebi“; gazeTi „komunisti“, 15.09.1925); m. kva-
racxelia („upasuxismgeblo gamosvlis Sesaxeb“; ga-
zeTi „komunisti“, 16.09.1925); zugdidis samazro ko-
mitetis agitacia-propagandis yofili gamge b. Sogi-
raZe („axali aRmoCena“; gazeTi „komunisti“,
17.09.1925)69 da sxv.
stalineli kolaboracionistebisagan gansxvavebiT,
saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisuflebis gegeWkor-
berias frTis kursi, agrZelebda ra tradiciul ka-
lapots, misaRebi iyo farTo sazogadoebisaTvis;
amas cxadyofs imave periodSi Catarebuli ori mas-
Staburi Sexvedrac da maSin moRvawe pirTa memuare-
bic; kerZod:
- 1925 wlis 22 seqtembers axal senakSi Catarda „mas-
wavlebelTa da inteligenciis warmomadgenelTa“
kreba, romelsac 60 warmomadgeneli eswreboda. war-
momadgenelTa yrilobam daadgina, rom samegrelos
avtonomiis moTxovna aris saqarTvelos danawevre-
bis mcdeloba (rezolucia daibeWda 24 seqtembers
gazeT „komunistSi“; es faqti cxadyofs, rom krebas

garegnobasa da pirovnul xasiaTze), axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2014, gv. 288-325.
69
es is SogiraZea, romelic am werilis gamoqveynebamde ramde-
nime TviT adre yrilobaze megrulad gamovida (ix. zemoT). es
faqtic cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisuf-
lebis politika metad labiluri iyo „megruli Temis“ sakiT-
xSi; arsebuli gaoreba male gadaizarda isak Jvaniasa da lav-
renti berias samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispirebaSi, romel-
sac axangrZlivebda i. Jvaniasadmi i. stalinis Tanadgoma. Cans,
1932 wlidan l. berias ukve hqonda i. stalinis mxardaWera. ix.
qvemoT).
67
mxars uWerda bolSevikuri xelisuflebis ufro
Zlieri frTa).
- 1925 wlis 23 seqtembers TbilisSi, SoTa rusTave-
lis saxelobis TeatrSi Catarda samegrelodan wamo-
suli sazogado moRvaweebis, mwerlebisa da sxva cno-
bili adamianebis Sekreba, sadac Tavisi cnobili sit-
yviT gamovida Tedo saxokia70. sayuradReboa prezi-
diumis Semadgenloba: cnobili erovnuli moRvawe
giorgi Jordania (Tedo Jordanias Svili), Tedo sa-
xokia (prezidiumis Tavmjdomare), akaki faRava (pre-
zidiumis wevri), diomide TofuriZe (prezidiumis
wevri), barTlome pataraia (prezidiumis wevri), an-
dro Todua (prezidiumis wevri) da al. gegeWkori,
prezidiumis sapatio wevri.
cnobili adamianebis Sekrebam Tavis rezoluciaSi
negatiurad Seafasa rogorc samegrelos avtonomi-
is, ise megrulad swavlebis dawyebis moTxovna71. mas
Semdeg 85 weli gavida, magram megrulad swavlebis
sakiTxi isev gaaqtiurda; swored am konteqstSia gan-
saxilveli v. gvaramiasa da g. ciciSvilis winaaRmde-
gobrivi pozicia: isini, erTi mxriv, gmoben ianovski-
levicki-aSordia-vostorgovis qmedebebs, magram me-
ore mxriv, cdiloben, dadebiTad warmoaCinon isak
Jvanias „saqmianobis arsi“ da amarTleben 1931 wels
dawyebiT safexurze megrulad swavlebis SemoRebas;
kerZod, weren: „1886 wlis seqtemberSi levickis ka-
tegoriulad mouTxovia samegrelos skolebis meg-
rul enaze gadayvana. amiT TiTqos qarTulis ar-
mcodne megreli bavSvebis pirveldawyebiTi swavle-
bis problema ixsneboda, magram sinamdvileSi misi

70
werilad gamoqveynda ramdenjerme; ix.:
http://www.georoyal.ge/?MTID=5&TID=44&id=2111; ix. danarTi #6.
71
krebis masalebi daibeWda 1925 wlis 25 setembris gazeTebSi:
„komunisti“, „muSa“. sagangebo masala gamoqveynda, aseve, 27
seqtembris gazeT „muSis“ damatebaSi saTauriT: „tartaro-
zi“; ix. danarTi #7.
68
mTavari daniSnuleba iyo samegrelos skolebSi qar-
Tuli literaturuli enis gamoricxva... levickim
sxva mzakvrobac gadawyvita: man T. aSordias saRvTo
werilis qarTulidan megrulad Targmna daavala da
samegrelos eklesiebidan qarTulis gandevna daisa-
xa miznad“72.
imave wignSi vkiTxulobT73:
„i. Jvania ibrZoda samegrelos mosaxleobis specifi-
kuri megruli eniT, saerTo regionalur erTian xel-
mZRvanelobas daqvemdebarebuli centris da saerTo
regionaluri administraciuli olqis kompleqsuri
da ufro efeqtiani RonisZiebebiT mogvarebisaTvis“.
1925 wels TbilisSi Catarebul krebaze sityviT ga-
movida cnobili mwerali konstantine gamsaxurdiac;
megrulTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa misi Sefaseba:
„aSordia-levickis agentebs – am gamoTayvanebul
xalxs – undaT, rom Cven uarvyoT rusTavelis, Cax-
ruxaZis, guramiSvilis ena da mis nacvlad SemoviRoT
aSordias mier SeTiTxnili megruli marTlwera. Cven
erTxel da samudamod unda movspoT saqarTvelosa-
gan samegrelos CamoSorebisa da saqarTvelos da-
qucmacebis yoveli cda“.
xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: konstantine gamsaxurdias
msgavsad, yvela gamosvlaSi megrulad swavlebis
moTxovna gaigivebuli iyo qarTveli eris danawevre-
bisa da saqarTvelos daqucmacebis mcdelobasTan;
rac aisaxa krebis rezoluciaSic74.

72
v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 52.
73
iqve, gv. 331
74
Sdr.: vaxtang gvaramiasa da giorgi ciciSvilis azriT (iqve,
gv. 28-32), „isak Jvania icavda samegrelos interesebs“. ix.,
aseve: gv. 95: „yvelaze RvarZliani kritika samegrelos inte-
resebis damcvelebma ganicades saqarTvelos kompartiis VI
yrilobaze. aq l. berias da m. kaxianis azris mimdevrebma ra-
Ra ar moigones da ra ar daabrales i. Jvaniasa da g. gabunias“;
ix., aseve: „i. Jvanias da misi Tanamoazre-TanamebrZolebis
mTavari sazrunavi iyo qarTulis armcodne megreli glexe-
69
Tavisis gatanas cdilobdnen isak Jvanias moskoveli
mxardamWerebic.
1925 wlis bolos mkafiod gamoikveTa kremlis inte-
resebi; romlebic mokled ase SeiZleba Camovayali-
boT:
- rusuli enis rolis gazrda adgilobrivi naciona-
luri enebis Seviwroebis xarjze;
- specialuri „saerTaSoriso“ terminologiis dam-
kvidreba, romelic xels Seuwyobda bolSevikuri
propagandis gavrcelebas;
- erovnuli identobebis darRvevis mizniT sagangebo
lingvisturi ideologemebis SemuSaveba.
saqarTveloSi kremlis politikis gansaxorcieleb-
lad filipe maxaraZem 1925 wlis 8 dekembers Seqmna
„saxelmwifo samecniero sabWo“, romelsac evalebo-
da saxalxo ganaTlebis sferos dagegmva. konkretu-
lad samegreloSi dagegmili aqtivobebis Sesamowmeb-
lad 1928 wels moskovidan Camovida sabWoTa kavSiris
komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis in-
struqtori pSenicini, romelmac Semoiara samegre-
los soflebi da daaskvna: „megrel glexebs unda miv-
ceT skola, sasamarTlo da popularuli broSura
mSobliur enaze“.
1929 wlis 25 marts „saqarTvelos komunisturi par-
tiis centraluri komitetis mdivanma m. kaxianma
kremlis miTiTebiT miiRo dadgenileba megruli enis
privilegiebis aRsadgenad skolaSi, sasamarTlo saq-

bis, maTi SviliSvilebis enobrivi barieris, meurneobriv-

kulturuli problemebis drouli mogvareba“ (gv. 228)... aSka-
raa: vaxtang gvaramia da giorgi ciciSvili „samegrelos in-
teresebis“ damcvelebad Tvlian pirebs, romlebic, rbilad
rom vTqvaT, samegrelos qarTvelobas uucxoveben winaparTa
mier Seqmnil did samwignobro kulturas (niSandoblivi faq-
ti: dasaxelebuli wigni gamocemulia Cveni drois prorusi
politikosis – aleqsandre WaWias – monawileobiT).
70
mis warmoebisa da gamoZiebis saqmeSi. am dadgenile-
bis mixedviT, im adgilebSi, sadac mosaxleobis ume-
tesma nawilma qarTuli ena ar icoda (!), saqmis war-
moeba da sasamarTlos warmoeba megrul enaze unda
Sesrulebuliyo... (i. Jvania, 1931, gv. 147). niSandob-
livia: dadgenilebis I da II punqtebSi erTmaneTs upi-
rispirdeba qarTuli da megruli; mag. IV punqtSi mi-
TiTebulia, rom dadgenilebebi, gankargulebebi un-
da gamoqveyndes rogorc qarTulad, ise megrulad...
rusuli imperiuli manqana XVIII saukuneSi dawyebul
svlas ganagrZobda; „mavris“ rolis Semsrulebelni
ki sxvebi iyvnen (bolSevikebi: ioseb stalini, filipe
maxaraZe, isak Jvania...)75.
Cans, lavrenti berias winaaRmdegobis gamo, arc 1929
wlis 25 martis dadgenilebas mohyolia realuri Se-
degi; amitom, 1929 wlis 12 seqtembers soWSi i. sta-
lins Sexvda i. Jvania, romelic wers:
„amx. stalins vTxove, rom mas Tavisi miTiTebebi moeca
Semdeg sakiTxebze:
1. megrul olqTan, an saolqo aRmaskomTan dakavSirebiT,
2. megrul enaze gazeTis da sxva glexuri literaturis
gamocemis Sesaxeb,
3. samegrelos pirveli safexuris skolebSi megruli eniT
swavlebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb.
yvela samive sakiTxze amx. stalinma dadebiTi miTiTeba
gasca“76.

am Sexvedris Semdeg i. Jvaniasa da mis Tanamzraxve-

lebs xel-fexi gaexsnaT:

75
i. Jvania namdvilad ar gamoxatavda samegrelos mosaxleo-
bis pozicias. vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Sero-
zia, evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesa-
xeb da saqarTvelo, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 29-48.
http://www.putkaradze.ge/cigni%20dasrulebuli/links/shesavali.htm
76
vimowmebT wignidan: v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, „megruli sa-
kiTxi“, 2009, Tb., gv. 262.
71
saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurma komitetma
1929 wlis 21 dekembers miiRo dadgenileba megrul
enaze glexuri gazeTis gamocemis Sesaxeb, romelic
daamtkica 1930 wlis 12 ianvars amierkavkasiis samxa-
reo komitetma. Sedegad, 1930 wlis 1 martidan daiwyo
megruli Jurnal-gazeTebis beWdva77.
es dadgenileba negatiurad Sefasda maSindel far-
To sazogadoebaSi. sanimuSod moviyvan dekanoz niki-
ta TalakvaZis Sefasebas78:
„aseTi dadgenilebaa dRevandel gazeT „komunistSi“
(25/XII) moTavsebuli! is Sesdgeba eqvsi muxlisagan.
xels awers mas – cakis Tavmjdomaris (mixa cxakaia – meg-
reli) magier qalaqis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare v. bol-
qvaZe, saq. sax. komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare f. maxa-
raZe da cakis mdivani s. Todria! eg samnive gurule-
bia!.. esec simptomatiuria. Cven Tavis adgilze gvqonda
aRniSnuli, rom samegrelo avtonomias Txoulobso!..
Cven viciT aSordia-„mafalus“ mimdevarTa midrekile-
ba patara saqarTveloSi aseTi didi separatizmis – gan-
xeTqilebis, gaTiSvis Camosagdebad! wineT dek. vos-

77
Sdr. v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 264:
„gazeTis redaqtorad dainiSna i. Jvania. gazeTs mieca saqar-
Tvelos kompartiis cekas organos statusi da ukve 1 marts
zugdidSi gamoica „yazaxiSi gazeTis“ pirveli nomeri. maSasa-
dame samarTalma puri Wama“; avtorebi aqve imowmeben „yazaxi-
Si gazeTis“ erT citatas, romelSic qarTuli gaTanabrebu-
lia sxva enebTan: „megruli weriT Cven vexmarebiT skolis ga-
reT darCenil axalgazrdebs, qarTulis ar mcodne glex
axalgazrdebs. Cvenma organizaciebma wuTiTac ar unda Sea-
suston yuradReba qarTulis da sxva enebis mimarT, maTi Ses-
wavlis mimarT“ („yazaxiSi gazeTi“, 02.03.1932).
78
dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe, moqalaqe-mRvdelis dRiuri-
dan, Tb., 2013, gv. 554-555.
72
torgovis zurgs ukan imalebodnen eg vaJbatonebi, ma-
Sin qarTuli enis da masTan erTad megruli kilokavis
gandevnas skolidan, eklesiidan Tu dawesebulebebidan
scdilobden rusuli enis gasabatoneblad! exla ki
„megruli ena“ daupirdapires – „qarTuls“, „rogorc
samSoblo ena“ (mux. 2.) aramSobliurs – qarTuls (?!).
etyoba, aSordia-mafaluelebma imzom Tavi Seabezres
xelisuflebas, rom mizans miaRwies da saqarTvelos
uzenaes dawesebulebebs aseTi uxamsi da gamxrwneli
dadgenileba gamoatanies! aq aravin ifiqros, viTomc
ubralo saqme iyos es dadgenileba!.. is ar Semoifar-
gleba martooden zugdidis mazris zogierTi adgile-
biT, sadac TiTqos „mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma qar-
Tuli ena ar icis“!.. ara, es gangrena bolos da bolos
mTeli samegrelos organizms gamoxravs, gamofitavs!
yiramala daayenebs iq qarTul kulturas da miss prog-
resiul msvlelobas! uxsovari droidan qarTuli eniT
sargeblobdnen megrelebi yvelgan da yvelaferSi! qar-
Tuli ena miaCnda maT „mSobliur enad“! qarTul enaze
loculobdnen, swerdnen da mwignobrobdnen megrelebi
da raRa exla – meoce saukuneSi, „Tavisufal saqarTve-
loSi“ unda moxdes eg sabediswero nabiji! wineT zug-
didi-samurzayano saqarTvelos sxva nawilebze mowyve-
tili iyo, daSorebuli miuvali gzebiT, aTasgvari
ukuRmarTi politikuri viTarebebiT!“.
D
dekanoz n. TalakvaZis saukunis winandeli gamoxmaure-
ba zustad miesadageba XXI saukunis analogiur moT-
xovnebs, romlebic isev garedanaa inspirirebuli (ix.
qvemoT).

73
 1.5. lavrenti berias pozicia

l. beria cdilobda, daebrkolebina „samegrelos

olqis“ Seqmna da megruli skolebis gaxsna. ra moti-
vacia hqonda sastik bolSevik Cekists? logikuria
davuSvaT orgvari axsna – taqtikuri da erovnuli:
- bolSevikuri reJimis damkvidrebis pirvel etapze
l. beria ufrTxoda qarTveli inteligenciis cnobi-
li warmomadgenlebis (T. saxokia, k. gamsaxurdia...),
zogadad, qarTveli eris gaRizianebas da amitomac
dauWira mxari qarTvelTa enobrivi erTianobis Se-
narCunebas (paralelurad, winaaRmdegoba gauwia sa-
megrelos avtonomiis Seqmnas);
- l. beria gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi zogadqar-
Tul poziciebs emxroboda da nacionalur sakiTxSi
saqarTvelos ar Ralatobda (miT umetes, amis
SesaZleblobas aZlevda i. stalinis gaorebuli
pozicia).
Sdr.: i. stalinis mxardaWeriT gaTamamebuli isak
Jvania cdilobs, enobrivi politikis dagegmvisa da
saqarTvelos danawevrebis mimarTulebiT, sabolo-
od daamarcxos lavrenti beria. am mizniT, igi 1931
wlis 20 noembers saqarTvelos kompartiis centra-
luri komitetis mdivnis, amx. l. berias saxelze wers
oficialur werils, romelSic ayalibebs Tavis xed-
vas samegrelosa da megrulis Sesaxeb; i. Jvanias moT-
xovnebi ase gamoiyureba:
„1. gaformdes megruli olqi im raionebisagan, rom-
lebSic mSromeli mosaxleobis umravlesobas ar esmis
qarTuli ena.
2. neba daerTos miTiTebuli raionebis dawyebiT sko-
lebSi swavlebas mSobliur, e.i. megrul enaze“; iqve Ca-
moTvlilia Semdegi raionebi: zugdidi, walenjixa, Cxo-
rowyu, xobi, senaki; xolo nawilobriv – martvili, abaSa
da foTi79.

79
saarqivo dokumenti: prezidentis arqivi, fondi 14, aR. 6, s
266, furc. 103. vimowmebT wignidan: v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili,
74
saqarTvelos faqtobrivma mmarTvelma l. beriam ar
Seqmna samegrelos avtonomiuri olqi, magram win ver
aRudga ra sabWoTa imperiis pirveli piris, i. stali-
nis deklarirebul pozicias, i. Jvanias gunds saSua-
leba misca, 1932 wlis dasawyisSi gaexsna pirveldaw-
yebiTi megruli skolebi. niSandoblivia saqarTve-
los kompartiis centraluri komitetis biuros 1932
wlis 16 martis dadgenilebaSi arsebuli erTi pun-
qtic (sadac megruli gaTanabrebulia afxazur,
berZnul, osur enebTan): „winadadeba mieces saxel-
gams, uzrunvelyos, gansaxkomis mier damtkicebuli
gegmis Tanaxmad, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da saswavlo niv-
Tebis gamocema 1-l seqtembramde, maT Soris – gamocema
afxazur, osur, megrul, berZnul da sxva enebze“80.

l. berias am droebiT ukandaxevas mohyva, didi alba-

TobiT, misganve dagegmili (da stalinTan SeTanx-
mebuli) ramdenime sapasuxo qmedeba:
- 1932 wlis gazafxulze samegrelodan organizebu-
lad wamovida mSromelTa werilebi, romelTac faq-
tobrivad erTnairi Sinaarsi hqonda. maTi avtorebi
mizanSeuwonlad Tvlidnen megruli skolebisa da ga-
zeTebis daarsebas (ix. qvemoT);
- megruli skolebis funqcionirebis Sesamowmeblad,
ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis saxeliT, samegre-
loSi gaigzavna ukve cnobili enaTmecnieri arnold
Ciqobava;

„megruli sakiTxi“ , Tb., 2009, gv. 90-92 . arqivSi daculia, ase-

ve, saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is 1931 wlis 28 noembris sai-
dumlo gzavnili (№82/87/s), romelic gvamcnobs: „saqarTve-
los kompartiis ck-is biuros wevrebsa da wevrobis kandida-
tebs: amxanag berias davalebiT gasacnobad gegzavnebaT meg-
ruli sakiTxis Semdegi masalebi“
80
v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 294.
75
- sxvadasxva avtorisgan organizebulad daiwyo 1932
wels didi tiraJiT dabeWdili i. Jvanias wignis: „ro-
gor ibrZoda samegrelos mSromeli glexoba sabWoe-
bis xelisuflebisaTvis“ mkacri kritika81;
- 1933 wlis gazafxulze saqarTvelos mTavrobam
enaTmecnier vukol beriZis monawileobiT kidev er-
Ti komisia amuSava samegreloSi da 1933 wlis 25 maiss
cnobili mecnierebisa (arn. Ciqobava, g. axvlediani, v.
beriZe, v. Tofuria...) da samegrelos politikuri
elitis monawileobiT Caatara kolegiis sxdoma, ro-
melsac daaswres cxinvalSi gadayvanili isak Jvaniac
(gamosvlis teqstebi ix. qvemoT).
- 1933 wlis bolos daixura megruli skolebic da
megruli gazeTebic.

vfiqrobT, CamoTvlil nabijTagan lavrenti berias

gamarjvebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa arn. Ciqoba-
vam, romelmac, n. maris mosazrebis sapirispirod82
wamoayena debuleba, rom megruli ar aris ara calke
ena, aramed zanuri enis dialeqti; da rom „qarTuli
ena megreli da svani bavSvebis normaluri ganviTa-
rebisaTvis iseTive bunebrivi da pedagogiurad mi-
zanSewonili iaraRia, rogorc xevsuri da guruli
bavSvebisaTvis“.

81
i. Jvanias wignis kritikis Sesaxeb ix. v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvi-
li, „megruli sakiTxi“, Tb., 2009, gv. 374-384.
82
migvaCnia, rom 1932 wels i. stalinis oficialuri
poziciisa da Tavisi karieris zenitSi myofi n. maris debu-
lebebis sawinaaRmdegod wasvla iyo arn. Ciqobavas didi gabe-
duleba. samwuxarod, maSin arn. Ciqobava win ver aRudga
Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis
mimarTulebiT moqmed enobriv politikas; amdens batoni ar-
noldi maSin ver SeZlebda: waagebda Sida brZolasac.
76
ufro vrclad am saintereso istoriis Sesaxeb:

saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculia 1932 wlis

gazafxulze samegrelos raionebis komunist aqti-
vistTa da mSromelTa werilebi, romelTa avtorebic
mizanSeuwonlad Tvlidnen samegrelos avtonomiur
olqs, megrul skolebsa da megrul gazeTebs. amgva-
ri qmedeba rom centridanaa organizebuli, amas
cxadyofs koleqtiuri werilebis „Sabloni“83:
imxanad bevrs ar hqonda sabeWdi manqana, amitom, Cans,
soflebs/raionebs dauriges erTi da igive teqsti,
romelSic gamotovebuli iyo soflis saxeli da xel-
momwerTa gvarebi. „Sablonis“ gamotovebul adgi-
lebSi iwereboda Sesabamisi soflebisa Tu raionebis
saxeli da am raionebis/soflebis im warmomadgenel-
Ta (ZiriTadad, partiul aqtivistTa da deputatTa)
gvarebi, romlebic xels awerdnen am dokuments. xe-
lisuflebis (/l. berias) davalebiT es Sabloni Seiv-
so da xelmoweril iqna bevr sofelSi; swored am we-
rilebiT gaCnda aucilebloba, xelisuflebas sameg-
reloSi gaegzavna specialuri kompetenturi komi-
sia.

83
naSromSi damowmebuli saarqivo masalebis nawili gaanali-
zebulia statiaSi: t. futkaraZe, m. TedoraZe, diskusia meg-
ruli metyvelebis statusis Sesaxeb XX saukunis 20-30-ian
wlebSi /Tanamedrove konteqstiT/; „qarTvelologiis aqtua-
luri problemebi“, tomi VI, Tb., 2017; saarqivo masalebi sru-
lad gamoqveynebulia m. TedoraZis sadisertacio naSromis
danarTSi; ix.: m. TedoraZe, enobrivi erTeulis statusis gan-
msazRvreli kriteriumebi, (saukunovani diskusia qarTvelu-
ri enobrivi samyaros segmentaciis Sesaxeb), quTaisi, 2018.
77
Sablonis teqsti ase gamoiyureba:
oqmi №
.................... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli krebisa 1932 wlis „
„ martidan da eswrebodnen partiis wevrebi „ „ , kandidati „ „ ,
komkavSiris wevr-kandidati „ „ , mdivnobda: amx. ....................
m o i s m i n e s:
informaciuli moxseneba kom. ujredis mdivnisa, amx. ............. sa-
megrelos sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
d a a d g i n e s:
1. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebulma krebam moismina informa-
ciuli moxseneba kom. ujredis mdivani amx. ......... samegrelos sa-
kiTxis Sesaxeb. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba aRniS-
navs, rom zugdidis raionis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli amxanagebi
amxanag i. Jvanias meTaurobiT didi xania cdiloben, rom sameg-
relo gamoacxadon avtonomiur olqad (aq da qvemoTac xazi Ce-
mia – t. f.). am mizniT isini mimarTaven yovelgvar Ronesa da sa-
Sualebas. zog SemTxvevaSi Tavs acxadeben samegrelos warmo-
madgenlebad da laparakoben mTeli samegrelos saxeliT. ..........
part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba kategoriul protests
acxadebs zugdidis raionis zogierT xelmZRvanel amxanagebis
mier uflebebis ukanonod miTvisebis gamo da gadaWriT acxa-
debs, rom amx. i. Jvanias da mis Tanamoazreebs araviTari ufleba
ara aqvT ilaparakon ....... mSromeli mosaxleobis saxeliT. Tu mas
aseTi mindobiloba aRmoaCnda, igi usaTuod yalbia da usafuZ-
vlo.
2. ......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba kategoriulad
acxadebs, rom samegrelos avtonomiur olqad gamocxadeba an
yofili zugdidis mazris olqad gamocxadeba, an zugdidis yo-
fili mazris raionebis erT raionad gaerTianeba .......... soflis
zugdidTan SeerTeba ar aris .......... soflis mSromeli mosaxleo-
bis survili, aramed igi survilia mxolod zugdidis raionis
zogierT xelmZRvanel amxanagebis da amitom part. komkavSiris
gaerTianebuli kreba kategoriul protests acxadebs samegre-
los avtonomiur olqad gamocxadebis cdis winaaRmdeg, an zug-
didis yofili mazris olqad gamocxadebis cdis winaaRmdeg, ag-
reTve zugdidis yofili mazris erT raionad gaerTianebis cdis
winaaRmdeg da .......... zugdidis raionTan SeerTebis cdis winaaR-
mdeg.
3. ......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba iwonebs saq. k. p.
/b/ da saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebas samegrelos raio-
nebSi pirvel dawyebiT saswavleblebSi gamoyenebuli iqnes meg-
ruli ena, rogorc damxmare ena qarTuli enis swavlebiT. magram

78
ar iziarebs samegrelos pirvel dawyebiT skolebSi megruli
eniT dawyebis cdas.
4. .......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba mxurvaled
esalmeba saq. k.p. /b/ centraluri komitetis da saqarTvelos
umaRlesi mTavrobis dadgenilebas megrul enaze gazeTis gamo-
cemis gamo, magram aRniSnavs, rom zugdidis raionis xelmZRvane-
loba, romelic faqtiurad xelmZRvanelobs megrul gazeT „ya-
zaxiSi gazeTs“, amaxinjeben megrul enas da „yazaxiSi gazeTs“
xdian qarTuli enis ucodinari mSromeli megreli glexebisaT-
vis gaugebars. rom qarTuli ena, romelic Zalian monaTesavea
megrul enasTan da qarTul enaSi auarebeli megruli sityvebia
Sesuli da piriqiT, megrul sityvebSi auarebeli qarTuli sit-
yvebia Sesuli, es garemoeba qarTul enas advilad SesaTviseb-
lad xdis megrelisaTvis, amasTan erTad, part. komkavSiris kre-
ba aRniSnavs, rom qarTul kulturasa da megrul kulturas,
romlebic warmoadgenen erTi da igives, gaoreba-gaTiSva yov-
lad dauSvebelia. miuxedavad amisa, zugdidis raionis zogier-
Ti xelmZRvaneli, maT Soris, „yazaxiSi gazeTis“ redaqtori, mi-
uxedavad Cveni araerTi gancxadebisa, mainc amaxinjebs megrul
enas. SeaqvT ra megrul leqsikonSi megreli glexisaTvis sruli-
ad gaugebari, maT mier axlad gamogonili sityvebi /yazkomi,
dudmaxvenji, melamose, sxunu, da sxva uamravi aseTi sityvebi/.
eZeben agreTve samegrelos feodalizmisdroindel arqivebSi
daviwyebul sityvebs /marqvali, verwemi, orTa lma kanCxu, obu-
Wolaia, tabakis unCaSi da sxva uamravi aseTebi/. imisaTvis rom
daaSoron megruli ena qarTuli enisagan da amiT gauZnelon meg-
rel bavSvs qarTuli enis Seswavla, cdiloben ra Seqmnan megru-
li literatura, megruli kultura, rac dRevandeli gaSlili
socialisturi mSeneblobisa da kulturuli revoluciis xana-
Si megrel mSromelTaTvis yovlad miuRebelia. meores mxriT,
megruli enis qarTuli enisagan daSorebiT cdiloben daamtki-
con megrel mSromelTaTvis miuRebeli samegrelos avtonomiu-
ri olqis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. walenjixis raioni iT-
vleba mTel samegreloSi yvelaze CamorCenil kuTxed, miuxeda-
vad amisa, am raionis mosaxleTa ojaxebSi ar aris iseTi ojaxi,
sadac erTi, ori an sami an kidev meti, da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi,
mTelma ojaxis wevrebma qarTuli ena ar icodes. is foqusi da
eSmakoba, romelsac Cadis zugdidis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli am-
xanagebi, im dros, rodesac maT evlinebaT centridan qarTveli
xelmZRvaneli amxanagebi da umtkiceben maT, rom ujredis um-
niSvnelo nawilma icis qarTuli da amis dasamtkiceblad gangeb
gamowveuli glexi, Tundac qarTulis mcodne iyos, mainc malavs

79
da qarTulis ucodinrad aCvenebs Tavs, rac yovlad miuRebeli
saqcielia.
5. saq. k.p./b/ meTeqvsmete yrilobis dadgenileba mazrebisa da
olqebis daraionebis Sesaxeb da am dadgenilebis cxovrebaSi ga-
tarebam dauaxlova xelisufleba masas, didad gaaumjobesa kon-
kretuli operatiuli xelmZRvaneloba da didad Seuwyo xeli
soflebis politikuri, kulturuli da sameurneo zrdis swra-
fi tempiT warmarTvas. gansakuTrebiT metismetad TvalsaCino
daxmareba gauwia mTagoriani zemo samegrelos, miTumetes Cveni
raionis soflebs. soflel mSromelTaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxa-
da xelisufleba da maT igrZnes meti Sveba.
mSromeli glexi didad afasebs partiisa da xelisuflebis am sa-
ukeTeso RonisZiebas. yovelive es uRviZebT mSromelT did en-
Tuziazms da socialisturi saxelmwifos yvela dakveTebs pir-
naTlad asrulebs. sul sxva mazris arsebobis dros siSorisa da
cudi gzebis gamo Zalze cudi iyo mazris xelisuflebis konkre-
tuli operatiuli xelmZRvaneloba. is daSorebuli iyo masas an
naklebi yuradReba eqceoda iseT daSorebul soflebs, rogo-
ric iyo walenjixis raioni. glexebisTvisac naklebi misawvdomi
iyo mazris xelisufleba. glexi erideboda xarjebs da drois
dakargvas, amitom mTeli rigi glexis kanonieri moTxovnileba
rCeboda daukmayofilebeli. erTma naxevarma welma ganvlo da-
raionebis Semdeg da es gancxadeba glexebisaTvis naTlad war-
modgenili gaxda. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba igebs
ra yvela zemoTxsenebul pirobebs, daraionebis upiratesobas
da sargeblianobas, raTa ar Caqres is enTuziazmi, romelic ga-
moiwvia daraionebam. ......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli
kreba sTxovs saq. s. p. /b/ cekas, raTa ar gaauqmos walenjixis ra-
ioni da misces mas arsebobis saSualeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sa-
qarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetisaTvis namdvilad autanelia
yofili zugdidis mazris zemomTagorian nawilSi ori walenji-
xisa da Cxorowyus raionis Senaxva. maSin part. komkavSiris gaer-
Tianebuli kreba sTxovs saq. k.p./b/ centralur komitets, raTa
gaaerTianos walenjixisa da Cxorowyus raionebi erT raionad,
im adgilas, sadac amas airCeven orive raionebis mSromeli mo-
saxleoba.
6. Tu vincobaa Cveni Txovna dakmayofilebuli ar iqneba, im Sem-
TxvevaSi ecnobos saq. k. p. /b/ cekas, raTa yovelive zemoT Tqmu-
lis gamosarkvevad, yoveli mizezis gareSe miavlinon avtorite-
tiani komisia, romelic gamoarkvevs da Seiswavlis .......... mTeli
mSromeli mosaxleobis moTxovnilebas am sakiTxSi....

80
7. eTxovos agreTve, walenjixis raionis partiul komitets, ra-
Ta dasvas es sakiTxi raikomis sxdomaze da daicvas Cveni kanoni-
eri moTxovnilebani.
8. am dadgenilebis partiis centraluri komitetisaTvis misar-
Tmevad da Cveni soflis mdgomareobis da survilebis centra-
luri komitetisaTvis sityvierad asaxsnelad arCeuli iqnes de-
legatad amx. ........... .......................... , romelsac daevalos Cveni
dadgenileba miarTvas saq. k. p. /b/ cekas mdivans da sityvierad
auxsnas Cveni soflis survilebi da suliskveTeba.
zemoT aRniSnul dadgenilebas xels vawerT:
krebis Tav-re: .......... m d i v a n i: ...........
partiis da komkavSiris wevr-kandidatebi84.

rogorc aRiniSna, samegrelodan TbilisSi am tipis

koleqtiuri werilebis gamogzavna iyo isak Jvaniaze
lavrenti berias Setevis pirveli etapi.
meore etapad unda miviCnioT, zemoxsenebuli „gaer-
Tianebuli krebebis“ moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, saqar-
Tvelos saxalxo ganaTlebis komitetis saxeliT, sa-
megreloSi cnobili enaTmecnieris – arn. Ciqobavas
gagzavna; kerZod, Cvens xelT arsebuli informaciis
mixedviT, 1932 wlis aprilSi samegreloSi muSaobda
zugdidis raikomis mier Seqmnili komisia („briga-
da“), romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: zugdidis raio-
nis ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge, zugdidis raiko-
mis warmomadgeneli da gansaxkomis warmomadgeneli
amx. arn. Ciqobava85.

84
Sss arqivi, f. 14, aR. 6. №266, furc.220-223. Sablonis erT-
erTi Sevsebuli variantisaTvis ix. danarTi № 3.
85
1898 wels dabadebuli arn. Ciqobava 1926 wlidan aris Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universitetis leqtori. Tbilisis universi-
tetis kursdamTavrebulTagan pirvelma daicva sadoqtoro
disertacia (1929 w.). 1932–36 wlebSi iyo saxelmwifo termino-
logiuri komisiis swavluli mdivani. 1933 wels damtkicebul
iqna universitetis profesorad. 1933 wels arn. Ciqobavas ini-
ciativiT universitetSi daarsda kavkasiur enaTa kaTedra,
romelsac xelmZRvanelobda 1960 wlamde. 1933–34 saswavlo
81
procesi dasrulda l. berias saidumlo weriliT i.
stalinisadmi, romelSic avtori iTxovs, qarTvele-
bad moixsenion sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier araqar-
Tvelebad CaTvlili aWarlebi, lazebi, megrelebi,
svanebi...86. es werili i. stalinTan winaswari mo-
laparakebis gareSe ver daiwereboda: Cans, am dros i.
stalini qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis
SenarCunebis survils ukve aRar malavda.

qvemoT gavaanalizebT 1932 wlis dokumentebs:

1932 wlis 23-27 aprils sssr ganaTlebis saxalxo ko-

misaris saxelze momzadda komisiis (/„brigadis“)87
moxsenebiTi baraTi. dokumentSi Camoyalibebulia
Semdegi ZiriTadi daskvnebi88:
a) sabWoTa saqarTvelos mSromelTaTvis (mxedvelo-
baSi gvyavs qarTuli gvartomobis mosaxleoba) mec-
nierebisa da literaturis ena iyo da aris qarTuli
ena, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena. socialisturi
mSeneblobisa da kulturuli revoluciis ena.
b) ZiriTadi pedagogiuri sakiTxi, romelic amJamad
ismis, am xasiaTisa aris: warmoadgens Tu ara megru-

wels arn. Ciqobavas TaosnobiT Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis filologiis fakultetTan Camoyalibda kavkasiur
enaTa ganyofileba. 1936 wlidan gardacvalebamde xelmZRvane-
lobda Tavis mier daarsebul mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa
ganyofilebas enaTmecnierebis insitutSi.
86
dokumentis analizisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r.
Serozia, evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis
Sesaxeb da saqarTvelo, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 36-37; dokumenti-
saTvis ix. danarTi # 11.
87
komisia brigadis saxeliTaa moxseniebuli ganaTlebis sa-
xalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomis oqmSi.
88
dokumenti: danarTi № 4.
82
lad molaparake bavSvebisTvis qarTuli iseT iaraRs,
romelic mis bunebriv ganviTarebas zRudavs?
unda iTqvas, rom fsiqologia megrul metyvelebisa
imdenadve axlo sdgas qarTulTan, ramdenad axlo
sdgas qarTulTan romelime xevsuris fsiqologia.
imdenadve megrulad molaparake bavSvebisaTvis qar-
Tuli ena normalur iaraRs warmoadgens, rogorc
vsTqvi, warmoadgens imave xevsurisaTvis, svanisaT-
vis. qarTuli ena megreli da svani bavSvebis norma-
luri ganviTarebisaTvis iseTive bunebrivi da peda-
gogiurad mizanSewonili iaraRia, rogorc xevsuri
da guruli bavSvebisaTvis. ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT,
rom saliteraturo qarTuli ena gansxvavdeba (zog-
jer TvalsaCinodac) TviT qarTuli kuTxuri metyve-
lebisagan (mag. TuSuri, xevsuruli, gurulisagan).
saliteraturo qarTuls TviT qarTulad moubarnic
swavloben.
g) istoriulad megrulis uflebebisaTvis iRvwoda
(anbanis Sedgena da sxva) TviTmpyrobeloba (igulis-
xmeba mefis ruseTi – t. f.), e.i. swored is Zala, rome-
lic qarTuli enis uflebebs xSavda: megrulis uf-
lebebisaTvis zrunva qarTulis Seviwroebis saSua-
leba iyo. kulturul-istoriulad sazogadoebriv-
politikurad megruli enis uflebebis sakiTxis ga-
Cena saqarTveloSi iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc
warmoudgenelia „daCagruli megruli“. amJamad meg-
ruli enis qarTuli saliteraturo enisaTvis dapi-
rispireba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi aris feodaluri
saqarTvelos kuTxuri karCaketilobis da wewva-gle-
jis fsiqologiis recidivi.
d) qarTulad swavleba savsebiT SesaZlebelia pirve-
li jgufebidanve. pedagogiurad saWiroa da praqti-
kulad aucilebeli swavlebis procesSi gamoviyenoT
megruli, rogorc damxmare saSualeba qarTulad mo-
cemuli masalis SeTvisebis gasaadvileblad“ (uax-

83
lesi istoriis centraluri arqivi – f. 300, a.12, №26,
f. 44-47); meore dokumentSi ufro dazustebulia es
sakiTxi:
megrulis sakiTxi aris praqtikuli sakiTxi. samegre-
los mosaxleoba aRmosavleT sanapiros gamoklebiT
ojaxSi qarTulad ar laparakobs (iqac ki, sadac yve-
las esmis ojaxSi qarTuli). bavSvebi skolaSi rom mo-
dis, man qarTuli Cveulebrivad ar icis, amitom praq-
tikulad aucilebelia megruli iqnes gamoyenebuli,
rogorc damxmare saSualeba qarTulis SeTvisebisas
da SesaTviseblad. ara Tu pirvel jgufSi, ufros
jgufSiac maswavlebels mouxdeba megrulis waSve-
lieba; amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, arc megruli saxel-
mZRvaneloa saWiro da arc megruli terminologia,
romelTac ebRauWebian swored isini, visac surs meg-
rulis sakiTxi principul-politikur sakiTxad aq-
cios da megruli qarTulisagan gasamijn saSualebad
gamoiyenos, rasac, ra Tqma unda, araferi aqvs saer-
To leninur politikasTan“ (uaxlesi istoriis cen-
traluri arqivi – f. 300, a.12, №26, f. 1-6)“.

Cans, am moxsenebiTi baraTis Sinaarsi maleve cnobi-

li gaxda stalineli kolaboracionistebisaTvis;
amas mohyva taras Sengelias 1933 wlis saCivari: „skkp
(b) centraluri komitetis mdivans, amx. i. stalins,
ssr kavSiris ck-is Tavmjdomares, amx. kalinins da
ssrk saxkomsabWos Tavmjdomares, amx. molotovs“,
romelSic, i. stalinis zemoT damowmebul koncefci-
aze dayrdnobiT, t. Sengelia samegrelos mosaxleo-
bis saxeliT iTxovda aWaris avtonomiis msgavs avto-
nomias samegrelosaTvis da megruli samwignobro
enisa da literaturis Seqmnas89. amave saCivarSi ga-
lanZRulia arn. Ciqobava; kerZod, vkiTxulobT:

89
saarqivo masala, ix. danarTi №8.
84
„ganaTlebis saxalxo komitetma zugdidis raionSi mi-
avlina „megreli“ Cinovniki, „profesori“ Ciqobava da-
valebiT, rom am „megrel vai mecniers“ „mecniereuli“
TvalsazrisiT Seejamebina dawyebiT skolebSi megrul
enaze swavleba (xazi Cvenia). am mecnierma zustad Sea-
jama Sedegebi da dawera: „marTalia megreli bavSvebi
ukeT iTviseben masalas mSobliur megrul enaze, vidre
maTTvis gaugebar qarTul enaze, magram imis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom SemdgomSi megrulidan qarTul enaze ga-
dasvla gaZneldeba, amitom megruli skolebis pirve-
live jgufebidanve amoRebuli unda iqnes megrul ena-
ze swavleba; anu samomavlo „perspeqtivisaTvis“, ukve
dRes gavwiroT megruli ena“. aseT „safuZvlian“ „mec-
niereul“ antileninur gamosvlas daeTanxma zugdidis
partiis raikomis axali xelmZRvaneloba da gadawyvita
momavali saswavlo wlidan samegrelos dawyebiT sko-
lebSi daekanonebinaT qarTul enaze swavleba. am „Wkvi-
anuri“ gadawyvetilebiT zugdidis axali xelmZRvane-
loba ganaTlebis saxkomTan erTad cvlis skp(b) ck-is
dadgenilebas kavkasiis nacionaluri komitetis da sa-
erTod leninur-stalinur swavlebas nacionalur sa-
kiTxis Sesaxeb90.

90
werilis am monakveTis gansxvavebuli Targmanisa Tu komen-
tarebisaTvis ix.: v. gvaramia, g. ciciSvili, „megruli sakiT-
xi“, Tb., 2009, gv. 299-300; 192-294; Sdr., Targmani: „saqarTve-
los gansaxkomma zugdidis raionSi moavlina „megreli“ Ci-
novniki „profesori“ Ciqobava im mizniT, rom am vai „mecni-
ers“ „mecnieruli“ TvalsazrisiT Seejamebina dawyebiT sko-
lebSi megrul enaze bavSvebis swavleba. am „mecnierma“ zus-
tad Seajama Sedegebi da dawera: marTalia, megreli bavSvebi
mSobliuri megruli eniT ukeT iTviseben, vidre gaugebari
qarTuli eniT. magram mxedvelobaSi misaRebia. rom Semdeg
85
am cilismwamebluri werilis („danosis”)91 daweridan
1 TveSi, 1933 wlis 25 maiss, ssr ganaTlebis saxalxo
komisars arn. Ciqobavam warudgina damatebiTi gan-
martebiTi moxseneba92 da 1933 wlis 25-27 maiss zugdi-
dis raionSi momuSave axali komisiis – vukol beri-
Zis93 komisiis – daskvnac. axali komisiis Semadgenlo-
ba ase gamoiyureboda: xobis raikomis mdivani, Cxo-
rowyus raionis ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge, ga-
lis raionis ganyofilebis gamge, enisa da samecniero

megrulidan qarTulze gadasvla Zneli iqneba, amitom meg-

rul skolebSi pirvelive jgufebidan amoRebuli iqnas meg-
ruli ena... ase damajerebel „mecnierul“ daskvnas daeTanxma
zugdidis partiis raikomis axali xelmZRvaneloba da gadaw-
yvita momdevno saswavlo wlidan dawyebiT megrul skolebSi
qarTul enaze swavlebis dakanoneba“.
gvaramia-ciciSvilis citirebaSi fraza: „megreli vai mecnie-
ri“ Secvlilia fraziT: „vai mecnieri“.
91
arajansaRi interesiT dawerili msgavsi individualuri
Tu „koleqtiuri“ agresia postsabWoTa periodSic ar aris
iSviaTi movlena (ix., mag., broSura: „qarTveluri enebi da di-
aleqtebi (erTi samecniero polmikis gamo)“, Tb., 2007. wina
administraciisagan gansxvavebiT, aArn. Ciqobavas saxelobis
enaTmecnierebis institutis amJamindeli xelmZRvanelebi:
direqtori prof. nana maWavariani, moadgile prof. nino
jorbenaZe Rirseuli mSoblebis (/winaprebis) gzas agrZele-
ben Tanamedrove lingvisturi qarTvelologiis ganviTare-
bis mimarTulebiT.
92
srulad gamoqveyndeba saarqivo dokumentebis wignSi, ro-
melsac kolegebTan erTad vamzadeb gamosacemad.
93
vukol beriZem 1912 wels daamTavra peterburgis universi-
tetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakulteti. 1922–1932 wlebSi
amierkavkasiis komunistur universitetSi kiTxulobda qar-
Tuli enisa da literaturis kurss. iyo 1925 wlis dasawyisSi
Seqmnili „centraluri samecniero-saterminologio komite-
tis“ Tavmjdomare. 1932 wlidan moRvaweobda Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetSi. misi uSualo monawileobiT damu-
Savda sxvadasxva dargis terminologiuri leqsikonebi.
86
terminologiis komisiis Tavmjdomare vukol beri-
Ze, xobis raionuli ganyofilebis gamge. komisiis
daskvna xelmowerilia 1933 wlis 27 maiss. am komisiis
daskvnaSi gameorebulia arn. Ciqobavas komisiis Zi-
riTadi punqti:
„megrul enaze swavlebis SemoReba Tundac 1-l
jgufSi arafriT ar SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes.
swavleba pirveli jgufidanve qarTul enaze unda
mimdinareobdes, xolo megruli ena gamoyenebuli
unda iqnes, rogorc damxmare ara marto pirvel
jgufSi, sadac megruli ena ufro farTod gamoiyene-
ba, aramed zeda jgufebSiac“.

samive daskvna ganixila saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sa-

xalxo komisariatis kolegiam 1933 wlis 25 maisis94
sxdomaze. sxdomas eswrebodnen: ganaTlebis saxalxo
komisari amx. ermile (eriki) aleqsis Ze bedia /saqar-
Tvelos kp(b) centraluri komitetis propagandisa
da kulturis ganyofilebis gamge/, gabriel goguaZe
(kolegiis mdivani), zugdidis ganaTlebis ganyofi-
lebis gamge, amx. Salva faJava (brigadis wevri), ga-
naTlebis saxalxo komisariatis warmomadgeneli,
enaTmecnieri arn. Ciqobava (brigadis wevri); sxva
enaTmecnierebi: vukol beriZe, varlam Tofuria, gi-
orgi axvlediani; aseve: amx. gviCia (qarTuli jgufis
maswavlebeli), beriZe, amx. anjafariZe (megruli
jgufis maswavlebeli); ganaTlebis ganyofilebis
gamgeebi: xobis, Cxorowyus, galis raionebidan da af-
xazeTidan: amx. pertaia, amx. zamTaraia (galis raio-
ni), amx. danelia (xobis raioni), amx. qacarava, amx.
karpez beriZe, amx. isak Jvania...
CvenTvis sainteresoa am sxdomaze gamosuli vukol
beriZis, giorgi axvledianisa da arn. Ciqobavas mo-
sazrebebi megrulis statusis Sesaxeb:

94
27 maiss xelmowerili daskvna ganixiles 25 maiss? dasazus-
tebelia arqivis pirveli an meore dokumentis TariRi.
87
vukol beriZe (gv. 29-30): arqivSi aris daculi (cnobe-
bi), saidanac rusi moxeleebi amtkiceben, rom meg-
rulze SesaZlebeli aris mwerloba dafuZndes, 1884
wels cirkuliari aris gagzavnili ianovskis mier; ma-
Ti mizani iyo ara megrulis damkvidreba, aramed qar-
Tulis gandevna skolebidan: „megrelebis CamoSore-
ba, rom qarTvelebis mTliani ojaxi dasustebuli-
yo“... rac Seexeba kiTxvas: aris Tu ara megruli damo-
ukidebeli ena? „aris midgoma lingvistikuri da aris
midgoma sazogadoebriv politikuri (xazi Cemia – t.
f.)... udidesi mecnieri niko mari garkveviT lapara-
kobs:
„megruli lingvisturad enaa, romelic saintereso
masalas iZleva saerTo qarTulis Sesaswavlad, mag-
ram sazogadoebriv kulturul-istoriulad igi di-
aleqtia (xazi Cemia – t. f.). sazogadoebriv-kultu-
rulad megrelTa mSobliuri samrewvelo kulturu-
li ena aris qarTuli...“ (xazi Cemia – t. f.).
giorgi axvlediani (gv. 41): „enis fsiqologia qar-
Tulsa da megruls erTi da igive aqvT. es is aris,
rom azrovnebis iaraRi CvenTvis da megrelebisaTvis
erTi da igive aris ZiriTadad. maSasadame, azrovne-
bis iaraRi ar maxinjdeba. mxolod aq aris leqsikis
ambavi: aq ki damaxinjeba aris. maSasadame, kvadratSi
ayvanili damaxinjebis, radgan /enis/ struqtura er-
Ti da igive yofila“.
arn. Ciqobava (gv. 52): „qarTuli ena megreli bavSvis
kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis aris bunebrivi iara-
Ri“.
sxdomas ajamebs kolegiis Tavmjdomare, ganaTlebis
saxalxo komisari ermile bedia (gv. 59): „nuTu iseTi
brmebi varT, rom ar davinaxoT, rom samegrelos
axalgazrdobis aRzrda saSualo, umaRlesi unda
moxdes qarTul enaze. ra saWiroa niko maris Teoria
megruli damoukidebeli enis Sesaxeb?!“95

95
kolegiaze gamomsvlelTa sruli stenograma darTuli
aqvs m. TedoraZis sadoqtoro disertacias: „enobrivi erTe-
88
1932-33 wlebSi, faqtobrivad, n. marisa da i. stalinis
midgomebis sawinaaRmdegod SemuSavebuli es Tval-
sazrisi arn. Ciqobavam Semdgom periodSi srulyo;
kerZod, is xazgasmiT werda, rom megrelTa, lazTa,
svanTa istoriuli samwignobro enaa (/dedaenaa,
erovnul enaa) qarTuli ena96; Tumca, bolomde ver
SeewinaaRmdega ra i. stalins, svanuri da zanuri to-
mobriv enebad CaTvala, Tumca statusiT isini gau-
Tanabra qarTvelTa sxva dialeqtebs97.
Sdr., megruli metyvelebis statusis Sesaxeb sxva-
dasxva dros arn. Ciqobavas mier gamoTqmuli garkve-
ulwilad urTierTsapirispiro Tvalsazrisebi:

arn. Ciqobava, 1936 weli (Wanuris gramatikuli anali-

zi, Tb., 1936, gv. 3): „Wanuri da megruli orive kiloa
erTi enisa, romelic qarTvelur enaTa jgufis mesa-
me wevrs warmoadgens; calke enebad Wanursa da meg-
ruls iseve ver miviCnevT, rogorc xevsurulsa da

ulis statusis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebi (saukunovani

diskusia qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros segmentaciis Sesa-
xeb)“, quTaisi, 2018. srulad daibeWdeba avtorTa jgufis wig-
nSi, romelsac vamzadebT gamosacemad.
96
„dedaena“ da „erovnuli ena“ am konteqstSi sinonimebia;
Sdr., zogi dRes cdilobs, mag., megrelTa dedaenad gamoac-
xados megruli, megrelTa erovnul enad ki – qarTuli. ar-
nold Ciqobava, guram ramiSvili da sxva cnobili specialis-
tebi „dedaenisa“ da „erovnuli enis“ gaxleCas ar uSvebdnen.
garkveuli pirobiTobiT qarTulenovan teqstebSic „erov-
nuli ena“ SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos „saxelmwifo enis“
mniSvnelobiTac.
97
didi riski iyo, vinme radikalurad dapirispireboda i.
stalins. petre Waraiasa da silovan xundaZisagan gansxvave-
biT, bolSevikuri reJimis periodSi arn. Ciqobavam Sualedu-
ri pozicia arCia: ar uaryo umwerlobo qarTveluri enebis
arseboba, magram megruli CaTvala umwerlobo zanuri enis
dialeqtad.
89
guruls; es ukanasknelni, rogorc cnobilia, qarTu-
li enis kiloebs warmoadgenen; fonetikurad, mor-
fologiurad da sintaqsurad, leqsikiTac ki, Wanuri
da megruli, rogorc qveviT davinaxavT, ufro axlos
dgas erTmaneTTan, vinem guruli da xevsuruli; xev-
suruli da guruli kiloebia qarTuli enisa; Wanuri-
ca da megrulic kiloebia, oRond qarTuli enisa ki
ara, aramed calke enisa, romelic qarTulTan gaci-
lebiT ufro axlosa dgas, vinem svanuri. am enas p i r
o b i T a d zanurs vuwodebT“.

arn. Ciqobava, 1938 weli (Wanur-megrul-qarTuli Se-

darebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1938, gv. XII): „zanuri (Wa-
nur-megruli) miCneulia qarTulis (zustad rom
vTqvaT, im enisa, romlis gagrZelebasac istoriu-
lad cnobili qarTuli warmoadgens) diferenciaci-
is Sedegad (da ara difuziuri bgerebis mqone raRac
X-metyvelebis diferenciaciis Sedegad); am qarTuls
Camoyalibebuli saxiT ukve gaaCnda yvela is fonema,
rac masSi dRes mogvepoveba (r, h da s-s garda) “.

arn. Ciqobava, 1948 weli (qarTveluri enebi, maTi is-

toriuli Sedgeniloba da damaxasiaTebeli Zveli ni-
San-Tvisebebi)98: „specialur literaturaSi qarTve-
lur enaTaTvis amosavlad Cveulebriv miaCniaT „wi-
nare-qarTveluri ena“, – erTgvari gaudiferencire-
beli substrati (avtori gulisxmobs n. maris Tval-
sazriss – t.f.), – Tanamedrove qarTveluri enebi ki
iTvleba im „winare-qarTveluri“ enis diferenciis
Sedegad. qarTvelur enaTa istoria amgvar varauds
ar amarTlebs. qarTvelur enaTa bgeraTSesatyviso-
bis raobis analizi cxadyofs, rom:

98
Арн.Чикобава, Картвельские языки, их исторический состав и
древний лингвистический облик; ike, t. II, Tb., 1948.
90
a) zanuri enis (megrul-Wanuris) amosavalia ukve Ca-
moyalibebuli metyveleba iberiuli wyebis erT-er-
Ti dialeqtisa, romelic daleqilia Zveli qarTuli
samwerlo enis SedgenilobaSi. maSasadame, moxsnilia
sakiTxi amosavali – sadiferencio – masalis amor-
fuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb.
b) rac Seexeba svanurs, romelic narev enas warmoad-
gens (n. mari), misi erT-erTi fena zanurs imeorebs,
meore – Zveli qarTuli samwerlo enis monawile erT-
erT dialeqts, mesame kidev – adiReurs“ (xazgasma
yvelgan ekuTvis arn. Ciqobavas)99.

arn. Ciqobava, 1952 weli („enaTmecnierebis Sesavali“):

„qarTuli saliteraturo ena yvela qarTveli tomis
mwignobrobis ena iyo istoriulad da aris amJama-
dac, qarTleli da aWareli, kaxeli da imereli, TuSi
da megreli, xevsuri da afxazi, fSaveli da svani, in-
gilo da lazi... am enaze swavlobs skolaSi, am enas
iyenebs kulturuli winsvlis iaraRad. asea es sabWo-
Ta xelisuflebis dros; ase iyo es mravali saukunis
manZilze: arc afxazebs, arc svanebs, arc megrelebsa
da arc Wanebs (lazebs), sxva samwerlo ena ara hqoni-
aT. mefis mTavrobis cda (mecxramete saukunis meoT-
xmoce wlebSi) megrulad SemoeRo swavla samegre-
los skolebSi da miT qarTuli ena samegrelos sko-
lebidan ganedevna, marcxiT damTavrda: Tu deda-enas
aswavlidnen qarTvel bavSvs skolaSi, es ena qarTuli
iyo yvela qarTveli tomisaTvis (arn. Ciqobava, 1952,
363).

99
saerToqarTvelurisa da Tanamedrove qarTveluri qvesis-
temebis istoriuli mimarTebebis amsaxveli sxvadasxva sqemis
Sesaxeb ix. danarTi # 14.
91
arn. Ciqobava, 1958 weli (gazeTi „komunisti“, 1958:3):
„qarTuli saliteraturo ena Seqmnilia mTeli qar-
Tveli xalxis mier, igi kuTvnilebaa mTeli qarTve-
lobisa, – iqneba es qarTveli – xevsuri Tu svani, ka-
xeli Tu megreli, qarTleli Tu aWareli... TviT da-
qucmacebul feodalur saqarTveloSic ki sxva sam-
werlo ena ara hqoniaT arc megrelebsa da arc sva-
nebs. qarTuli saliteraturo ena erTaderTi erov-
nuli enaa mTeli qarTvelobisaTvis; ase iyo warsul-
Si da miT ufro asea axla, roca sabWoTa saqarTve-
loSi socialistur qarTvel erSi SeduRabebulia
rogorc qarTvelobis ganuyreli organuli nawili,
megreli, Wani da svani iseve, rogorc qarTleli, ka-
xeli, aWareli, TuSi... didma qarTvelma pedagogma i.
gogebaSvilma deda-ena uwoda im wigns, romelsac yo-
veli kuTxis qarTveli bavSvi, svani iseve, rogorc
fSaveli, megreli iseve, rogorc aWareli, qarTleli
da kaxeli... iRebs pirvelad xelSi, rom erTian naci-
onalur qarTul enas daeuflos, daeuflos im enas,
romliTac iliam, akakim, vaJam Seqmnes qarTuli li-
teraturis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi, im enas, romelic
ganviTarebis axal safexurze avida sabWoTa drois
saxelovani qarTveli prozaikosebisa da poetebis
Semoqmedebis wyalobiT“.
arn. Ciqobava, 1969 weli (gazeTi „samSoblo“; 1969: 4):
„kuTxuri kilokavebis mTeli wyeba gvaqvs, salitera-
turo qarTuli ena ki erTia yvela kilokavze mou-
barTaTvis, erTobliv yvela kuTxis qarTvelTaTvis.
qarTleli iqneba igi, aWareli, fSaveli Tu svani, xev-
suri Tu megreli. es erTi saliteraturo qarTuli
ena qarTvelobis erovnuli enaa, skolisa da sasamar-
Tlos ena, Teatrisa da radiogadacemaTa ena, igi sab-
WoTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas warmoadgens“...
Cemi mxriv, davZen:

92
warmarTobis dros (qristianobamde) qarTvelTa er-
Tiani RvTismsaxurebis (erovnuli) enis arsebobas
cxadyofs svaneTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos mTianeTSi, samegrelosa Tu qarTl-ka-
xeTSi Cawerili warmarTuli Selocvebis ena; mag.,
svaneTSi Cawerili Selocvebis didi umravlesobis
ena aris arqauli samwignobro ena (SeuZlebelia, sva-
neTSi qristianobis gavrcelebisa Tu svanuri kiloe-
bis Camoyalibebis Semdeg SeeswavlaT warmarTuli
Selocvebi)100.

sruli safuZveli gvaqvs, yovelive zemoTqmuli ase

SevajamoT:
i. stalinis (/niko maris) Tavdapirvel „sociolin-
gvistur“ „Teziss“, romlis mixedviTac sabWoTa im-
periis enobrivi politika igegmeboda 1913-1932 wleb-
Si (da romelic enobriv-eTnikurad anawevrebda qar-
Tvel ers), imTaviTve SeewinaaRmdegnen qarTveli sa-
zogado moRvaweebi (konstantine gamsaxurdia, Tedo
saxokia, Salva dadiani...), bolSevikTa erTi nawili
(al. gegeWkori, l. beria…) da qarTveli enaTmecniere-
bi: silovan xundaZe, arnold Ciqobava, vukol beriZe,
giorgi axvlediani, varlam Tofuria101... Tumca, maT

100
ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, r. xaWapuriZe, Se-
locvebis ena qarTveluri dialeqtebis mixedviT, qarTve-
luri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001; wakiTxulia moxsene-
bad simpoziumze: quTaisuri saubrebi, VII, 3-5 maisi, 2000 w.,
gv. 63-66; simpoziumis Tema: RvTismsaxureba – enobrivi da
kulturuli aspeqtebi.
101
SemTxveviTi ar Cans, rom enobrivi faqtebis kvalifikaciis
sferoSi s. xundaZes mkveTrad daupirispirda ak. SaniZe; ix.:
t. futkaraZe, silovan xundaZisa da akaki SaniZis polemika
qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb;
93
Sorisac SeiniSneboda garkveuli sxvaoba; kerZod,
silovan xundaZe da aleqsandre gegeWkori ukompro-
misod daupirispirdnen i. stalinis midgomas, rac,
saboloo jamSi, maTi sruli ignorirebiT dasrulda
(SemTxveviTi damTxveva: orive gardaicvala 1928
wels).
imxanad ufro pragmatuli aRmoCnda arn. Ciqobavas,
g. axvledianis, v. beriZis da sxva lingvistebis gar-
kveulwilad kompromisuli Tvalsazrisi; kerZod,
maT ar gaiziares ioseb stalinis (/niko maris) e.w. oT-
xi qarTveluri enis Teoria da xeli SeuSales sameg-
relosa da svaneTSi qarTuli enis, rogorc istori-
uli dedaenis, Canacvlebas adgilobrivi kuTxuri
metyvelebebiT. am mimarTulebiT liderad Cans arn.
Ciqobava.
zogadad Tu vityviT, bolSevikebis represiuli re-
Jimis pirobebSi enaTmecnierisagan i. stalinis enob-
rivi politikis uaryofa samoqalaqo gmirobis tol-
fasi iyo102. Mme-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebis realobis

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetisa da ioseb ocxe-

lis saxelobis N2 sajaro skolis erToblivi samecniero
konferencia, mieZRvna cnobili sazogado moRvawis, pirveli
qarTuli gimnaziis /ioseb ocxelis saxelobis N2 sajaro
skolis/ erT-erTi damfuZneblis – silovan xundaZis dabade-
bidan 156-e wlisTavs. quTaisi, 16 aprili, 2016 w.; t. futkara-
Ze, e. dadiani, silovan xundaZis „qarTul gramatikaSi“ Seta-
nili megrul-svanuri masalis Sesaxeb; qarTveluri memkvid-
reoba, XX, 2016, gv. 85-92. ix. aseve, danarTi @# 13.
102
bolSevikTa represiuli reJimis pirobebSi arn. Ciqobavasa
da g. axvledianze fiqologiur zewolas cxadyofs Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis partiuli komitetis 1934 wlis
21 maisis sxdomis oqmi (#13), romelSic dagmobilia iv. java-
xiSvilisa da gr. wereTlis moRvaweoba, nawilobriv Sewyale-
bulni arian arn. Ciqobava da g. Aaxvlediani; aseve, didi mecni-
94
gaTvaliswinebiT, arn. Ciqobavas poziciis parale-
lurad, friad faseulia, aseve, vukol beriZisa da
giorgi axvledianis kompromisuli Tvalsazrisi meg-
rulis statusis Sesaxeb:
„sazogadoebriv kulturul-istoriulad megruli
dialeqtia, sazogadoebriv-kulturulad megrelTa
mSobliuri samrewvelo kulturuli ena aris qarTu-
li...“ (v. beriZe); „enis fsiqologia qarTulsa da meg-
ruls erTi da igive aqvT; es is aris, rom azrovnebis
iaraRi CvenTvis da megrelebisaTvis erTi da igive
aris ZiriTadad (g. axvlediani)103.
ra aris arn. Ciqobavas, v. beriZis, g. axvledianis da v.
Tofurias gonivruli kompromisis arsi?
1913 wels daweril wignSi: „marqsizmi da nacionalu-
ri sakiTxi“ i. stalini werda, rom megrelTa dedaena
aris „dagvianebuli eris“ umwerlobo ena.

eris - ak. SaniZis Sesaxeb ki naTqvamia: „prof. ak. SaniZe TiT-

qos ar iziarebs Ciqobava-axvledianis Sexedulebas, magram
ver bedavs amis saaSkaraoze gamotanas“. DdokumentisaTvis ix.
danarTi # 13.
103
monaTesave enobrivi saxesxvaobebis statusi swored sazo-
gadoebriv-kulturuli anu sociolingvisturi (!) kriteriu-
mebiT ganisazRvreba da ara – fonetika-gramatikaSi arsebu-
li raodenobrivi/Tvisobrivi cvlilebebiT (vrclad ix. qve-
moT); mag., erTi enobrivi sistema aqvs rusul, belorusul da
ukrainul enebs, magram damoukidebel enebadaa kvalifici-
rebuli swored „sazogadoebriv-kulturuli“ safuZvliT;
Sdr., sapirispiro viTareba: mkveTrad gansxvavebuli enobri-
vi sistema aqvs buxarul da alJirul metyvelebebs, magram,
ramdenadac, buxarelic da alJirelic arabia, maTi dedaenaa
arabuli; Sesabamisad, arabulis gverdiT buxaruli da alJi-
ruli dialeqtebadaa kvalificirebuli.
95
Sdr. silovan xundaZis sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi
(romelic realurad asaxavda istorias, agrZelebda
saukunovan tradicias da bunebrivi iyo qarTveli
moRvaweebisTvisac): „sxva qarTvelTa msgavsad, meg-
relTa dedaenaa qarTuli ena; megruli ki aris meg-
relTa saSinao metyveleba – dedaenis, qarTuli enis
dialeqti“104.
kompromisuli pozicia:
megrelebis dedaena aris istoriuli qarTuli sam-
wignobro ena; megruli lingvisturad ki aris ena105,
magram sazogadoebriv-politikurad aris qarTuli
enis dialeqti – 1933 wels es mosazreba Camoayalibes
ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomis
monawile lingvistebma.
odnav gansxvavebulia arn. Ciqobavas pozicia:
megruli lingvisturad aris umwerlobo zanuri enis
dialeqti; sazogadoebriv politikurad ki – qarTu-
li enis dialeqti; kerZod, arn. Ciqobavas azriT, meg-
reli, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelTa msgav-
sad, didi samwignobro kulturis patronia (ar aris
104
silovan xundaZe („qarTuli gramatika“, 1917, gv. 20): „qar-
Tuli enis kilokavebia – svanuri, megruli, lazuri, ingilo-
uri, fSauri, TuSuri, xevsuruli da sxv. saqarTvelos yove-
lis gansakuTrebuli kuTxis enas Tavisi gansxvavebuli ga-
moTqma da formebi aqvs, magram yvela kuTxes erTmaneTis sa-
ubari kargaT esmis. mxolod svanuri da megruli ena (da am
ukanasknelis maxlobeli dialeqti lazuri) deda-qarTuli-
sagan gansakuTrebiT gansxvavebul saxes warmoadgens“.
105
dRes amgvari mosazrebis gaziareba SeuZlebelia: „lin-
gvisturad ena“ aris nebismieri sametyvelo kodi – verbalu-
ri urTierTobis nebismieri forma, ramdenadac ena ganimar-
teba, rogorc „komunikaciisaTvis gamoyenebuli bgeriT ni-
SanTa sistema“; dedaena, erovnuli ena ki aris mocemuli eT-
nosis istoriuli metyveleba.
96
umwerlobo CamorCenili eri); megrelis erovnuli
ena aris qarTuli ena; sakuTriv megruli ki aris qar-
Tuli enisgan warmoqmnili tomobrivi zanuri enis
dialeqti106. „diferenciaciis procesSi zanuri (rom-
lis erT-erT kilos megruli warmoadgens) imdenad
daSorda qarTuls, rom qarTulis kilod misi miCneva
SeuZlebelia“ (arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli
analizi, 1936, gv. 6)107.
Sdr.: mogvianebiT, 1969 da 1958 wlebSi, arn. Ciqobava
megruls qarTulis dialeqtad acxadebs.

arc erT naSromSi arn. Ciqobavas ar warmoudgenia ar-

gumentacia, kriteriumi Tu „daSorebis“ procentu-
li maCvenebeli, romelic naTels gaxdida, Tu qarTu-
li enis diferenciaciis romeli etapidan iqca zanu-
ri „tomobriv enad“. arc iyo mosalodneli, ramdena-
dac, mravalsaukunovani uwyveti istoriis manZilze
samegrelos qarTvelobac qmnida qarTul samwignob-
ro enas. garda amisa, samwignobro enasa da dialeqts
Soris arsebuli sxvaobis zRvaris dadeba SeuZlebe-
lia, ramdenadac metyvelebis dialeqtad Tu enad
kvalificirebas ganapirobebs ara fonetika-morfo-
logia-leqsikaSi warmoqmnili sxvaobebi, aramed mo-
cemuli sazogadoebis samwignobro enis istoria da

106
arn. Ciqobava. 1952, gv. 99-101: „tomobrivi enebis nimuSad
Cveni sinamdvilidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT qarTvel tomTa
enebi: svanuri, zanuri (megrul-Wanuri)... tomobrivi enebia,
agreTve daRestnis enebi: aRuluri, waxuruli, ruTuluri,
andiuri, didouri“.
107
arn. Ciqobava aq namdvilad ar gulisxmobs bgeraTSesat-
yvisobas, ramdenadac Tavad yvelaze ukeT icis, rom bgeraT-
Sesatyvisoba enaTa/dialeqtTa naTesaobas SeiZleba adgen-
des da ara – mocemuli metyvelebis statuss (ix. qvemoT).
97
enobriv-eTnikuri TviTaRqma (sociolingvisturi
kriteriumi).
Sdr.: arn. Ciqobavac, vukol beriZec, giorgi axvle-
dianic da ufro axali Taobis mecnierebic (ix. qve-
moT) „sazogadoebriv-kulturulad“ anu sociolin-
gvisturad megruls miiCneven qarTuli enis dialeq-
tad108; Sesabamisad, qarTuli „erovnuli enis“ para-

108
postsabWoTa periodSi umwerlobo enisa da kilos (dialeq-
tis) statusis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebis Sesaxeb diskusii-
saTvis ix.:
t. futkaraZe, saerToerovnuli saliteraturo enisa da saSi-
nao sametyvelo kodebis mimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli salite-
raturo enisa da dialeqtebis mixedviT, XX respublikuri dia-
leqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, zugdidi, 2000;
t. futkaraZe, monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa kvalifikaciis
problema da qarTveluri dialeqtebis dajgufebis sakiTxi,
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, # 1, 2003, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti;
a. oniani, ena da dialeqti (qarTveluri dialeqtebi Tu qarT-
veluri enebi?), enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, 2003.
T. gvancelaZe, aris Tu ara gagebineba enis dialeqtisagan
gamijvnis kriteriumi? enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #2, 2003;
a. oniani, isev qarTveluri enebisa da dialeqtebis Sesaxeb, ena-
Tmecnierebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2003;
k. gabunia, qarTveluri enebis sakuTriv lingvisturi da soci-
olingvisturi kriteriumebis gamijvnisaTvis, enaTmecnierebis
sakiTxebi, №1, 2004;
T. gvancelaZe, akademiuri polemika Tu ideis diskreditaciis
mcdeloba? enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, 2004;
t. futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gamijvnis samecniero problemis
ganxilva Tu?.. enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, # 1, 2004;
T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi,
Tb., „universali“, 2006;
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi, quTaisi, pe-
dagogiuri institutis gamomcemloba „lampari“, 2008;
t. futkaraZe, qarTveluri dialeqtebis klasifikaciis krite-
riumebisaTvis, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa gandasebis sakiTxebi,
quTaisis saswavlo universitetis gamomcemloba „lampari“,
2009;
98
lelurad, arn. Ciqobavas mier moRvaweobis erT peri-
odSi zanuris/svanuris „tomobriv enad“ gamocxadeba
SeiZleba aixsnas imiTac, rom arn. Ciqobavas specia-
lurad ar warmoudgenia msjeloba ena-dialeqtis ga-
samijni kriteriumebis Sesaxeb; mas siRrmiseulad
arc umuSavia am mimarTulebiT (enisa da kilos gam-
mijnavi mecnieruli kriteriumebis Sesaxeb msjelo-
ba ix. qvemoT).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, aSkaraa:

bolSevikebis periodSic megruli „enis“ (da samegre-
los avtonomiis) sakiTxi wamoiWra ara samegreloSi,
aramed – ruseTis imperiis centrSi, amjerad ukve i.
stalinis koncefciis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, usafuZ-
vloa e.w. megrul „separatizmze“ saubari; ufro lo-
gikuria, visaubroT kolaboracionist pirebsa Tu
mcire jgufebze, romelTa antiqarTuli mimarTule-
biT aqtiuroba provocirebuli iyo imperiuli cen-
tridan (aseTi subieqtebi yvela kuTxeSi da yvela
droSi arseboben)109.

t. futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi da qar-

Tvelur idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizebis retrospeqtiva,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi,
t. VII, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „qarTuli universiteti“, 2016;
m. labaZe, enisa da kilos gamijvnis sakiTxi lingvistur qarTve-
lologiaSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT“,
Tb., 2019 da sxv.
109
mefis ruseTis droindel procesze, aseve, st. gaguas, b. dadi-
anisa da gr. axalaias jgufebis qmedebis Sesaxeb swori daskvna
aqvT gakeTebuli v. gvaramiasa da g. ciciSvils: „1922 wels s. or-
jonikiZe ambobs: „politika iqmneba ara aq da ara – Cvens mier,
aramed moskovSi; amis gaTvaliswinebiT gasagebi xdeba, rom „meg-
ruli sakiTxic“ principSi moskovis doneze wydeboda“ (v. gvara-
mia, g. ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 97); Tumca, igive avto-
rebi amarTleben isak Jvanias.
99
 1.6. oTxi qarTveluri enis ideologema
XXI saukuneSi (kritikuli analizi)

qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis safuZ-

vlad gamoyenebul e.w. „oTxi qarTveluri enis“ „ideo-
logias“ ruseTis garda postsabWoTa saqarTveloSic
da Tanamedrove dasavleTSic hyavs popularizato-
rebi; mag., ethnologue.com-is mixedviT, zepiri qarTve-
luri qvesistemebi iwodeba: „ganviTarebad enad“ Tu
„aRorZinebad enad“110... zogi avtoris mixedviT ki:
„umwerlobo enad“, „tomobriv enad“; arada, dRes yve-
lam kargad icis, rom eTnografiul literaturaSi
„tomi“ velur sazogadoebas niSnavs. aseve, namdvilad
saxarbielo statusi ar aris: „umwerlobo ena“,
„aRorZinebadi ena“, „arasamwerlobo ena“; Sdr., mag.,
erTi citata XX saukunis bolos dawerili erTi naS-
romidan:
„qarTulTan, megrulTan da lazurTan erTad svanuri
aris qarTvelur enaTa ojaxis erT-erTi wevri. qarTve-
lur enebze, bevri sxva monaTesave enaTa jgufisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar warmoqmnila sxvadasxva erovnuli kul-
tura (mecniereba, xelovneba)… qarTuli iyo mTeli qar-
Tveli xalxis bunebrivi (da ara – Tavsmoxveuli) saer-
To-saxalxo erovnuli ena, mecnierebis, kulturis ena
da erTaderTi saliteraturo ena. es aris is didi tvir-
Ti, rac istoriam qarTvelur enaTagan mxolod qar-
Tuls daakisra da ris gamoc is aris swored sruliad
saqarTvelos saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli ena da qarTve-
li xalxis erTianobis burji. danarCeni qarTveluri
enebi ki, romlebic lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT Cveu-
lebrivi enebia, funqcionalurad (sazogadoebrivi fun-

110
ix., mag.: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE sa-
dac qarTveluri qvesistemebis mimarT igive kvalifikacie-
bia amJamadac (damowmeba: 05.01.2019).
100
qciis mixedviT) qarTuli enis dialeqtebs utoldebian.
naTqvamidan Cans, rom svanuri (megrulisa da lazuris
msgavsad) umwerlobo enaa“111.

Cveni komentari:
lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, bunebriv enad SeiZleba
kvalificirdes aRqmadi bgeriTi niSnebis yvela sis-
tema, romlebic gamoiyeneba komunikaciis saSuale-
bad. msoflioSi arsebuli enebis/kiloebis saxelde-
bis principebidan gamomdinare, metyvelebis enad Tu
kilod kvalificireba xdeba mxolod „sazogadoeb-
rivi funqciis mixedviT“.
Sdr., aseve: akademiuri doqtori nazi miqelaZe: „to-
mobrivi enebi amJamadac arseboben, magaliTad, to-
mis enebia: Crdilo, centralur da samxreT amerikaSi
mcxovrebi indielebis ena (maia-ena, actekuri da ire-
kozuli enebi da sxva). Cveni enebidan tomis enas war-
moadgens: megruli, Wanuri (anu lazuri) da svanuri.
sxva tomobrivi enebia magaliTad: daRestnuri enebi:
didouri, waxuruli, ruTuluri da sxva“112.
mravalsaukunovani qarTuli samwignobro kulturis
Semqmneli samegrelos mkvidrebis gamocxadeba um-
wignobro tomebad, samegrelos mkvidri qarTvelebis
(megrelebis) kuTxuri metyvelebis – qarTuli enis
kuTxuri saxesxvaobis – gamocxadeba tomis enad (to-
mobriv enad)113 rom didi Secdomaa, vfiqrobT, yvela
saRad moazrovne adamianisaTvis naTelia.

111
a. oniani, svanuri ena, Tb., 1998, gv. 3-4
112
http://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/news/5599 (damowmeba: 12.05.2018)
113
tomobrivi ena – tribal languag; Indigenous language – An
indigenous language or autochthonous language is a language that is native
to a region and spoken by indigenous people, often reduced to the status of
a minority language.This language would be from a linguistically distinct
community that has been settled in the area for many generations.
101
ix., aseve, akademiuri doqtoris, rusudan gersamias
citata: „eleqtronuli bazebi umwerlobo qarTve-
luri enebisTvis dRemde ar arsebobs. CvenTan cif-
rulma humanitariam axlaxan aidga fexi, ukve Seqmni-
lia ramdenime korpusi qarTuli enisTvis, qarTuli
enis dialeqtebisTvis da Cveni kolegebi dResac ag-
rZeleben muSaobas. Tumca sxva qarTveluri enebis-
Tvis jer amgvari bazebi ar Cans“114.
am SemTxvevaSic mcire komentars davjerdebiT:
saerTaSoriso samecniero velSi saqarTvelos (/sa-
megrelos) mkvidrisagan imis mtkiceba, rom megre-
lebs, lazebs (Tundac saqarTveloSi mcxovreb la-
zebs), svanebs „dedaenebze“ mwignobroba ara aqvT,
safrTxis qveS myofi „umwerlobo enebis“ gadarCenis
sababiT grantis miRebis surviliT SeiZleba aixsnas
(ix. qvemoT, „meore gamowveva“). aqve davimowmeb prof.
aleqsi Jordanias ritorikul kiTxvas:
„ratom unda gamovacxadoT megrelebi, lazebi Tu sva-
nebi umwignobro sazogadoebebad? miT umetes, yvela
megreli, svani Tu taoeli mravali saukunis manZilze
qmnida saerToerovnul saliteraturo enas?!115
winaaRmdegobrivia, Tumca garkveulwilad saintere-
soa prof. kaxa gabunias Semdegi msjeloba: „vfiq-
robT, sruliad marTebulia mosazreba, romelic b.

Indigenous languages are not necessarily national languages, and the

reverse is also true. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_language.
племенной язык – Бесписьменный диалект, форма существования
языка в первобытно-общинную эпоху, когда границы лингвистической
и этнической группы совпадали
https://www.psyoffice.ru/5-sociolinguistics-518.htm.
114
https://sputnik-georgia.com/people/20180323/239777724/qartuli-ena-rusudan-
gersamia.html budapeStis konferencia: me-18 saerTaSoriso
morfologiuri Sexvedra (18th International Morphology Meeting).
115
aleqsi Jordania, diglosiis zogierTi aspeqti arabulSi,
qarTulsa da germanulSi, qarTvelologiis aqtualuri
problemebi, t. I, 2012, gv. 172-189.
102
jorbenaZis mier aris formulirebuli: „enaTmecnie-
ruli (davazustebT – sakuTriv lingvisturi) Tvalsaz-
risiT megrul-Wanuri da svanuri qarTulis moZme ene-
bia, magram eTnikur-politikuri (davazustebT – soci-
olingvisturi)116 TvalsazrisiT, maT igive statusi
aqvT, rac dialeqtebs (jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 36). sainte-
resoa es sakiTxi TviTidentifikaciis TvalsazrisiT:
enaa Tu dialeqti megrul-lazuri da svanuri? – es iyo
respondentebisTvis dasmuli erT-erTi kiTxva CaRrma-
vebuli interviuebis Cawerisas. Tumca, cxadia, am saub-
ris mizani ar yofila da verc iqneboda sakiTxis er-
Txel da samudamod gadaWra da saTanado argumentaci-
ebis moTxovna-warmodgena. saintereso iyo ubralo
adamianebis (romelTac enaTmecnierebasTan araferi
akavSirebT) damokidebuleba megrul-lazurTan da sva-
nurTan, mis rolTan dakavSirebiT. respondentebis-
Tvis megrul-lazuri da svanuri, Cveulebriv, kuTxur-
tomobrivi ena (xazi Cemia – t. f.) an qarTuli enis dia-
leqtia”117.
pativcemul mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb:
msoflioSi arsebuli uklebliv yvela civilizebu-
li xalxis enis statusi dadgenilia ara e.w. sakuTriv
lingvisturi anu Sidastruqturuli (bgeraTSesat-
yvisoba, enobrivi struqturebis msgavseba-gansxvave-
ba)118, aramed swored sociolingvisturi kriteriu-

116
b. jorbenaZis Tvalsazrisis dazustebebi ekuTvnis kaxa
gabunias.
117
k. gabunia, enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi
International Journal of Multilingual Education (IJME saerTaSoriso
Jurnali, multilingvuri ganaTlebisTvis, № 3, 2014, gv. 45-69
http://www.multilingualeducation.org/storage/uploads/articles_contents/141
215024122.pdf http://www.multilingualeducation.org/
118
bgeraTSesatyvisobiT dgindeba enaTa naTesaoba da ara –
enaTa/kiloTa statusi. umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gam-
mijnavi kriteriumebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe,
enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi da qarTvelur idi-
103
mebiT (damwerlobis qona-arqona, standartuloba,
prestiJuloba, saxelmwifo enis statusi; reestru-
li kriteriumi, TviTSefasebiTi kriteriumi; aseve,
idiomis kvalifikacia xdeba eTnosis samwignobro
kulturis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT). zogjer met-
yvelebis statusi gansazRvrulia eqstralingvistu-
ri midgomebiTac – religiuri an politikuri niSniT.
eqstralingvisturia „gagebinebis“ kriteriumic,
romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tuki monaTesave sazogadoebebs ar gaaCni-
aT arc winaprebisgan Seqmnili saerTo mwignobroba
da arc koine119.
Sdr., winaaRmdegobrivia g. cocaniZis msjelobac:
„qarTul saerTo saxalxo enas aqvs arsebobis ori Zi-
riTadi forma: enis literaturuli forma da saxal-
xo metyveleba. qarTvelTa saxalxo metyveleba iyo-
fa 20 adgilobriv nairsaxeobad; esenia: qarTluri,
kaxuri, CaRmaTuSuri, wovaTuSuri, fSauri, xevsuru-
li, moxeuri, mTiuluri, mesxuri, aWaruli, guruli,
imeruli, raWuli, leCxumuri, svanuri, megruli, la-
zuri (xazi Cemia – t. f.), ingilouri, fereidnuli,
imerxeuli anu klarjuli... socialuri Tvalsazri-
siT, e.i. enis momxmareblis faqtoris gaTvaliswine-
biT, metyvelebis es nairsaxeobebi ganixileba ro-
gorc saerTo-xalxuri qarTuli enis socialuri dia-
leqtebi. lingvisturi kriteriumebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli eTnosi
metyvelebs sam urTierTmonaTesave enaze: qarTul,
svanur da zanur enebze. amgvarad gamodis, rom svanu-

omTa kvalifikaciis politizebis retrospeqtiva, saqarTve-

los sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelo-
bis qarTuli universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da
samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, VII, Tb., 2017, gv.115-134.
119
Tuki ar arsebobs monaTesave tomebis gamaerTianebeli
enobriv-kulturuli sistema da samwignobro tradiciis aq-
mqone tomebs aqvT mkafiod Camoyalibebuli tomobrivi iden-
toba, aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi umwerlobo kontinuumebi damo-
ukidebel enebad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli.
104
ri da zanuri metyvelebebi, romlebic dialeqtebia
maTi socialuri funqcionirebis mixedviT, lingvis-
turad damoukidebel enebs warmoadgens“120... iqve Ca-
moTvlilia iseTi „lingvisturi kriteriumebi“ (ori-
ginaluri leqsika, gansxvavebuli fonologiuri da
morfologiuri sistemebi, gansxvavebuli sintaqsu-
ri konstruqciebi), romelTa mixedviT met-naklebad
yvela dialeqti sxvaobs; Sesabamisad, arsebuli rea-
loba g. cocaniZis (da misi Tanaavtorebis) daskvnis
sapirispiroa; Sdr.:
a) rogorc leqsikis, aseve, fonologiuri, morfolo-
giuri da sintaqsuri sistemebis mixedviT, qarTvelu-
ri enobrivi samyaros yvela qvesistema Tvisobrivad
erTgvarovania da ara gansxvavebuli; Sdr., mag., dasa-
xelebuli „lingvisturi kriteriumebiT“ qarTuli
enisagan namdvilad gansxvavdeba monaTesave afxazu-
ri ena da aramonaTesave rusuli Tu Cinuri enebi.
garda amisa, germanuli Tu arabuli dialeqtebis
msgavsad, qarTvelur qvesistemebs Sorisac didi
sxvaoba rom iyos, msgavseba-gansxvavebis procentis
ararsebobis gamo am gziT ver dadgindeba monaTesave
enobrivi erTeulebis statusi. msoflioSi arsebul
monaTesave enaTa/kiloTa statusi, rogorc wesi,
garkveulia mocemuli metyvelebis socialuri fun-
qciis, TviTidentifikaciis, anda, politikuri mid-
gomis mixedviT (amis gadamowmeba SeuZlia yvelas, vi-
sac xeli miuwvdeba globalur qselze).
b) germanuli, italiuri Tu franguli dialeqtebisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, qarTveluri dialeqtebi saerTo-
qarTvelurze dafuZnebuli qarTvelTa (qarTvelu-
ri) samwignobro enis meoreuli variantebia da ara

120
g. gogolaSvili, n. SaraSeniZe, g. cocaniZe, n. WumburiZe,
„Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia, II. dialeqtebi“ (g.
gogolaSvilis redaqciiT), Tb., 2016, gv. 6-7.
105
misi paraleluri variantebi: ar arsebobs saerToin-
doevropul enaze dafuZnebuli samwignobro varian-
ti, qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro ena ki arse-
biTad inarCunebs amosaval saerToqarTvelur sis-
temas (zanuri da svanuri metyvelebebi ki am saerTo
enis meoreuli saxesxvaobebia). funqciuradac SeuZ-
lebelia maTi gaTanabreba, ramdenadac qarTuli ena
aris qarTvelTa (maT Soris, megrel-lazTa, svanTa)
mravalsaukunovani erovnuli ena (dedaenaa), zanuri
da svanuri ki qarTvelTa mxolod nawilis (megrel-
lazTa da svanTa) saSinao metyvelebebia da ara – um-
wignobro enebi; Sesabamisad, qarTveluri Temis/kuT-
xis121 romelime metyveleba verc erTi kriteriumiT

121
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi:
„eTnografiuli jgufi“, „subeTnosi“, „eTnikosi“, „eTnikuri
jgufi“... es terminebi Tamamad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sa-
qarTvelos moqalaqe sxva eTnikuri jgufebis, mag., qistebis
aRsaniSnavad; Sdr.: l. tolstovas tajikebisa da uzbekebis
gverdiT gamoyofili aqvs iseTi eTnografiuli jgufebi (su-
beTnosebi), rogorebic arian: Sua aziis boSebi, ironebi, qur-
Tebi, Turqebi, yivCayebi da sxv. (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.gegeSi-
Ze, 1971, gv.117)... Cemi azriT, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxaris
mosaxleobis: aWarlebis, gurulebis, megrelebis, imerlebis,
svanebis, TuSebis... moxsenieba ar SeiZleba „eTnosad“, „eTni-
kur erTobad“, „eTnikur jgufad“, „xalxad“, „tomad“, „subeT-
nosad“ da misT., ramdenadac eTnologiur literaturaSi da-
saxelebuli terminebi aRniSnaven mocemul saxelmwifoSi
mcxovreb umciresobas an jer kidev erad Camouyalibebel
jgufs, romelsac aqvs damoukidebeli eTnostruqtura da
enobriv-kulturuli TviTSegneba; Sdr., aseve: „tomi“ winafe-
odaluri gaerTianebaa da ara – Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.
Cven viyenebT teqnikur termins: Temi. „TemiT“ aRvniSnavT er-
Ti eTnosis SigniT arsebul lokalur-teritoriul jgufebs
(Sdr.: eTnosi – Temi – pirovneba ise miemarTeba erTmaneTs,
rogorc ena – kilo – idioleqti); mag., qarTveli eris calkeu-
li Temebia (lokalur-teritoriuli jgufebia): aWarlebi, gu-
rulebi, CaRmaTuSebi, wovaTuSebi, imerlebi, herebi (ingiloe-
bi), megrelebi, lazebi, mTiulebi, imerxevlebi, maWaxlelebi,
106
„umwignobro enad“ ver miiCneva, ramdenadac yvela
kuTxis qarTvelis saerTo kuTvnilebaa mravalsau-
kunovani samwignobro ena122.
vfiqrob, naTelia: gamouval winaaRmdegobaSi arian
isini, vinc megruls (/svanurs, lazurs) „lingvistu-
rad“ enebad Tvlian, „sociolingvisturad“ ki – qar-
Tuli enis dialeqtebad.

araTanamimdevrulia, aseve, prof. ramaz qurdaZis

koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac momzadda „xuTenova-
ni leqsikoni“ (qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-ingli-
suri leqsikoni), romelSic qarTulTan mimarTebiT,
inglisuris paralelurad, damoukidebel „enebadaa“
ganxiluli: megruli, lazuri, svanuri. r. qurdaZis
azriT, dasaxelebuli qarTveluri idiomebi monaTe-
save enebia inglisuri, franguli, espanuri enebis
msgavsad123.

samcxelebi, SavSelebi, livanelebi, taoelebi, moxeveebi, sva-

nebi, fereidnelebi, javaxebi, xevsurebi, qarTlelebi, fSav-
lebi, kaxelebi, raWvelebi, leCxumlebi...
122
g. cocaniZisa da misi sxva Tanamoazreebis Tvalsazrisis
kritikisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, qarTve-
lur enobriv variantTa (qvesistemaTa) kvalifikacia da kla-
sifikacia; qarTuli universitetis Sromebi, t. III, 2017, gv.,
80-105.
123
r. qurdaZe: „xuTenovani leqsikonis idea gaCnda ilia Wav-
WavaZis prospeqtze seirnobis dros, rodesac bukinistur
maRaziaSi vnaxe inglisur-frangul-espanuri leqsikoni... es
idea gavacani baton giunters...“ prof. ramaz qurdaZis ga-
mosvlis sruli teqsti ix.:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chSKfvqWc1k (damowmebulia
2018 wlis 10 maiss). analogiuri suliskveTebisaa m. TandaSvi-
lis gamosvlis teqstic:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBIdCz_f5B8 (exeba „damwerlo-
bis armqone qarTveluri enebis“ aRniSnul xuTenovan leqsi-
kons. misi gamocema ganxorcielda samxreT kavkasiaSi Sveica-
riis TanamSromlobis ofisis finansuri mxardaWeriT
107
Cemi azriT, aseTi paraleli Seusabamoa, ramdenadac
dasaxelebuli indoevropuli enebi sxvadasxva erebis
dedaenebia! davimowmebT erT niSandobliv citatas
„xuTenovani leqsikonidan“:

„qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsiko-
nis gamocema umTavresad ori TvalsazrisiT aris aqtu-
aluri: erTi, is warmoaCens qarTveluri tomebis enob-
rivi erTianoba-siaxlovis suraTs, meore mxriv, aq Cans
aramonaTesave enebis (kerZod, rusulis, berZnulisa da
Turqulis) gavlenis kvali. orive fenomeni saintereso
masalas iZleva Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebisTvis. sakiTxi-
sadmi amgvari midgoma warmoaCens samxreTkavkasiuri
(?– xazi Cemia – t. f.)124 monaTesave enebis: qarTulis,
megrulis, lazurisa da svanuris Tanamedrove enobriv
mdgomareobas, kerZod, leqsikur viTarebas. faqtobri-
vad, es kidev erTi saintereso gzaa umwerlobo qarTve-
luri enebis (xazi Cemia – t. f.) leqsikis ara marto Ses-

https://edu.aris.ge/news/tsu-shi-xutenovani-qartul-megrul-lazur-svanur-
inglisuri-leqsikonis-prezentacia-gaimarta.html
(masalebi damowmebulia 2018 wlis 10 maiss).
124
Sdr. kavkasiis regionis sxvagvari gaazreba: Crdilo kavka-
sia, centraluri kavkasia (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani,
somxeTi), samxreTi kavkasia (istoriuli lazeTi, tao-
klarjeTi, yarsis mxare...).
108
wavlis, aramed moxmarebis gaaqtiurebisaTvisac, rac
garkveul SemTxvevebSi Tavidan agvacilebs ama Tu im
ZirZveli qarTveluri leqsemis daviwyebasa da gauCina-
rebas“125.
qarTveluri Temebis enobrivi erTianoba-siaxlovis
suraTisa da aramonaTesave enebis (kerZod, rusulis,
berZnulisa da Turqulis) gavlenis kvalis warmoCe-
nis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa aseTi gamocema, mag-
ram dausabuTebelia Tvalsazrisi, rom, TiTqosda,
megruli, lazuri Tu svanuri umwerlobo qarTvelu-
ri enebia (“umwerlobo enis” cnebis Sesaxeb ix qvemoT).

SedarebiT vrclad SevexebiT prof. nino doborjgi-

niZis Tvalsazriss; igi wers:
„t. futkaraZem qarTvelologebs Soris gamorCeu-
lad maRali samecniero reitingis mqone enaTmecni-
ers, profesor vinfrid boeders, vis saxelsac ase
mWidrod ukavSirdeba qarTveluri enebis Sesaxeb
kvlevis CarTva saerTaSoriso samecniero diskusi-
ebSi, samecniero meTodologia dauwuna da „sabWoTa
stereotipebiT azrovneba“ usayvedura...“126.

125
ramaz qurdaZe, dodo Sonia, lile Tandilava, lela niJa-
raZe, qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikoni,
Tb., 2015
http://unicumfiles.vible.solutions/tmp/10903_20171128195045.pdf. ix.:
ttp://www.multilingualeducation.org/storage/uploads/articles_contents/1601
28041403.pdf: r. qurdaZe: „qarTveluri tomebisaTvis swavla-
ganaTlebisa da wirva-locvis ena qarTulia, romelsac 16-sa-
ukunovani istoria aqvs“... vfiqrobT, 16-saukunovani samwig-
nobro tradiciis mqone sazogadoeba „tomad“ namdvilad ar
unda kvalificirdes.
126
n. doborjginiZe, „megrulisTvis regionuli enis statu-
sis moTxovna provocirebulia“ http://www.ttimes.ge/archives/33750
(damowmeba: 05.01.2018).
http://arilimag.ge/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9Dn.
109
arc me da arc Cems Tanamoazreebs arasodes dagvikni-
nebia prof. v. boederis Rvawli qarTvelologiaSi.
ubralod, ar viziarebT mis Tvalsazriss „umwerlo-
bo qarTveluri enebis“ Sesaxeb; CvenTvis, aseve, miu-
Rebelia misi zogi sxva mosazrebac; kerZod, erTgan
v. boederi wers: „CemTvis gaugebaria, ra kavSiri aqvs
qarTulad mwerali lazebis, megrelebisa da svanebis
qarTul literaturaSi Tanamonawileobas sakiT-
xTan, erTgvari qarTulia Tu ara lazuri ena da a.S.
im faqtidan, rom polonelma jozef konradma didi
wvlili Seitana inglisur literaturaSi, ar gamom-
dinareobs, rom polonuri inglisuris dialeqtia“127.
anu, v. boederis logikas Tu mivyvebiT, qarTuli mwig-
nobrobis istoriaSi ioane lazis, ioane minCxis, ioane
petriwis, dutu megrelis, ivane margianis, konstanti-
ne gamsaxurdias, Salva dadianis, magali Toduas, zu-
rab Tandilavas, nomadi barTaias, Mmixeil CaCuas, zaur
molaSxias... wvlili isevea gansaxilveli, rogorc po-
loneli jozef konradisa - inglisur literaturaSi
(?!). pativcemulma germanelma kolegam ar icis, rom
dasaxelebuli moRvaweebi enobriv-eTnikuradac qar-
Tvelebi arian da kulturuladac?
batoni v. boederis pirovnuli momxibvleloba sike-
Tes namdvilad ver moutans qarTvelologias, Tuki
is nebsiT Tu uneburad xels Seuwyobs qarTvelTa
enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas da gaagrZelebs im
gzas, romelsac saTave daudo mefis ruseTma. v. boe-
derisadmi vrceli pasuxi sxvagan gvaqvs dabeWdi-
li128; aq ki Cvens msjelobas ase ganvazogadebT:

127
v. boederi, ena da kilo qarTvelologiaSi, enaTmecniere-
bis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005, № I-II.
128
ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi, 2008,
gv. 28-30.
110
yvela sasikeTo saqme, romelic qarTvelologiis
ganviTarebaSi miuZRvis ama Tu im mecniers (maT So-
ris batonebs: i. giperts, j. hiuitsa Tu v. boeders...)
arsebiTad gafermkrTaldeba, Tuki mocemuli mecni-
eri, carizmisa da komunisturi reJimebis kvalad, Se-
ecdeba, dedaenobrivi mravalsaukunovani samwignob-
ro kultura gauucxoos megrelebs, svanebs, lazebs
da xels Seuwyobs qarTveli eris danawevrebas. am
konteqstSia gansaxilveli n. doborjginiZis kidev
erTi uargumento mosazrebac (davimowmebT vrcel
citatas, rom mkiTxvelma Tavad Seafasos avtoris
winaaRmdegobrivi teqsti)129:
„megruli arasamwerlobo qarTveluri enaa; qarTveluri
enobrivi samyaro erTiania da igi mTeli qarTveli xalxis
sakuTrebaa; ruseTi dResac warmatebiT iyenebs mecxrame-
te saukunis meTodebs da nebiT Tu uneblieT, Cvenc gviT-
revs amaSi. megrulisTvis regionuli enis statusis moT-
xovna provocirebulia-meTqi, rom vTqvi zemoT, amaSi
Cveni xelic urevia. ramdenime wlis win swored Tqvenma
respondentma, batonma tariel futkaraZem daiwyo mtki-
ceba, rom megruli da svanuri enebi ki araa, dialeqtebi-
ao. amiT batoni tarieli da misi ori Tanamoazre enaT-
mecnieri TiTqos enobrivi daqucmacebis safrTxisgan
icavdnen qveyanas, sinamdvileSi ki, nebiT Tu uneblieT,
swored am safrTxis provocirebas Seuwyves xeli. ro-
gorc qarTul, ise ucxour samecniero wreebSi sayovel-
Taod gaziarebuli Teoria amtkicebs (xazi Cemia – t. f.),
rom arsebobda winareqarTveluri fuZeena, romlis daS-
lis Sedegad miviReT sami qarTveluri monaTesave ena:
qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri (mecnierTa erTi
jgufi meoTxe qarTvelur enad Tvlis lazurs). xan-
grZlivi istoriiT da saerTo erovnuli cnobierebiT
Sekrul erTobas, samecniero meTodologiiT mkafiod
dadasturebul monaTesave enebsa (xazi Cemia – t. f.) da am
enebis matarebel qarTvelobas batonma tarielma sru-

129
n. doborjginiZe, „megrulisTvis regionuli enis statu-
sis moTxovna provocirebulia“ /17. 02. 2015/:
http://www.ttimes.ge/archives/33750 (damowmeba: 27.12.2017).
111
liad TviTneburad Seucvala enobrivi ruka da SesTavaza
usafuZvlo, mecnierul mtkicebulebebs moklebuli Te-
oria, rom maTi enebi, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri, enebi ki
araa, dialeqtebia“130.

sxva werilSi n. doborjginiZe cdilobs, rom „daaZve-

los“ „umwerlobo qarTveluri enebis“ arsebobis
ideologema da usabuTod acxadebs:
„wyaroebi, romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT meqneba saubari da
romlebic, rogorc ukve vTqvi, samive qarTveluri
enis, rogorc damoukidebeli enebis, arsebobas aRia-
rebs, sul mcire Cvidmeti saukuniT ufro Zvelia, vid-
re XIX saukunis ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebi, an masze
odnav umcrosi marqsistul-leninuri enaTmecniereba...
II-III da momdevno saukuneebSi dawerili msoflio isto-
riebis avtorebi svanursa da megruls msoflios xal-
xTa enebs Soris moixsenieben“131...

130
n. doborjginiZe, religiuri istoriografiis uZvelesi
wyaroebi samwerlobo da arasamwerlobo qarTveluri enebis
Sesaxeb: qarTuli saliteraturo enis sakiTxebi, istoria da
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, I krebuli, Tb., 2007 (gamocemis
redaqtoria prof. TinaTin bolqvaZe, romelic Tavis nawe-
rebSi iyenebs termins: „qarTveluri enebi“).
131
iqve, gv. 259. megrulis „daZvelebis sxvagvari gza airCia ma-
manti ZaZamiam, romelic wers: umwerlobo megruli ena pir-
velyofili adamianis enaa, rasac cxadyofs megrulSi à bge-
ris arseboba; „megruli ena ufro metad gamoxatavs Tavdapir-
veli anu pirvelyofili bunebrivi metyvelebis („bunebis ena-
ze“ metyvelebis) viTarebas, vidre qarTuli ena, romlisTvi-
sac metwilad xelovnurobaa damaxasiaTebeli. sxva sityvebiT,
megruli didmniSvnelovnad warmoaCens dasabamieri enis viTa-
rebas (m. ZaZamia, c. ZaZamia, "enis warmoSobis saidumloeba";
1997, Tb., gv. 93). wignis mTavari debulebaa: adamiani warmoiSva
maimunisagan, xolo pirvelyofili adamianis cxoveluri bge-
rebi Semonaxulia megrul metyvelebaSi (wignis erT-erT re-
cenzentad miwerilia giorgi gogolaSvili sic!).
112
sruli pasuxismgeblobiT vambobT:
arc erT Zvel avtorTan ar aris naxsenebi arc megru-
li umwerlobo ena da arc svanuri umwerlobo ena132.
garda amisa, mTel msoflioSi umwerlobo enad miiC-
neva im enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis metyveleba, ro-
melsac sakuTar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi
kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoebis pro-
cesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas.
umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilo-
kavebis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs133; Se-
sabamisad, gaumarTlebelia qarTveluri zepiri qve-
sistemebis saxeldeba „umwerlobo enebad“, „provin-
ciul enebad“, „aRorZinebad enebad“, „ganviTarebad
enebad“ Tu „tomobriv enebad“.

megrul-Wanuri da svanuri metyvelebebi ver CaiT-

vleba umwerlobo enebad im martivi mizezis gamo,
rom samwignobro qarTulis am saxesxvaobebis mflo-
belT, sul mcire, 16-saukunovani samwignobro tra-
dicia aqvT sakuTar dedaenaze; amdenad, terminebi:
„tomobrivi ena“, „ganviTarebadi ena“, „umwerlobo
dedaena“ /“umwignobro ena“/ Seuracxmyofelia didi
samwignobro kulturis mqone qarTvelebisaTvis: io-
ane lazis, Wyondidlebis, martvileli ioane minCxisa

132
vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, „qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeq-
tebi“ Tb., 2008, gv. 14-15, Zveli wyaroebis analizisaTvis ki –
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, dedaena,
dialeqtebi), 2005.
133
sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, i. vaSakiZe, qar-
Tvelologiis orgvari dagegmva 1917-1935 wlebSi, Tbilisi,
„universali“ 2011. t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, l. xaWapuriZe,
qarTvelur ena-kiloTa gandasebis sakiTxebi; Tb., 2009.
113
Tu ioane afxazis /megrelis/(igive ioane petriwi)
mSobliuri kuTxis mosaxleobisaTvis.
iliaunis profesoris teqstSi niSandoblivia qar-
Tveluri „umwerlobo enebis“ daZvelebis mcdeloba,
rac rusuli ideologemis fsevdoliberalur134 Se-
fuTvas ufro hgavs.
Sdr.: isak Jvaniac gmobda mefis ruseTisa Tu mebonia-
bukias jgufis „samarcxvino, provokaciul-kon-
trrevolucioner dokumentebs“ (ix., mag., danarTi
№5), magram, sinamdvileSi, enobrivi politikis mi-
marTulebiT, imave gzas agrZelebda... q-ni n. dobor-
jginiZec sityviT gmobs qarTvelTa enobriv-eTniku-
ri danawevrebis rusul gegmas, magram, rogorc da-
mowmebuli citatebidan Cans, isak Jvaniasa Tu taras
Sengelias msgavsi daJinebiT cdilobs, saukunovani
istoriiT „aRWurvos“, „sayovelTaod gaziarebu-
lad“ gamoacxados da postsabWoTa droSic „sicoc-
xle gauxangrZlivos“ sami Tu oTxi qarTveluri enis
rusul ideologemas135.

134
dRes saqarTveloSi gaaqtiurebulia agresiuli globa-
lizmis kerZo gamovlineba – fsevdoliberalizmi, romelic
saqarTveloSi aRvivebs antidasavlur ganwyobas da xels uw-
yobs ruseTis agresiul politikas kavkasiaSi; kerZod, ama
Tu im jgufis mier dasavleTis saxeliT (zogjer dafinanse-
biTac) qarTvelTa istoriuli faseulobebis diskreditire-
ba, Tu qarTvelTa didi nawilisaTvis istoriuli dedaenis
gaucxoebis mcdeloba (qarTulis nacvlad megrulis/svanu-
ris… gamocxadeba „dedaenebad“, saxarebis „Targmna“
megrulad Tu svanurad...) imperiuli ruseTis wisqvilze as-
xams wyals. ruseTis antikavkasiuri politika da fsevdoli-
beralizmi erTi furclis ori gverdia.
135
iliaunSi arian sxvadasxva Taobis sxva specialistebi, ro-
mlebic pozitiur rols asruleben mecnierebis calkeuli
dargebis ganviTarebaSi.
114
paralelurad, cils mwamebs, roca wers, rom, Turme,
qarTveluri qvesistemebisaTvis „regionuli enis“
statusis moTxovna Cemi provocirebulia. wesiT, man
unda icodes, rom rogorc dasaxelebuli qarTvelu-
ri idiomebisaTvis, aseve, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
migranti umciresobebis enebisaTvis „regionuli
enis“ statusis miniWebis sakiTxi wamoiwia am TemiT
Cems dainteresebamde bevrad adre (ix. qvemoT).
axla q-ni n. doborjginiZis mTavari „aRmoCenis“ Sesa-
xeb: damowmebul werilSi igi wers, TiTqos, t. futka-
raZem qarTvelobas „sruliad TviTneburad Seucva-
la enobrivi ruka“.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, sinamdvile sxvagvaria: qar-
TvelTa enobrivi ruka 100-150 wlis win Secvales
rusma moxeleebma, bolSevikebma ki gaagrZeles rusu-
li enobrivi politika (ix. zemoT)136.
me da Cemi kolegebi ki postsabWoTa periodSi vcdi-
lobT, aRvadginoT qarTveli mematianeebisa Tu sa-
zogado moRvaweebis tradiciuli xedva. sakuTriv,
Cemi mxriv, enisa da kilos gammijnavi kriteriumebis
moxmobiTa da sxva Tanamedrove lingvisturi argu-
mentebiT, gavamyare istoriuli Tvalsazrisi qar-
TvelTa erTi dedaenis Sesaxeb.

imedi ara gvaqvs, rom qarTvelTa enobrivi istoriis

gamyalbebeli Tu rusuli ideologemis mxardamWeri
(!) romelime Cveni oponenti Cveni argumentebis wa-
kiTxvis Semdeg Seicvlis Tavis pozicias (qarTvelu-
ri enobrivi mTlianobis dacva-darRvevis msurvel-
Ta mxareebi didi xania ukve gadanawilebulia). Cveni
mizania, sakiTxSi garkvevis gulwrfelad mowadine-
ebs mivawodoT obieqturi informacia; amitom kidev

136
kavkasiaSi ruseTis strategia ar Secvlila arc XX-XXI sa-
ukuneebSi.
115
erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: n. doborjginiZisaT-
vis „sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Teoria“ – e.w. sami
Tu oTxi „qarTveluri enis“ „ideologia“ – gaabatona
i. stalinma sabWoTa imperiis periodSi.
aseve, t. futkaraZis dabadebamde didi xniT adre,
realuri istoriuli faqtebis safuZvelze megrul
metyvelebas dialeqtad Tvlida bevri specialisti
Tu sazogado moRvawe (ix. zemoT). garda amisa, enisa
da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT
postsabWoTa periodSic, Cem garda, araerTi sxva
specialisti Tvlis, rom yvela kuTxis qarTvelis,
maT Soris - megrelebis, dedaena aris mravalsauku-
novani qarTuli ena, megruli ki dedaenis kuTxuri
zepiri saxesxvaobaa. didi usamarTlobaa samegre-
los, lazeTisa da svaneTis qarTvelobis STambeWda-
vi samwignobro istoriis uaryofiT am qarTvelT ga-
vuucxooT erTiani qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwig-
nobro ena da isini umwignobro enis mqone „xalxebad“
gamovacxadoT.

Cveni oponentebis Tvalsazriss, rogorc gansxvave-

bul mosazrebas, ra Tqma unda, aqvs arsebobis ufle-
ba, magram saeWvoa maTi daJinebuli mcdeloba, meg-
rel-laz-svanebs waarTvan dedaqarTuli; am Tval-
sazrisiT saxifaTo jaWvi ikvreba; Sdr.:

rogorc vnaxeT, q. patkanianis, i. vostorgovis, k. ia-

novskis, n. maris gviandeli mosazrebebisa da i. sta-
linis Teoriuli „debulebebis“ safuZvelze rusul
„samecniero“ velSi dRemde mizanmimarTuladaa gaba-
tonebuli mosazreba, rom svanuri da megrul-lazu-
ri /an megruli da lazuri/ qarTulisgan gansxvavebu-
li „umwerlobo qarTveluri enebia“.

116
samecniero literaturaSic da xalxTa aRqmaSic, ro-
gorc wesi, ena da eTnosi urTierTganmsazRvreli
cnebebia (iSviaT SemTxvevaSia sxva faqtorebi aqtua-
luri, mag., religia, saxelmwifo sazRvari...). gamom-
dinare aqedan, bevri ucxoeli eqsperti dRes megre-
lebs, svanebsa da lazebs saqarTveloSi mcxovreb
enobriv umciresobebad acxadebs.
am fonze, mag., n. ladarias „mtkiceba“, rom megrelis
dedaenaa megruli da ara – qarTuli137, paralelu-
rad, n. doborjginiZis (da m. ZaZamias) 138 mier „umwer-
lobo qarTveluri enebis“ „daZveleba“ da e.w. xuTe-
novani leqsikonis „demonstrireba“, safuZvels uq-
mnis al. WaWias jgufs Tu gare Zalebs139, moiTxovon

137
mag., nodar ladarias mier gamoqveynebul saxelmZRvane-
loSi: „sociolingvistika“ vkiTxulobT (2002, gv. 22-23): „meg-
relma kiTxvaris grafaSi: „dedaena“ unda Caweros megruli
ena da ara – „qarTuli ena“.
138
prof. n. doborjginiZe wlebis manZilze aris saqarTvelos
mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministrosTan arsebuli rus-
Tavelis fondis samecniero sabWos wevri da ilias universi-
tetis (iliaunis) erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli; n. doborjginiZis
iliauneli ramdenime Tanamoazre dRemde (01.12.2018) aris xa-
risxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris umaRlesi saganma-
naTleblo programebis akreditaciis sabWosa Tu akredita-
ciis eqspertTa jgufis wevri. akreditaciis eqspertTa jgu-
fis wevria prof. r. qurdaZec. Sesabamisad, wlebis manZilze
maT aqvთ SesaZlebloba, gavlena iqonion saqarTvelos mecni-
erebisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis orientirebis gansazRvris
processa Tu gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisze myofi kolegebis
sadoqtoro, samagistro da sabakalavro saganmanaTleblo
programebis bedze (r. qurdaZis „xuTenovani leqsikonis“
CvenTvis miuRebeli koncefciis Sesaxeb zemoT visaubreT;
uSualod Cem winaaRmdeg daweril n. doborjginiZis werilSi
ki sruladaa gacxadebuli avtoris mizani; ix.: „oriod sityva
mecnierebis marTvisa da gankargvis safrTxeze“, „arili“,
10.11. 2010.
139
Ggaredan dafinansebuli msgavsi jgufebi yvela saxelmwi-
fos yvela kuTxeSi SeiZleba arsebobdnen; mag., axlo warsul-
117
qarTvelTa enobrivi danawevrebis gaformeba „regi-
onuli an umciresobis enaTa evropuli qartiiT“.
meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis kompaqturad warmovad-
genT am saxifaTo jaWvs:
❖ n. doborjginiZe „amtkicebs“, rom uZvelesi droi-
dan arsebobda „qarTveluri enebi“;
❖ n. ladaria „adgens“, rom megrelTa dedaenaa megru-
li da ara – qarTuli;
❖ r. qurdaZe, megruli, lazuri da svanuri metyvele-
bis statusis asawevad, am qarTvelur qvesistemebs war-
moadgens inglisuri enis paradigmaSi: leqsikons daar-
qva „qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisur leqsi-
koni“;
❖ al. WaWias jgufis wevrebi (z. kvaracxelia da sxv.)
„qarTveluri „umwerlobo enebisaTvis“ iTxoven „regi-
onuli enis“ statuss140;
❖ ruseTis eklesiis mxardaWeriT, ramdenime jgufi
aqtiurad cdilobs, galis raionis eklesiebSi mainc,
RvTismsaxurebis enad, rusulTan erTad, daamkvidros
megrulic141.

Si aseTi iyo „aWaris xsnis komiteti“, romelic gasuli

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Tavdauzogavad icavda ruseTisa da
osmaleTis antiqarTuli garigebiT 1921 wels saqarTvelos
respublikaSi Seqmnil e.w. aWaris avtonomiur respublikas –
saqarTveloSi qarTvelTa avtonomias.
140
z. kvaracxelia: megruls – am uZveles „umwerlobo qarTve-
lur enas“ unda mieces regionuli enis statusi („ilori“; 13-
27 Tebervali, 2018 w.). sxvebi analogiur statuss iTxoven
somxurisaTvis, rusulisaTvis... saqarTveloSi rusuli
enobrivi politikis kritikis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: t. futka-
raZe, e. dadiani, r. Serozia, „regionuli an umciresobis ene-
bis Sesaxeb evropuli qartia“ da saqarTvelo; 2010.
141
ix. izida Wanias werili, romelSic Cans, rom Wuburxinjis
wm. giorgis taZarSi mRvdeli maTe TuJba eklesiaSi megru-
lad qadagebs https://islam-abhazia.livejournal.com/41925.html (damow-
118
me ar vambob, rom yvela dasaxelebuli piri mizanmimar-
Tuladaa CarTuli am rusul-imperiul „jaWvSi“; ro-
gorc wesi, mosazreba Tu debuleba Tvalsawierisa da
akademiuri informaciis flobis mixedviT yalibdeba;
Tumca, faqtia: gare Zalebis organizebiT qarTvelTa
enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis winaaRmdeg kargad gaaz-
rebuli strategia xorcieldeba142.

mebis dro: 22.12.2018). davZenT: maTe tuSba TviTgamocxadebu-

li soxum-afxazeTis „eparqiis“ „winamZRolis“ – besarion
aflias momxrea. b. aflias mxars uWers ruseTis sapatriarqo.
okupirebul afxazeTSi aqtiurobs, aseve, arqimandriti do-
roTe dbari, romelsac maikopisa da adiRes mitropolitma
tixonma mRvdelmsaxureba SeuCera, Tumca man RvTismsaxure-
bis ufleba miiRo msoflio patriarqisagan. d. dbari Tavs
acxadebs „axali aTonis eparqiis“ droebiT xelmZRvanelad.
sakiTxis istoriisaTvis:
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefalia ruseTma
gaauqma 1811-1814 wlebSi (ruseTis xelisufleba 1811 wlamde
bevrad adre gegmavda, gaenadgurebina saqarTvelos uZvele-
si sapatriarqo taxti; dokumentebisaTvis ix. v. guruli, me-
fe erekle da ruseTi, Tb., 2018, gv. 49-62). saqarTvelos ekle-
siam avtokefalia aRidgina 1917 wels, magram 1992 wlidan ru-
suli okupaciis gamo „de faqto“ ver mwyemsavs okupirebul
afxazeTsa Tu cxinvalis mxareSi arsebul mrevls da ver pat-
ronobs okupirebul teritoriebze arsebul eklesiebs. or-
mag saeklesio prozelitizms (/saqarTvelos eklesiis iuris-
diqciis sazRvrebSi SemoWras) saqarTvelos kaTolikos-pat-
riarqma ilia meorem pasuxi gasca Tavis titulSi „cxum-af-
xazeTis mitropolitis“ SetaniT; kerZod, 2010 wlidan saqar-
Tvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis tituli aseTia: „uwmidesi da
unetaresi ilia II, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, mTa-
varepiskoposi mcxeTa-Tbilisisa da mitropoliti biWvinTi-
sa da cxum-afxazeTisa“.
142
seriozuli msjelobis sagnad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
bBolo periodSi gamoqveynebuli, enaTmecnierebisa Tu eTno-
lingvistikisagan Sors mdgari werilebi, romelTa avtore-
119
samwuxarod, sainformacio Tavdacvis konteqstSi,
qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis dasacavad
bolo 27 weliwadSi iSviaTad Tu gadadgmula goniv-
ruli nabijebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier.
aqvea aRsaniSnavi:
qarTvelTa istoriuli enobriv-eTnikuri erTiano-
bis warmosaCenad qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi wle-
bia xorcieldeba akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxel-
mwifo universitetSi, sadac am mizniT akademikosma
Mmagali Toduam daaarsa qarTveluri dialeqtologi-
is samecniero-kvleviTi instituti (romelmac 1996
wlidan 2019 wlamde periodSi gamosca referirebadi
qarTvelologiuri samecniero Jurnalis: „qarTve-
luri memkvidreoba“ 22 nomeri). A
am mimarTulebiTac warmatebulia saqarTvelos sa-
patriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelo-
bis qarTuli universiteti (reqtori: prof. sergo
vardosaniZe), romelSic 2010 wels saqarTvelos ka-
Tolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis,
ilia meoris kurTxeviT daarsda qarTvelologiis
centri da 2012 wlidan gamoicema yovelwliuri re-
ferirebadi samecniero Jurnali: „qarTvelologiis
aqtualuri problemebi“.
swori orientirebiT Tanamedrove qarTvelologiis
ganviTarebisaTvis didi perspeqtivebi aqvs goris sa-
xelmwifo universitets, romlis reqtori, prof. gi-
orgi sosiaSvili Tavadaa am mimarTulebiT gamorCe-
uli specialisti; garda amisa, organizaciulad
bevrs akeTebs qarTvelologiis ganviTarebisaTvis.
xelisuflebisagan finansuri mxardaWeris SemTxve-
vaSi, axali Taobis specialistebis CarTviT meti se-
riozuli qarTvelologiuri (ligvisturi, eTnolo-

bic (n. xaniaSvili, k. fifia da sxv.) cdiloben, erTmaneTisa-

gan srulad gamijnon qarTveluri qvesistemebic da sxvadas-
xva kuTxis qarTvelebic.
120
giuri) kvlevebi SeiZleba ganaxorcielon qarTvelo-
logiis wamyvanma specialistebma baTumis saxelmwi-
fo universitetSi (prof. mamia faRava, prof. roin
malaymaZe, prof. Tamaz futkaraZe...), soxumis saxel-
mwifo universitetSi (prof. merab naWyebia, prof.
Temur gvancelaZe...), axalcixis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetSi (reqtori, prof. maka kaWkaWiSvili-beriZe,
prof. merab beriZe...…), Telavis saxelmwifo universi-
tetSi (prof. nunu geldiaSvili, prof. elene filaS-
vili...), zugdidis saxelmwifo universitetSi (req-
tori, prof. Teona xufenia, prof. revaz Serozia,
prof. luiza xaWapuriZe...), arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis
enaTmecnierebis institutSi (direqtoris, prof. na-
na maWavarianis xelmZRvanelobiT) da sxv.

1.7. qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros

segmentaciis Sesaxeb ori ZiriTadi
Tvalsazrisi (istoriuli dinamika)

kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis arsebobis peri-

odidan yalibdeba saerToqarTveluri ena, romlis
bazaze, savaraudod, warmarTul periodSi iqmneba
arqauli samwignobro ena, Semonaxuli e.w. xanmeti
teqstebis enis saxiT.
fFarnavaz-qujis periodidan qarTuli ena miiCneva
ara mxolod qarTvelTa, aramed qarTvelTa mier da-
fuZnebuli saxelmwifos erTianobis simbolod. Ees
simbolo ufro gamoikveTa Qqristianobis saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg: qarTuli enis, ro-
gorc RvTismsaxurebis enis, safuZvliT Seiqmna sau-
kunovani formula: „qarTlad friadi qveyanaჲ aRi-
racxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Sei-
wirvis da locvaჲ yoveli aResrulebis“.

ase iyo kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis Semosvlamde.

121
muslimanuri imperiebisagan gawamebuli qarTvelebi
me-18 saukunis meore naxevridan, erTi mxriv, Tuki
uimedod cdilobdnen, mxardamWeri epovaT erTmor-
wmune ruseTis saxiT, meore mxriv, eswrafodnen
erovnul konsolidacias; amis nimuSia 1790 wlis
„iverielTa erTobis traqtati“, romelSic Camoya-
libebulia qarTvelTa erTianobis ganmsazRvreli
ramdenime arsebiTi faqtori. davimowmebT „traqta-
tis“ CvenTvis saintereso nawils:
„vinaidgan (vinaiTgan) yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobel-
Ta samefosa Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da
guriisaTa aqvsT erTmorwmuneba (erTmorwmuneoba), arian
Zeni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da erTisa
enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT mavasxeblobiTica (urTierTval-
debulebiTi) siyvaruli, viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da
moyvarobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris, amisTvis Cven,
zemoxsenebulTa (zemoxsenebulad) qveyanaTa iveriisaTa
(iveriisa) mefeni da mTavarni, damamtkicebelni saukuno-
sa amis pirobisa, saxeliTa yovlad Zlierisa RmrTisaTa,
aRuvsTqvamT (aRvsTqvamT) mtkicesa amas erTobasa, rome-
lica TiToeulad SemdgomTa hazrTa cxad iqmnebis“143.
damowmebuli teqstidan naTelia, rom 1790 wels qar-
Tveli mefe-mTavrebi da swavluli kacebi Tvlidnen,
rom iverielTa (qarTvelTa) erTianobis ganmsaz-
Rvreli faqtorebia:
- qristianoba;
- qarTuli ena;
- saerTo warmomavloba (ufro zustad: erTi sisxlis
gamo mavasxelobiTi anu „urTierTvaldebulebiTi
siyvaruli“).
dapyrobil teritoriebze „gaTiSe da ibatones“
principiT moqmedi mefis ruseTi me-19 saukunis meo-
re naxevridan dRemde cdilobs, qarTvelTa erT na-
wils (megrelebs, svanebs, lazebs, wovaTuSebs, aWar-
lebs...) gauucxoos mravalsaukunovani dedaena –

143
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1965, gv. 501-507.
122
RvTismsaxurebis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis ena –
qarTuli (qarTveluri) ena. amgvari manipulaciis sa-
fuZvelze rusi moxeleebi araqarTvelebad acxadeb-
dnen/acxadeben qarTvelTa naxevars (ix. ruseTis bo-
lo sayovelTao aRweris eTnokvalifikaciebic) da
cdilobdnen/cdiloben, qarTvelebisaTvis daem-
croT samSoblos cneba. qarTvelebic adekvaturad
pasuxobdnen; ix., mag., dDutu megrelis (dimitri xoS-
tarias) cnobili leqsi: „me patara qarTveli var“144.

bolSevikebs RvTismsaxurebis ena ar ainteresebdaT.

maT qarTveli eris dasanawevreblad rusuli enobri-
vi politika gaagrZeles. am mizniT pirveli bolSevi-
kebic Seecadnen, qarTuli ena SeecvalaT, erTi
mxriv, rusuliT („revoluciis“ eniT), meore mxriv ki
– adgilobrivi dialeqtebiT; kerZod, i. stalinis
strategia daefuZna n. maris mier 1912 wlis (ruseTis
akademiis wevrad arCevis weli!) Semdgom Camoyalibe-
bul kvalifikacias145, romlis safuZvelzec man meg-

144
https://iberiana.wordpress.com/2018/08/20/dutu-megreli.
SemTxveviTi ar iyo: 1992-93 wlebis putCis dros prorusulma
Zalam swored am leqss Seucvala Sinaarsi (putCistebma
„vandead“ aqcies samegrelo – saqarTvelos erTianobisaTvis
gamorCeuli erTsulovnebiT mebrZoli kuTxe).
145
1905 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi: „qarTvelTa erovneba“ n.
mari icavda qarTvelTa enobriv erTianobas; igi sapirispiro
poziciaze gadavida ruseTis akademiis namdvil wevrad arCe-
123
relTa, svanTa, lazTa, aWarelTa... kuTxuri metyve-
lebebi gamoacxada „ganuviTarebel enebad“ („umwer-
lobo enebad“), maTi mflobelebi ki – qarTvelebisa-
gan gansxvavebul „CamorCenil xalxebad“. paralelu-
rad, dagegma am „CamorCenili erebis“ Seyvana didi
(rusuli) kulturis wiaRSi; gardamaval safexurad
am SemTxvevaSic ivaraudeboda „kuTxuri metyvelebe-
bis“ mixedviT mxolod dawyebiTi ganaTlebisaTvis
organizeba.
am mizniT 1922 wlidanve pirvelma bolSevikebma sa-
megreloSi gaaaqtiures ramdenime jgufi, romelTac
Tavdapirvelad i. stalinis aqtiuri mxardaWera
hqondaT. maT daupirispirdnen saqarTvelos (sameg-
relos) Rirseuli Svilebi. diskusia mimdinareobda
1922-1932 wlebSi; gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi midgoma:
I. qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli danawevrebis gza:
samegreloSi, lazeTsa da svaneTSi dawyebiT safe-
xurze, qarTuli enis nacvlad, adgilobrivi „eniT“
swavleba; adgilobrivi „eniT“ gazeTebis gamocemac
da saqmiswarmoebac... saboloo jamSi, sakuTari isto-
riuli samwignobro kulturis gaucxoeba qarTvel-
Ta didi nawilisaTvis;
II. qarTvelTa istoriuli enobrivi erTianobis Se-
narCunebis gza: tradiciis Sesabamisad, samegrelos
(svaneTis, lazeTis) skolebis dawyebiT safexurzec
qarTuli eniT swavleba da, aucileblobis SemTxve-
vaSi, adgilobrivi dialeqtebis gamoyeneba damxmare
saSualebad; saboloo jamSi: yvela kuTxis istoriu-
li memkvidreobisa da erTiani samwignobro enis dac-
viT qarTveli eris erTianobis SenarCuneba.
aTwliani diskusia dasrulda 1932-33 wlebSi arn. Ci-
qobavasa da sxva enaTmecnierTa mier Camoyalibebuli
daskvniT; enaTmecnierebi, l. berias mxardaWeriT,

vis Semdeg. n. marisa da iv. javaxSvilis dapirispirebis Sesa-

xeb ix.: t. futkaraZe, i. vaSakiZe, qarTvelologiis orgvari
dagegmva; Tb., 2011.
124
arsebiT sakiTxSi i. stalins daupirispirdnen; ker-
Zod, naSromSi, saarqivo masalebze dayrdnobiT, de-
taluradaa gaanalizebuli „megrulenovani“ (aseve,
„svanurenovani“) skolebis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesa-
xeb 1933 wlis saqarTvelos komunisturi mTavrobis
Sesabamisi struqturis sagangebo komisiis daskvnis
momzadebis procesic da arn. Ciqobavas SorsgaTvli-
li kompromisuli poziciis arsic.

qarTveluri idiomebis statusis Sesaxeb dResac mim-

dinareobs diskusia, romelic, faqtobrivad, agrZe-
lebs gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi arsebul Tval-
sazrisebs; kerZod:
- ramdenadac saerTaSoriso fondebi dainterese-
buli arian safrTxis qveS myofi umwignobro enebis
gadarCeniT, grantebis ioli gziT mopovebis mosur-
ne ucxoeli Tu qarTveli mkvlevrebi (Tu moyvaruli
mkvlevrebi), yovelgvari logikis gareSe, dResac
cdiloben, „ganuviTarebel enebad“ Tu „umwerlobo
enebad“ gamoacxadon qarTvelur zepir idiomTa er-
Ti nawili. isini xelisuflebas sTavazoben, dasaxe-
lebuli „umwerlobo enebi“ iswavlebodes saqarTve-
los sajaro skolebSi; aseve, umwerlobo qarTvelur
„enebze“ gavrceldes „regionuli an umciresobis
enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis“ debulebebi... al-
baT, maTgan zogs mainc gaazrebuli ara aqvs, rom
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi es yovelive gamoiwvevs,
erTi mxriv, qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikur danawevre-
bas – qarTveli eris danawevrebas; meore mxriv ki,
megrelebs, lazebs, svanebs, wovaTuSebs daukargavs
mravalsaukunovani qarTuli samwignobro kulturis
qmnadobaSi monawileobis istorias.
- mecnierTa Tu eqspertTa meore nawili samarTlia-
nad Tvlis, rom qarTvelebs mravali saukunea gvaqvs
erTi dedaena – qarTuli ena, romelic, amave dros,
aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena. am enis kuTxur sa-

125
xesxvaobebs warmoadgens zepiri qarTveluri idio-
mebi. ramdenadac „regionuli an umciresobis enebis
Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis“ debulebebi ar vrcelde-
ba saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebze, saqarTvelos xe-
lisuflebas aqvs konstituciuri valdebuleba, mo-
salodneli safrTxeebisagan daicvas rogorc qar-
Tuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro ena, aseve, qarTve-
luri dialeqtebi (vrclad ix. qvemoT).
amJamindeli (dekemberi, 2018 weli) realobis gaTva-
liswinebiT, bevri problemaa lingvisturi qarTve-
lologiis dagegmvis sferoSi. akademiur velSi qar-
Tveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis sawinaaR-
mdego ideologemis dasabalanseblad da sainforma-
cio omSi saqarTvelos Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT, aucilebelia:
a) saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa
da sportis saministros organizebiT akademiur in-
ternetgamocemebs, ucxoeTis wamyvan biblioTekebs,
universitetebsa da samecniero centrebs miewodos
qarTvelologiuri samecniero literaturis akade-
miuri Targmanebi da momzaddes iseTi saerTaSoriso
konferenciebi, romlebzec warmodgenili iqneba aq-
tualuri kvlevebi.
b) saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa
da sportis saministros uwyebebis: rusTavelis fon-
dis eqspertebisa da saqarTvelos ganaTlebis xaris-
xis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris akreditacia/av-
torizaciis sabWoebisa Tu eqspertTa jgufebis Se-
madgenlobis Tvisobrivi gadasinjva, ramdenadac am
struqturebze dRemde (01.12.2018 w.) did gavlenas
inarCuneben sami Tu oTxi „umwerlobo qarTveluri
enis“ ideologemis mxardamWerebi, ideologemisa,
romelic, saboloo jamSi, safrTxes uqmnis qarTvel-
Ta enobriv-eTnikur erTianobas.

126
 II Tavi
saqarTvelos enobrivi situacia
„regionuli an umciresobis enebis
Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis“
ratificirebis konteqstSi

2.1. „enis qartiis“ mizani

1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabWom strasburgSi gamo-

aqveyna „evropuli qartia regionuli an umcireso-
bis enebis Sesaxeb“, romlis mizania istoriuli/av-
toqToni umciresobis (mcire xalxis) arasaxelmwifo
enis, rogorc identobis ganmsazRvreli kulturuli
fenomenis, dacva. „evropuli qartiis“ mixedviT, „ma-
Rali xarisxiT“ unda iyos daculi regionuli an um-
ciresobis ena; kerZod:
➢ dawyebiT klasebSi mainc regionul enaze unda
iyos swavleba;
➢ regionul enaze unda arsebobdes telemedia da
presa;
➢ mocemuli umciresobiT kompaqturad dasaxle-
bul mxareebSi regionuli ena unda iyos gamoyenebu-
li saqmiswarmoebis enad...146
Sdr.:
90 wlis win megrulisa Tu svanuris Sesaxeb zustad
aseTi moTxovna hqondaT ioseb stalinis mier mar-

146
Sdr., daaxloebiT, amave periodSia (1995 w.) miRebuli meo-
re dokumenti – „CarCo konvencia erovnul umciresobaTa
dacvis Sesaxeb“; misi mizania araavtoqToni eTnikuri umci-
resobis warmomadgenelTa individualuri uflebebis, maT
Soris, enobrivi uflebebis dacva. vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe,
e. dadiani, r. Serozia, „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Se-
saxeb evropuli qartia“ da saqarTvelo; Tb., 2010
http://www.putkaradze.ge/cigni%20dasrulebuli/cigni.htm
127
Tul bolSevikebs, romelTac xelmZRvanelobda isak
Jvania (ix. zemoT, I Tavi)147; zustad aseTive moTxov-
nebi aqvT dResac kremlis mier marTul Cveni drois
isak Jvaniebs (Sesabamisad, es Tema axlac dakavSire-
bulia kremlis politikasTan da ara – raime saxis se-
paratizmTan)148.
90 wlis win qarTvelTa damanawevrebel kremlis (/io-
seb stalinis) enobriv politikas didi ZalisxmeviT
SeewinaaRmdegnen:
– qarTveli mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweni: kon-
stantine gamsaxurdia, Tedo saxokia, Salva dadiani,
giorgi Jordania, akaki faRava...

147
isak Jvanias, zogadad, kremlis enobriv-eTnikuri politi-
kis akademiuri kritikisaTvis ix. zviad gamsaxurdia, sameg-
relos sakiTxi; literaturuli saqarTvelo, 3 noemberi, 22
dekemberi, 1989.
148
ix., prorusi politikosis, al. WaWias jgufis wevris – zu-
rab kvaracxelias – moTxovnebi, romlebic dabeWdilia gazeT
„ilorSi“ (13-27 Tebervali, 2018 w.):
1. aucilebelia, dawyebiT klasebSi iswavlebodes megruli
(lazuri, svanuri) ena;
2. aucilebelia, saxelmwifom organizeba gauwios megrul
(lazurzec, svanurzec) enaze radio- da telemauwyeblobas;
3. aucilebelia megruli (lazuri, svanuri) beWdviTi gamoce-
mebis stimulireba;
4. aucilebelia megrul (lazurzec, svanurzec) enaze mosa-
ubre adamianebs, saxelmwifo enasTan paralelurad, minimum
sakuTari regionis teritoriaze mainc mieceT nanaSi ninas
(deda enis) gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba“... aqve, is megrelebs
(/lazebs, svanebs) damoukidebel eTnosebad Tvlis.
msgavsi moTxovnebi aqvs kremlisgan dafinansebul sxva gamo-
cemas – „samenovan“ gazeT „gals“, romlis redaqtoric war-
moSobiT qarTvelia. ix. aseve, „feisbuqze“ Seqmnili specia-
luri jgufi /https://www.facebook.com/groups/226484270769365/
„Мегрельская нация“ (damowmeba: 05.01.2019).
128
– qarTveli enaTmecnierebi: arnold Ciqobava, gior-
gi axvlediani, vukol beriZe, varlam Tofuria...
– bolSevik xelisufalTa erTi nawilic ki: lavrenti
beria, aleqsandre gegeWkori da sxv. (ix. zemoT).

gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebisagan gansxvavebiT,

dRevandeli politikuri speqtrisa Tu samecniero
wreebis warmomadgenlebis erTi nawili mxars uWers
megrulis, lazurisa da svanurisaTvis e.w. regionu-
li an umciresobis enis statusis miniWebas (ix., qve-
moT); anu, realurad, dRes aris mcdeloba, qarTveli
eris damanawevrebeli „enobrivi politika“ ukve ev-
rosabWos keTilSobiluri dokumentiT SeifuTos;
Sesabamisad, xelisuflebisa Tu farTo sazogadoebi-
saTvis dRes gacilebiT rTulia realuri problemis
identificireba.
qvemoT SevecdebiT, aRsaqmelad ufro ioli gavxa-
doT Seqmnili realoba:
1999 wels saqarTvelom aiRo valdebuleba, ratifi-
cireba moaxdinos da regionuli /Tu umciresobis/
enebis CamonaTvali daurTos evrosabWos damowme-
bul dokuments. Sdr.: garkveuli riskebis gamo evro-
pis saxelmwifoTa nawili ar SeuerTda „enis qarti-
as“; kerZod, evrosabWos wevri 48 qveynidan 24-ma sa-
xelmwifom moaxdina „regionuli an umciresobis ene-
bis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis“ ratifikacia (somxe-
Ti, germania, fineTi, rumineTi, espaneTi, SvedeTi,
ukraina, didi britaneTi, poloneTi...);
9 saxelmwifom mxolod xeli moawera am dokuments
(azerbaijani, safrangeTi, italia, ruseTi...); amaTgan
azerbaijani acxadebs, rom ratificirebas ar moax-
dens manam, sanam misi teritoria okupirebulia. 15
129
saxelmwifos Tavisi pozicia saerTod ar Camouyali-
bebia (saqarTvelo, TurqeTi, saberZneTi, litva, es-
toneTi, belgia, latvia, portugalia...)149.

Semdgomi msjelobis konteqstSi arsebiTia, aRiniS-

nos:
a) „enis qartia“ ar moicavs migrantTa enebs (muxli I,
a, II) da, Sesabamisad, „enis qartiis“ mizani ar aris um-
ciresobis enobrivi uflebebis Camoyalibeba; Sesaba-
misad, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, „evropuli qartia“ ar unda
Seexos araavtoqTon eTnikur umciresobebs (mag., ru-
sebs);
b) „enis qartia“ ar moicavs saxelmwifo enas, mis ad-
gilobriv saxesxvaobebsa da dialeqtebs; kerZod, am
qartiiT nagulisxmevi „enebi unda mkafiod gansxvav-
debodes im enis an enebisagan, romlebzec saxelmwi-
foSi mcxovrebi danarCeni mosaxleoba saubrobs.
qartiis debulebebi ar exeba erTi enis adgilobriv
saxesxvaobebsa Tu dialeqtebs“150.
g) „enis qartia“ ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba gamoxatvis esa Tu is forma CaiTvalos
calke enad; kerZod, „enis qartiaSi“ xazgasmiT weria:
„enisa da kilos sadavo sakiTxis gadaWra damokide-
bulia ara mxolod wminda lingvistur mosazrebebze,
aramed sxvadasxva fsiqo-sociologiur da politi-

149
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT
=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1
150
These languages must clearly differ from the other language or
languages spoken by the remainder of the population of the state. The
charter does not concern local variants or different dialects of one and the
same language. However, it does not pronounce on the often disputed
question of the point at which different forms of expression constitute
separate languages (32).
130
kur faqtorze, romlebic yovel calkeul SemTxve-
vaSi gansxvavebul pasuxs SeiZleba iZleodes“ /32-e
ganmarteba/.
enisa da kilos statusis miniWebis sakiTxis gansaz-
Rvrisas „evropuli qartia“ prerogativas aniWebs
qveynis xelisuflebas, romelmac demokratiuli
principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavad unda gansaz-
Rvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac
qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im metyve-
lebas mieniWeba damoukidebeli enis statusi /32-e
ganmarteba/.
warmodgenili debulebebis fonze qarTvel Tu uc-
xoel eqspertTa nawili iTxovs, saqarTveloSi regi-
onuli an umciresobis enis statusi mieniWos 12-dan
20-mde enas; mag., 2008 wels TbilisSi gamoqveynda „re-
komendaciebi enobriv umciresobaTa dacvis mimar-
TulebiT enobrivi politikis SemuSavebisaTvis“
(konsultanti: poznanis adam mickeviCis saxelobis
universitetis profesori, doqtori tomaS vixerke-
viCi)151, romelTa mixedviT, „regionuli an umcireso-
bis enebis evropuli qartiiT“ saqarTveloSi dacu-
li unda iyos: somxuri da azerbaijanuli (gv. 78-79);
rusuli, berZnuli, ebrauli, qurTuli, ukrainuli,
CeCnuri (/ qisturi - CeCnuris axlo monaTesave ena),
asiriuli, xunZuri (gv. 80) da umwerlobo enebi: sva-
nuri da megrul-lazuri (gv. 80-86). avtorebisa da
konsultantis azriT, „zanuri da svanuri sociolin-
gvisturad umwerlobo enebia“ (gv. 82)152.

151
kritikisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Se-
rozia, „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli
qartia“ da saqarTvelo; 2010
http://www.putkaradze.ge/cigni%20dasrulebuli/cigni.htm
152
maTive azriT, am enebze unda gavrceldes evropuli qar-
tiis mxolod meore Tavis debulebebi (gv.86).
131
evrosabWos eqsperti jonaTan uiTli saqarTvelos
„regionuli da umciresobaTa enebis cxrilSi“ 29
enas warmoadgens (gv. 10-12; 22-23). misi azriT, am enaTa
didi nawili saqarTveloSi daculi unda iyos „regi-
onuli an umciresobis enebis evropuli qartiis“ mi-
xedviT153. qarTveluri qvesistemebis Sesaxeb j. uiT-
li wers:
„rac Seexeba megruls, svanursa da lazur enebs. mxo-
lod obieqtur kriteriumebze dayrdnobiTac Znelia
imis damtkiceba, rom isini mxolod qarTuli enis dia-
leqtebi arian, vinaidan isini ar arian gasagebi qarTu-
li enis mcodneebisaTvis“ (gv. 17)...

Cans, pativcemuli eqsperti angariSs ar uwevs im ga-

remoebas, rom „gagebineba“ ar aris enisa da kilos
gammijnavi kriteriumi; garda amisa, evropaSic da
aziaSic TiTqmis yvela enas aqvs dialeqtebad wode-
buli saxesxvaobebi, romelTa mflobelT ar esmiT
maTive saliteraturo ena, Tuki sagangebod ar Seis-
wavles.
Ggvaqvs sapirispiro SemTxvevebic:

153
jonaTan uiTli, saqarTvelo da regionuli an umcireso-
baTa evropuli qartia, ECMI-is (umciresobis sakiTxTa evro-
puli centri – kavkasia – ECMI Caucasus) samuSao moxseneba #
42, ivnisi, 2009, gv. 10-12.
http://www.ecmicaucasus.org/upload/publications/working_paper_42_geo.p
df (damowmeba: 22.05.2018). evropel eqspertTa mosazrebebis
kritikuli analizisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadi-
ani, r. Serozia, „evropuli qartia regionuli an umcireso-
bis enebis Sesaxeb“ da saqarTvelo“, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 153-157;
T. Putkaradze, E.Dadiani, R. Serozia „European Charter for Regional or
Minority Languages“ and Georgia“, Kutaisi, 2010;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-
Revaz-Seroozia-2010
132
bevri monaTesave metyveleba iwodeba „enad“, mag.:
bosniuri, Cernogoriuli, serbiuli da xorvatiu-
li... miuxedavad imisa, rom maT struqturulad („sa-
kuTriv lingvisturad“) erTnairi agebuleba aqvT da
gagebinebac uproblemod xdeba154. aqve aRvniSnav, rom
damowmebuli eqspertebis „rekomendaciebs“ 2004-2016
wlebSi saqarTvelos parlamentSi aqtiuri mxarda-
mWerebi hyavdaT respublikuri partiis wevrebis sa-
xiT155.
sainteresoa erTi garemoeba:
ratomRac, es eqspertebi Tu politikosebi am moT-
xovnas ayeneben avtoqTonobis cnebisa da enis/kilos
statusis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebis gaazrebis
gareSe; arada, „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesa-
xeb evropuli qartia“ saSualebas iZleva, mkafiod ga-
nisazRvros sakvalifikacio kriteriumebi, romelTa
safuZvelzec moxdeba qarTveluri enobrivi qvesis-
temebisa Tu saqarTveloSi mcxovreb umciresobaTa
enebis statusis gansazRvra.
vfiqrobT, pirvel rigSi, gasaazrebelia umwerlobo
enisa da dialeqtis gammijnavi kriteriumebi.

154
msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r.
Serozia, „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropu-
li qartia“ da saqarTvelo; 2010
http://www.putkaradze.ge/cigni%20dasrulebuli/cigni.htm
155
am mimarTulebiT ufro aqtiurobda paata zaqareiSvili;
ix. Sesabamisi masala: http://www.newposts.ge/?l=G&id=9242-
enebis,dacvis,qartia,axalqalaqi,sakrebulo (damowmeba: 22.05.2018); res-
publikuri partiis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres respublikuri
partiis mokavSire partiis wevrebmac ki; ix., mag.:
http://www.kavkasiatv.ge/ge/portal/news/388 (damowmeba: 22.05.2018 w.);
ix., aseve:
http://www.opentext.org.ge/index.php?m=12&y=2013&art=2324
(damowmeba: 22.05.2018).
133
 2.2. vis aqvs umwerlobo ena?

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi enisa da kilos gam-

mijnavi kriteriumebi or jgufad iyofa:
- lingvisturi;
- eqstralingvisturi.
Tavis mxriv, lingvisturi kriteriumebic orgvaria:
- enis Sidastruqturuli kriteriumebi;
- sociolingvisturi kriteriumebi.

meTodologiurad gamarTul samecniero naSromebSi

uproblemod xdeba didi samwignobro tradiciis
mqone eris sametyvelo kodebis statusisa da ierar-
qiis gansazRvra: mocemuli eTnosis/eris156 dedaenaa
istoriuli samwignobro kulturis ena; am enis zepi-
ri saxesxvaobebi ki, rac ar unda gansxvavdebodes
samwignobro enisagan, miiCneva dialeqtebad: ro-
gorc wesi, erTi samwignobro enis mqone erT eT-
noss/ers ori dedaena ara aqvs (ix., mag., arabuli Tu
germanuli enebis dialeqtebi).
sayovelTaodaa miRebuli, aseve, „umwignobro enis“
(/umwerlobo enis) da „dialeqtis“ ganmartebani:
umwerlobo enad iwodeba im eTnosis metyveleba, ro-
mel eTnossac Tavis dedaenaze ar Seuqmnia samwig-
nobro kultura.
dialeqtad iwodeba im eTnosis/eris erTi nawilis
kuTxuri metyveleba, romelsac Tavis dedaenaze aqvs
xangrZlivi istoriis samwignobro kultura. TiT-
qmis yvela enas aqvs iseTi dialeqti, romelis mflo-
belT sagangebo Seswavlis gareSe ar SeuZliaT gai-

156
eEris orgvari gageba arsebobs:
➢ eri – erTi enisa da kulturis mqone istoriuli erToba;
➢ eri – mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa erToba.
enisa da kilos ganmartebisas nagulisxmevia pirveli gageba.
134
gon winaprebis mier Seqmnili samwignobro ena (/deda-
ena).

enisa da kilos gamijvnis sirTulis SemTxvevebSi spe-

cialistebi ufro eyrdnobian sociolingvistur
kriteriumebs; araiSviaTad gamoyenebulia eqstra-
lingvisturi „kriteriumebic“:
sociolingvisturi kriteriumebia:
– eTnokulturuli erTianoba (eTnokulturulad
erT sazogadoebas erTi ena aqvs);
– kodificirebuloba (damwerlobis qona/arqona);
– standartuloba /normirebuloba/;
– reestruloba (saxelmwifo enis statusi);
– TviTidentifikacia da sxv.
eqstralingvisturi „kriteriumebi“:
– gagebineba;
– politikuri mizanSewoniloba;
– religiuri identoba...

msoflios arc erTi civilizebuli xalxis enis sta-

tusi ar dadgenila arc gagebinebis (eqstralingvis-
turi) kriteriumiT da arc Sidastruqturuli kri-
teriumebiT – bgeraTSesatyvisobiTa Tu enebis/ki-
loebis sistemuri msgavseba-gansxvavebiT: bgeraTSe-
satyvisoba arsebobs dialeqtebsa da kilokavebs So-
risac ki. garda amisa, aravis daudgenia zRvari, Tu
ramdenprocentiani sxvaoba SeiZleba iyos sakmarisi
dialeqtebis „monaTesave enebad“ kvalifikaciisaT-
vis/157.

157
msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, „evropuli
qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb“ da saqar-
TveloSi enobrivi politikis dagegmvis sakiTxi, Tb., 2009.
„universali“; „European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages“
and An Issue of Plannig Linguistic Policy in Georgia, Tb. 2009.
135
metyvelebis statusis dadgenis procesSi gasaTva-
liswinebelia mocemuli mosaxleobis enobrivi Tvi-
Tidentifikaciac. saqarTveloSi am TvalsazrisiT
sainteresoa k. gabunias, W. qirias da l. ezugbaias mi-
er Catarebuli kvleva, romelic ganxorcielda
folksvagenis fondis dafinansebuli proeqtis: „so-
ciolingvisturi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTve-
loSi“ (proeqtis xelmZRvanelebi: i. giperti, m. Tan-
daSvili) farglebSi158. proeqtis avtorTa mier Sed-
genili maprovocirebeli kiTxvebis miuxedavad159, sa-

https://www.scribd.com/document/12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-
Charter-for-Regional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-of-Plannig-
Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia; ix. Aaseve: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r.
Serozia, „evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis ene-
bis Sesaxeb“ da saqarTvelo“, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 153-157; T.
Putkaradze, E.Dadiani, R. Serozia „European Charter for Regional or
Minority Languages“ and Georgia“, Kutaisi, 2010;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-
Revaz-Seroozia-2010. ix. aseve: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedae-
na da dialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008; „quTaisis universitetis ga-
momcemloba“; The national language and the dialects of Kartvels
(Georgians), Kutaisi, 2008
http://www.scribd.com/doc/8727375/T-Putkaradze-Kartvelta-Dedaena-Da-
Dialeqtebi-2008.
158
k. gabunia, l. ezugbaia, W. qiria, enobrivi situacia Tana-
medrove saqarTveloSi (qarTveluri enebi), Tbilisi, 2010;
gamomcemloba „saimedo“.
159
mag., sazogadoebas, romelic mravali saukunis manZilze
qarTuli samwignobro eniT aRasrulebs RvTismsaxurebas da,
aseve, momaval Taobebs zrdis winaprebis mwignobruli deda-
eniT, arakoreqtulia, dausva aseTi kiTxvebi:
- romel enaze gsurs RvTismsaxureba: qarTulad Tu megru-
lad/svanurad/lazurad?;
- romel enaze gsurs presa/televizia: qarTulad Tu megru-
lad/svanurad/ lazurad?;
136
megrelosa da svaneTSi gamokiTxul respondentTa
umravlesoba Tvlis, rom megrul-lazuri da svanuri
qarTuli enis dialeqtebia160.
aseTi Sedegi logikuria, ramdenadac Tanamedrove
mecnierebaSi aprobirebuli arc erTi kriteriumiT
qarTvelTa zepiri idiomebi „umwerlobo enebad“ ar
unda miviCnioT, vinaidan am metyvelebebis mflo-
belT aqvT, sul mcire, 16-saukunovani samwerlobo
kultura. Sesabamisad, dRes, roca saqarTveloSi
aRar aris bolSevikuri Tu komunisturi reJimi, da-
saxelebul Tu sxva avtorTa mier e.w. „umwerlobo
qarTveluri enebis“ arsebobis mtkiceba da „regio-
nuli an umciresobis enis“ statusiT aRWurvis mcde-
loba an sakiTxSi gaurkvevlobiT unda aixsnas, anda
qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis sur-
viliT.

bunebrivia isic, rom romelime „umwerlobo enis“

arsebobis mtkiceba Tanamedrove civilizebul sam-
yaroSi logikurad aaqtualurebs am metyvelebis ga-
darCenisa da kulturul enad qcevis Temas. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi: enisa da kilos gammijnavi kriteriume-
bisa da qarTvelTa enobrivi istoriis arcodnis ga-
mo, roca vinme Tvlis, rom qarTveluri enobrivi sam-
yaro warmodgenilia oTx (sam) enad, romelTagan sami
(ori) umwerloboa, logikurad miva daskvnamde: sa-
qarTveloSi saqmiswarmoeba Tu ganaTlebis sfero
unda daigegmos e.w. „sami (Tu ori) umwerlobo qar-
Tveluri enis“ mixedviTac; mag., qarTvelTa enobrivi

- romel enaze gsurs, aswavlo Svils: qarTulad Tu megru-

lad/svanurad/lazurad?;
- romelia Seni dedaena: qarTuli Tu megruli/svanuri/lazu-
ri?..
160
dasax. naSromi, gv. 62-92.
137
istoria da qarTuli samwignobro enis qmnadobis is-
toria namdvilad ar ician jonaTan uiTlim, tomaS
vixerkeviCma da sxvebma; isini eyrdnobian sabWoTa Tu
qarTvel lingvistTa Sesabamis kvalifikaciebs da
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sTavazoben rekomenda-
cias, romlis mixedviT „regionuli an umciresobis
enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis“ meore Tavis debu-
lebebi unda gavrceldes „teritoriis armqone ene-
bis“: rusulis, berZnulis, ebraulis, qurTulis/ie-
ziduris, ukrainulis, CeCnuris/ qisturis, asiriu-
lis, avariulis (xunZuris) da „umwerlobo enebis“:
megrul-lazurisa da svanuris mimarT161.
piradad, CemTvis maTi pozicia gasagebia, ramdena-
dac, qarTveluri zepiri idiomebis mimarT „regio-
nuli an umciresobis enebis evropuli qartiis“ dam-
cavi meqanizmebis gamoyenebis „safuZvels“ maT uq-
mnis ara mxolod sabWoTa periodSi damkvidrebuli
e.w. oTxi Tu sami qarTveluri enis „ideologia“, ara-
med qarTveluri „umwerlobo enebis“ Sesaxeb pos-
tsabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili „axali“ „argumente-
bic“; Sdr., mag., ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
profesoris, n. doborjginiZis azriT, II-III da mom-
devno saukuneebSi dawerili msoflio istoriebis
avtorebi svanursa da megruls msoflios xalxTa
enebs Soris moixsenieben“162. Aam sicruis paralelu-
rad, Cven, qarTvel enaTmecnierTa erT nawils, gvwamebs
cils: Turme „nacionalisturi“ Tu patriotuli mizne-

161
vrceli msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Se-
rozia, „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli
qartia“ da saqarTvelo; 2010
162
n.doborjginiZe, religiuri istoriografiis uZvelesi
wyaroebi samwerlobo da arasamwerlobo qarTveluri enebis
Sesaxeb: qarTuli saliteraturo enis sakiTxebi, istoria da
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, I krebuli, Tb., 2007, gv. 259.
138
bidan gamomdinare, vacxadebT „qarTvelur umwerlobo
enebs“ qarTvelur dialeqtebad! sinamdvileSi, Cven
swored myari mecnieruli argumentebis safuZvelze
vambobT:
saerToqarTvelur enaze dafuZnebuli qarTuli sam-
wignobro ena erTaderTi dedaenaa qarTvelebisaTvis.
istoriis mizanmimarTuli gayalbebaa, megrelebi, sva-
nebi, lazebi gamocxaddnen „umwerlobo enebis“ mflo-
bel „mcire xalxebad“; damamcirebelia, ioane lazis,
ioane minCxisa Tu Wyondidlebis aRmzrdeli kuTxis
qarTvelobas dRes Seuqmna anbani Tu samwerlobo ena.

zemoTac aRiniSna:
arc erTi Zveli wyaro svanursa da megruls msofli-
os Zvel xalxTa enebs Soris ar moixseniebs. amgvar
uzustobas (rbilad rom vTqvaT) mxolod erTi lo-
gikuri axsna SeiZleba moeZebnos:
postsabWoTa periodSi qarTveluri dialeqtebis um-
werlobo enebad gamocxadebiT SesaZlebloba Cndeba,
mavanma moipovos „safrTxis qveS myofi enebisaTvis“
gamoyofili maRalbiujetiani evropuli Tu qarTu-
li granti (ra Tqma unda, ar gamoiricxeba sxva moti-
vaciac).
Sdr.: qarTveluri idiomebis damoukidebel umwer-
lobo enebad gamocxadebis Tvisobrivad sxva motiva-
cia aqvT rus politikosebs163.

163
al. duginis, rusi politikosebisa Tu sxva mecnierebis
kvalifikaciebis kritikisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, 1991 wlis 9
aprilis damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti, putin-duginis
geopolitikuri gegmebi da rusuli okupaciis dasasrulis
dasawyisi; saqarTvelos parlamentis antikrizisuli sab-
Wos formatiT gamarTuli samecniero konferencia Tema-
ze: „saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis
perspeqtivebi“, 2008 wlis 13 oqtomberi; The act April 9 of the
restoration of independence of Georgia, geopolitical plans of Putin-Dugin’s
139
aqve, erTi „saintereso“ istoriac:
saqarTvelos „enis kanonis“ bolo redaqciaSi dafiq-
sirebuli iyo termini: qarTveluri ena-kiloebi
(muxli 4, 3); kanonis miRebis dRes ki es kvalifikacia,
ganxilvis (msjelobis) gareSe, kulisebSi „dazus-
tda“ terminiT: „qarTveluri enebi da dialeqte-
bi“164. vfiqrob, es „kuluaruli dazustebac“ qar-
TvelTa enobrivi erTianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
saxifaTo „proeqtis“ aralegitimuri/kriminaluri
nawilia; kerZod, rogorc gairkva, kanonproeqtis bo-
lo saparlamento mosmenis drosac ki amgvari dazus-
tebis Sesaxeb informacia ar hqonia kanonproeqtis
erT-erT iniciatorsa da avtors, b-n levan Rvinji-
lias165.

and the commence of the end of the Russian occupation; Anti-crisis council
scientific conference of the parliament of Georgia: ‘Perspectives for the res-
toration of entirety of Georgia’, 13 October, 2008;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/6505547/The-Perspectives-of-Restoration-of-
the-Entirety-of-the-Territory-of-Georgia.
164
https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2931198?publication=2 (da-
mowmeba: 28.12.2018).
165
qarTvelur zepir idiomTa umwerlobo enebad miCnevis
mxardamWer mecnierTa erTi nawili aris saqarTvelos mTav-
robis mier Seqmnili enis departamentis eqspertTa sabWoSi;
amave sabWos wevrebi varT me da Cemi kolegebic, vinc vfiq-
robT, rom qarTvelTa saSinao sametyvelo kodebi (saqarTve-
los saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebi) gansaxilveli ar aris
„regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qarti-
is“ konteqstiT (metic, saqarTvelos deokupaciamde „qarti-
is“ ratifikaciac ki metad saxifaToa); Sesabamisad, logiku-
ri iqneba, swored enis departamentis eqspertTa komisiis
farglebSi momzaddes „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Se-
saxeb evropuli qartiis“ ratificirebisa Tu ratificirebis
dokumentisaTvis dasarTavi enebis sia, romelsac parlamen-
140
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saqarTvelos enobri-
vi situaciiT dainteresebuli ucxoeli kolegebis166
nawils sakmarisi informacia namdvilad ara aqvs qar-
TvelTa enobrivi istoriis Sesaxeb da zogi qarTve-
li „eqspertis“ „SuamavlobiTac“ eqceva rusuli
„rbili Zalis“ mier organizebuli propagandis gav-
lenis qveS; Sesabamisad, zog evropel Tu amerikel
kolegas, evropul enebze obieqturi informaciebis
simciris gamo, marTla hgonia, rom megrelebs, la-
zebsa Tu svanebs dedaenaze ara aqvT samwignobro
kultura da cdiloben, „regionuli an umciresobis
enebis evropuli qartiiT“ daicvan „umwerlobo“ sa-
zogadoebebis „enebi“167.
2.3. saqarTvelos strategiuli mizani

ti daamtkicebs deokupaciis Semdeg. aqve aRvniSnav, rom „enis

departamentis“ xelmZRvanelTa axali iniciativaa, „enis ka-
nonSi“ termini: „qarTveluri enebi“ Seicvalos fraziT:
„qarTveluri enobrivi mravalferovneba“.
166
ix., mag., iuneskos monacemebi da saqarTvelos enebis axali
sia cnobil akademiur vebgverdze: ethnologue.com.
167
evropeli eqspertebis amgvarma poziciamac misca axali
biZgi putin-duginisagan marTul mcirericxovan Tanamedro-
ve aSordiebsa Tu isak Jvaniebs, romlebic dRes iTxoven „re-
gionuli enis“ statuss megruli, lazuri da svanuri metyve-
lebebisaTvis da ukve „evropuli qartiis“ debulebebis gau-
kuRmarTebiT cdiloben, qarTvelTa naxevars gauucxoon is-
toriuli samwignobro kultura. saqarTveloSi rusuli
enobrivi politikis kritikis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: t. futka-
raZe, e. dadiani, r. Serozia, „regionuli an umciresobis ene-
bis Sesaxeb evropuli qartia“ da saqarTvelo; 2010.
davZen: rusuli specsamsaxurebis stilia erovnuli Sinaar-
sis mqone cnebebis datvirTva antierovnuli funqciiT. mo-
cemul SemTxvevaSi: qarTveli erisaTvis sakraluri adgilis
saxeli – ilori – gamoyenebulia antiqarTuli suliskveTe-
bis gazeTis saxelad.
141
Eenobrivi politikis mimarTulebiT, vfiqrob, saqar-
Tvelos xelisuflebis strategiuli mizani unda
gaxdes saqarTveloSi enobrivi situaciis realuri
istoriuli dinamikis warmoCena da dasavleTeli me-
gobrebisaTvis adekvaturi informaciis miwodeba,
rom Cveni enobrivi kanonmdeblobis sfero usafuZv-
lod ar daxarvezdes da, maTda uneburad, xeli ar Se-
ewyos saqarTveloze ruseTis sainformacio ieri-
Sebs; realoba ki aseTia:
yvela kuTxis qarTvelebs gvaqvs erTi mravalsauku-
novani samwignobro ena da misi mravali zepiri saxes-
xvaoba. „regionuli an umciresobaTa enebis evropu-
li qartiis“ ganmartebiTi nawilis 31-e da 32-e pun-
qtebis mixedviT ki, „qartiis debulebebi moicavs
mxolod istoriul umciresobaTa enebs, anu im enebs,
romlebic didi xania gavrcelebulia mocemuli sa-
xelmwifos teritoriaze; es enebi mkafiod unda gan-
sxvavdebodes im enis an enebisagan, romelzec/rom-
lebzec saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi danarCeni mosaxle-
oba saubrobs. qartiis debulebebi ar exeba erTi enis
adgilobriv saxesxvaobebsa Tu dialeqtebs“ 168.
aqve aRvniSnavT: xelisuflebas unda hqondes Tavisi
myari pozicia am da yvela sxva arsebiTi Temis mimar-
TulebiT; Tumca, aseve, aucilebelia, arc erT Sem-
TxvevaSi ar SeizRudos mecnieris akademiuri Tavi-
sufleba.
vfiqrob, aSkaraa: yuradRebiTaa gasaanalizebeli
ara mxolod megrulis, lazurisa Tu svanuris, ara-

168
„the charter covers only historical languages, that is to say languages
which have been spoken over a long period in the state in question“ (evro-
puli qartiis 31-e ganmarteba).
142
med saqarTveloSi isedac kargad daculi somxuris,
azerbaijanulisa Tu rusulisaTvis e.w. regionuli
enis statusis miniWebis mosurneTa motivacia (aseve,
saqarTvelos federaciuli Tu konfederaciuli
mowyobis moTxovnis motivaciac), ramdenadac, ruse-
Ti evrosabWos „umciresobis enebis qartiis samdiv-
nos“ gamoyenebiT cdilobs, metad keTilSobiluri
„evropuli qartia“ aqcios mis mier warmoebuli hib-
riduli omis mZlavr iaraRad; kerZod:
saqarTveloSi „enis qartiis“ ratificirebis doku-
mentisaTvis umciresobis enebis CamonaTvalSi azer-
baijanulisa da somxuris Seyvanac uSualo kavSirSia
ruseTis geopolitikur interesTan.

davakonkreteb:
erTi mxriv, ruseTs surs, srulad akontrolos sa-
qarTvelos sazRvao akvatoria;
meore mxriv, cdilobs, usafrTxo saxmeleTo kavSiri
hqondes somxeT-TurqeTis sazRvarze arsebul gium-
ris 102-e rusul samxedro bazasTan (romelsac ru-
seT-somxeTis 2010 wlis xelSekrulebiT, 2044 wlamde
gaugrZelda arsebobis vada)169.
ruseTs orive miznis miRwevis SesaZlebloba gaez-
rdeba saqarTvelos regionalizaciis SemTxvevaSi;
Sdr., saqarTvelosTvisac saxifaTo giumris bazis
mdebareoba:

169
msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r.
Serozia, „evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis ene-
bis Sesaxeb“ da saqarTvelo“, quTaisi, 2010; T. Putkaradze,
E.Dadiani, R. Serozia „European Charter for Regional or Minority
Languages“ and Georgia“, Kutaisi, 2010;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-
Revaz-Seroozia-2010
143
meore TavSi gaanalizebul gamowvevasTan dakavSire-
biT, Cveni msjeloba rekomendaciebis saxiT ase SeiZ-
leba Sejamdes:

a) xelisuflebis Sesabamisi samsaxuri unda gaTavi-

sufldes fsevdoliberali Tu saqarTvelos enobri-
vi istoriis armcodne pirebis gavlenebisagan. saqar-
Tvelos xelisuflebam qarTvelologi eqspertebis
daxmarebiT unda SeimuSavos swori strategia enob-
rivi politikis mimarTulebiT; paralelurad, gam-
Wvirvale kriteriumebis safuZvelze unda gaakeTos
„regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli
qartiis“ ratifikaciis dokumentis enaTa CamonaTva-
li. „evropuli qartiis“ ratifikacia unda moxdes
saqarTvelos deokupaciis Semdeg.

Bb) xelisuflebam oficialuri gamoyenebisaTvis unda

uzrunvelyos qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemaTa kva-
lifikaciis Sesaxeb konsensusi, romelis Sesabamisi
Tvalsazrisi gavrceldeba saerTaSoriso sivrceSic,
aseve, damkvidrdeba skolis dawyebiT, sabazo Tu
saSualo safexurze. oficialurma Tvalsazrisma ar
unda SezRudos gansxvavebuli midgomis mqone mecni-
erTa akademiuri Tavisufleba.
144
 III Tavi
terminologiuri diversiebi

mocemuli movlenis saxeldebis motivacia, rogorc

wesi, asaxavs am movlenis arss. araiSviaTad, dainte-
resebuli mxare gaazrebulad iyenebs araadekvatur
termins, an romelime sazeimo/samgloviaro dRes ise
arqmevs saxels, rom SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mocemuli
sazogadoeba.
samwuxarod, 2008 wlis Semdegac ki saqarTvelos xe-
lisuflebam ver SeZlo rusuli imperiuli enaTmec-
nierul-eTnologiuri „naRmebis“ ganeitraleba, maT
Soris, ver daabalansa sainformacio omSi farTod
gamoyenebuli terminebi, romlebic Seqmnilia rusu-
li enobrivi politikis konteqstSi; kerZod, dRevan-
deli saqarTvelos saxelisuflebo Tu samecniero
elitis metyvelebaSi farTodaa gamoyenebuli qar-
Tveli erisa da saqarTvelos dezintegraciis xel-
Semwyobi terminologia; mag., politikuri liderebi-
sa Tu saerTaSoriso dokumentebis teqstebSi xSira-
daa gamoyenebuli araadekvaturi terminologiuri
Sesityvebebi:
- qarTul-osuri dapirispireba;
- afxazi separatisti; osi separatisti...
- imereli mwerali; kaxeli Jurnalisti; svani
kriminali170...
- SavSeTis/arTvinis qarTuli diaspora;
- samxreTi oseTi;
- zemo afxazeTi;
- saqarTvelos regionebi171 da mravali sxva.

170
msjelobisaTvis ix. T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sa-
kiTxi qarTvelologiaSi 2006, Ggv. 146.
145
farTo sazogadoebis dezorientirebas iwvevs sad-
Resaswaulo Tu samgloviaro dReebis araswori sa-
xeldeba, kerZod: damarcxebis dRis „gamarjvebis
dRed“ gamocxadeba, antierovnuli partiis mier sa-
xelad „erovnulis“ darqmeva, antierovnuli proeq-
tis saxelad erovnuli gmiris, mag. ilia WavWavaZis
saxeliT SefuTva, eris damanawevrebeli gazeTis sa-
xelad „naTelis“ (/„noTe“), an „iloris“ SerCeva da
sxv. qvemoT ganvixilav araadekvaturi saxeldebis
ramdenime SemTxvevas.

3.1. separatisti Tu kolaboracionisti?

terminologiuri Sesityveba: „qarTul-afxazuri eT-

nokonfliqti“ msmenelsa Tu mkiTxvels avaraudebi-
nebs, rom saqarTveloSi arsebobs qarTvelTa da af-
xazTa dapirispireba. realoba ki aseTi ar aris:
XIX-XXI saukuneebSi jer e.w. muhajirobiT, Semdeg
bolSevikTa represiebiT, bolos ki ruseT-saqarTve-
los 1992-2008 wlebis omiT ruseTma ganaxorciela
qarTvelTa da antirusulad ganwyobil afxazTa ge-
nocidi saqarTvelos istoriul kuTxeSi – afxazeT-
Si. aq jer xelovnur sazRvrebSi Seqmna afxazeTis
sabWoTa avtonomiuri respublika; axla cdilobs, es
procesi daasrulos sateliti „saxelmwifos“ war-
moqmniT, romelSic afxazeTidan gamodevnili Ziri-
Tadi mosaxleobis – ZirZveli qarTvelebis (/afxaze-
bis), aseve, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos erTguli afxa-
zebis (TviTsaxelwodebiT: afsuebis) nacvlad, ic-
xovreben prorusulad ganwyobili afxazebi (didi

171
Sdr. Tina xidaSeli: „Cveni arCevani aris regionuli pro-
porciuli sistema“ http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/politika/323420-
thina-khidasheli-chveni-archevani-aris-regionuli-proporciuli-
sistema.html?ar=A (damowmeba: 22.05.2018)
146
nawili warmoSobiT eTnikuri qarTvelia!), rusebis
zewolas iZulebiT daqvemdebarebuli Tu rusebis
mxares gadasuli qarTvelebi, migranti somxebi da
axalCamosaxlebuli rusebi... Sesabamisad, ruseT-sa-
qarTvelos bolo omebis (1992-93, 2008 wlebi) Semdeg
afxazeTSi mimdinareobs ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
nawilis aneqsiis procesi.
arc adre da arc axla afxazeTis teritoriaze domi-
nanturi ar aris qarTul-afxazuri eTnokonfliqti:
soxumis saokupacio reJimis mxardamWerTa Soris
qarTvelebic arian da piriqiT: saqarTvelos xeli-
suflebis wevrebi arian eTnikuri afxazebic. afxa-
zeTSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omis eTnokonfliqtad
saxeldeba mxolod ruseTs aZlevs xels; kerZod:
faqtebis arsis gayalbebiTa da araadekvaturi ter-
minologiuri SefasebiT ruseTi cdilobs, daarwmu-
nos mTeli msoflio, rom saqarTvelom daipyro af-
xazeTi, rom saqarTvelo dasaSleli „mcire imperi-
aa“, rom agresori qarTvelebi „Cagraven“ „ganuviTa-
rebel“ sxva „eTnikur jgufebs“... xolo „ruseTi aris
kavkasiaSi mSvidobismyofeli“, „ruseTi icavs afxazi
eris interesebs“ da a.S. mniSvnelovania, rom am
ideologizebuli zRapris ukve aRar sjera soxumis
reJimis warmomadgenelTa did nawilsac ki.
saqarTveloSi ar gvaqvs qarTul-afxazuri da qar-
Tul-osuri eTnokonfliqtebi; mag., saqarTvelos
araokupirebul teritoriaze (TbilisSi, zugdidSi,
baTumSi...) mSvidad cxovroben eTnikuri osebic da
afxazebic. okupirebul mxareebSi ki ruseTis saoku-
pacio administraciasTan zogi qarTvelic ki Tanam-
Sromlobs, maSin roca ruseTi saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobas angrevs da cdilobs Tavisi agresia kav-
kasielTa Sida eTnokonfliqtad monaTlos.
rac Seexeba separatistobas: zogadad Tu vityviT,
separatistia is, visac surs mocemuli saxelmwifo-
147
sagan gamoyos Tavisi mxare (regioni, kuTxe) da miaR-
wios damoukideblobas centraluri xelisuflebi-
sagan (ix., mag. kataloniis liderTa survili); Sdr.:
okupirebul afxazeTsa da cxinvalis mxareSi de faq-
to arsebuli saokupacio administraciebi yvela-
fers kadruloben, rom am teritoriebs ruseTi dae-
uflos; Sesabamisad, iq mcxovrebi prorusi afxazebi,
prorusi osebi, prorusi qarTvelebi Tu prorusi
somxebi arian kolaboracionistebi da ara – separa-
tistebi. swored kolaboracionistebis daxmarebiT
cdilobs kremli, miierTos geopolitikurad mniS-
vnelovani saqarTvelos teritoria – odiTganve qar-
Tveli eris kuTvnili miwa-wyali, zogadad, samuda-
mod daeuflos kavkasias.
xSirad gamoyenebuli terminebi rom did zemoqmede-
bas axdens pirovnebis ganwyobis Camoyalibebaze,
udavo faqtia. e.w. terminologiuri diversiebi me-
tad aqtualuria amJamindeli sainformacio omebis
pirobebSi; Sesabamisad, prorusul ideologiur dis-
kursSi Seqmnili terminologiuri Sesityvebebi ar
unda gamoiyenos samarTlianma pirovnebam; miT ume-
tes, saqarTvelos interesebis damcvelma politi-
kurma speqtrma da obieqturma masmediam.
terminologiuri diversiebis rangSia gansaxilveli
iseTi enobrivi kvalifikaciebi, romlebic farTo sa-
zogadoebis cnobierebaSi anawevrebs qarTvel ers.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs bolo periodSi masmediis mier
xSirad gamoyenebuli gamoTqmebi:
✓ imereli mwerali;
✓ svani poeti...
marTebuli terminologiuri Sesityvebebia:
➢ qarTveli mwerali;
➢ qarTveli Jurnalisti;
➢ kriminali (kriminals erovneba ara aqvs)...

148
Sdr., aseve, sworia: kaxuri Rvino, aWaruli cekva,
svanuri marili, megruli sacivi, imeruli xaWapuri,
TuSuri yveli...
3.2. 9 aprili – damoukideblobis aRdgenis
dRe Tu glovis dRe?

9 aprili aris saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aR-

dgenis dRe. moqmedi konstituciiT, saqarTvelo da-
moukidebelia 1991 wlis 9 aprilis „damoukideblo-
bis aRdgenis aqtis“ safuZvelze. 1989 wlis 9 aprils
ki saqarTvelos erovnulma moZraobam zneobrivi ga-
marjveba moipova ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg brZo-
laSi. es iyo didgoris omis tolfasi gamarjveba.
swored 9 aprilis gamarjvebam gansazRvra 1990 wlis
28 oqtombris mravalpartiul arCevnebSi komuniste-
bis damarcxeba da 1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis (eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad)
erTsulovani gadawyvetileba – saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobis aRdgena.
saqarTveloSi 1992 wlis putCis172 Semdeg arsebuli

172
1989 wlis 2 dekembers maltaSi amerika-sabWoTa kavSiris
molaparakebiT (buSi, beikeri; gorbaCovi, SevardnaZe) gadaw-
yda, rom sabWoTa imperia uars ityoda baltiis qveynebze (da-
savleTs isini aRiarebuli ar hqonda ssr kavSiris nawilad)
da jarebs gaiyvanda aRmosavleT evropidan. ruseTis gაvle-
nis velSi daტოვეს kavkasia, Sua aziis respublikebi da ukrai-
na-belorusia-moldova. 1991 w. 31 martis referendumis
სafuZvelze saqarTvelom damoukideblobis aRdgena gamoac-
xada (09.04.1991 w.) da ruseTis jars okupantis statusi miani-
Wa. 1992-95 wlebSi ruseTma samxedro ZaliT daamxo kavkasiis
im saxelmwifoebis (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, iCqeria) xeli-
suflebebi, romelTac damoukidebloba gamoacxades: saqar-
TveloSi – prezident zviad gamsaxurdias kanonieri xeli-
sufleba. garkveuli Zalebi dRemde Cqmalaven am Zaladobri-
149
xelisuflebebi 9 aprils glovis dRed aRiniSnavs. 9
aprilis glovis dRed gamocxadeba Seuracxyofs da-
moukideblobisaTvis mebrZol gmirTa sulebs; rac
mTavaria, aseTi kvalifikacia ukana planze ayenebs 9
aprilis gmirTa gaazrebul Tavganwirvas samSoblo-
saTvis da 9 aprils damoukideblobis aRdgenis um-
niDSvnelovanes faqts. 9 aprili oficialurad unda
gamocxaddes saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdge-
nis dRed. am sazeimo dRes pativi unda mivagoT brZo-
laSi daRupul gmirebs (da ara – tragediis
msxverplT).
A
aqve ganvixilav 25 Tebervlisa da 7 martis aramarTe-
bul kvalifikaciebs:
samarTliani ar iyo da, amave dros, saTanado infor-
maciis armqoneTaTvis dRemde madezorientirebelia
ruseTis komunisturi imperiis mier 25 Tebervlis
saxeldeba „saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis dRed“ da
TurqeTis xelisuflebis mier 7 martis gamocxadeba
„arTvinis ganTavisuflebis“ dRed.
Sdr.:
maSin roca saqarTvelos kanonieri mTavroba jer ki-
dev saqarTvelos teritoriaze imyofeboda (1921
wlis Teberval-marti), lenin-stalinis bolSevikur-
ma xelisuflebam da aTaTurqis revoluciurma mTav-
robam moskovSi daasrules ramdenimeTviani molapa-
rakeba da saqarTvelos nebis winaaRmdeg gadainawi-

vi movlenis arss da saqarTveloSi kremlis organizebiT gan-

xorcielebul putCs e.w. „samoqalaqo omad“ naTlaven (doku-
menturi masalisa da msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, „raca
RmerTsa ara swaddes“, anu mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb;
kreb. „afsirtedan gamsaxurdiamde“, Tb., 1999, gv. 61-68).
150
les saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis teri-
toria: ruseTma TurqeTs dauTmo saqarTvelos nawi-
li - „samuslimano saqarTvelos“ naxevarze meti – ar-
Tvinisa da artaanis olqebi (romlebic osmaleTis
imperias okupirebuli hqonda XVII saukunidan 1878
wlamde); strategiuli baTumis olqi (maWaxelas xeo-
bis nawilis gamoklebiT) ki Tavad daitova da, amave
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, Seqmna ukanono saxel-
mwifoebrivi warmonaqmni – aWaris avtonomiuri res-
publika (qarTvelTa avtonomia saqarTveloSi sic!)...
1921 wlis 25 Tebervals bolSevikuri ruseTis armiam
aiRo saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. paralelurad, mos-
kovis garigebiT gaTamamebulma osmaleTis revolu-
ciurma xelisuflebam ruseTTan omSi Cabmuli saqar-
Tvelos mTavroba 1921 wlis 23 Tebervals aiZula,
jari gaeyvana artaanisa da arTvinis olqebidan (am
dros istoriuli samxreTi saqarTvelos am nawilSi
ar idga arc ruseTis da arc inglisis samxedro Sena-
erTebi; teritorias akontrolebda mxolod saqar-
Tvelos jari)173. uSualod arTvinSi Turqebi Sevid-
nen 1921 wlis 7 marts. Sdr.: 1918-21 wlebis saqarTve-

173
1921 wlis 21 da 23 Tebervals ankaris mTavrobam ori nota
gadasca ruseTTan omSi Cabmul saqarTvelos xelisuflebas:
omis muqariT moiTxova saqarTvelos jaris gayvana aArtaanisa
da arTvinis olqebidan (r. yavreliSvili, TurqeTis mTavro-
bis ori nota, saistorio krebuli: „mesxeTi“, VI-VII, Tbilisi-
axalcixe, 2005. statiaSi gaanalizebulia profesorebis: su-
lahTin Tansulisa da adil ozderis mier gamoqveynebuli
dokumentebi; ix., aseve: mixeil svaniZe, TurqeTis istoria
1923-2000 ww/ (respublikis periodi), III t., Tbilisi, 2005, gv.
43). notebSi naxsenebi araa baTumi, romelic, moskovis gari-
gebis mixedviT, sabWoTa ruseTs unda darCenoda porto-
frankos statusiT.
151
los demokratiuli respublika daaxloebiT aseT
sazRvrebSi iyo174:

politikuri cinizmi:
komunistebi dapyrobili saqarTvelos mosaxleobas
25 Tebervals azeimebdnen, rogorc saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebis dRes. saqarTvelos respublikis
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg (09.04.1991) 25 Te-
bervali, realuri istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-
xeldebulia, rogorc ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
okupaciisa da aneqsiis dRe.
Aanalogiuri viTarebaa TurqeTSi, sadac dRemde 7
marti aRiniSneba mtrisagan arTvinis ganTavisufle-
bis dRed. aAm dRes TurqeTis xelisufleba marTavs
zeims mTeli TurqeTis masStabiT (gansakuTrebiT, im
qalaqebSi, sadac eTnikuri qarTvelebi cxovro-
ben)175. Aarada, realurad, 7 marts osmaleTma/TurqeT-

174
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1921-25-130516225153-phpapp01-
130517075310-phpapp02/95/1921-25-27-638.jpg?cb=1384935435 (damowmeba:
15.01.2019).
175
dokumenturi masala: http://www.08olay.com/7-mart-artvinin-
dusman-isgalinden-kurtulusun-hikayesi.html (damowmeba: 08.01.2019);
152
ma saqarTvelos meored waarTva saqarTvelos isto-
riuli teritoria – arTvinis olqi (tao-klarjeTis
didi nawili).
1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenis gamocxadebis Semdeg mTelma msofliom sa-
qarTvelo cno im sazRvrebSi, romlebic saqarTve-
los hqonda 1991 wlis mdgomareobiT; saqarTvelosa
da TurqeTs Sorisac daido megobrobis xelSekru-
leba; Sesabamisad, dRes TurqeTTan teritoriuli
pretenziebis wamoyeneba ver gamarTldeba saerTaSo-
riso samarTlis mixedviT; Tumca, verc imas moviwo-
nebT, rom 7 marts TurqeTi aRniSnavs “mtrisagan ar-
Tvinis ganTavisuflebis” dRed.

3.3. 26 maisi – saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRe Tu

saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis
gamocxadebis dRe?

msoflioSi arsebul bevr saxelmwifos aqvs erovnu-

li dResaswauli – damoukideblobis dRe. damouki-
deblobis dRed saxeldebis samgvari motivacia
gvaqvs:
o saxelmwifos dafuZnebis dRe; mag., aSS dafuZnda
1776 wlis 4 ivliss; Sesabamisad, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi 4 ivliss zeimoben saxelmwifos damouki-
deblobis dRes.
o damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRe; mag., saberZneTi-
saTvis 25.03.1821: osmaleTisagan ganTavisuflebis
dRe.
o qveynis romelime gamorCeuli TariRi; mag., saf-
rangeTSi 14. 07.1789 – bastiliis aRebis dRe.

https://www.facebook.com/erolalkan.vaketli/posts/10156267634799170
(damowmeba: 08.01.2019).
153
qarTvelTa saxelmwifo pirvelad dafuZnda aietis
dros – Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodSi; aRorZinda
23 saukunis win. dafuZnebis dRe aravis axsovs. dam-
pyroblebTan brZolis procesSi saqarTvelom (Tu
Zv. qarTlis saxelmwifom) kidev ramdenjerme dakar-
ga damoukidebloba; erTiani saqarTvelo (qarTli)
ramdenjerme danawevrda patar-patara „saqarTvelo-
ebadac” (qarTul samefoebad). Sesabamisad, ramden-
jerme aRdga erTiani saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.
gGasul saukuneSi saqarTvelos damoukidebloba pir-
veli demokratiuli respublikis saxiT aRdga 200-
wliani rusuli okupaciis Semdeg –1918 wlis 26 maiss.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis Semdeg saqarTvelom isev da-
karga damoukidebloba. bolos saqarTvelos damou-
kidebloba aRdga 1991 wlis 9 aprils. Ggamomdinare
aqedan, 26 maisi unda vizeimoT, rogorc pirveli res-
publikis dafuZnebis dRe.

3.4. 14 aprili – dedaenis dRe

Tu saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe?

1978 wlis 14 aprils saqarTvelos rCeulma sazoga-

doebam daicva saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo enis
statusi; maleve, sabWoTa xelisuflebam es dRe ga-
moacxada „dedaenis dRed“.
qarTvelobis garda, saqarTveloSi ramdenime eTni-
kuri jgufi cxovrobs, romelTa dedaena aris sxva
ena (afxazuri, somxuri, rusuli, azerbaijanuli...);
Sesabamisad, gabundovanda 14 aprilis movlenis arsi
– 14 aprili – saxelmwifo enis dacvis dRe.
14 aprili Tavidanve saxelmwifo enis dRed rom ga-
mocxadebuliyo, saqarTveloSi xeli Seewyoboda mo-
154
saxleobis konsolidacias da ara – dezintegraciul
procesebs (mag., afxazeTSi).
momavalSi mainc saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqem, eTni-
kuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, 14 aprili unda ize-
imos, rogorc Tavisi saxelmwifo enis dRe.
Sdr.:
yvela eTnikur umciresobas sxva dRe aqvs (an unda
hqondes) Tavisi dedaenis dRis aRsaniSnavad; 14 apri-
li ki saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa konsolidaciis dRe
unda iyos, dRe, rodesac saqarTvelos yvela moqala-
qe sxvadasxva RonisZiebiT aRniSnavs saxelmwifo enis
dRes.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos xelisufleba 14 aprils
jer kidev sabWouri kvalifikaciiT aRniSnavs: 14 ap-
rili oficialurad aRiniSneba „dedaenis dRed“; am-
gvari kvalifikacia dResac xels uwyobs saqarTve-
los moqalaqeTa dezintegracias.
xelisuflebam droulad unda miiRos samarTlebri-
vi dokumenti, romlis mixedviTac 14 aprili gamoc-
xaddeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRed. 14 apri-
li saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqem (eTnikuri warmo-
mavlobis miuxedavad) erTnairad unda izeimos, ro-
gorc Tavisi saxelmwifos saxelmwifo enis dRe.

3.5. tao-klarjeTSi avtoqToni qarTvelobaa

Tu qarTuli diaspora?

saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs miRma mcxovrebi

yvela qarTvelis aRsaniSnavad Cveni xelisuflebis
oficialuri struqturebis mier gamoiyeneba termi-
ni: „diaspora“.

155
SavSeTSi, arTvinSi, rizesa Tu iusufelSi mcxovrebi
qarTvelebi sakuTar miwa-wyalze cxovroben da, Sesa-
bamisad, diasporad ar unda movixsenioT: sakuTar is-
toriul miwaze mcxovrebi avtoqToni qarTvelebi,
romlebic politikuri kataklizmebis gamo aRmoC-
ndnen sxva saxelmwifos (TurqeTisa Tu azerbaijan-
is) SemadgenlobaSi, istoriul eTnikur umciresobas
warmoadgenen da ara diasporas.
Ddiaspora ori saxisaa:
- istoriuli diaspora;
- axali diaspora.
sxva saxelmwifoebSi istoriul diasporad SeiZleba
miviCnioT fereidneli qarTvelebi (iranSi) da muha-
jiri qarTvelebis STamomavlebi (TurqeTSi), romel-
Ta winaprebi iZulebiT gadaasaxles agresorebma.
sxva saxelmwifoebSi axal diasporebad unda miviCni-
oT bolo aTwleulebSi saqarTvelodan wasuli sa-
qarTvelos moqalaqeebi.

3.6. saqarTvelos regionebi Tu

saqarTvelos kuTxeebi?

politikuri speqtris warmomadgenlebi bolo peri-

odSi aqtiurad iyeneben termins: „regioni“; Sdr., xe-
lisuflebis sloganic: „Zlieri regioni Zlieri sa-
qarTvelosaTvis“. „regioni“ niSnavs avtonomiur
warmonaqmns an ramdenime saxelmwifos momcvel de-
damiwis geografiul monakveTs (kavkasia, wina azia…...).
termin „regions“ zogi SeiZleba inerciiT iyenebs,
magram garkveuli Zalebi bolo 20 wlis manZilze sa-
qarTvelos mxareebis aRsaniSnavad mizanmimarTulad
amkvidreben mas da e.w. regionuli TviTmmarTvelo-
156
bis damkvidrebiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cnobie-
rebaSi aaqtualureben federaciul mowyobas.
mZafri geopolitikuri riskebis Semcvel kavkasiis
regionSi saqarTvelos kuTxeebis /the corner (area)/ aR-
saniSnavad saxifaToa termin „regionis“ damkvidre-
ba; miT umetes, mcire teritoriis mqone saqarTve-
los saxelmwifoSi sruliad zedmetia e.w. regionuli
TviTmmarTvelobis SemoReba Tu saqarTvelos par-
lamentSi „regionebis“ warmomadgenlebis arCeva176.
samagierod, aucilebelia, qalaqebis, municipalite-
tebis, soflebis TviTmmarTvelobebis gaZliereba.
swori saxelmwifoebrivi orientirebis gabundovne-
bis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, vfiqrob, aucilebelia:

176
saqarTvelos regionalizaciis konteqstSi sayuradReboa
somxeTis yofili prezidentis, სერჟ sarqisianis gancxadeba
https://www.kvirispalitra.ge/politic/403-somkhethis-prezidenti-
saqarthveloshi-somkhuri-enis-regionul-enad-gamockhadebas-ithkhovs.htm
(damowmeba: 28.12.19) da calkeuli somexi mecnieris, aseve,
zogi Turqi politikosisa Tu politizebuli jgufis
warmomadgenelTa gancxadebebi. maTi kritikuli
analizisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove
qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi/ saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg mimdinare sainformacio omis konteqsti/, goris
saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis humanitarul
mecnierebaTa fakultetis istoriisa da arqeologiis
centris SromaTa krebuli, XI, 2016 w., gv. 425-468. aqve
aRvniSnav, rom Cveni mizania mezobeli qveynebis
mecnierebTan erTad akademiuri /samecniero/
„ziarWurWlis“ Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobs kavkasiis
regionis mSvidobian ganviTarebas (am miznidan gamomdinare,
Cems sauniversiteto saganmanaTleblo programebSi
Setanilia mezobeli erebis enebis swavleba).

157
a) specialistebis monawileobiT xelisuflebam mka-
fiod gansazRvros politikur diskursSi gamosaye-
nebeli oficialuri terminologia;

b) saqarTvelos xelisuflebam droulad Camoayali-

bos erovnuli dResaswaulebis obieqturi kvalifi-
kaciebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs mosaxleobis kon-
solidacias.
IV Tavi
qarTuli enis teqnologizeba

4.1. avtomaturi akademiuri

Targmanis sakiTxi

Tanamedrove msoflioSi uaRresad aqtualuria aka-

demiuri avtomaturi Targmanis uzrunvelmyofi kom-
piuteruli programebis Seqmna. uaxloes periodSi
saqarTvelomac unda SeZlos, saxelmwifo enaze gana-
xorcielos akademiuri orenovani avtomaturi Tar-
gmani; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli ena dakar-
gavs kulturuli enis funqcias.
saamisod aucilebelia, qarTuli (qarTveluri) sam-
wignobro enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis erTiani
(/erTenovani) erovnuli korpusis Seqmna: „teqstebis
erovnuli korpusi“ sul mokle droSi yvela erisa
Tu saxelmwifos identobis ganmsazRvrelad iqceva.
qarTuli enis teqnologizebis mimarTulebiT gansa-
xorcielebelia sami ZiriTadi amocana:
- qarTuli gabmuli metyvelebis (da ara mxolod mar-
tivi winadadebis) qceva adekvatur nabeWd eleqtro-
nul teqstad;
- qarTuli nabeWdi eleqtronuli teqstis myisieri
Targmna ucxo enaze;
- Targmnili teqstis avtomaturi gaxmovaneba.

158
aseve, gansaxorcielebelia sapirispiro procesi:
- sxvaenovani nabeWdi eleqtronuli teqstis Targmna
qarTul enaze;
- Targmnili teqstis avtomaturi gaxmovaneba qar-
Tul enaze.
qarTuli ena aris aglutinaciuri ena, Sesabamisad, es
amocanebi ufro ganxorcieldeba hibriduli (da ara
– statikuri) meTodologiiT; Sesabamisad, aucile-
belia rogorc morfologiuri sinTezatori, aseve –
qarTulenovani teqstebis momcvelobiTi korpusi177.
enis teqnologizebis amocanebi sqemebis saxiT ase
gamoiyureba:

177
msjelobisaTvis ix. aseve: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelologiis
aqtualuri problemebi da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universite-
tis qarTvelologiis centris amocanebi; krebuli: „qarTve-
lologiis aqtualuri problemebi“, Tb., 2012, I, gv. 207-222.
159
qarTuli enis teqnologizeba da qarTuli enis, ro-
gorc kulturisa da ganaTlebis enis, SenarCuneba Se-
saZlebelia mxolod xelisuflebis mier qarTuli sa-
literaturo enis teqnologizebis sagangebo organi-
zebis – morfologiuri analizatorisa178 da erTeno-
vani teqstebis erovnuli korpusis Seqmnis – SemTxve-
vaSi (aucilebelia, xelisuflebam SeimuSaos konkre-
tuli gegma qarTuli enis teqnologizebisaTvis).

178
enis teqnologizebisa da internetis enis mimarTulebiT,
Cemi xelmZRvanelobiT damuSavda da muSavdeba ramdenime sa-
doqtoro disertacia: svetlana adamia, „orpirian da orva-
lentian zmnaTa sruli paradigma samwignobro enasa da qar-
Tvelur dialeqtebSi“, 2015 w.; xatia babunaSvili, „qarTule-
novani internetsivrce – problemebi da perspeqtivebi (sain-
formacio saagentoebis leqsika)“, 2016 w.; ana modebaZe, „qar-
Tuli enis saxelis formawarmoebis modelirebis principe-
bi“; lia oTinaSvili, „qarTul-inglisuri orenovani mTar-
gmneli programis resursebi (qarTuli enis erovnuli kor-
pusi da morfologiur-sintaqsuri analizatori)“; manana
xvingia, „rusul-qarTuli manqanuri Targmanis probleme-
bi“...
160
 4.2. erTenovani qarTuli teqstebis
erovnuli korpusi

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTve-

luri dialeqtologiis institutSi 1993 wlidan Cemi
xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobs qarTveluri dia-
leqturi (megruli, svanuri, taouri, raWuli, imeru-
li...) da zepiri teqstebis moZieba qarTveluri teq-
stebis erTenovani erovnuli korpusis Sesaqmnelad.
Cveneuli erTenovani korpusis koncefciis mixed-
viT, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro warmodgenilia
qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro eniTa da aTeu-
lobiT qarTveluri dialeqtiT. avtomaturi Targma-
nis dagegmvis TvalsazrisiT, pirveli rigis amocanaa
samwignobro enis werilobiTi da zepiri teqstebis
erovnuli korpusis Seqmna.
arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutSi
ramdenime wlis win Seiqmna proeqti: „saqarTvelos
lingvisturi portreti“, romlis avtorTa (m. beriZe
da sxv.) mixedviT, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro „war-
modgenilia sami qarTveluri eniTa (qarTuli, svanuri,
zanuri) da maTi mravalricxovani dialeqtebiT“179.
Sdr., aseve:
frankfurtis universitetisa da iliaunis profeso-
rebis (i. giperti, m. TandaSvili, n. doborjginiZe...)
monawileobiT, aseve, dawyebulia qarTuli enis naci-
onaluri korpusis Seqmna; maT koncefciaSi qarTve-
luri enobrivi samyaro warmodgenilia oTxi qarTve-
luri eniT: qarTuliT, svanuriT, lazuriTa da meg-
ruliT180.

179
ix.: http://www.mygeorgia.ge/gdc/About.aspx http://radio1.ge/media-
view/11180 – me-20 wuTidan (damowmeba: 05.05.2018).
180
http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/ssgg/ssgg01.htm#gProjekt;
ix. aseve:
161
Tuki saxelmwifos mier moxdeba arsebuli resurse-
bis mobilizeba qarTuli enis teqnologizebisaTvis
da momzaddeba qarTuli enis teqstebis erTenovani
erovnuli korpusi (romelSic Seva zanur-svanuri ma-
salac), cifruli teqnologiebis epoqaSic qarTuli
ena SeinarCunebs rogorc qarTvelTa makonsolide-
bel, aseve, kulturisa da ganaTlebis enis funqcias.
sami an oTxi qarTveluri „enis“ teqstebis korpusze
orientireba ki XXI saukuneSi ganaxorcielebs ruse-
Tis imperiis gegmas – sabolood daanawevrebs qar-
TvelTa enobriv-eTnikur erTobas da istoriul de-
daenas – qarTul (qarTvelur) samwignobro enas –ga-
uucxoebs qarTvelTa mesameds181.

arsebuli realobidan gamosavali:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rLGJre602doVvkprGLk5KUU7G3X
mgKrS2Cjhejbd2f0/edit?hl=en_US. ix. aqve: rusTavelis fondis
dafinansebiT ukve ganxorcielda proeqti: „megruli teq-
stebis eleqtronuli korpusi“ – granti – № A – 43-09 (damow-
meba: 05.05.2018).
181
msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelologiis aqtu-
aluri problemebi da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida an-
dria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis
qarTvelologiis centris amocanebi; krebuli: „qarTvelo-
logiis aqtualuri problemebi“, Tb., 2012, I, gv. 207-222; mox-
senebad wakiTxul iqna saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida an-
dria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis
qarTvelologiis centris II konferenciaze; konferenciis
Tema: „qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi“, 25-26 noem-
beri, 2011 weli; t. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis teqnologizeba
/pirveli rigis gadaudebeli amocanebi/; qarTvelologiis
aqtualuri problemebi, 2013, II, gv. 15-24.
162
a) xelisuflebis mier qarTuli enis teqnologizebi-
saTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli inteleqtualuri
resursebis konsolidacia;

b) xelisuflebis mier qarTuli enis teqnologizebis

dafinanseba specialuri proeqtis farglebSi;

g) xelisuflebis organizebiT, qarTuli enis teq-

stebis erTenovani erovnuli korpusis Seqmna (ro-
melSic Seva zanur-svanuri masalac).

163
 V Tavi
qarTvelTa enobrivi memkvidreobis
dacvis perspeqtiva

5.1. qarTuli enis prestiJi

saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fo ena aris qarTuli ena, afxazeTis teritoriaze ki –
afxazuri enac. xelisuflebis didi Zalisxmevis Sem-
TxvevaSic ki saqarTvelos teritoriaze saxelmwifo
enebis statusis srulad dacva SeuZlebelia saqarTve-
los ori mxaris – afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mxaris – de-
okupaciamde da samxreT saqarTveloSi kompaqturad
mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis mier saxelmwifo
enis – qarTuli enis – dauflebamde.
arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirvel rigSi,
aucilebelia da SesaZlebelicaa, saqarTvelos ganaT-
lebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa da sportis saminis-
tros mier gadaisinjos Cveni umciresobebisaTvis qar-
Tuli enis swavlebis proeqt(eb)is arsebuli saxelebi:
- „qarTuli ena, rogorc meore ena“,
- „qarTuli ena momavali warmatebisTvis“;
umjobesia aseTi kvalifikacia: proeqti: „qarTuli
enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, swavleba“; aseTi saxe-
lis SemTxvevaSi aiweva qarTulis, rogorc saqarTve-
los saxelmwifo enis, prestiJi.

aseve, pirveli rigis amocanaa, momzaddes qarTuli

enis struqturaze orientirebuli saxelmZRvaneloe-
bi A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 da C2 doneebis mixedviT182.

182
A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2 doneebis mixedviT saxelmZRvaneloe-
bis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT, gadadgmulia mxolod pirveli na-
bijebi; ix., mag., prof. marika oZelisa da prof. kaxa gabunias
xelmZRvanelobiT momzadebuli „qarTuli enis flobis zo-
164
zogadad, aucilebelia qarTuli da afxazuri enebis,
aseve, osuri enis swavlebis meti koordinacia183.

Tanamedrove globaluri samyaro safrTxes uqmnis

ara mxolod umwerlobo idiomebs (enebs, dialeq-
tebs), aramed didi tradiciis mqone samwignobro
enebsac ki; Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos strategiul
amocanad unda iqces qarTuli (/qarTveluri) da af-
xazuri enebis dialeqtebis – saxelmwifo enebis zepi-
ri saxesxvaobebis – SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli
RonisZiebebis koordinireba.
sxva proeqtebis paralelurad, saxelmwifo Tu ker-
Zo fondebma unda daafinanson im mecnierTa proeq-
tebi, romelTa mizania didi qarTveluri memkvidre-
obis – svanuri, megruli, lazuri, taouri, imerxeu-
li, maWaxluri, xevsuruli, fereidnuli, ingilouri,
wovaTuSuri, CaRmaTuSuri, fSauri, moxeuri, raWu-
li, aWaruli, mesxuri, guruli, qarTluri, kaxuri da
sxva qarTveluri zepiri saxesxvaobebis – Seswavla.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im dialeq-
tebs, romelTac gaqrobis safrTxe emuqrebaT iran-
Si, Sua TurqeTSi, ruseTis federaciasa da dRes
TurqeTSi Semavali istoriuli saqarTvelos teri-
toriaze (lazeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi); aseve, auci-
lebelia, samecniero kvleva-Ziebis Catareba lore-
taSiris mxareSi, sadac dRemdea SemorCenili qarTu-
li enis kvali; gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad unda

gadi standarti“, romelic cota xnis win daamtkica saqar-

Tvelos enis departamentis eqspertTa komisiam.
183
am TvalsazrisiT bevri ram keTdeba saqarTvelos sapatri-
arqos andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTul univer-
sitetSi, sadac enaTmecnierebis mimarTulebiT samagistro
programaSi gaTvaliswinebulia afxazuri da osuri enebis,
aseve, somxuri, Turquli da sparsuli enebis oTxsemestria-
ni saswavlo kursebi.
165
iqces saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs miRma
mcxovreb qarTvelTa dedaenobrivi identobis ga-
darCena.
paralelurad, „qarTuli enis“ saxelmZRvanelos da-
matebis saxiT, skolaSi unda Sevides damxmare saxel-
mZRvanelo: „qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaro“, romelic
xels Seuwyobs qarTvelTa zepiri metyvelebebis
(/dialeqtebis) gadarCenas; kerZod, misi mizani iqne-
ba, skolis moswavleebs gaaazrebinos:
- qarTuli enis – dedaenis – gavrcelebis Tanamedro-
ve realuri sazRvrebi;
- qarTvelTa enobrivi identoba;
- qarTveluri dialeqturi leqsikiT qarTvelTa
(qarTveluri) samwignobro enis gamdidrebis per-
speqtiva;
- saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis metyvelebis, rogorc
qarTvelTa kulturuli memkvidreobis, maRali Ri-
rebuleba.

5.2. qarTveluri enobrivi memkvidreoba da

„sisxliT daculi anbani“

qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro, mravalsaukunovani

qarTuli samwignobro enis garda, moicavs ocamde
zepir qarTvelur qvesistemas (/qarTvelur dia-
leqts). D
qarTvelTa didi ganZia, aseve, rogorc didebuli po-
eti muxran maWavariani wers, „sisxliT daculi anba-
ni“. qarTuli anbani istoriuli enobriv-eTnikuri
meobis umTavresi markeria, gansakuTrebiT, saqar-
Tvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs miRma mcxovrebi qar-
TvelebisaTvis; Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos xelisuf-
lebas seriozuli proeqtebi aqvs gansaxorcielebe-
li sxva saxelmwifo enis velSi moxvedrili daaxloe-
biT, 4 000 000 qarTvelis dedaenobrivi meobis gada-
166
sarCenad. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia qarTuli enis
bunebaze orientirebuli qarTuli enis Semswavleli
Tanamedrove saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna.
aseve, aucilebelia qarTveluri zepiri metyvelebe-
bis SenarCunebisaTvis sagangebo zrunva; am mimarTu-
lebiT, me da Cemma kolegebma ori aTeuli wlis win
SevimuSaveT strategia da gvaqvs konkretuli Sede-
gebic; kerZod:

a) 1995 wlidan dRemde samegreloSi, svaneTSi, la-

zeTsa da istoriuli Tu amJamindeli saqarTvelos
sxva kuTxeebSi akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis finansuri mxardaWeriT mimdinareobs adgi-
lobrivi metyvelebis teqstebisa da leqsikis Cawera,
dokumentireba, kvleva; Cawerili gvaqvs didZali ma-
sala (proeqtis xelmZRvanelebi: t. futkaraZe, e. da-
diani); msgavs aqtivobebs axorcielebs wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universite-
tis qarTvelologiis centric.

b) Cemi xelmZRvanelobiT momzadda aTze meti sadoq-

toro disertacia romelTa, Tematika moicavs saf-
rTxis qveS myof qarTvelur qvesistemebs; kerZod:
eka dadiani, „kavSirebiTis nakvTebi megrulSi (sxva
qarTvelur qvesistemebTan mimarTebiT)“, 2001 w.,
Sifri: 10.02.08. (TanaxelmZRvaneli: r.Serozia);
sofio tyeSelaSvili, „TanxmovanTkompleqsTa tran-
sformaciisaTvis qarTuli enis fereidnul dia-
leqtSi“, 2006 w., Sifri: 10.02.01;
mixeil labaZe – „murRulis xeobaSi mcxovreb avtoq-
Ton qarTvelTa – lazTa da livanelTa – metyvelebis
Taviseburebani“ (sametyvelo kodTa Serevis sakiTxe-
bi“, 2013; Sifri: 1005;

167
svetlana adamia – „orpirian da orvalentian zmnaTa
sruli paradigma samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur
dialeqtebSi“, 2015; Sifri: 1005;
xatia jangavaZe – „qarTuli enis taouri da imerxeu-
li dialeqtebis fonemaTa sintagmaturi analizi“,
2015; Sifri: 1005;
iaSa Tandilava – „saerTo qarTveluri zmnuri Zirebi
lazurSi“, 2015; Sifri: 1005;
eka Wkuaseli – „qarTuli religiuri wes-Cveulebebi
da saritualo leqsika (svaneTisa da samegrelos eT-
nografiuli masalis mixedviT)“, 2015; TanaxelmZRva-
neli: r. gujejiani; Sifri: 1006;
marika TedoraZe, „enisa da kilos gammijnavi kriteriu-
mebi (aswlovani diskusia qarTveluri idiomebis kvali-
fikaciis gamo)“, 2018 w.; Sifri: 1005;
neriman albairaqi – „iusufelis mxaris hidronimia
da toponimia“; 2018; Sifri: 1005;
keso gejua – „megruli sityva-formebi da qarTvel-
Ta samwignobro enis leqsikuri fondi“;
fevzi Celebi – „duzjeSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa met-
yvelebis Taviseburebani“, 2018; Sifri: 1005184;
qeTevan gurCiani – „TurmeobiTis mwkrivTa warmoeba
svanur kiloebSi (dialeqtur monacemTa Sepirispi-
rebiTi analizi) “, 2018; Sifri: 1005;
said muliani – „qarTuli ena iranSi“;
TinaTin milorava – „zmnis formawarmoeba qarTuli
enis taoursa da imerxeul dialeqtebSi“...

184
Dduzjes universitetSi (TurqeTis respublika) Cemi aqtiu-
ri monawileobiT Seiqmna qarTvelologiuri mimarTulebis
perspeqtiuli saswavlo-samecniero centri, sadac fevzi Ce-
lebTan da TurqeTis moqalaqe sxva kolegebTan erTad moR-
vaweoben qarTvelologebi: prof. maka salia, prof. Sorena
lomaia da prof. mariam sulxaniSvili.…
168
g) Cemi xelmZRvanelobiT ramdenime universitetSi
moqmedi sadoqtoro, samagistro da sabakalavro
programebiT gaTvaliswinebulia megrul-lazuri,
svanuri da sxva qarTveluri qvesistemebis swavleba-
kvleva;

d) t. futkaraZisa da e. dadianis mier momzadebulia

damxmare saskolo saxelmZRvanelo „qarTveluri
enobrivi samyaro“, romlis pirvel nawilSi aRweri-
lia qarTveluri qvesistemebis gavrcelebis areali
da calkeuli qarTveluri dialeqtebis sazRvrebi
(rac xels Seuwyobs moswavles, gaiazros qarTveli
eTnosisa Tu calkeuli qarTveluri Temebis sacxov-
risTa sazRvrebi). aRweras Tan erTvis Sesabamisi ru-
kebi. wignis meore nawili eTmoba adgilobrivi met-
yvelebebis leqsikisa Tu Taviseburebebis Seswavlas
– sagangebo kiTxvarebis safuZvelze moswavleTa mi-
er dialeqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsikisa Tu
Taviseburebebis aRnusxvas. amgvari midgoma xels Se-
uwyobs rogorc adgilobrivi ragadis (metyvelebis,
dialeqtis)185 SenarCunebas, aseve, mravalsaukunovani
erTiani qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro enis
gamdidrebas qarTvelur qvesistemebSi Semonaxuli
leqsikiT186. am aspeqtiT CvenTvis maorientirebeli

185
ragadi erT-erT publicistur werilSi gamoiyena b-ma ser-
gi sajaiam. SesaZlebelia am qarTveluri sityva-formis ter-
minad damkvidreba; Sdr.: sulxan-sabasTan, aseve, megrul da
svanur qvesistemebSi ragadi niSnavs „metyvelebas“.
186
msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, saqarTvelos
enobrivi politikis dagegmvisaTvis, quTaisis ilia WavWava-
Zis saxelobis samecniero biblioTekis weliwdeuli, VI, qu-
Taisi, 2014 w. gv. 285-294; t. futkaraZe, axali naRmebi saqar-
Tvelos saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg, quTaisis ilia Wav-
WavaZis saxelobis samecniero biblioTekis weliwdeuli, V,
quTaisi, 2013 w. gv. 362-72; t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTve-
169
Tvalsazrisi gamoTqva didma qarTvelma mweralma
konstantine gamsaxurdiam:
„Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgi-
lobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT
qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-svanu-
ri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-
fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul
enas...“ (k. gamsaxurdia, 1922; ix. aTtomeuli, 1983,
t.VII, gv. 411). Sdr., agreTve: „me SemovuSvi axal qar-
TulSi mravali gardasuli sityva; samagierod, aseve
uxvad vasxure Cems leqsikas xevsurulidan, imeru-
lidan, qarTl-kaxuridan da megrul-gurul enakave-
bidan motanili sityvebi... me saWirod davinaxe qar-
Tuli tomebis (gansxvavebuli) leqsikis Sekrebis
lozungi gadamesrola da es pirvelad vcade kidevac
„dionisos RimilSi“ da Cems novelebis wignSiac...“
„...saliteraturo qarTulis zrda ar SeiZleba mar-
tooden garegan sesxs – barbarizmebs – daeyrdnos. aq
umTavresia „Sinagani sesxi“, qarTuli enakavebidan,
svanur-Wanur da odiSur dialeqtebidan axali da ux-

lologiis aqtualuri problemebi/ saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg

mimdinare sainformacio omis konteqsti/; goris saxelmwifo
saswavlo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakul-
teti, istoriisa da arqeologiis centri, SromaTa krebuli,
XI, 2016 w., gv. 425-468 (krebuli eZRvneba wmida mRvdelmTavar
aleqsandre oqropiriZes); t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, qarTve-
lur enobriv variantTa (qvesistemaTa) kvalifikacia da kla-
sifikacia, qarTuli universitetis Sromebi, t. III, 2017, gv.,
80-105; t. futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi
da qarTvelur idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizebis ret-
rospeqtiva; saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pir-
velwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis humanita-
rul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, t.
VII, Tb., 2017 w., gv. 115-134.

170
mari leqsikuri masalis moxveWa...“ (k. gamsaxurdia,
rvatomeuli, 1980, t.V, gv. 995-956). „XX saukunis
mwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis
imerulis, vaJas fSauris, megrulisa da guruli eno-
brivi elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idea-
luri literaturuli qarTuli“ (k. gamsaxurdia,
1929; aTtomeuli, 1983, t.VII, gv. 499)...
niSandoblivia: konstantine gamsaxurdias midgoma
didebul qarTvelTa (ioane lazis, ioane minCxis, gi-
orgi merCulis187, ioane petriwis, Wyondidlebis,
“iverielTa erTobis traqtatis“ avtorTa...) Rvaw-
lis logikuri gagrZelebaa.
am konteqstSia saintereso levan dadianis moRvawe-
obis erTi waxnagic:
odiSis Zlevamosilma mmarTvelma „vefxistyaosani“
megrulad ki ar „aTargmnina“, an Tavisi kuTxis dia-
leqti samefo kancelariis enad ki ar aqcia, gauf-
rTxilda winaprebis mier Seqmnil dedaenas – qar-
Tuls da yvelaferi gaakeTa qarTuli samwignobro
enis ganviTarebisaTvis. paralelurad, 1646 wels ma-
muka TavaqaraSvils gadaawerina „vefxistyaosani“,
metic, daasuraTebina igi. A

187
mMweral zurab Torias cnobiT, giorgi merCulis erT-erTi
STamomavali sasuliero piri dasaflavebulia oCamCiresTan
axlos arsebul iloris wmida giorgis taZris ezoSi. am gva-
ris Svilebi rusul okupaciamde (1993 wlamde) cxovrobdnen
sofel ilorSi merWulis gvariT. merWuleebi yofilan ilo-
ris wmida giorgis xatis mcvelebi. iloreli merWuleebi
Tavs Tvlian didi giorgi merCulis STamomavlebad. oOkupi-
rebul afxazeTSi arsebuli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis es
gamorCeuli taZari XI saukuneSia agebuli. oCamCireSia XI sa-
ukunis saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi salocavi – bediis
taZaric, sadac dakrZalulia gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
pirveli mefe bagrat III da misi deda – dedofali gurandux-
ti.
171
samegrelos mkvidrTa amJamindeli Taobac, sxva qar-
TvelTa msgavsad, ruseTis imperiisagan 150-wliani
didi zewolis miuxedavad, dResac aqtiurad iRvwis
qarTuli samwignobro kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis
(megruli leqsikiT dedaenis – qarTuli enis – gam-
didrebisaTvis da sxv.)188. sanimuSod davasaxeleb sa-
qarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos wevrs, Sesa-
niSnav mwerals, zaur qobalias, romlis wigni: „dab-
runeba dabadebaSi“ (Tb., 2017) aris samwignobro enis
megruli leqsikiT gamdidrebis saintereso cda.
erTiani qarTuli (/qarTveluri) erovnuli cnobie-
rebisa da zogadqarTuli samwignobro enis dac-
vis/ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT iRvwoda da iRvwis
konstantine da zviad gamsaxurdiebis mrwamsis Tana-
ziari bevri sxva Rirseuli pirovneba, romelTagan
mxolod ramdenime pirs davasaxeleb (maTTan me wle-
bis manZilze maqvs urTierToba): nodar jalaRonia,
nomadi barTaia, zurab Toria, valter SurRaia, edem
kvirtia, rene kalandia, sergi sajaia, velodi mir-

188
igive iTqmis svaneTisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saz-
RvrebSi arsebuli lazeTis mkvidrTa Sesaxebac; Sdr.: Turqe-
Tis SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli lazeTis mkvidrT naklebi in-
formacia aqvT TavianTi winaprebis mier Seqmnili qarTuli
samwignobro kulturis Sesaxeb; mag., maT ar ician, rom ioane
lazi qarTuli samwignobro kulturis erT-erTi mesaZir-
kvlea. აAm Temaze vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, lazTa enobriv-
eTnikuri TviTaRqmis sakiTxisaTvis, lazeT-WaneTi: istoria
da Tanamedroveoba, samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tbi-
lisi, 2005, 25 agvisto, saqarTvelos parlamenti – pirveli
respublikis darbazi (On the question of Laz linguistic-ethnic self
perception; Scientific Conference, Tbilisi, 25 August, Parliament of
Georgia); tariel futkaraZe, iaSa Tandilava, mixeil labaZe,
lazeTis mkvidr qarTvelTa (lazTa) enobriv-eTnikuri iden-
tobis sakiTxebi; qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi, I,
2012, gv. 207-222.
172
cxulava, revaz kemularia, jemal Sonia, elguja mar-
Ria, laSa gvasalia...
faqtia:
saerToqarTvelur enaze dafuZnebuli qarTuli (qar-
Tveluri) samwignobro ena Tvisobrivad erTnairad iq-
mneboda da iqmneba istoriuli saqarTvelos yvela
kuTxeSi da mdidrdeboda/mdidrdeba yvela kuTxis di-
aleqturi SenakadiT; es kalapoti momavalSic aseve
unda gagrZeldes. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia, qarTuli
enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi Sevides narCevi megrul-
lazur-svanuri dialeqturi leqsikac (arn. Ciqobavas
redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul „qarTuli enis ganmar-
tebiTi leqsikonis“ rvatomeulSi, samwuxarod, Sedis
mxolod qarTvelTa sxva kiloebis monacemebi; igive
midgoma meordeba „qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsi-
konis“ axal redaqciaSic).

5.3. germanuli gamocdileba

qarTveluri zepiri qvesistemebis (/qarTveluri dia-

leqtebis) gadasarCenad Tu Sesaswavlad sagangebo
RonisZiebebi unda daigegmos sajaro skolaSi dia-
leqtebis gamoyenebis mimarTulebiTac. Cveni Tval-
sazrisis warmodgenamde, vfiqrobT, saintereso iq-
neba germanuli realobis aRwera:
germaniaSi bevri iseTi adgilobrivi dialeqtia, ro-
melTa mflobels ar esmis saliteraturo germanu-
li, Tuki is sagangebod ar Seiswavla. ulrih amonma
1973 wels Caatara empiriuli kvleva dialeqtisa da
literaturuli enis gamoyenebis sferoebis Sesaxeb
da Semdeg Sedegebamde mivida:

173
• dabal socialur fenebSi literaturuli ena nak-
lebad gamoiyeneba, vidre maRal socialur fenebSi;
• saerTo jamSi, mamakacebi ufro metad iyeneben li-
teraturul enas, vidre qalebi, xolo erT asakobriv
da profesiul jgufSi qalebi ufro mimarTaven li-
teraturul enas, vidre kacebi;
• asakis matebasTan erTad, saliteraturo enis ga-
moyeneba dialeqtSi gadadis;
• axalgazrda Taobebi umetesad literaturul enas
iyeneben, saSualo asakis TaobebTan SedarebiT189.
Sdr., aseve, stefan arcbergeris msjeloba statiaSi:
„dialeqti skolaSi – megobari Tu mteri“: xuTwliani
asakobrivi jgufidan moyolebuli, TiTqmis yvela
asakobrivi jgufis saskolo gegmaSi Setanili iyo
dialeqti. magram dReisaTvis mxolod gimnaziis
cxrawlian asakobriv jgufSi aris erT adgilas Seta-
nili, sadac ecnobian dialeqtur teqstebs. magram es
ar niSnavs imas, rom dialeqtis swavlebis sakiTxiT
aRar arian dainteresebuli, ganaTlebis politiko-
sebi kvlav aqtiuroben, rom wina planze wamoswion
Tema: „dialeqti skolaSi“190.
zogi specialistis azriT, iq, sadac adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba gansxvavebul dialeqtze laparakobs,
germanuli saliteraturo enis swavlebisas pirvel
etapze SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos dialeqturi
leqsika; mag., ulrix kanci wers:
„aucilebelia wina planze wamovwioT dialeqtis sa-
kiTxi da is win unda uZRodes saskolo saxelmZRvane-

189
Ammon, U. Dialekt und Einheitssprache in ihrer sozialen Verflechtung,
Weinheim und Basel 1973, gv. 93–100.
190
Arzberger, S. Dialekt in der Schule – Freund oder Feind?, 2007, gv. 3-8
https://opus4.kobv.de/.../IZD (damowmebulia:15.04.2017).
174
loebs. saswavlo procesi maSin iqneba damakmayofi-
lebeli, roca Tema dialeqti aucileblad iqneba Te-
maturad Setanili Sesabamis asakobriv jgufSi“191.
bavariis maswavlebelTa gaerTianebis prezidenti
klaus venceli ki askvnis: „Cven ar unda dagvaviw-
ydes, rom dialeqti bevri bavSvisTvis aris pirveli
ena. skolis upirvelesi mizani aris moswavle ganaT-
lebis gziT waiyvanos da daeuflos standartul
enas, magram es ar unda moxdes bavSvebis pirveli enis
xarjze“; Sdr., aseve: bavSvi unda aRizardos salite-
raturo enaze, Tumca amavdroulad misTvis dialeq-
ti unda iqces ara dabrkolebad, aramed simdidris
gansakuTrebul saxeobad.
sagakveTilo procesSi saliteraturo enisa da dia-
leqtis SeTavsebis Sesaxeb mkvlevrebi: brauni da ma-
taieri ayalibeben 4 ZiriTad SesaZlo midgomas:
✓ dialeqtis rac SeiZleba swrafi da Zlieri Seviwro-
eba da gandevna cxovrebis yvela sferodan, raTa mos-
wavleebma saerTod aRar ilaparakon dialeqtze;
✓ dialeqtisa da saliteraturo enis Tanabari swavleba
skolaSi, raTa moswavleebma icodnen orive varianti;
✓ saliteraturo enis normebis ugulebelyofa, rom
SesaZlebeli gaxdes sxvadasxva sasaubro enis variante-
bis Seswavla;
✓ diglosiis principis damkvidreba: sagakveTilo
procesSi wera, metyveleba da kiTxva saliteraturo
variantiT, xolo gakveTilze yoveldRiuri situacie-
bis aRwerisas Tu dawyebiT klasebSi axali sityvebis
ganmartebisas dialeqturi variantis gamoyenebac192.

191
Kanz, U. Dialekte unda Lehrplan. Ein Uberblick. In: Dialekte in Bayern,
2006, gv. 88.
https://www.klett.de/sixcms/media.php/321/KTD%2063%2015-16.pdf (da-
mowmeba:15.04.2017).
192
brauni da mataieri wignSi: Ammon, U. Dialekt, soziale
Ungleichheit und Schule. 2 Auflege, Weinheim und Basel 1972, gv. 160;
175
garkveuli koreqtirebiT CvenTvis misaRebia diglo-
siuri principi, ramdenadac msoflios bevr region-
Si bavSvi garesamyaros Seimecnebs dialeqtis gziT;
Sesabamisad, dialeqti, rogorc erovnuli enis nawi-
li, warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistemis erT-
erT waxnags. dialeqti emociur kavSirSia erovnuli
eniT msoflaRqmasTan; es faqtori misaCqmali ar
aris; gamosayenebelia pirovnebis enobrivi xedva-aR-
qmis srulyofili sistemis Camosayalibeblad193.

ra xdeba am mxriv saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnie-

rebis, kulturisa da sportis saministros mier mom-
zadebul qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavlebis
standartSi?194
standartSi dialeqt- fuZe orjeraa naxsenebi:
1. „omonimi, dialeqtizmi, barbarizmi, Jargoni, arqaiz-
mi, neologizmi“...
2. „qarTuli enis istoria: msoflios enaTa ojaxebi;
qarTuli ena, qarTulis monaTesave enebi, qarTuli enis
dialeqtebi; qarTuli saliteraturo ena, qarTuli
damwerloba (anbani)“195.
orive konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, davsvamT aseT
kiTxvas: davuSvaT mxatvrul teqstSi Segvxvda meg-

msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix.: m. TedoraZe, enobrivi erTeu-

lis statusis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebi (saukunovani
diskusia qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros segmentaciis Sesa-
xeb); sadoqtoro disertacia, quTaisi, 2018.
193
msjelobisaTvis ix., aseve: m. TedoraZe, enobrivi erTeulis
statusis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebi (saukunovani disku-
sia qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros segmentaciis Sesaxeb); sa-
doqtoro disertacia, quTaisi, 2018.
194
http://ncp.ge/ge/curriculum/satesto-seqtsia/akhali-sastsavlo-gegmebi-
2018-2024/sabazo-safekhuri-vi-ix-klasebi-proeqti-sadjaro-gankhilvistvis
195
http://ncp.ge/files/ESG/NC%202018-
2024/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A
3%E1%83%9A.
176
ruli sityvaforma: „odabade“; moswavles ras veub-
nebiT:
- „odabade“ dialeqtizmia, samegreloSi dabadebuli
qarTveli mwerlis mier samwignobro enaSi Semotanilia
qarTuli samwignobro enis kuTxuri saxesxvaobidan –
megruli dialeqtidan;
Tu
- „odabade“ zanizmia – umwerlobo megruli enis faqtia
da qarTul samwignobro enaSi nasesxebia qarTulis ax-
lomonaTesave megruli enidan (/an: zanuri enis megru-
li dialeqtidan)?
pasuxi martivi ar iqneba, ramdenadac, asi wlis man-
Zilze ruseTis imperiam qarTul saganmanaTleblo
da samecniero sivrceSi daamkvidra dausabuTebeli
Tvalsazrisi, rom arsebobs e.w. ori Tu sami umwer-
lobo qarTveluri ena; garda amisa, samecniero li-
teraturaSi gavrcelebulia termini zanizmi, rome-
lic qarTulSi megrul-lazuridan „nasesxeb“ sit-
yvebs gulisxmobs.
Cemi da Cemi kolegebis pasuxi ki aseTia:
qarTul samwignobro enas 16 saukuneze metia qmnis
saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis qarTveloba; maT Soris
gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis istoriuli egri-
sis, gviandeli odiSisa da amJamindeli samegrelos
mosaxleobas. es bunebrivicaa, ramdenadac, saqarTve-
los sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT, istoriulma egris-
ma, romelsac SedarebiT xelsayreli geografiuli
mdebareoba eWira, yvelaze naklebad ganicada dam-
pyrobelTa agresia da, Sesabamisad, didi dro da
energia dauTmo qarTuli erovnuli kulturis gan-
viTarebas; Sesabamisad, CvenTvis qarTuli enis mona-
Tesave enebia: afxazuri (afsuuri), abazuri, qistu-
ri, CeCnuri, inguSuri, daRestnuri enebi... megruli
177
(/lazuri...) ki aris qarTuli enis kuTxuri saxesxvao-
ba – dialeqti, Sesabamisad, mag., sityvebi: marqvali,
jargvali, odabade... qarTul (qarTvelur) samwig-
nobro enasTan mimarTebiT dialeqtizmebia, romle-
bic bunebrivad damkvidrda qarTvelTa samwignobro
enaSi; Sdr.: koCi, duZaxu, gebgoni... dialeqtizmebia,
romelTa qarTul saliteraturo enaSi gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia mxolod personaJTa metyvelebaSi
kuTxuri warmomavlobis misaniSneblad.
Sdr.: vinc megruls (/zanurs) qarTulis monaTesave
„umwerlobo enad“ Tvlis, misTvis „odabade“, „jar-
gvali“... sityvaformebi qarTulSi nasesxebia zanu-
ridan (megrulidan).
Cveni azriT, qarTulSi nasesxeb sityvebad unda Ca-
iTvalos monaTesave afxazuridan Tu aramonaTesave
sparsulidan, inglisuridan Semosuli sityvebi.
rac Seexeba megruli (lazuri, svanuri, taouri, xev-
suruli, TuSuri, aWaruli...) leqsikiT qarTvelTa
samwignobro enis gamdidrebas:
mravali saukunea sxva qarTvelebTan erTad samegre-
los qarTveloba am kuTxis metyvelebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli leqsikiT amdidrebs qarTul (/qarTve-
lur) samwignobro enas. samwuxarod, qarTuli enisa
da literaturis standartSi dRemde gaTvaliswine-
buli ar aris qarTvelTa kuTxur ragadebSi davane-
buli leqsikis samwignobro enaSi gamoyenebis per-
speqtiva196. vfiqrobT, aucilebelia, aseve, sajaro
skolaSi swavlisas moswavles miewodos adekvaturi
informacia qarTvelTa enobrivi sivrcis Sesaxeb.

196
amJamindel saskolo wignebSic (eTnikur umciresobaTaT-
vis gansazRvrul saxelmZRvaneloebSic) qarTveluri enob-
rivi samyaro isev oTxi/sami enis „ideologemiT“ iswavleba.
178
arsebuli realobidan gamosavali:
a) aucilebelia saxelmwifos yvela moqalaqem gaac-
nobieros, rom saxelmwifo ena aris qveynis Rirsebis
sazomi da, mavTulxlarTebiani sazRvrebis moSlis
Semdeg – saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis ga-
rantic. gasaazrebelia isic, rom, paralelurad,
qarTuli ena aris qarTvelTa identobis safuZveli;
b) yvelaferi unda gakeTdes, rom SenarCundes da Ses-
wavlil iqnes qarTvelTa didi saganZuri – qarTvel-
Ta dedaenis zepiri saxesxvaobebi (megruli, lazuri,
svanuri, xevsuruli, taouri, TuSuri...). am mimarTu-
lebiT aucilebelia, saqarTvelos skolebSi iswav-
lebodes sagani: „qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaro“, ro-
melSic mocemuli iqneba zogadi cnobebi qarTvelTa
dedaenisa da calkeuli qarTveluri ragadebis gav-
rcelebis arealis Sesaxeb; aseve, warmodgenili iqne-
ba leqsikis ganyofileba, romlis mixedviTac Seis-
wavleba adgilobrivi dialeqturi leqsika, moewyoba
moswavleTa konferenciebi adgilobrivi metyvele-
bis leqsikis Seswavlis mizniT da sxv. aseT SemTxve-
vaSi mozards meti informacia eqneba sakuTari enob-
rivi Tu erovnuli identobis Sesaxeb; paralelurad,
SenarCundeba kuTxur metyvelebaTa saxiT arsebuli
saganZuri.
g) garkveul regulacias unda daeqvemdebaros skola-
Si swavlebis procesSi qarTveluri dialeqtebis gamo-
yeneba; kerZod: samegrelos, svaneTis, aWaris, saqar-
Tvelos mTianeTis skolebSi, aseve, iranis, TurqeTis,
azerbaijanis qarTvel moqalaqeTaTvis qarTuli sali-
teraturo enis swavlebisas maswavlebels eqmneba saWi-
roeba, adgilobrivi dialeqturi metyvelebiT auxsnas
moswavles samwignobro enis sityvaformebi (maswav-
leblis mier kuTxuri metyveleba ar unda warmoCndes,
179
rogorc aranormirebuli da arasaWiro metyveleba).
vfiqrob, ganmartebisas, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebelia, dawyebiT klasSi damxmare saSualebad
gamoyenebul iqnes adgilobrivi metyveleba (ragadi),
rogorc amas gegmavdnen arn. Ciqobava da misi Tanamo-
azre wina Taobis sxva enaTmecnierebi;
d) xelisuflebam sagangebo RonisZiebebi unda da-
gegmos qarTveli eris enobrivi da eTnokulturuli
realuri istoriis saerTaSoriso asparezze warmo-
saCenad da saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs miRma
darCenili Tu saqarTvelodan wasuli qarTvelebis
enobrivi identobis gadasarCenad.

180
 Semajamebeli msjeloba

humanitaruli mecnierebebi yalibdeba bolo 200

wlis manZilze. mravalsaukunovani samwignobro
kulturis mqone qarTveli eris sacxovrisi – saqar-
Tvelo – bolo 200 wlis manZilze okupirebuli hqon-
da ruseTis imperias.
saqarTvelos/kavkasiis SenarCunebis mizniT, ruseTis
moxeleebi cdilobdnen, enobriv-eTnikurad daenawev-
rebinaT qarTvelebi, zogadad, kavkasielebi; am miz-
niT qmnidnen fsevdomecnierul debulebebs (ideolo-
gemebs) qarTvelTa/kavkasielTa enobrivi istoriisa
da qarTveluri/kavkasiuri sametyvelo kodebis kva-
lifikaciisa Tu klasifikaciis mimarTulebiT.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos megobari qveynebis eqsper-
tebma naklebad ician qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri
realuri istoria da zepir qarTvelur enobriv sa-
xesxvaobaTa statusis gansazRvrisas Tu qarTvelTa
eTnikuri identobis kvalificirebisas eyrdnobian
rusuli enobrivi (/eTnikuri) politikis wiaRSi Seq-
mnil ideologemebs. niSandoblivia, rom araerTi
akademiuri saerTaSoriso cnobaris, enciklopediisa
Tu eTnikuri rukis mixedviT, qarTvelTa naxevari
qarTvelad ar miiCneva; mag., msoflio globaluri
qselis ZiriTadi eTnologiuri enciklopediis mi-
xedviT, saqarTveloSi aris Semdegi eTnikuri jgufe-
bi (/enebi):
azerbaijanelebi – 270 000, asirielebi (aisorebi) – 3 400, af-
xazebi – 129 000, bacbebi – 3 200, urumebi (berZnebi) – 90 000,
lazebi – 1 000, megrelebi – 345 000, osebi – 35 000, rusebi – 405
000, svanebi (samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTuls da rusuls)
– 15 000, somxebi – 448 000, urumebi – 97 746, qarTvelebi – 3 200
000, qarTveli ebraelebi – 2 800, qurTebi – 20 600197.

197
http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE;
181
faqtia:
qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis safuZvlad
dRemdea gamoyenebuli sabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili e.w.
„oTxi qarTveluri enis“ „ideologia“, romlis mixedvi-
Tac „umwerlobo enebis“ mflobelad cxaddeba mraval-
saukunovani samwignobro kulturis mqone qarTvelTa
naxevari: megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi.
codnis/informaciis gavrcelebis Tanamedrove pi-
robebSi imis mtkiceba, rom megrelebs, lazebs (Tun-
dac saqarTveloSi mcxovreb lazebs), svanebs dedae-
nebze mwignobroba ara aqvT, safrTxis qveS myofi
„umwerlobo enebis“ gadarCenis sababiT, evropuli
grantis miRebis survils ufro hgavs, vidre – qar-
TvelTa enobriv memkvidreobaze zrunvas.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi, rodesac SesaZlebelia huma-

nitarul mecnierebebaTa Tavisufali (depolitizebu-
li) ganviTareba, qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri er-
Tianobis, aseve, mimdinare sainformacio omSi saqar-
Tvelos sasicocxlo interesebis dasacavad da saer-
TaSoriso akademiur velSi qarTveli eris enobriv-eT-
nikuri erTianobis sawinaaRmdego ideologemis dasa-
balanseblad, vfiqrobT, aucilebelia:
a) saqarTvelos xelisuflebam sagangebo RonisZiebe-
bi dagegmos qarTveli eris enobrivi da eTnokultu-
ruli realuri istoriis saerTaSoriso asparezze
warmosaCenad da saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs
miRma darCenili Tu saqarTvelodan wasuli qarTve-
lebis enobrivi identobis gadasarCenad. paralelu-
rad, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kultu-
risa da sportis saministros organizebiT, ucxoe-

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE (damowmeba:
12.01.2019); Sdr., sayovelTao aRweris monacemebi:
http://census.ge/ge/results/census.
182
Tis wamyvan biblioTekebs, universitetebsa da sa-
mecniero centrebs miewodos qarTvelologiuri sa-
mecniero literaturis akademiuri Targmanebi da
momzaddes iseTi saerTaSoriso konferenciebi, rom-
lebzec warmodgenili iqneba Tanamedrove qarTve-
lologiuri kvlevebi;
b) droulad da Tvisobrivad gadaisinjos saqarTve-
los ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa da spor-
tis saministros, aseve, rusTavelis fondis eqsper-
tebisa da saqarTvelos ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTa-
rebis erovnuli centris akreditacia/avtorizaciis
sabWoebisa Tu eqspertTa jgufebis Semadgenloba,
ramdenadac am struqturebze dRemde (01.12.2018 w.)
did gavlenas inarCuneben sami Tu oTxi „umwerlobo
qarTveluri enis“ideologemis mxardamWerebi, ideo-
logemisa, romelic, saboloo jamSi, safrTxes uq-
mnis qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikur erTianobas;
g) yvelaferi gakeTdes, rom SenarCundes qarTvelTa
didi saganZuri – qarTvelTa dedaenis zepiri saxes-
xvaobebi (megruli, lazuri, svanuri, xevsuruli, ta-
ouri, TuSuri...). am mimarTulebiT aucilebelia, sa-
qarTvelos sajaro skolaSi iswavlebodes zogadi
cnobebi qarTvelTa enobrivi samyarosa da calkeul
qarTvelur dialeqtTa gavrcelebis arealis Sesa-
xeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi mozards meti informacia eqne-
ba sakuTari enobrivi Tu erovnuli identobis Sesa-
xeb. garkveul regulacias unda daeqvemdebaros sko-
laSi swavlebis procesSi qarTveluri dialeqtebis
gamoyeneba; kerZod: samegrelos, svaneTis, aWaris, sa-
qarTvelos mTianeTis skolebSi, aseve, iranis, Tur-
qeTis, azerbaijanis qarTvel moqalaqeTaTvis qar-
Tuli saliteraturo enis swavlebisas maswavlebels
eqmneba saWiroeba, adgilobrivi dialeqturi metyve-
lebiT auxsnas moswavles samwignobro enis sityva-
formebi (maswavleblis mier kuTxuri metyveleba ar
unda warmoCndes, rogorc aranormirebuli da arasa-
183
Wiro metyveleba). ganmartebisas, aucileblobis Sem-
TxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia, dawyebiT klasSi damxmare
saSualebad gamoyenebul iqnes adgilobrivi metyve-
leba (ragadi), rogorc amas gegmavdnen arn. Ciqobava
da misi Tanamoazre wina Taobis sxva enaTmecnierebi;
d) ise daigegmos enobrivi politika da kulturis gan-
viTareba, rom droulad da Seuqcevadad Camoyalib-
des saqarTvelos mosaxleobis (eTnikuri warmomavlo-
bis miuxedavad) myari saxelmwifoebrivi (/nacionalu-
ri) orientirebi;
e) saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier sagangebo yu-
radReba mieqces umniSvnelovanes problemas – qar-
Tuli enis teqnologizebas. mxolod teqnologize-
bis SemTxvevaSi SeinarCunebs qarTuli ena kulturi-
sa da ganaTlebis enis funqcias; Sesabamisad, saWi-
roa, am mimarTulebiT moxdes erovnuli resursebis
mobilizeba;
v) ganxorcieldes Sedegze orientirebuli sagangebo
RonisZiebebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis konsti-
tuciuri statusis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad, qar-
Tveluri zepiri metyvelebebis gadasarCenad, qar-
TvelTa enobrivi identobis SesanarCuneblad;

z) „regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evro-

puli qartiis“ ratificirebis konteqstSi moxdes sa-
qarTvelos enobrivi situaciis adekvaturi aRwera
da saqarTvelos moqalaqe umciresobebis enobrivi
uflebebis ganuxreli dacva;
T) xelisuflebis mier enobrivi politikis strate-
giis mkafiod gamokveTis paralelurad, ar Seilaxos
gansxvavebuli azris mqone mecnieris akademiuri Ta-
visufleba.

Brief Summary in English

184
Humanities were formed within the last 200 years. The Georgian
nation with its centuries-old literature habitation – Georgia – has
been occupied by the Russian Empire over the last 200 years.

For maintaining Georgia / Caucasus, Russian officials were trying

to break up Georgians, generally Caucasians by linguistically and
ethnically; for this purpose they created pseudo-scientific provi-
sions (ideologemes) in the direction of qualification or classifica-
tion and Kartvelian / Caucasian lexical codes of Georgian / Cau-
casian linguistic history.

Unfortunately, the experts of the friendly countries of Georgia

are less aware of the linguistic and ethnic real history of the
Georgians, and in the process of identifying the variation of sta-
tus, or qualification of Georgian people ethnic identity, are based
on the ideologues created in the bosom of Russian language (eth-
nic) politics.

For example, according to many academic international refer-

ences, encyclopedia or ethnic map, half of Georgians are not
considered as Georgians; For example, according to the main
ethnological encyclopedia of the global network (as of April
2018), there are following languages (/ethnic groups) in Georgia:
Azerbaijanis – 270 000, Assyrians – 3 400, Abkhazians – 129
000, batsbits – 3 200, Lazi – 1 000, Megrelians – 345 000, Osse-
tians – 35 000, Russians – 405 000, Svans – 15 000, Armenians –
448 000, Urum – 97 746, Georgians – 3 200 000, Georgian Jews
– 2 800, Kurds – 20 600198.

The fact is:

198
http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE
(citation date:12.05.2018).
185
The basis of the linguistic and ethnic divisions of the Georgians is
still used in Soviet times, so called, „ideology“ of „Four Kartveli-
an Languages“, according of it, half of the Georgian people,
Megrelians, Lazi and Svans, with centuries-old cultural literary,
are declared as owners of „unwritten languages”.

In the modern conditions of knowledge / dissemination of infor-

mation to prove that the Megrelians, Laz (even the Laz people liv-
ing in Georgia), Svans do not have the literacy on their mother
tongues, under the pretext of survival of „unwritten languages”, is
more like the desire to secure a European grant, than to take care
of the „the languages without literacy“.

In the modern conditions when free (depoliticized) development

of the humanities is possible, to protect Georgia's vital interests in
the linguistic and ethnic unity of the Georgian nation and the cur-
rent informational war and in the international academic fields
to balance the ideologue of the ethnolinguistic unity of the
Georgian nation, I think:

A) It is necessary that the Georgian authorities should plan

special measures to present the national language of linguistic
and ethno-cultural realities in the international arena and surviv-
ing the current borders of Georgia or for the survival of the Geor-
gian identity of Georgians who left Georgia. By Organizing of the
Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia, the leading librar-
ies, universities and scientific centers should be provided academ-
ic translations of Kartvelian scientific literature and prepare such
international conferences where modern Kartvelological studies
will be presented.

B) Timely and qualitatively to review the Strategy of function-

ing of the Ministry of Science and Education of Georgia, as well
as, of Rustaveli Foundation and National Center for Educational
186
Quality Enhancement, as far as the state structures are still some-
what oriented on the Russian ideologeme of the three or four
„unwritten Kartvelian languages“, which ultimately, endangers
the linguistic and ethnic Georgian unity of Georgians.

C) Everything should be done to preserve and study the

great treasure of Georgians – the oral traditions of Georgians'
mother tongue (Megrelian, Laz, Svan, Khevsurian, Tao, Tush ...); in
this direction, it is necessary to study general information about
the Georgian linguistic world and the distribution area of Kartvel-
ian dialects in Georgian public school. In this case, the teenagers
will have more information about his own language or national
identity. In the school teaching process, using of Kartvelian dia-
lects should be subdued under the certain regulation. In particular,
in the schools of Samegrelo, Svaneti, Adjara, Highland schools,
as well as for ethnic Georgian citizens of Iran, Turkey and Azer-
baijan, teachers are required to teach the Georgian literary lan-
guage, explain the dialect of the local language with local dialec-
tal speech (The teacher's dialectal speech should not be as unrea-
sonable and unnecessary). In my opinion, in the process of ex-
plaining the possibility of using the local language as an auxiliary
tool in the primary class, as planned by Arn. Chikobava and other
linguists of the previous generation;

D) The development of education and culture should be planned

in a timely fashion to establish solid state (national / ethnic) orien-
tation of Georgian population (regardless of ethnic origin);

E) The Georgian authorities should mobilize resources for

Georgian language technologies. Only in the case of technologies
will maintain the Georgian language function of culture and edu-
cation;

187
F) Special care should be taken to ensure the constitutional sta-
tus of the state language of Georgia, carrying out the necessary
measures for the survival of the Kartvelian verbal expression, im-
plementation of special projects for maintaining the linguistic
identity of Georgians, adequate description of the linguistic situa-
tion in the context of the ratification of the „European Charter on
Regional or Minority Languages“ and the constant protection of
minority language rights of Georgian citizens;

G) In parallel with the clear understanding of the language poli-

cy of the government, the academic freedom of all scholars
should be ensured.

188
 danarTebi

danarTi № 1

al. gegeWkori
ianovski-vostorgovis Rirseul memkvidreebs
/gaz. „komunisti“, 1925, №203/

Cem win friad saintereso sabuTia – mimarTva „sruliad

ruseTis starostis mama mixeil ivanes Zisadmi“ (amx. ka-
linini), xelmowerili dRemde mainc sruliad ucnob
moqalaqeebis, cibaki bukonias da solomon beselias mi-
er. sabuTi igi dawerilia netari Zveli drois rCeuli
kiloTi – Stabis „pisaris“ an Jandarmis „vaxmistris“
eniT. kiTxulob guldasmiT, ukvirdebi am moraxraxe,
gaWiayelebul sityvebs da frazebs da mainc ver gada-
giwyvetia, vis namoqmedar-nacodvilarTana gaqvs saqme,
vin aris misi avtori, mTlad gamoCerCetebuli adamia-
ni... Segnebuli provokatori, damoukidebeli „moaz-
rovne“ Tu sxvisi gegmis Semsrulebeli. erTi ram aris
mxolod cxadi da udavo – es is, rom xsenebul sabuTis
avtorebi da maTi natanji „nawarmoebi“ Segnebulad Tu
Seugneblad, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, emsaxurebian saqar-
Tvelos mSromelTa dazaralebis, sabWoTa xelisufle-
bis mtrobis saqmes.
bukonia-beselias koleqtiur „Semoqmedebis“ sagans Se-
adgens zrunva „samegrelos mSromeli xalxisaTvis“,
romelic, Turme „misTvis srulebiT moulodnelad sa-
qarTvelos suverenitetis uRelqveS moeqca da misgan
jerac ver ganTavisuflebula“. „CvenTvis sruliad ga-
sagebia – dasZenen avtorebi – rom sruliad ruseTis sa-
kavSiro saxelmwifo aris politikuri sxeuli, romlis
mamoZravebeli guli moskovia“. magram SevamowmeT ra
Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmi (ara sjobda, gana,
rom avtorebs Tavisi „azrovnebis meqanizmi“ „Seemowme-
189
binaT“, rogorc es yvela meqanizmisTvis aris miRebu-
li, Cven vxedavT, rom masSi ara aqvs miniWebuli adgili
samegrelos mSromel xalxs, romelic ruseTs Seuer-
Tda 1804 wlis traqtatis da aleqsandre meoris 1867
wlis ianvris 4-is brZanebis ZaliT da romelmac daam-
sxvria sakuTari monarqia, raTa sabolovod da samuda-
mod SeerTebuliyo ruseTis mSromel masas.
ara marto menSevikebi aviwroebdnen ubralo megrel
xalxs, misi tanjva dRemde grZeldeba: „qarTveli uk-
lonistebi (!) yovel Ronesa xmaroben internaciona-
lur centris (moskovi) mier erovnul sakiTxis Sesaxeb
gamocemul gankargulebis gavrcelebis sawinaaRmde-
god“, „yvelanairad aqarwyleben da afuCeCeben centris
winaSe megrelTa toms, xolo samegrelos mSromelTa
saTaveSi uklonistebis mier dayenebuli Cveni megreli
amxanagebi daudevrobas iCenen im sakiTxebisadmi, rac
Seexeba samegrelos mSromelTa masas. amasTan meqaniku-
ri xasiaTis mizezebisa gamo, maT ara aqvT saSualeba
kavSiri iqonion ruseTis centrTan“.
dasasruls saTxovari: „dakvriTi wesiT gaanTavisuf-
leT samegrelos mSromeli xalxi saqarTvelos gangeb
Tavze moxveul suverenitetisagan da kvlav samudamod
ganamtkiceT samegrelos da ruseTis mSromelTa isto-
riuli kavSiri“.
igive Txovna ganmeorebulia mxolod ufro daJinebiT,
amierkavkasiis cakis saxelze mimarTul depeSaSi, ro-
melsac xels awers bukonia-beseliaseburi zugdidis
oci moqalaqe. esenic rixiT gaiZaxian, rom „samegrelos
mSromelni moelian ganTavisuflebas istoriuladac,
iuridiuladac usafuZvlo saqarTvelos suverenite-
tisagan, rac ganmtkicebulia mxolod imperialistur
elementebis meSveobiT“.
ukanasknel, xuTi moqalaqe (grigol axalaia da sxvani)
sruliad sakavSiro cakis saxelze mimarTul depeSaSi
ficuloben, rom „samegrelos yvela kuTxis miwis muSe-
bi gansakuTrebiT moiTxoven qarTuli centris mier Se-

190
Cerebul samSoblo enaze gadacemuli gazeTis gamog-
zavnas da darwmunebuli arian, rom“.... xolo raSi arian
darwmunebulni moqalaqe axalaia da Zmani misni, es ise-
Ti ucnauri „megruli rusuliT“ aris gamoTqmuli, rom
misi gadaTargmna yovlad SeuZlebelia. amitom sityva-
sityviT momyavs depeSis dedanis Sesaferi nawili:
„Уверены что научное основание Советскаго Строителства
исключает всякую рутинную формальостъ а тем более
совершенно не предвиденно созданную в нетерпеливом
ожидании непосредственной защиты на кулътурних
стремленний по строжайшей линии Ленинизма“.
ramdenaTac SeiZleba am ajafsandalis gageba mTel sa-
megreloSi iwil-biwiloTi Sekrebili bukonia-beselia-
axalaias „kompanias“ ganuzraxavs am saqmis ganxorcie-
leba, rac, didi xania mas aqeT, rac miznaTa hqondaT da-
saxuli cnobil ianovskis da vostorgovs ara nakleb
cnobil aSordias TanamSromlobiT. maSin iyvnen ia-
novsk-vostorgov-aSordia, axla arian bukonia-bese-
lia-axalaia. is ris gakeTeba ver SesZlo da razedac,
rogorc uimedo saqmeze, xeli aiRo pirvelma, Savraz-
melma samebam, ganzraxuli aqvs ganaxorcielos wiTel
niRabs amofarebulma, „из кулътурных стремлений по
строжайшей линии Ленинизма“ moqmedma samegrelos mSro-
meli xalxis dRevandel moWirnaxule bukonia-beselia-
axalaias jgufma. eseni iSviaT jambazurad Seuxameben
erTmaneTs erTis mxriv „Tanamedrove“ frazebs „leni-
nizmis“ da „sabWoTa aRmSeneblobis mecnierul safuZ-
vlebis Sesaxeb da meore mxriv xavsmokidebul sefe-
brZanebebs da „ruseTis saxelmwifo arqivSi“ mtvermo-
kidebul sabuTebs.
vTqvaT, es idea, dee bukonia-beselia-axalaias avadmyof
azrovnebaSi warmtaci feradebiT iyos dasuraTebuli
ruseTis TviTmpyrobelTa xana, dee maT warmodgenili
hqondeT, rom im xanaSi, maSindel socialur-politi-
kur pirobebSi, „samegrelos xalxs“ SeeZlo „daemsxvria
sakuTari monarqia, raTa sabolovod da samudamod Se-
191
erTeboda ruseTis mSromel masas“ („mSromeli masebis“
warmomadgenlebis rolSi rogor mogwonT ruseTis
TviTmpyrobeli da samegrelos mTavari. gana eseni ar
iyvnen, rom bukonia-beselia-axalaia satrfialo traq-
tatebs xels awerdnen!). vTqvaT, yvelaferi es ase iyo
da unda iyos. magram ar SeiZleba vTxovoT axlad mov-
linebul zugdidel „istorikosebs“, gangvimarton, ra
Sedegi mohyva maT mier dasaxelebul traqtatebs da
ras mowmoben es traqtatebi – samegrelos „damoukide-
bel“ politikas Tu, piriqiT, samegrelos, rogorc sa-
qarTvelos erT-erT kuTxis, im politikur xazis gayo-
las, rac miRebuli iyo mTeli saqarTvelos mier. an, iq-
neb, amxanagma „istorikosebma“ isurvon Tavis „istori-
ul analizis“ ramdenadme gaRrmaveba da dagvisaxelon
samegrelos istoriis romelime xana, rodesac mas sa-
qarTvelosagan damoukideblad ecxovros. Cven, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ar viciT aseTi xana. Tu damoukidebel po-
litikur arsebobad CavTvliT zugdidel istorikose-
bis „samSoblos“ samegrelos mTavris gamgeblobaSi
yofnas, maSin xom eseve unda iTqvas saqarTvelos sxva
kuTxeebis Sesaxebac – qarTl-kaxeTzedac, mTazedac,
guriazedac, imereTzedac – maTzedac unda vTqvaT,
rom isini damoukidebel politikur cxovrebas eweod-
nen. ruseTis TiTqmis yvela kuTxezedac, TiTqmis yvela
mazrazedac SeiZleba maSin imisave Tqma – iqac xom
odesme arsebobden suzdalis, polickis da sxva samTav-
roebi.
bukonia-beselia-axalaias mier TuTiyuSisebr gazepi-
rebuli cneba „megreli xalxi“ (rusulad „mingrelski
narod“ SeiZleba isec iyos gagebuli, rogorc „megreli
eri“) – namdvili sisulelea, sruli uvicobis nayofi.
marTlac da ra aris xalxi, eri, rogoria misi damaxasia-
Tebeli Tvisebebi da SeiZleba Tu ara laparaki iseT
Tvisebebze, ramdenadac saqme samegrelos da megre-
lebs Seexeba, gansxvavdeba Tu ara qarTveli erisagan
is, rac namdvilad am eris mxolod erT-erTi Stoa – ise-
192
Ti Sto, rogorc imereTi da imerlebi, gurulebi, TuS-
fSav-xevsurni, – xolo ianovsk-vostorgov-aSordias
mier „samegrelos xalxad“, „megrelTa erovnebad“ iwo-
deba.
pirveli, ena. magram ras warmoadgens „megruli ena“, Se-
iZleba Tu ara mas damoukidebeli ena vuwodoT, Tu mas-
Si xmarebuli sityvebis didi umetesoba – igive qarTu-
li sityvebia, xolo uklebliv yvela sityvis Zirebi
mTlad eTanabreba Sesafer qarTuli sityvebis Zirebs –
imdenad, rom qarTul literaturul enis safuZvlia-
nad Sesaswavlad aucilebelia megruli dialeqtikis
gacnoba. rom ukanaskneli marTla dialeqtia, mxolod
dialeqti, qarTuli enis erT-erTi StoTagania, amis sa-
ukeTeso da TvalsaCino dasamtkicebeli sabuTi is
aris, rom sakmarisia literaturul qarTulis sul
ucodinari megreli (es gansakuTrebiT bavSvebs emCneva)
qarTulad molaparakeTa Soris erTi-ori kvira datri-
aldes da igi Tavisuflad eCveva qarTulad laparaks.
ara maqvs pativi bukonia-beselia-axalaias piradi cno-
bisa, magram darwmunebuli var, rom maT mier qarTulis
Seswavla-SeTviseba swored aseTi gziT moxda da ara
romelime specialur filologiur institutSi. meg-
ruli dialeqtis samoqmedo asparezi viwrod aris Semo-
fargluli ise, rogorc, magaliTad, safrangeTis zogi-
erT kuTxis (provansi da sxva.) kilokavebisa. magram ro-
gorc iq, safrangeTSi, aravis azrad ar mosvlia am ki-
lokavebis ganviTarebisTvis zrunva, CvenSiac Tavda-
pirvelad megrelTagans arc erTs WkuaTmyofel adami-
ans ar ufiqrnia megrul kilokavis ganviTarebaze, meg-
rul mwignobrobis Seqmnaze. samegrelos mTeli mwer-
loba qarTulia, mxolod da mxolod qarTuli. megre-
lebi dasabamidan ganTqmulni iyvnen qarTuli litera-
turuli enis siyvaruliT codnis mxriv. Zveladve ucxo
nawarmoebTa mTargmnelebad saqarTveloSi megrelebi
iTvlebodnen. samegrelos yvela matiane qarTulad
aris dawerili. Cvenamde „megrulad“ daweril arc

193
erTs wigns, arc erTs aRweras, arc erTs sigel-gujars
ar mouRwevia. samegrelos mTavarTa saqmiswarmoebac ki
qarTuli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT dinastiuri
mosazrebiT, arc ise Zalian eWaSnikebodaT saqarTve-
los saxelmwifoebrivobis da kulturis samegreloze
gavlenis cxadyofa. saqarTvelos pirvel gramatikos-
Ta Soris udidesi adgili uWiravs megrels anton Wyon-
didels. Cvens droSi qarTuli enis da istoriis sauke-
Teso mcodnis saxeli agreTve megrelma moixveWa qar-
Tuli gramatikis da yvela mecnierul TxzulebaSi da-
saxelebuli kapitalur istoriuli Txzulebis „qroni-
kebis“ avtori megrelia, gansvenebuli Tedo Jordania.
qarTuli kulturis yvela dargSi SeiZleba davasaxe-
loT didi avtoritetiT mosili pirebis ara erTi da
ori aTeuli megreli. yvela amaTTvis qarTuli ena da
qarTuli kultura, misi stiqionia, romelic mas Sesis-
xlxorcebuli aqvs, romlis gareSe misi ganviTareba
moRvaweoba warmoudgenelia. maS, visa aqvs meti ufle-
ba, meti avtoriteti samegrelos da megrelebis saxe-
liT salaparakod, qarTuli enis da misi megruli Stos
urTierTobaze msjelobisaTvis yvelasgan cnobil
moRvaweebs, Tu dRemde sruliad ucnob bukonia-bese-
lia-axalaias, vinc nebsiT Tu uneblieT ganagrZobs ia-
novski-vostorgovis Savrazmuls saqmes. da gana Rir-
sSesaniSnavi ar aris is garemoeba, rom „megruli kul-
turis“ am aramkiTxe mosarCleTa pirvelsave „debiuts“
mohyva mTeli megruli inteligenciis, misi saukeTeso,
patiosan da mowinave nawilis erTsulovani protesti.
bukonia-beselia-axalaias nacodvilars maT erTxmad
cxadad reaqciuli, xalxisaTvis mavne saqme uwodes.
sxvaTaSoris, aramkiTxe kompaniis mier Seqmnil udRe-
ur-uniWo gazeTis – „noTes“-s daxurva gamoiwvia sameg-
relos rogorc partiul, ise upartio inteligenciis
saukeTeso nawilis bejiTma moTxovnam, rac Seexeba sa-
megrelos farTo mSromel masas, mas arc ki SeuniSnavs
„samegrelos xalxis“ ocdarva axlad movlinebul mes-

194
veuris uilajo gamosvla, man zizRiT aarida Tvali
Seqmnil aur-zaurs.
ase da amrigad, „megruli xalxi“ moklebulia umTavres
arsebiTs Tvisebas mis „calke“ erad CasaTvlelad. igi-
ve unda iTqvas kulturis sxva elementebzedac. aravi-
Tar damoukidebel „megrul kulturaze“ ar SeiZleba
laparaki. samegrelos kultura mTlianad qarTulia,
qarTul safuZvelze moqarguli, qarTuli fesvebiT
moarsebe.
ar SeiZleba arc samegrelos ekonomiur an geografiul
mowyvetilobaze laparaki, aqac igi mWidrod aris sa-
qarTvelos sxva misebr nawilebTan gadaxlarTuli.
maS, sad aris is „imperialisturi elementi“, is „imperi-
alisturi politika“, rasac bukonia-beselia-axalaia
usayvedureben sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebas.
„imperializmad“ is xom ar moeCvenaT, rom Cven saswav-
leblebiT avavseT samegrelo, eleqtrosadgurebs va-
SenebT. mdinareebis sanapiroebs vamagrebaT da Waobebs
vaSrobT, gzebiTa vqselavT. xidebs vaSenebT, saqarTve-
los kuTxeTagan pirvelad samegrelos teritoriaze
daviwyeT farTo rkinis gzis saaRmSeneblo muSaoba (Sa-
vi zRvis samxreT nawilis aSeneba, Suagul samegreloSi
– jvaris mimarTulebiT – Stos gayvaniT), yvela Ronis-
Ziebas vxmarobT am Zvelad mivardnil – miyruebul
kuTxis gamosacocxleblad, ekonomiurad da kultu-
rulad asaRorZineblad. keTili. Tu amas imperializmi
ewodeba, Cven siamovnebiT vkisrulobT aseT bralde-
bas, sxva codva ki Cven kiserze ar gveguleba, gareSe
imisa, rom vera vcnobT da ver vicnobT bukonia-bese-
lia-axalaias „samrevlos“ „damoukideblobas“, rasac
arc kulturuli, arc ekonomiuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia
da adgilobriv mosaxleobaSiac ver moukidebia fesvi,
ver avyvebiT namdvil maniakebs da Segnebul provoka-
torebs, vinc mihyveba netarxsenebul mama ioane vos-
torgovis kurTxeviT ianovski-aSordistebis mier nat-
kepn gzas.

195
bolos da bolos, ra Cveni bralia, Tu „samegrelos
xalxis“ aramkiTxe mosarCleTa avantiurobam daayena
myrali suni binZuri mabezRrobisa „qarTvel uklonis-
tTa“ imperializmis Sesaxeb. marTla ar damaviwydes, mi-
vuloco axali saxelwodeba saqarTvelos s.s. respub-
likis dRevandeli politikis pasuxismgebel mesveurT.
sulac ar eRireboda presis furclebze laparaki im
abdaubdaze, rac warmoiSva axalaiasebur usaqmo heros-
tratebis mier, rom „saqarTvelos imperializmis“ mani-
akebisagan mosalodneli ar iyos Cveni gaCumebis yal-
bad gageba. dee, TviT megrelma inteligenciam da „sa-
megrelos mSromelma xalxma“, visi saxeliT hbedaven
laybobas CxouSiis sanapiros ybedebi, gaigon simarTle
TviT aramkiTxe mosarCleTa „sagmiro saqmeTa“ Sesaxeb,
sakadrisi pasuxi miuZRvnan maT. iqneb amis Semdeg mainc,
sakmarisi moqalaqeobrivi gambedaoba hpovos „ocda
rvaTa ZmaTa CxouSelTa“ kompaniam imisTvis, rom das-
tur Seamowmos ara sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebrivi
meqanizmi, aramed Tavisi sakuTari „azrovnebis meqaniz-
mi“, Tu ra Tqma unda, igi mTlad uimedoT daavadebuli
ar aris im seniT, rac Tana sdevs cnobil megrul wyev-
las: „sqani vanorCqedas do SxvaSi vadagijerebudasia“
(Seni ar gcodnodes da sxvisi ar dagejerebioso).

196
danarTi №2

lavrenti beria
megrel avtonomistebis Sesaxeb
/gaz. „komunisti“, 1925, №210/

amjamad Cems win dgas mTeli rigi erTgvarad „klasiku-

ri“ dokumentebisa. egreviTari, uaRresad gamaxvilebu-
li fantaziac ver SesZlebda exla, 1925 wels sabWoTa
xelisuflebis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi Seeqmna amaze
ufro RirsSesaniSnavi dokumenti: „samegrelos mSro-
melebi moelian ganTavisuflebas saqarTvelos isto-
riulad da iuridiulad usafuZvlo suverenitetisa-
gan, romelsac mxars uWers mxolod imperialisturi
elementi“, naTqvamia erT „mimarTvaSi“, romelsac xels
aweren vladier bukia da sxva axlad gamoCekili megre-
li avtonomistebi.
samegrelos „masebi“ moiTxoven avtonomias...
samegrelos mSromeli xalxi „gminavs“ qarTvelebis
uRels qveS, is xalxi, romelic, rogorc naTqvamia meo-
re dokumentSi, „SeuerTda ruseTs 1804 wlis traqta-
tiT da alqsandre II-es brZanebiT, rac sCans ruseTis
saxelmwifo arqivebidan“.
mefis ruseTis aqtebSi, ruseTis imperiis arqivebSi „sa-
megrelos mSromeli masebi“ eZeben kanonier sabuTebs
avtonomiisaTvis.
„1867 wels, rogorc aRniSnavs mesame dokumenti, sameg-
relos glexobam Tavisi bed-iRblis xelmZRvaneloba
samudamod Caabara ruseTs da Camoagdo Tavisi mCagvre-
li mefe avtokrati“.
rogorc sCans, udao yofila, rom 1867 wels ruseTi
warmoadgenda, meti rom ar vsTqvaT, demokratiul res-
publikas.

197
saidan modian es depeSebi, romlebic egzavneba sabWoTa
kavSiris caks, a/k. caks, saqarTvelos kompartiis cekas
da sxva?
uneblieT gebadeba azri: xom ar aris es morigi oinebi
Tavze xelaRebul kontr-revolucionerebisa, romle-
bic yovelive ZalRoniT cdiloben gaTxaron ufskruli
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb tomebs Soris?
ganvixiloT, vin xelmZRvanelobs am „moZraobas“ da vin
mohyveba „beladebs“. rig-rigobiT midis Cven win mTeli
wyeba tipebisa, romelTac uTuod eyolebaT Tavisi
portretistebi. iSviaTad SeiZleba aSkarad dafaruli
kontrrevoluciis aseTi surnelovani Taigulis, aseT
samuzeumo iSviaTobaTa erTgvari koleqciis SerCeva.
ai, tipi nomeri pirveli:
miSa dadiani – samegrelos avtonomiis ideis saZirkve-
lis Camyreli. misi Teoretikosi da praqtikosi – kom-
partiis yofili wevri, romelic gamoricxuli iyo par-
tiidan 1922 wels. yofili momrigebeli Suamavali, yo-
fili msxvili memamule – megrel Tavadebis, dadianebis
memkvidre. Tavis droze icavda samegrelos avtonomiis
ideas TviTmpyrobelobis gulisaTvis, exla ki moiT-
xovs imasve sabWoTa xelisuflebis... gulisTvis, mis-
Tvis sulerTia.
ai, „saxalxo moZraobis“ meTauri da „beladi“.
tipi nomeri me-2: vladimer bukia; dadianis uaxloesi
megobari da xelisSemwyve, arasodes arc erT partiaSi
ar yofila, magram ramdenime weli ijda Tbilisis psiqi-
atriul saavadmyofoSi. misi mSfoTare SeSliloba ara-
qaTis gamolevam daacxro. amJamad leqciebs kiTxulobs
or ZiriTad Temaze: samegrelos avtonomia da psiqiat-
riis sakiTxebi.
yvela sakiTxSi eTanxmeba dadians. ar eTanxmeba mxolod
erT metad mniSvnelovan muxlSi, rogori iyos samegre-
los respublikis momavali avtonomiis saxelwodeba:
laz-kolxida Tu margalistani.

198
nomeri me-3: kosta kilasonia, menSeviki, romelic iara-
RiT xelSi monawileobas Rebulobda agvistos avantiu-
raSi, yofili saxalxo gvardieli, romelic ara erTxel
yofila pasuxisgebaSi qurdobisa da fulebis datyue-
bisTvis.
mTeli zugdidis mazra icnobs mis „saqmeebs“, is cnobi-
li gamoCenili pirovnebaa, romelic savsebiT sargeb-
lobs pirveli oris ndobiT.
nomeri me-4: axalaia grigol – yofili memarcxene fede-
ralisti, rogorRadac gaZvra saq. kompartiis kandida-
taT. cnobilia mazraSi meti saxeliT: „suleli“, karga
didi „fsiqiatriuli staJiT“.
nomrebi 5-6: xurcilava parmen da grigolia vladimer –
menSevikebi, romelnic monawileobas iReben agvistos
avantiuraSi.
nomrebi 7-8 da 9: naneiSvili biqtor, sajaia guri da
jgerenaia solomon – yof. aznaurebi, soc.federalis-
tebi.
nomrebi 10-11-12-13-14: jiqia, vekua, qobalia, rogava,
Tordia – yvelani kompartiis yofili wevrebi, romel-
nic gamoricxuli iqnen partiidan jer kidev 1922 wels,
rogorc saeWvo, kompartiisaTvis ucxo elementebi.
gana Rirs danarCenebis CamoTvla?
vfiqrob, rom ara.
naTqvami savsebiT sakmarisia.
da, ai, es sakmaod bnel adamianebis – Zma-biWebis kompa-
nia kompartiidan rkinis cocxiT gamogvil saeWvo ele-
mentebTan erTad bedavs laparaks „samegrelos glexo-
bis“ saxeliT da Tavs sTvlis misi survilebis, azrebis
da imedebis gamometyvelad.
2 seqtembers erT-erT krebaze dadianis iniciativiT da
winadadebiT arCeul iqna gansakuTrebuli biuro sameg-
relos avtonomiis ideis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. bi-
uroSi Seviden zemod dasaxelebuli axalaia, Tordia
da jiqia. sxvebi darigden raionebSi imave muSaobis sa-
warmoeblad.
199
iReben gadawyvetilebas mtkiced da frTxilad gaav-
rcelon avtonomiis idea partiulebsa da upartioebs
Soris TviT dadianis xelmZRvanelobiT.
bolos, dadianis rCeviT, gadaswyda aRricxuli iqnan
yvela antimegreli elementebi komunistebiTurT im
mizniT, raTa pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi daapa-
timron isini da gadaasaxlon samegrelos sazRvrebi-
dan.
yvelaferi es iqneboda umsgavso sabWoTa farsi, rom am
kompaniisa da misi „ideisaTvis“ mxari ar daeWiraT, sam-
wuxaroT, zugdidis organizaciis zogierT pasuxismge-
bel muSakebs da, maT Soris, amx. Jvaniasac.
amx. Jvania seriozulaT ar garkveula, rogorc mar-
qsisti, am sakiTxSi da ganicdis dadianis gavlenas. mis-
Tvis, albaT, aSkara ar aris, Tu rogor uRirs rols as-
rulebs is, partiis Zveli wevri, romelic TamaSobs yo-
fil Zvel Tavadis – dadianis dudukze.
partiis wevris amgvari yofa-qceva, rodesac is xels
uwyobs sabWoTa xelisuflebis mtrebs – ar SeiZleba
Sewynarebuli iqnes, igi Rirsia yovelgvari gakicxvis.
komunists, romelic daxmarebas uwevs im danaSauleb-
riv elementebs, romelnic sabWoTa weswyobilebis
dros icaven TavianT reaqcionul ideebs samegrelos
avtonomiis Sesaxeb, layboben sabWoTa saqarTvelos ra-
Rac imperializmze samegrelos mimarT, an sabolood
daukargavs azrovnebis unari, an is Segnebulad xels
uwyobs antisabWoTa ideebis gavrcelebas.
sabWoTa xelisufleba, romelic sdgas erovnul umci-
resobaTa interesebis sadarajoze, ra Tqma unda, mis-
cemda samegrelos avtonomias, es rom riTime iyos ga-
mowveuli. magram samegrelos arc ekonomiuri, arc
kulturul yofacxovrebis da, bolos, arc istoriuli
pirobebi ar warmoadgens safuZvels laz-kolxidis av-
tonomiis Sesaqmnelad da sabWoTa saqarTvelosagan mis
Camosaglejad.
samegrelos avtonomia – es nabijis ukan gadadgmaa, es
aris naxtomi 300 wliT ukan.
200
samegrelos glexobac da samegrelos inteligenciac
gabedulad ilaSqreben aseT moZraobis winaaRmdeg: isi-
ni xedaven, rom es aris moZraoba ara winisaken, aramed
ukanisaken da swored aqeTken ewikebian samegrelos av-
tonomistebi.
am ideas asuldgmulebs da mxars uWers zemoT daxasia-
Tebul avantiuristebis, part. yofili wevrebis, aSkara
kontr-revolucionerebis jgufi da samwuxaroT ram-
denime partiuli muSaki, romlebic ocneboben moixve-
Won raime saxeli, an uimedoT dabneulan.
gangaSi, romelic am erTma jgufma astexa, erTxel da
samudamoT unda moispos.
arc erT gulwrfel da Segnebul megrel-komunists da
upartios ar SeuZlia sxvagvarad azrovneba.
sakiTxi savsebiT naTelia.

201
danarTi № 3

faxulanis Temis koleqtiuri werili megrulis

skolebis winaRmdeg /Sss arqivi, f. 14, aR. 6. №266,
furc. 220-223/.

202
203
204
205
danarTi № 4

moxseneba megruli pirveli jgufebis muSaobis Se-

degebis Semswavleli komisiisa
(uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi,
f. 300, a.12, №26, f. 44-47)

zugdidis raikomis mier gamoyofilma komisiam, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: 1. ganaTlebis gany. gamge –
S. faJava. 2. raikomis warmomadgeneli amx. T. Todua da
3. gansaxkomis warmomadgeneli amx. ar. Ciqobava. 23-27
aprils gamoikvlia pirveli megruli jgufi 5 oT-
xwledSi/zugdidis 1-l sacdel-saCvenebeli 4 wledi. Wi-
Ta wyalis 4 wledis, grigoliSis 4 wledis, WanqvinZis 4
wledis, abasTumnis 4 wledis. /da erTi qarTuli 4
wledSi/ zug. me-4 wl. eweris 4 wledi. cacxvis 4 wledi.
narazenis 4 wledi/ megrulad sacdeli swavlebis Se-
mowmebis Sedegebis mizniT.
paralelurad warmoebda sxva jgufebis Seswav-
lac/zugdidis me-2 saf. saq. Svidwledi me-5 da 7jg., Wi-
Ta wyalis me-5jg., grigoliSis me-5 da me-6 jg., naraze-
nis Cais teqnikumis 1-li kursi sxvadasxva sagnebSi: ge-
ografia, buneba, rusuli, fizika, politekonomia/.
2. saerTo STabeWdileba, romelsac Catarebuli muSao-
ba iZleva, savsebiT damakmayofilebelia, miuxedavad im
defeqtebisa, romlebsac aqvs adgili programebis xSi-
ri cvlisa. maswavlebelTa saTanado momzadebuli kad-
rebis uyolobisa da xelisSemwyob pirobaTa/saswavlo
Senobebis mdgomareoba, damxmare xelsawyoebis nakle-
boba/uqonlobis gamo.
skolebs emCnevaT ganaTlebis ganyofilebis mzrunveli
xeli.

206
3. rac Seexeba kerZod pirvel jgufebs, unda aRiniSnos
Semdegi:
a/ megrul jgufebSi meti aqtivoba elis Seswavlisas,
radganac bavSvebi daubrkolebliv laparakoben megru-
lad; rac Seexeba angariSs da bunebas, arsebiTi sxvaoba
qarTul pirvel jgufTan SedarebiT ar aris da gadam-
wyveti mniSvneloba maswavleblis saqmianobisa da sko-
lis muSaobis pirobebs aqvs. aris mowinave skolebi meg-
ruli pirveli jgufebiT/zug. sacdeli 4 wledi, abas-
Tumnis 1-li oTxwledi/. sadac bavSvebs kargi warmateba
aqvT mopovebuli, angariSSiac da bunebis codnaSic;
imave dros aris megruli jgufebi, sadac bavSvi ver am-
bobs ra Tvea da weliwadis ra droa axla, sadac 2:6 3-s,
anda oTxs ver yofs orze; aseTi magaliTebi arc ise iS-
viaTia.
meore mxriv, mowinave qarTuli pirveli jgufi/naraze-
nisa, mag. /ar Camouvardeba angariSSi mowinave qarTul
jgufs da bunebis codnasac mkvidrs iZleva/qarTulad.
uaRresad sagulisxmoa, rom qarTul pirvel jgufSi,
roca bavSvi pasuxs ver iZleva qarTul SekiTxvaze, pa-
suxs ver iZleva maSinac, Tu megrulad iqneba SekiTxva
mocemuli.
b/ rac Seexeba kiTxvis da weris daswavlas megrulis
daxmarebiT, jgufis xelmZRvanel maswavleblebis ume-
tess azriT, es megrul jgufSi imdenadve Znelia, ram-
denadac Zneli iyo qarTulad swavlebisaso. mxolod
erTi maswavlebeli aRniSnavs: megrulad ufro advilia
dasZlios wera-kiTxvao; gamoiTqva sawinaaRmdego az-
ric: megrul jgufSi ufro sWirs wera-kiTxvis daZleva,
radganac nacnob sityvebs bavSvebi zepirad amboben da
asoebis garegnobas yuradRebiT ar ekidebiano.
g/ arsebiTs gansxvavebas, megrul da qarTul pirvel
jgufs Soris vpovebT qarTulze gadasvlis SesaZleb-

207
lobis TvalsazrisiT – qarTuli pirveli jgufi daub-
rkolebliv gaagrZelebs meore jgufSi qarTulad swav-
las. megruli pirveli jgufi amis SesaZleblobas mok-
lebulia – amJamad: wrevandel seqtembers meore jguf-
Si qarTulad swavla misTvis gacilebiT ufro Zneli
iqneba, vinem SarSan – seqtembers iqneboda pirvel
jgufSi, rom daewyo qarTulad mecadineoba. amas aRniS-
naven megruli jgufis maswavleblebi yvelgan/mxolod
erTma ganacxada: wels ufro advili iqneba, radganac
qarTuli sityvebis Seswavla bavSvebisaTvis siZneles
ar warmoadgenso./
es ar aris gasakviri, radganac megrul jgufebSi swav-
lebisas partiis centr. komitetis dadgenilebis gata-
rebis dros adgili qonda partiis xazis uxeS damaxin-
jebas: megruli pirveli jgufis muSaoba ise ki ara, rom
megrulad molaparake bavSvs gaadvileboda qarTulze
gadasvla, aramed piriqiT ise, rom es gadasvla gaZne-
lebuliyo: bavSvebs Segnebulad aridebdnen qarTul
sityvebs, Tundac rom is bavSvisaTvis ojaxSic nacnobi
yofiliyo/mag. gaurbodnen „siminds“, xmarobden mxolo
„laits“/ Tu mowafe qarTul sityvas ixmarda, maswavle-
beli saWirod sTvlida moebodiSebina/ mag. „mweri vix-
mare megruli terminis uqonlobis gamoo“.../anda zo-
mebs iRebda, rom bavSvs sityva ar exmara.
es uTuod aris gamoZaxili im tendenciisa, romelic
yvela megrelisTvis gasageb „Tav-res“ scvlida da xe-
lovnurad nawarmoebi gaugebari dudmaxvenji“ Semo-
qonda.
amgvari tendenciebisagan Tavisufali araa pirveli
jgufis megruli saxelmZRvaneloc koleqtiuri xan-
da“/mag. „laitis“ simindis nacvlad, fania, c-daboloe-
ba s-nacvlad-kooperativic/.

208
4. enis sakiTxi skolaSi SeuZlebelia movwyvitoT Cveni
mSromeli mosaxleobis, muSisa da kolmeurnis kultu-
ruli winsvlisa da ganviTarebis sasicocxlo intere-
sebs.
sabWoTa saq. mSromelTaTvis (mxedvelobaSi gvyavs qar-
Tuli gvartomobis mosaxleoba) mecnierebisa da lite-
raturis ena iyo da aris qarTuli ena, saq. saxelmwifo
ena. socialisturi mSeneblobisa da kulturuli revo-
luciis ena.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es ena/qarTuli ena/ar aris ojax-
Si sasaubro ena samegrelos mosaxleobisaTvis, is me-
tad axlos sdgas megrulTan saerTo da msgavsi sityve-
biT, da rac umTavresia mTeli Tavisi bunebiT da Tvise-
biT, ris gamoc bunebriv iaraRs warmoadgens megrulad
molaparake bavSvis normaluri gonebrivi ganviTarebi-
saTvis.
ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT, rom saliteraturo qarTuli
ena gansxvavdeba/zogjer TvalsaCinodac/ TviT qarTu-
li kuTxuri metyvelebisagan/mag. TuSuri, xevsuruli,
gurulisagan/. saliteraturo qarTuls TviT qarTu-
lad moubarnic swavloben.
pedagogiurad saWiroa da praqtikulad aucilebeli,
swavlebis procesSi gamoviyenoT megruli, rogorc
damxmare saSualeba qarTulad mocemuli masalis SeT-
visebis gasaadvileblad.
5. zemoxsenebulis mxedvelobaSi miRebiTa da megruli
da qarTuli pirveli jgufebis gamokvlevis SedegTa
analizis safuZvelze komisia saWirod sTvlis:
a/imTaviTve miRebuli iqnes zomebi, rom megrulma pir-
velma jgufebma saswavlo wlis daZlevamde, darCenili
dro gamoiyenon qarTuli leqsikuri masalisa da damu-
SavebisaTvis, raTa meore jgufidan SesaZlebeli gax-
des qarTulad mecadineoba.

209
b/aRiniSnos, rom qarTulad mecadineoba/megrulis ga-
moyenebiT/savsebiT SesaZlebelia pirveli jgufidan,
rogorc amas mowmobs qarTuli pirveli jgufis warma-
teba.
g/im bavSvTaTvis romelnic sabavSvo baRSi ar yofilan,
sasurvelad iqnes cnobili pirveli kvartalis ganmav-
lobaSi swavlebis pirvel wels megruli saxelmZRvane-
los gamoyeneba, wera-kiTxvis Seswavlisas.
SeniSvna: am mizanTan SefardebiT axla xmarebuli sa-
xelmZRvanelo/koleqtiuri xanda, arsebiTad unda ga-
damuSavdes imgvarad, rom Tavidan iqnes acdenili ax-
landeli ara jansaRi tendenciebi da maqsimalurad iq-
nes uzrunvelyofili ZiriTadi mizani: qarTulze ga-
dasvlis gaadvileba.

komisiis wevrebi t. Todua; S. faJava; arn. Ciqobava

210
danarTi № 5
isak Jvania
samegrelos avtonomistebis Sesaxeb
/gazeTi komunisti, 1925, 15 seqtenberi, #11/

211
danarTi № 6

Tedo saxokias moxseneba

/gaz. „komunisti“, 1925, №219: 2/

- samegrelos „avtonomiis“ sakiTxi, – ambobs momxsene-

beli, – wamoyenebulia erTi jguf avantiuristebis mi-
er. samegrelo saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo
yovelTvis. megruli ena ar aris calke ena, is mxolod
qarTuli enis erT-erTi kilokavia, romelsac xmaroben
Sinaur cxovrebaSi samegrelos mkvidrni.
megruli enis sakiTxi arasodes ar wamoWrila saqar-
TveloSi. is daisva mxolod rusebis Semosvlis Semdeg,
rodesac gauqmda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samTavroebi.
ruseTis TviTmpyrobelurma mTavrobam igrZno saqar-
Tvelos gaerTianebis saSiSroeba da is xelovnurad
cdilobda gamoewvia saqarTvelos daqucmaceba. swo-
red am mizniT iyo wamoyenebuli megruli enis sakiTxi.
60-ian wlebSi ruseTis mTavrobam ieriSi miitana sameg-
relos skolebze, saidanac gandevnil iqna qarTuli ena.
es mdgomareoba grZeldeboda 1890 wlamde; am xanebSi ki
scenaze gamoCndnen saxalxo ganaTlebis amierkavkasiis
olqis ufrosi ianovski da misi TanaSemwe levicki.
am ukanasknelma SemoiRo swavlebis egreT wodebuli
munjuri meTodi, romlis gatarebasac scdilobda sa-
qarTvelos skolebSi.
levickim xonis seminariis maswavlebels petrovs da am
seminariis maSindel mowafes, Semdeg ki cnobil afe-
rist aSordias daavala megruli anbanis Sedgena rusu-
li asoebiT.
im xanebSi qarTuli ena savsebiT gandevnili iyo ganaT-
lebis saministros skolebidan. es ena SenarCunebuli
iyo mxolod samrevlo skolebSi, radgan iq RvTis msa-
xureba qarTul enaze xdeboda.
im mizniT, rom aqac mospobiliyo qarTuli ena levickim
aSordias daavala saRmrTo sjulis megrulad Targmna.

212
amas win aRudga mTeli samegrelo, romelmac boikoti
gamoucxada aSordias nacodvilars.
am dros saqarTvelos sasuliero uwyebis skolebs sa-
TaveSi Caudga mRvdlis anaforaSi gaxveuli kaciWamia
dekanozi ivane vostorgovi. is amtkicebda, rom megre-
lebs araviTari naTesaoba ar aqvT qarTvelebTan, meg-
relebi calke ers Seadgeneno da sxva. man presaSiac ki
scada aseTi azrebiT gamosvla. mas gamoekamaTa profe-
sori niko mari, romelmac nacartutad aqcia da miwas-
Tan gaaswora vostorgovis sabuTebi.
vostorgovis Semdeg qarTuli enis devnas xeli mihyo
soxumis episkoposma arsenma, romlis xsovnas wyevla-
krulviT ixseniebs yoveli megreli. man brZaneba gasca,
rom samurzayanoSi wirva-locva SemoRebuli yofiliyo
rusul enaze.
ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis es rusifikatoruli cde-
bi mospo didma revoluciam, romelmac Tavisufleba
moutana qarTvel ers.
magram 1918 wels q. foTSi vostorgov-levickis gamouC-
nden memkvidreebi maswavlebel stefane gaguas saxiT.
zugdideli avantiuristebis Cxirkedelaoba swored am
droidan iwyeba.
Cemi mokle moxseneba – ambobs Tedo saxokia – me minda
gavaTavo Semdegi megruli andaziT:
- wiari kurdRels geTxozu, mara kurdReli mus geT-
xozu, (mwevari kurdRels misdevs, kurdReli raRas
misdevso!)
Tu vis misdevda levicki da vostorgovi – Cven viciT,
magram Tqven vis misdevT, b-no CxouSelebo?

213
214
215
danarTi № 7

samegrelos mkvidrTa 1925 wlis 23 seqtembris re-

zolucia
/gaz. „komunisti“, 1925, №219: 2/

1925 w. seqtembris 23-s, TbilisSi mcxovreb samegrelos

mkvidrTa sazogado krebam iqonia msjeloba erTi jgu-
fis gamosvlis Sesaxeb, romelmac ganizraxa dRevandel
pirobebSi bneli saqmis ganxorcieleba, rac Tavis dro-
ze ver SesZlo romanovebis ruseTma. kreba saqveynod
acxadebs, rom es aris gagrZeleba imperialisturi ru-
seTis gamTiSavi politikisa, rac mimarTuli iyo qar-
Tuli erovnuli ojaxis daqsaqsvisa da saqarTvelos,
rogorc mTliani erovnuli erTeulis mospobisaken.
am bnel politikanebs araviTari – arc zneobrivi, arc
iuridiuli, arc politikuri – ufleba ara aqvT ilapa-
rakon samegrelos saxeliT.
samegrelo, aTaseuli wlebis istoriuli warsuliT,
eniT, kulturiT da sisxliT dakavSirebuli saqarTve-
los danarCen nawilebTan, warmoadgens mTliani saqar-
Tvelos ganuyrel nawils.
samegreloSi warsulSiac iyo aseTi cda rusifikaciis
mociqulTa – ianovsk-vostorgovi-levickisa da maTi
mosyiduli laqiebisa, magram xalxma Tavze gadaaxia
TviTmpyrobelobis agentebs imperatorisagan boZebu-
li megruli sityvebiT da rusuli asoebiT dabeWdili
manifesti, zizRiT ukuagdo rusuli asoebiT Sedgeni-
li wignebi, boikoti gamoucxada rusul wirva-locvas
da alagma aramkiTxe Wirisuflebi.
dRes, rodesac gaerTianebuli qarTveli eri progresi-
sa da kulturuli aRoZinebisaken miiswrafvis, es aram-
kiTxe Wirisufalni scdiloben erTsulovan moZraobi-
dan gamoTiSon samegrelos mSromeli masa. Cven, saqar-
Tvelos dedaqalaqSi mcxovrebi samegrelos mkvidrni –
maswavlebelni, inJinrebi, mwerlebi, sabWoTa mosamsa-
216
xureni, moswavle axalgazrdoba, muSebi, xelosnebi
vgmobT wiTel qurqSi gaxveuli Savrazmelebis cdas sa-
qarTvelos mTliani sxeulis daqucmacebisas.
rogorc mravali saukunis manZilze, ise mermisSiac sa-
megrelos mSromeli masa mTel saqarTvelosTan erTad
xelixel Cakidebuli ivlis da veraviTari bneli intri-
gebi ver CaSlian qarTveli eris aTaseuli wlobiT gan-
mtkicebul kulturul-ekonomikur-politikur mTlia-
nobas.
samegrelos mkvidrTa kreba kategoriulad moiTxovs
saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan miRebul iqnes sastiki zo-
mebi aseT umsgavso Savrazmuli movlenis Zirian-fesvi-
anad aRmosafxvrelad.

217
danarTi № 8

taras Sengelias „danosi”

(cilismwmebluri werili)
/Targmnilia rusuli enidan. uaxlesi istoriis
centraluri arqivi, f. 284, aR. 3, s. 456, furc. 6-11/

rkp (b) ck mdivans, amxanag stalins

rcak (ruseTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti)
ssrk Tavmjdomares, amxanag kalinins
sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo komitetis Tavmjdomares,
amxanag molotovs

koleqtiuri gancxadeba
samegrelo, romlis mosaxleoba dReisaTvis Seadgens 400
000, mefis mTavrobis mier misi sabolood dapyrobidan
(1867 w.) gasabWoebamde, iseve rogorc afxazeTi, oseTi da
kavkasia, Tavisi mcire erovnebebiT, warmoadgenda ori na-
cionalizmis – qarTulisa da rusulis – sabrZolo arenas.
gasabWoebamde am brZolaSi CarTuli iyo samegrelos Tava-
daznauroba, sasuliero pirebi, samRvdeloeba da naRebi
inteligencia (iuristebi, eqimebi, agronomebi da a.S.), rom-
lebic miemxrnen qarTul nacionalizms.
rus nacionalistebs surdaT samegrelos rusificireba
reaqciuli Savrazmeli samRvdeloebis xeliT, romlis war-
momadgelebi iyvnen vostorgovi, ianovskisi da sxvebi. am
miznis misaRwevad samegrelos eklesiebSi wirva-locva meg-
rul enaze unda Catarebuliyo, magram salocavi wignebi,
iseve rogorc sxva saxelmZRvaneloebi, gadaiyvaneboda ru-
sul da slavur Sriftze, saqmiswarmoeba ki gamgeobis or-
ganoebSi, soflebSi, qalaqebSi rusul enaze unda warmar-
Tuliyo.
qarTvelma nacionalistebma, romlebsac saTaveSi edgaT
i.WavWavaZe, i.gogebaSvili (ixileT misi reaqciul-Sovinis-
turi wigni: „samegrelos dawyebiT skolebSi megruli enis
SemoRebis winaaRmdeg“ – Savrazmelebis gazeTi „peterbur-
218
gis cnobis furceli“, 1903 varianelis fsevdonimiT), Tedo
Jordania, ganaxorcieles SeteviTi RonisZiebebi rusi na-
cionalistebis winaaRmdeg. maT mobilizeba gaukeTes sa-
megrelos aznaurobasa da sasuliero pirebs, amisaTvis ga-
moiyenes samegrelos episkoposi besarion dadiani – cnobi-
li xuligani, Savrazmeli da Sovinisti, agreTve megreli
Tavadaznaurobis meTauri – Tavadi nikoloz dadiani. ase-
Ti nagavi megreli xalxis saxeliT 1893 wels axal senakSi
iwvevs yrilobas, romelsac eswrebian mxolod „keTilmowe-
se mRvdlebi“ da wodebiani aznauroba. am yrilobaze megru-
li ena gamocxadda monebisa da mdabioTa enad; maTi mtkice-
bulebiT megruli enis Setana skolebsa da eklesiebSi sa-
megrelos glexobas ubiZgebs „antiqristianuli swavlebi-
saken, rac xelsayrelia aTeist-materialistebisaTvis (i.
gogebaSvili, gv.21), rameTu megruli ena ar aris megrele-
bisTvis is saRvrTo ena, rogoricaa qarTuli“. megruli
enis aRmofxvris ZiriTadi motivi sinamdvileSi iyo is, rom
misi aRiareba, TiTqos Seasustebda „erTian saqarTvelos“,
mis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobas da a.S. (samwuxarod, es mo-
tivi dResdReobiTac ZalaSia qarTul sinamdvileSi megru-
li xelisuflebis Camoyalibebis winaaRmdeg). am yrilobis
Semdeg „uwmindesma“ sinodma aRasrula mSromeli megrele-
bis sisxlismwovelTa moTxovna da Sewyvita skolebSi meg-
rul enaze swavleba.
yvelaferi zemoT naTqvami gaxda qarTuli Sovinizmis aR-
zevebis mizezi. samegrelos glexoba ki Zalze Sors iyo am
ambebisagan, maT aravin arafers agebinebda da ekiTxeboda,
Tumca glexobis saxeliT xdeboda mimdinare movlenebis
afiSireba.
kompartiis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis da sabWoTa kavSiris xe-
lisuflebisaTvis cnobili iyo Tu ra sazizRar politikas
atarebda Tavadaznauroba da samRvdeloeba samegreloSi,
isini dascinodnen megrul enas, uwodebdnen „ZaRlebis
enas“, cdilobdnen gaenadgurebinaT yvelaferi megruli,
magram amas aRwevdnen mxolod maRali fenis – aznaurebis,
Tavadebisa da samRvdeloebas Soris; megrulad ojaxebSic

219
ki aRar saubroben. kulturul-politikuri reJimis miuxe-
davad (skola da mmarTveloba) glexebi uars ver ambobdnen
mSobliur enaze da ar undodaT misi Senacvleba qarTu-
liT. menSevikuri mTavroba sxva usaqcielobasTan erTad
devnida da anadgurebda yvelafers megruls. menSevikebi
ara marto saqmiswarmoebas ar warmarTavdnen megrul ena-
ze, aramed dawesebulebebSi megrulad saubarsac ki krZa-
lavdnen, magram es umsgavsoebebi aRikveTa gasabWoebis Sem-
deg.
samegrelos sakiTxis detaluri Seswavlis Semdeg da bela-
dis – amxanag stalinis miTiTebiT, saqarTvelos kp(b) ck
1929 wels gamoitana Semdegi bolSevikuri dadgenileba:
1. gamoices wignebi da gazeTebi megrul enaze;
2. saqmiswarmoeba sasamarTlo organoebSi, raionul da sa-
soflo sabWoebSi warimarTos megrul enaze;
3. mowiful mosaxleobas Soris wera-kiTxvis ucodirano-
bis aRmofxvra moxdes megruli enis meSveobiT.
4. dawyebiT klasebSi mecadineobebi warimarTos megrul
enaze.
am RonisZiebebma didi kulturul-politikuri efeqti mo-
axdina samegrelos soflebSi; dadgenilebam xeli Seuwyo
bolSevikuri partiis, sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da samegre-
los glexobis urTierTkavSirs, rac gaxda saukuneebis man-
Zilze Cagruli samegrelos glexTa masebis sawarmo-Semoq-
medebiTi iniciativisa da SromiTi enTuziazmis gazrdis
sawindari. amitomac zugdidis mazraSi da mis raionebSi sa-
qarTvelos kp(b) ck-is dadgenilebebi xorcieldeboda yo-
velgvari Seferxebis gareSe, sxva raionebSi ki, zemoT aR-
niSnuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba ar xdeboda. amis
pirveli mizezi iyo is, rom xeli SeewyoT megrelebis qar-
TvelebTan asimilaciisaTvis, xolo meore – raionis xel-
mZRvanelobas eSinoda ar daedanaSaulebinaT isini megrul
nacionalizmSi.
aravisaTvis ar aris saidumlo, rom am situaciidan gamom-
dinare, saukeTeso megreli bolSevik-leninelebi, romle-
bic moRvaweobdnen yofil zugdidis mazraSi, saqarTvelos

220
kp (b) ck-is megrelTa sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli dadgenile-
bebis sruli realizaciisaTvis, kp (b) ck-is winaSe daayenes
sakiTxi, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali samegre-
los olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. im droisaTvisac da axlac am
moTxovnis motivi gaxldaT samegrelos realuri cxovreba
da nacionaluri sakiTxis marqsistul-leninuri da stali-
nuri gageba, rom eri warmoadgens „istoriulad Camoyali-
bebuli enis, teritoriis, ekonomikuri cxovrebis, fsiqi-
kuri yaidis erTianobas, romelic kulturis erToblioba-
Si vlindeba“ (stalini).
amxanagi stalini statiaSi „marqsizmi da erovnuli sakiT-
xi“ ( vena 1913 w., ixileT gv.6) wers: „ra vuyoT aseT xalxs:
megrelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, lekebs da sxv., romlebic
sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben, magram TavianTi literatu-
ra ki ara aqvT? romel ers mivakuTvnoT isini? SesaZlebe-
lia Tu ara maTi erovnul kavSirebSi gaerTianeba? romeli
kulturuli saqmis irgvliv moxdeba maTi organizeba?“ Ta-
visive dasmul kiTvas stalini scems Semdeg pasuxs: „dau-
yovnebliv unda moxdes Tanabari uflebebiT maTi maRal
kulturasTan ziareba“. Tumca, es sakiTxebi ukve didi xania
gadawyvetilia oqtombris revoluciis mier, magram sakiT-
xi: ra eSvelebaT megrelebs (roblebsac ukve Tavisi lite-
ratura aqvT)? samwuxarod, ar aris moxsnili dRis wesrigi-
dan, oqtombris revoluciis me-16 wlisTavzec ki.
jer kidev ar momxdara, da albaT, arc moxdeba megrelebis
qarTvelebTan asimilireba, radgan qarTul enas Tavs ax-
vevdnen megrel glexobas, jer sasuliero pirebisa da Ta-
vadebis, Semdeg ki menSevikebis CareviT, amjerad ki ( kp(b)
ck 1931 wlis 31 oqtombris dadgenilebis Semdegac ki, iseTi
„gavleniani“ komunistebis meSveobiT, rogorc samson mamu-
lia da sxv. asimilacia sulac ar aris aucilebeli. rameTu
qarTuli ena ar aris maRali kulturis monopoluri karib-
We kavkasiis xalxebisaTvis. ese igi afxazeTi, samxreT ose-
Ti da sxvebi ver eziarebian maRal kulturas, sanam ar mox-
deba maTi qarTvelebTan asimilireba?

221
am mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT megreli bolSevikebi amtki-
cebdnen, rom aucilebelia Seiqmnas samegrelos olqi, rom-
lis arsebobis aucilebloba gviCvena praqtikam da cxovre-
bam 1930 wlidan moyolebuli, gansakuTrebiT samegrelos
raionebad dayofis Semdeg.
miuxedavad imisa, rom partiis me-16 yrilobaze partiis be-
ladma, amxanagma stalinma ganacxada, rom daraioneba ar
niSnavs erovnuli olqebis gauqmebas. amitom, im droisaT-
vis ukve momwifebuli sakiTxi, samegrelos olqis Camoya-
libebis Sesaxeb meqanikurad moxsna, Tumca daraionebis
procesi mainc mimdinareobda. megreli bolSevikebis pro-
testi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da samegrelo daiyo Svid
patara raionad (yoveli maTgani 35-38 aTasi mosaxleobiT,
garda zugdidis raionisa, romelSic mosaxleobis ricxvi
65 aTasamde iyo). yvela es raioni uSualod eqvemdebarebo-
da saqarTvelos respublikur centrs. vimeorebT, jer ki-
dev maSin samegrelos bolSevikebi ambobdnen, rom saqar-
Tvelos respublikuri centri ver SeZlebs kp(b) ck zemoT
moxseniebuli dadgenilebebis uzrulvelyofas Tu sameg-
relo ar iqneba gamoyofili calke olqad, romelic Seva
sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. amxanagma qarTve-
lebma piroba dades, rom zedmiwevniT zustad gaatareb-
dnen kp (b) ck gadawyvetilebebs samegrelos sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT. magram es Sepirebebi darCa mxolod qaRaldze
dawerili.
aravisTvis ar aris saidumlo, rom afxazeTi, aWaristani
ekonomikurad ufro maRal donezea, vidre samegrelo: ma-
galiTad, afxazeTis 1933 wlis biujeti Seadgenda 17 mili-
on maneTs amas emateboda 5 ½ milioni dotacia, jamSi biu-
jeti Seadgenda 22 ½ miliard rubls 230 aTas mosaxleoba-
ze. aWaristanis biujeti Seadgenda 10 milion maneTs amas
emateboda 3 ½ milioni dotacia, jamSi biujeti Seadgenda
13 ½ miliard rubls 125 aTas mosaxleze. maSin, rodesac sa-
megrelos yvela soflisa da raionis bijeti ar aRemateba 8
milion rubls 350 mosaxleobaze da amis garda saqarTve-
los saxkoms samegrelodan miaqvs 530.000 rubli (es mxo-

222
lod erTi raionidan). samegrelos sxva raionebs gamouyo-
fen 900.000 da Tu am Tanxas gamovaklebT 500.000, romelic
gaaqvT zugdidis raionidan, maSin gamodis, rom samegrelo
iRebs 400.000 rubls 350.000 mosaxleze, rac dacinvis tol-
fasia.
samegrelos sameurneo-kulturuli mSenebloba da sawar-
moo Zalebi erTi wertilidan ar iZvris maSin, roca avto-
nomiuri afxazeTi, aWaristani da sxvebi giganturi nabije-
biT miiweven win. samegreloSi ar aris gzebi, skolebi, saa-
vadmyofoebi (Tu ar CavTvliT zugdidis saavadmyofos,
romelic wlebis manZilze Sendeboda da bolos da bolos
dasrulda), ar mimdinareobs sakurorto mSenebloba, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom igi mdidaria kurortebiT: samTo-klima-
turi (Cegva, lebarde, muxuri, oxaCkue), mineralur-samkur-
nalo (caiSi, menji, skuri, lugela) da sazRvao – anaklia da
sxv.
es ulamazesi adgilebi gaveranebulia. ismis kiTxva, ra-
tom? imitom rom aravin yuradRebas ar aqcevs maT. samegre-
lo rom iyos avtonomiuri olqi, maSin ar iqneboda aseT
mdgomareobaSi, gaizrdeboda samegrelos biujeti, is ay-
vavdeboda ise, rogorc afxazeTis da sabWoTa kavSiris sxva
kuTxeebi. amas ar iTvaliswinebs zogierTi megreli komu-
nisti da SecdomaSi SehyavT partiis ck, rodesac amtkice-
ben, rom samegrelos ar sWirdeba avtonomia, aseT moTxov-
nas nacionalisturs uwodeben, soflis komunistebs aSine-
ben partiis rigebidan garicxviT da a.S. Zveli glexi bol-
Sevikebi: m. gabedava, p. rogava, qobalia da sxvebi garicxes
partiidan 1925 wels, imis gamo, rom iTxoves samegrelos
avtonomia. maT sarCeli Seitanes skp (b) ck-Si da partiis
rigebSi aRdgenil iqnen 1929 wels.
ras moeloda mSromeli samegrelo da ra moxda sinamdvile-
Si? ara marto ar Camoayalibes olqi, ufro metic, sruliad
moulodnelad saukeTeso zugdidel megrel bolSevik-le-
ninelebs aTavisufleben Tanamdebobebidan sxvadasxva mi-
zezis gamo da gadahyavT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeeb-
Si, xolo nawili datoves umuSevari. maT adgilebze ki svam-

223
dnen politikurad aramyar adamianebs, trockistebs, kari-
eristebs, romlebic ganacxadebdnen, rom megrelebi ara
megrelebi, aramed qarTvelebi ariano imisTvis, rom miiRon
raikomis mdivnis an Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobebi.
zugdidis raionis bolSevik-megrelebis gayris motivi gax-
ldaT maT mier samegrelos olqis Seqmnis moTxovna, ker-
Zod ki, raikomis mdivnis, amxanag isak Jvaniasi.
saqarTvelos kp(b) ck mdivani 1933w. 14 Tebervlis zugdidis
raikomis plenumze amx. agniaSvilma ganacxada, rom amx. Jva-
nia gadahyavs sxva raionSi, imitom rom man gadaameta sameg-
relos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. samegrelos olqis Camoya-
libebis moTxovna kvalificirebulia rogorc gadametebu-
li, iTvleba reaqciul moTxovnad, magram ismis SekiTva, ra-
tom aris is reaqciuli? am kiTvaze pasuxi ar aris gacemu-
li. ratom iTvleba leninur-sabWourad afxazeTi, aWaris-
tani, samxreT oseTi, yaraCai, naxWevani da sxv. revoluciur
kuTxeebad, xolo samegrelo kontrrevoluciurad?
gasabWoebis dRidan moyolebuli dRis wesrigSi dgas sameg-
relos olqis sakiTxi (ganxilva daiwyo zugdidis mazris
pirvel legalur partkonferenciaze 1921 wels), magram
dRemde aravis gaucia gansazRvruli bolSevikuri pasuxi,
rom leninur-stalinurad gadaiWres es sakiTxi. amitom di-
di xnis dumilis Semdeg, gTxovT, CaverToT am saqmeSi.
ra xdeba amJamad, zugdidis bolSevikebis gaZevebis Semdeg?
1. gamodis saraiono megruli gazeTi „yazaxiSi gazeTi“- sa-
qarTvelos kp (b) ck organo, romlis gamocema daiwyo 1930
wlidan saqarTvelos kp (b) ck dadgenilebiT da gaxda zug-
didis raikomis organod. gazeTis formati Sekvecilia, ti-
raJi Semcirebulia 20.000-dan 3.800-mde. gazeTi gamoica Se-
reul qarTul-megrul enaze, enis diskretaciis mizniT.
pirvel rigSi, mkiTxvelis xelovnurad ganTesvis mizniT,
meore – glexebisaTvis gaugebari iyos misi Sinaarsi, xolo
mesame – amiT moamzadon niadagi imisTvis, rom TiTqosda
moxda megrelebis asimilireba qarTvelebTan da rom droa
Sewydes gazeTis gamocema megrul enaze.

224
2. aseT Sereul enaze da amave miznebiT gamodis dekaduri
da mravaltiraJiani gazeTebi.
3. skolebSi likvidirebulia megrul enaze swavleba: ga-
naTlebis saxalxo komitetma zugdidis raionSi miavlina
„megreli“ Cinovniki, „profesori“ Ciqobava davalebiT, rom
am „megrel vai mecniers“ „mecniereuli“ TvalsazrisiT See-
jamebina dawyebiT skolebSi megrul enaze swavleba. am mec-
nierma zustad Seajama Sedegebi da dawera: „marTalia meg-
reli bavSvebi ukeT iTviseben masalas mSobliur megrul
enaze, vidre maTTvis gaugebar qarTul enaze, magram imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SemdgomSi megrulidan qarTul ena-
ze gadasvla gaZneldeba, amitom megruli skolebis pirve-
live jgufebidanve amoRebuli unda iqnes megrul enaze
swavleba; anu samomavlo „perspeqtivisaTvis“, ukve dRes
gavwiroT megruli ena“.
aseT „safuZvlian“ „mecniereul“ antileninur gamosvlas
daeTanxma zugdidis partiis raikomis axali xelmZRvane-
loba da gadawyvita momavali saswavlo wlidan samegrelos
dawyebiT skolebSi daekanonebinaT qarTul enaze swavleba.
am „Wkvianuri“ gadawyvetilebiT zugdidis axali xelmZRva-
neloba ganaTlebis saxkomTan erTad cvlis skp(b) ck-s dad-
genilebas kavkasiis nacionaluri komitetis da, saerTod,
leninur-stalinur swavlebas nacionaluri sakiTxis Sesa-
xeb.
zugdidis raionis axalma xelmZRvanelobam akrZala meg-
rul enaze TiTqmis ukve dabeWdili partiis beladis, amx.
stalinis broSura „marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi“,
magram igi naxevrad legalur pirobebSi daibeWda da gamoi-
ca, amisaTvis daisajnen da samsaxuridan gaTavisufldnen
gamomcemlobis pasuxismgebeli pirebi – partiis wevrebi
g/t. sajaia, kvirtaia da a.S.
msgavsi aRmaSfoTebeli antipartiuli da antisabWoTa moq-
medeba zugdidis raionuli komitetis partiis axali xel-
mZRvanelobis mier ganxorcielda mSromeli xalxis xeliT.

225
megrelma karieristebma gaaxmaures lozungebi „erTiani,
ganuyofeli saqarTvelosaTvis“, „asimilacia“ da „interna-
cionalizmi“. es iyo internacionalizmis karikatura.
aseTi mkveTri Semotrialeba oqtombris revoluciis mona-
povaris winaaRmdeg, ra Tqma unda, aRelvebs mSromel meg-
rel xalxs. am movlenebze amxanagi stalini wers: „ gansa-
kuTrebiT ra aRelvebs erovnul umciresobebs? umcireso-
ba ukmayofiloa ara erovnuli kavSiris ar arsebobiT, ara-
med mSobliur enaze uflebis uqonlobiT. mieciT mas uf-
leba gamoiyenos mSobliuri ena da yvelaferi TavisTavad
gaivlis. umciresoba ukmayofiloa ara xelovnuri kavSiris
uqonlobiT, aramed mSobliuri skolis uqonlobiT. mieciT
mas aseTi skola da ukmayofilebas yovelgvari niadagi ga-
moecleba“. magram partiis beladis, amxanag stalinis miTi-
Tebebi samegrelos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT oqtombris re-
voluciis me-16 wlisTavzec ki ar aris ganxorcielebuli.
praqtikam dagvarwmuna, rom momavalSic ar SeiZleba megre-
lebis uflebebis uzrunvelyofa enis mimarT, Tu ar Seiq-
mneba avtonomiuri olqi da mxolod amis Semdeg „ukmayofi-
leba“, romelic grZeldeba ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia –
gaqreba. magram amas ver gebulobs zogierTi jiuti qarTve-
li amxanagi, imitom rom isini eyrdnobian im megreli karie-
ristebis „safuZvlian“ mosazrebebs, romlebic Tavs „in-
ternacionalistebad“ acxadeben.
samegrelos sakiTxi kp (b) ck-s Carevis gareSe ver gadawyde-
ba da ar moixsneba dRis wesrigidan, sanam „proletariati
ar gaimarjvebs mTels msoflioSi da sanam socializmi ar
Semova yofa-cxovrebaSi“.
amitom Cven – partiis wevrebi vTvliT saWirod da daJine-
biT gTxovT:
1. SenarCundes megruli raionTaSorisi gazeTi „yazaxiSi
gazeTi“ sqarTvelos kp (b) ck organo (megruli olqis Camo-
yalibebamde) adrindeli tiraJiTa da eniT.
2. uzrunvelyofil iqnes dawyebiT megrul skolaSi mSob-
liur enaze swavleba, moswavleebisaTvis gasageb enaze anu
megrulad.
226
3. samegrelos raionebsa da soflebSi saqmiswarmoeba mox-
des megrul enaze.
4. daCqardes samegrelos olqis Camoyalibeba, romelic uz-
runvelyofs samegrelos kulturul-sameurneo ganviTa-
rebas socialisturi mimarTulebiT.
Tuki zemoT aRniSnuli faqtebi iwveven sul mcire eWvsac
ki, gTxovT, gamoagzavnoT komisia Semdegi SemadgenlobiT:
1. burnovi – rsfsr ganaTlebis saxalxo komiteti
2. skripnini – ussr ganaTlebis saxalxo komiteti
3. krinicki – ssrk politganyofilebis ufrosi

zugdidi, 1933 wlis aprili

xels aweren: 1. v. Ceminava, 2. t. zarqua, 3. t. Sengelia, 4.
i. gabunia, 5. m.jalaRania, 6.i.naWyebia, 7. o.gvasalia, 8.
n. faJava (skp (b) wevrebi)199

199
dRes analogiurad weren al. WaWias jgufis wevrebi.
227
danarTi №9

arn. Ciqobava
Cveni dedaqalaqi da Cveni dedaena
/gaz. „komunisti“, 1958, №238/

Cveni socialisturi samSoblos Wabuk dedaqalaqs

aTasxuTasi weli usruldeba. aTasxuTasi weli isto-
riis sakmaod didi monakveTia. aTasxuTasi wlis man-
Zilze ara erTi qveyana aRorZinebula da kidec dam-
xobila, ara erTi qalaqi, odesRac ayvavebuli, naqa-
laqrad qceula, arqeologebis saZebari gamxdara.
aTasgvar mexistexasa da qariSxals gadauvlia Tbi-
lisis Tavze, ara erTxel waqceula igi da kvlav am-
dgara, da – mraval Wirnaxuls – mouRwevia Cvens
dromde, roca socialisturi wyobilebis dros igi
gaizarda, damSvenda ise, rogorc winaT arasodes.
poetis sityvebi: „gwvavdnen da ar iwvebodi, cec-
xlSi didebis mxveWeli~-o, iseve SeiZleboda gveTqva
Tbilisis mravalsaukunovan warsulze, rogorc qar-
Tveli xalxis mousvenarsa da saxelovan istoriaze.
Tbilisis istoria qarTveli xalxis istorias asa-
xavs da ukufens. Tbilisis dResaswauli qarTveli
xalxis dResaswaulia. D
dRes, roca Tbiliss iubiles vuxdiT, misi erTi
GRirsSesaniSnavi Tvisebac ar SeiZleba ar vaxsenoT:
qarTuli qalaqi – Tbilisi – internacionaluri
tradiciebis qalaqi iyo da aris. da es rodia Sem-
TxveviTi: qarTvel xalxs, iseve rogorc Cveni qvey-
nis sxva moZme xalxebs, is sasaxelo Tviseba hqonda
da aqvs, rom Tavisi kargi uyvars da sxvisas pativis-
cemiT ekideba.
saxelovania Tbilisis warsuli; mSvenieria misi aw-
myo; saimedo – momavali.
Cveni dedaqalaqis istoria Cveni dedaenis istorii-
saken mimarTavs yuradRebas. Cvens dedaenasac didi

228
xnis, mdidari da saxelovani istoria aqvs. sul mci-
re ori aTasi welia, rac qarTuli sityva ismis, xo-
lo aTasxuTas welze metia gasuli mas Semdeg, rac
qarTuli sityva – Cveni cnobili mwerlis Tqmisa ar
iyos – ulamazesi qarTuli asoebiT aRibeWda (qar-
Tuli warwera bolnisis sionze 439 wlisa srulyo-
fili lamazi mrgvlovani xeliT aris Sesrulebuli:
jerxnobiT ar aris napovni ufro Zveli warwera).
qarTul enaze TxuTmeti saukunis manZilze mdidari
mwerloba Seiqmna. saukuneTa manZilze dedaqalaqi
Tbilisi qarTveli xalxis politikuri erTianobis
centrs warmoadgenda. dedaena – qarTuli ena –
kulturuli erTobisa da erovnuli mTlianobis Seg-
nebas asaxierebda. qarTuli saliteraturo ena aer-
Tianebda qarTvelobas maSinac, roca saqarTvelo
daqucmacebuli iyo, da ekonomikac amis gamo erTia-
nobas xels ver Seuwyobda. qarTuli saliteraturo
ena Seqmnilia mTeli qarTveli xalxis mier, igi kuT-
vnilebaa mTeli qarTvelobisa, – iqneba es qarTveli
– xevsuri Tu svani, kaxeli Tu megreli, qarTleli
Tu aWareli... TviT daqucmacebul feodalur saqar-
TveloSic ki sxva samwerlo ena ara hqoniaT arc
megrelebsa da arc svanebs. qarTuli saliteraturo
ena erTaderTi erovnuli enaa mTeli qarTvelobi-
saTvis; ase iyo warsulSi da miT ufro asea axla,
roca sabWoTa saqarTveloSi socialistur qarTvel
erSi SeduRabebulia rogorc qarTvelobis ganuyre-
li organuli nawili, megreli, Wani da svani iseve,
rogorc qarTleli, kaxeli, aWareli, TuSi... didma
qarTvelma pedagogma i. gogebaSvilma deda-ena uwo-
da im wigns, romelsac Kyoveli kuTxis qarTveli
bavSvi, – svani iseve, rogorc fSaveli, megreli ise-
ve, rogorc aWareli, qarTleli da kaxeli... – iRebs
pirvelad xelSi, rom erTian nacionalur qarTul
enas daeuflos, – daeuflos im enas, romliTac ili-
am, akakim, vaJam Seqmnes qarTuli literaturis Sesa-
niSnvi nimuSebi, – im enas, romelic ganviTarebis

229
axal safexurze avida sabWoTa drois saxelovani
qarTveli prozaikosebisa da poetebis Semoqmedebis
wyalobiT:
`Cveni wigni, Cveni deda, Cveni ena qarTuli, oqros
xmian simebad gulSi amoxlarTuli~...

* * *
TxuTmetsaukunovani istoria qarTuli saliteratu-
ro enisa, mTeli qarTvelobis deda-enisa, exmaureba
dedaqalaqis TxuTmetsaukunovan istorias da Cveni
qveynis mdidari istoriuli warsulis miRwevaTa ga-
moyenebiT Cveni Tanamedrove socialisturi cxovre-
bis Semdgomi aRmavlobisaken mogviwodebs.

danarTi №10
230
arn. Ciqobava
ar daviviwyoT dedaena
/gaz. „samSoblo“, 1969, 22 agvisto/

qarTuli ena mocemuli gvaqvs kuTxuri kilokavebis

saxiT erTi mxriv, saliteraturo qarTuli enis sa-
xiT – meore mxriv. kilokavebi nair-nairia, zog kuT-
xeSi ase „uqceven~, zogSi – sxvagvarad. TuSuric
qarTulia da gurulic, xevsurulica da qvemoimeru-
lic, aWarulica da qarTlur-kaxuric. es ukanaskne-
liKyvelaze axlosaa saliteraturo qarTulTan.
qarTlur-kaxuri sayrdeni dialeqtia saliteraturo
enisaTvis, magram mainc dialeqti.
qarTluris nimuSi: adga biWma, axsenaGRmerTi, da iq
unda wavides, sadac ia da vardis qalaqia, gaswia, wa-
vida. erT alags erTi alvi xe idga. im alvi ZirSi
mSvenieri wyaro gamodis. metic ar iqneba, iq daisve-
na. am biWs ZilSi maesma raRac jivil-xivili, wioko-
ba. am alvi xeze Turme wiwilebi arian faSkundisa,
emagnairad wiokoben e wiwilebi, rom imiTi codviT
raRa Tqvas kacma (mogvyavs ivane gigineiSvilis, var-
lam Tofuriasa da ivane qavTaraZis `qarTuli dia-
leqtologiidan~, 1961 weli).
SeadareT guruli (Coxatauris raioni): daZmobilda
Turme ori kaci. veRar gavZlefT aqanaioo da wevi-
deTo. wevidnen Turme. sami puri erTma weiRo sag-
ZlaT, sami – meorem. iaren, iaren, moSivden. vWamo-
To, erTma uTxra mores. jer Seni vWamoT da mere –
Cemio. Wames ii puri. erTi dRei gadiaren. vWamoT
kidomo... amas aRara aq sagZali meti. gadiaren meoT-
xe dRei... (iqve).
qvemoimeruli (vanis raioni): zamxuli Zaliani adre
deiwyo wrouls. Cveni ezo TxmelaefSia da saurcxo-
vo sanaxavi iyo... yorifeli namyofi adrea, Teber-
vlis kvirti roa, mito. am ezoobaSi da sabzeurebze
simide dabazebulia. mara unairo jvapebi deiwyo.
231
Kana saSineli gviani ari, xexili nametari adrea (iq-
ve).
CaRmaTuSuri: weliwadGRamesav diklos lekis Jar
moidav. roca rom Wamis Wamaze davsxediTav, manam
ver gavigeTav, manam sofelSi ar Semoidav. Svidmet
dResav ibrunav jarmav (iqve).
2. kuTxuri kilokavebis mTeli wyeba gvaqvs, salite-
raturo qarTuli ena ki erTia yvela kilokavze mo-
ubarTaTvis, erTobliv yvela kuTxis qarTvelTaT-
vis. qarTleli iqneba igi, aWareli, fSaveli Tu sva-
ni, xevsuri Tu megreli.
es erTi saliteraturo qarTuli ena qarTvelobis
erovnuli enaa, skolisa da sasamarTlos ena, Teat-
risa da radiogadacemaTa ena, igi sabWoTa saqarTve-
los saxelmwifo enas warmoadgens. 3. saliteraturo
qarTul enas mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs; uZve-
lesi qarTuli warwerebi mexuTe saukunes ekuTvnis.
meaTe-meTerTmete saukuneebSi qarTul enaze ukve
moipoveboda mdidari sasuliero, Teologiuri da
filosofiuri literatura, metwilad naTargmni.
qarTul enaze meTormete saukuneSi daiwera `vefxis-
tyaosani~ saero qarTuli mwerlobis brwyinvale ni-
muSi. axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis saZirkve-
lia qarTuli mwerlobis klasikosebis – ilia WavWa-
vaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas Txzulebebi.
mdidari da mravalferovania sabyoTa wlebis qarTu-
li poezia da proza. qarTul enas swavlobdnen ga-
moCenili avstrieli enaTmecnieri hugo SuxarTi,
germaneli qarTvelologi deetersi, mekelaini... qar-
Tuli enis Seswavla-gamokvlevaSi TvalsaCino miRwe-
vebi aqvs norvegiel enaTmecniers hans fogts,
frang baskologsa da kavkasiologs rene lafons,
germanel mkvlevarebs profesorebs gertrud peCs,
karl Smidts... warmatebiT swavloben qarTuls ho-
landieli enaTmecnierebi ebelingi da koipersi... 4.
yoveli enis daniSnulebaa kacs azri gamoaTqmevinos
da mosaubresTan urTierToba SeaZlebinos, anu, ro-

232
gorc ityvian, yoveli ena azrovnebis iaraRi da ur-
TierTobis saSualebaa. es ori funqcia erTmaneTs
mWidrod ukavSirdeba. mTavari mainc meorea, urTi-
erTobis saSualebad yofna. rac ufro meti adamiani
iyenebs enas urTierTobis saSualebad, miT ufro me-
ti sasicocxlo Zala aqvs enas. Tu enas urTierTo-
bis saSualebad aravin xmarobs, es ena mkvdaria. kaci
ifiqrebs: azrovnebis iaraRad mainc darCeba ena,
Tundac masze aravin saubrobdeso. es ase ar aris.
ra enazec vsaubrobT, is enaa, pirvel yovlisa, az-
rovnebis saSualeba. TandaTan gadaeCveva adamiani im
enaze azrovnebas, romelzec aRar laparakobs. ami-
tom aris, rom sxva xalxSi, sxva enis garemocvaSi
myof adamians TandaTanobiT aviwydeba dedaena. xo-
lo Tu dedaena dagvaviwydeba, mSobel xalxTan kav-
Siric gvaviwydeba: ena aris xalxis meobis arsebiTi
niSani. qarTveli kaci, romelmac dakarga qarTuli
ena, male da advilad gaiTqvifeba sxva xalxSi. ar
daiviwyoT dedaena!

danarTi № 11
233
l. berias werili i. stalins200

200
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saarqivo sam-
marTvelos perioduli Jurnali: „saarqivo moambe“, VI, 2009,
gv. 116.
234
235
danarTi № 12

iv. javaxiSvili niko maris winaaRmdeg:

a) werili niko mars201

pativcemulo b-no niko!

Tqveni werilis miRebisTanave misi Sinaarsi vacno-
be Cveni universitetis profesorTa kolegias da vkiT-
xe „sasurvelia Tu ara iafetur eneTmecnierisagan erT
da erT dRevandel miwevnilebaze leqcia rom yofili-
yo Tqven mier qarTulad wakiTxuli”.
Tqveni Txovnis Tanaxmad, gacnobebT srulebiT
gulwrfelad kolegiis saerTo azrs da pasuxs.
Cveulebrivs pirobebSi universitetis profesor-
Ta kolegia siamovnebiT Seegueboda am survils, Tqven
„sxvafriv moazreobisda“ miuxedavad, magram Tqven mi-
erve Seqmnil pirobebSi profesorTa kolegias Tqveni
survilis dakmayofileba srulebiT SeuZleblad miaC-
nia. Cveni universitetis daarsebis ganzraxvas mTel
ruseTSi aravin ar Sexvedria ise mtrulad, rogorc
Tqven, 1917 wlidan moyolebuili aravis Tqvenebr Tav-
gamodebiT ar uweria da ar ubrZolia saTanado wreebSi
am wminda kulturuli saqmis politikur sakiTxad ga-
dasaqcevad, misi saxelis gasatexad da CasaSlelad.
ganmacvifrebeli da bevri CvenTaganisTvis friad
samwuxro garemoeba iyo, rom aseTi wminda da uangaro

201werili pirvelad gamoaqveyna T. kvaWantiraZem JurnalSi:

„qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi“, 1986 wlis # 2-3, “masa-
lebi ivane javaxiSvilis arqividan“ gv. 132-135. Aaqvea T. kva-
WantiraZis Semdegi minaweri: „ivane javaxiSvilis qvemoT war-
modgenili kerZo werili warmoadgens mkveTr Sefasebas im
saCoTiro poziciisas, romelic mis moZRvars niko mars ekava
samecniero Tu oficialur wreebSi qarTul universitetTan
dakavSirebiT“.

236
saqme TqvenTvis gaugebari gamodga, rom rogorc saqar-
Tvelos, iseve somxeTis kulturuli aRorZinebisa da
ganaxlebis kerisaTvis saZirkvelis Cayram, saqarTve-
losa da somxeTis universitetis daarsebam Tqvens, ia-
feturi enaTmecnierebis warmomSobels, gulSi sixaru-
lis magier ganuzomeli siZulvili aRZra da samkvdro-
sasicocxlo brZolis gunebaze dagayenaT. magram zepi-
rad mosul ambavs maSin Cven saTanado angariSi ar gavu-
wieT da es samwuxaro movlena Tqveni xasiaTis sificxis
droebiT, warmaval Sedegad miviCnieT. im dros Cven mo-
suli da wakiTxuli ar gvqonda Tqveni, tfilisis uni-
versitetis daarsebiT gamowveuli moxseneba, jer ru-
seTis ganaTlebis saministroSi, xolo Semdeg samecnie-
ro akademiisaTvis wardgenili. rodesac SemdegSi Tqve-
ni 1920 wlis noembris TariRiT werili mogvivida, ro-
melSiac Cvens universitetSi gadmosvlis ambavsa da
qarTulad wasakiTxav leqciebis saTaurebs gvatyobi-
lebdiT. Tanac gvekiTxebodiT, Tu saxeldobr ra Ta-
namdeboba geqnebodaT Cvens universitetSi, universi-
tetis profesorTa kolegiam es Tqveni mimarTva ise ga-
igo, rom Tqven gsurdaT am axlobeli warsulis usia-
movno mogoneba daviwyebisaTvis migveca da miT Cvengan
dawyebuli saqmis gamarTlebas imdenad udavod scnob-
diT, rom Cveni univesritetis aRmSeneblobaSi monawi-
leobis miRebasac ki kisrulobdiT, magram saqmeTa mer-
mindelma mimdinareobam, metadre s.s.s.r. mTavrobis mi-
er aRZruli sakiTxis gamo qarTul siZveleTa saqar-
TveloSi ukan dasabruneblad mowyobilma ruseT-sa-
qarTvelos mecnierT warmomadgenelTa TaTbirma cxad-
hyo, rom es warsuli samwuxaro movlena awmyoSiac
grZeldeboda. amaze uwinaresac da am TaTbiris drosac
Tqvens, rogorc sityviers, iseve werilobiTs, oqmebSi
daculs, gancxadebebSi Cveni universitetisa da qar-
Tvel mecnierTa da TviT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mraval-
gzis srulebiT Seuwynarebeli, Seuracxmyofeli sit-
yvebi da gamoTqmebi gixmariaT.
ruseTis samecniero akademiis mdivnisadmi mimar-
Tuls Tqvens ukanasknel gancxadebaSi iseT Tavdaviwye-
237
bamde misulxarT kidec, rom TavisTvis ufleba migici-
aT da Tanamderove saqarTvelo samecniero moRvaweo-
bisaTvis gaunayofoebul qveynad gamogicxadebiaT, ro-
melSiac Turme dabali biologiuri nacionalisturi
grZnobebi batonoben, – im dros, rodesac peterburgSi
iseTi bedniereba yofila, romlis msgavsi xelsayreli
pirobebi diadi samecniero SemoqmedebisTvis mTels
dedamiwis zurgze cisa da mTvare-varskvlavebis qveS
arsad sxvagan da Tqven pirovnebis garemos garda ara-
visTan sxvagan Turme ar yofila.
ramdenad SehSvenis amgvari umagaliTo Tavmomwo-
neoba mecniers, es Tqveni piradi saqmea da Tqvenze ara-
nakleb amis msjavris dadeba Tqven mandaur mkiTxve-
lebs da msmenelebs SeuZlianT, magram yovel moTmine-
basac sazRvari aqvs, da rac Seexeba saqarTvelos gin-
dac awindels, unda kargad gcodnodaT, rom mis Seu-
racxyofis uflebas Tqven arc erTi qarTveli, mimar-
Tulebisda miuxedavad, arasdros da araviTar piro-
bebSi ar mogcemdaT. swored amitom profesorTa kole-
gia fiqrobs, rom amis Semdgom Cvens universitetsa da
Cvens Soris raime TanamSromlobac sruliad SeuZlebe-
lia. mas ukvirs kidec, rom Tqven samecniero gaunayo-
foebuls, zoologiuri erovnuli grZnobebiT Sepyro-
bil saqarTveloSi moisurveT mobrZaneba da leqciebis
wakiTxva mogdomebiaT im universitetSi, romelsac
mecnieruli avladidebisa da Semoqmedebis aucielebel
siRatakes da arsebobis uflebas aseTi TavgamodebiTa
da Seuryeveli rwmeniT uwinaswarmetyvelebdiT. isev
sjobia Tqven TqvenTvis brZandebodeT da Cven aqamdi-
sac ar SegviwuxebixarT da, garwmunebT, arc SemdegSi
SegawuxebT, dae, maS Cvenma mecnierulma muSaobam, Tu-
gind keTilSobil Secilebisa da metoqeobis Sedegebma,
daanaxos yvelas da piruTvnelma istoriam dasdos Ta-
visi Tvaluxvami msjavri, Tqven Tu Tqvengan Tvalwune-
buli tfilisis universitetis mecnierni arian mtyuan-
ni?

238
 peterburgis mecnierTaTvis xelis SeSla arc wi-
naT mogsvlia odesme fiqrad da exlac, momavalSiac
mravalgvar zemoaRniSnul usiamovnebisda miuxedavad
yovelTvis gulwrfelad moxaruli viqnebiT peterbur-
gel mkvlevaris TiToeuli TxzulebisaTvis, Tu rom
igi wminda mecnieruli iqneba da ara imgvari publicis-
turi xasiaTisa, romelsac mxolod da mxolod Cveni
politikuri da kulturul-erovnuli ganadgureba
hqondes miznad dasaxuli. Tqveni werilis daboloveba
Semdegi mraval-metyveli sityvebiT ginebebiaT: „Tumc
sxvafriv moiazre, sul igive da misive msurveli, rasac
Tqven mieltviT“-o. CvenTvis bedniereba iqneboda, es
garemoeba rom yvelasTvis cxadi yofiliyo, magram,
samwuxarod, Tqveni naSromebis yvela, TviT araqar-
Tvel, mkiTxvelsac sul sxvanairad esmis mTeli Tqveni
1917w. mermindeli moRvaweoba da peterburgidan sagan-
gebod Camotanili Tqveni moxsenebani Cvensa da Cveni
universitetis dauZinebel mtrebs, piriqiT, swored
TavianTi zraxvebis saxareblad, xolo Cveni uuwmindesi
grZnobebisa da suliskveTebis gamanadgurebel iara-
Rad miaCnia.
davSTebi mainc marad TqvenTvis keTilis mosurne
iv. javaxiSvili, 7 dekemberi 1923 w. q. tfilisi“.

239
 b) iv. javaxiSvilis moxseneba Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis daarsebis oTxi wlis Tav-
Tan dakavSirebiT warmoSobisa da daarsebis
mokle istoriiT (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,
iv. javaxiSvilis fondi N 872)202

ukve oTxi weliwadia dRes, rac Cveni universiteti

gaixsna. Cveulebriv samecniero taZris arsebobisaTvis
es iseT mcire drod unda CaiTvalos, rom aseT Jams
warsulze fiqrisa da warsulis mogonebis magier mTe-
li Cveni azri da goneba momavalisaken unda yofiliyo
mipyrobili da momaval samuSao gegmebze da winamdeba-
re saqmeze unda gvesaubra. rasakvirvelia, Cvenc moma-
valze vfiqrobT (am ocnebiT viqarwylebT Cven Tana-
medrove cxovrebis pirobebiT gamowveul dardebs),
magram Cven mainc iZulebuli varT, Cveni norCi univer-
sitetis axlobeli warsuli movigonoT da misi warmo-
Sobisa da daarsebis mokle ambavis moTxrobiT Segawu-
xoT. Tumc istorikoss Tqvens umorCiles monas am Sem-
TxvevaSi istorikosoba ar hsurda da, metsac mogaxse-

202
Aakad. iv. javaxiSvilis es kritikuli narkvevi srulad pir-
velad daibeWda Cvens wignSi: „qarTvelologiis orgvari da-
gegmva“, Tb., 2011 w. (Tanaavtori: i. vaSakiZe). AniSandoblivia:
iv. javaxiSvilis es polemikuri teqsti Cvenamde srulad ara-
vis gamouqveynebia. zogadad, mosafrTxilebelia warsuli
konfliqtebis „gamomzeureba“, magram, qarTvelologiis
erT-erT Seucdomel mamamTavrad niko maris gamocxadebiT
dResac mizanmimarTulad ayaleben qarTveli eris enobriv-
eTnikur istorias da abundovneben qarTvelologiis swor
orientirebs; Sdr.: n. maris sapasuxod iv. javaxiSvili werda:
„dae, momavalma istorikosma piruTvnelad gansajos da Rir-
seuli msjavri dasdos“……... swored axali Taobis mier „piruT-
vneli gansjis“ mizniT Tanamedrove mkiTxvels vTavazobT am
„daviwyebul“ sapolemiko moxsenebasac da Cvens wignebsac:
„qarTvelebi“ (2005), „qarTvelologiis orgvari dagegmva“
(2011 w.) da „qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“
(2019 w.).
240
nebT, ar SehSvenida, yvelaze nakleb me amaze mifiqria,
magram erTma samwuxaro garemoebam maiZula dumili
damerRvia da xelSi kalami ameRo. profesors akademi-
koss n. marrs, Tumca enaTmecniers, mainc ukisrnia ukve
Cveni universitetis istorikosoba da ruseTis ganaT-
lebuli sazogadoebisa da samecniero akademiisaTvis
SeuTxzavs kidec amis Sesaxebi moxseneba, romelic vi-
Tarca warsulis Zeglis wera misive TxovniT samecnie-
ro akademiis uwyebebSi darTuli da dastambulia: jer
kidev Zvelma qarTvelma mecnierma samarTlianad aR-
niSna, rom „yoveli werili Zegli ars metyveli, gamoma-
Cinebeli aRmwerelisaQi saukunod“ (arseni, qadagebebi II,
109), da vinc akademikos n. marris moxsenebas gadaikiT-
xavs, umal SeamCnevs mis aRmwerelis zraxvasa da grZno-
bas da TiTonac advilad dasdebs msjavrs, magram vin
gaarCevs nebsiTsa da uneblieTs cdomilebebs am moxse-
nebis im nawilSi, sadac avtori istoriuli Zeglis
mwerlobas Cemulobs, Tu Tanamedrove mkiTxvels da
momaval istorikoss am sakiTxis Sesaxeb TandamxTur-
Ta, TviTmxilvelTa da monawileTagan aRnusxuli ut-
yuari cnobebic ar eqmneba xelT? swored im garemoe-
bam, rom rusuls adgilobrivsa da peterburgis droga-
mo-SvebiTs gamocemebSi Cveni universitetis Sesaxeb an
gamo ukve ara erTi mtruli suliskveTebiT ganmsWva-
luli tendenciuri Sinaarsis werilebi da mTeli mox-
senebac ki daibeWda, Tu ar pasuxis gacema, saqmis nam-
dvili viTarebis aRnusxvas mainc aucilebel saWiroe-
bad xdis. dae, momavalma istorikosma piruTvnelad
gansajos da Rirseuli msjavri dasdos. qvemore moyva-
nili mogoneba am striqonebis avtors miaCnia mxolod
erT-erT im masalaTaganad, romelnic Cveni samecniero
taZris momavals istorikoss sxvaTa Soris unda hqon-
des xelT. saiTgan, rogor da rodis warmoiSva Cveni
universiteti, romelsac tfilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti ewodeba: akad. n. marri ruseTis droebiTs
mTavrobasa da Semdeg samecniero akademias umtkiceb-
da, viTomc azri misi daarsebis Sesaxeb 1906 w. Semdgom

241
ruseTis revoluciis imedebis gacruebis umal dabade-
buliyos, Turme nu ityviT, igi dakavSirebuli yofila
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris axal erovnul avad-
myofur, mwvave nacionalistur mimarTulebasTan203.
1906 w., n. marris sityviT, erovnulad moazrovne
qarTvel inteligentTa wreSi dabadebula azri qar-
Tul erovnul mecnierebis Sesaxeb. am, rogorc etyoba,
umweo mdgomareobaSi myofs jgufs n. marrisaTvis miu-
marTavs, romlisTvisac maTi saxeliT n. TavdgiriZes
uTxovnia qarTuli samecniero akademiis wesdeba Seg-
vidgineo. n. marri sdums imis Sesaxeb, aasrula Tu ara
es Txovna, mxolod bundovanad aqvs naTqvami, rom gan-
zraxva uniadago gamoadgao:
,,Группа лиц из этой среды, в числе их князь Н. Тавдгиридзе,
обратились ко мне в Петрограде с просьбой составить проект устава
Грузинской Академии Наук, но начинание оказалось беспочвенным
в условиях общественного движения того времени“ /стр. 1499-1500/.
„Грузинская национальная мысль подверглась тогда тяжкому
испытанию ... почувстповав себя разочарованной в русских, ушла в
себя .... В широких кругах усилился культ национализма, страсть к
преувеличенному демонстративному проявлению национального
домогательства. Лишь в .... кружках с серьезными духовными
запросами началась работа по национальной культуре, а с ней возрос
действительный интерес к научному изучению родного прошлого“„
/стр. 1497/ .... I“когда в 1905-1906 годах на Кавказе перебросилось
движение в Грузии сословные ... слои, националистически
настроенные, оказались как бы не у дела. И однако в их среде
витали мысли о национальной грузинской науке“ /стр. 1499/.
,,Волна интереса к национальной культуре, а с ним вместе и к
изучению прошлого не только увеличивалась, но и развилась по
более широким кругом. Это отразилось точно на барометре на

203
,,Она связана с новым национальным, получившим, к сожалению,
болезненный острый националистический характер, уклоном
грузинской общественной мысли“ /стр. 1496/.

242
составе слушателей факультета Восточных языков: грузины-
студенты умножились на армяно-грузинском разряде и
составляли главный контингент вообще немногочисленной
аудитории, грузинский студенческий научный кружок при
факультете под руководством и при живом участии моих учеников –
грузин развил интенсивную деятельность по изучению родной
культуры, что сказалось на приливе студентов – грузин со всех
факультетов и даже студентов грузинок с Высш. женск. курсов на
Кавказоведения, но преимущественно грузиноведческие лекции,
почему чтение некоторых лекций и мне пришлось перенести из
почти пустой аудитории, расчитанной максимум на десяток другой
студентов, в полную аудиторию, вмещавшую десятки слушателей и
слушательниц” /стр. 1500/.
,,Если социалдемократы не могли избавиться от крещения в
духе национализма, то этот процесс еще сильнее естественно
должны были пережить социалисты – федералитсы, перенесшие
центр федерализма с принципа самоуправления .... способного
дойти до форм самой широкой автономии, на национальное начало,
обосновавшее самоуправление на исторических правах, на известном
трактате, и ведущее неминуемо или к разделению Грузии из
общекавказского комплекса или в восстановлению былой гегемонии
груз. народа над Кавказом вообще. Груз. крыло национального
движения усилилось ..... в факте вступления в состав Особого
Закавказского Комитета федералиста Киты Абашидзе .... 12 сент. в
местных газетах оповещено утверждение высшей властью
фактической национализации всех средне – учебных заведений
Кавказа” /стр. 1501/.
n. marrs unda movagono, rom am saqmis damswreTa um-
ravlesoba cocxalia da SuZliaT dawvrilebiT aRadgi-
non yvelaferi. akad. marrs bevri ram daviwyebia, Torem
misi mogoneba sul sxvas gvamcnebda. n. marrisagan mox-
senebul n. TavdgiriZis garda, am saqmis TandamxTuri
da TviTmxilveli viyaviT me da aw gansvenebuli al.
yifSiZe. TavdgiriZesaca da mec SegviZlian n. marrs mo-
vagonoT is, rac mas ase male amouSvia mexsierebiTgan.
es ambavi sul sxvanairad iyo. n. TavdgiriZesa da al.
243
yifSiZes n. marrTan sadarbazod misvla da naxva undo-
daT. mec gavyevi da n. marrTan miviyvane, romelic maSin
vasilis kunZulis me-4 xazze cxovrobda, laparakis
dros saubari Cveni sazogadoebrivi da samecniero az-
ris siRaribeze Camovarda. n. marrma qarTuli samecnie-
ro akademiis daarsebis auciloblobaze daiwyo lapa-
raki: yvelas aqvs samecniero akademia, somxebsac ki la-
zaraanT monasterSi erTgvari akademiis msgavsi dawe-
sebuleba moepovebaT. marto qarTvelebs ara aqvT amna-
iri centrio. n. marrma daumata, rasakvirvelia, amas
qonebrivi saxsari esaWiroeba, magram nuTu qarTvelTa
SeZlebuli wreebi aseTi dawesebulebebisaTvis sakmao
fuls ver gamoiRebeno? n. TavdgiriZes es azri moewona
da sTqva fulebis Sovna moxerxdebao. maSin n. marrma
ganacxada, Tu es qonebrivad mosaxerxebelia, me ingli-
sis samecniero akademiis wesdeba maqvs Sin da imis mi-
xedviT qarTul samecniero akademiis wesdebis Sedge-
nas Sevudgebio. al. yifSiZes da n. TavdgiriZes gaexar-
daT da n. marrs wesdebis dawera sTxoves. CemTvis mTe-
li es saubari moulodneli iyo da Tumca n. marris
proeqti srulebiT ganuxorcielebelad da uniadago
ocnebad mimaCnda, magram mainc miama, rodesac davinaxe,
rom n. marric qarTuli samecniero centris Seqmnaze
ocnebobda, da amitom gaCumebuli usmendi am saubars
da sawinaaRmdego ara miTqvams ra. xolo rodesac aRiZ-
ra, sad SevkrebiliyaviT da mogvesmina n. marris mier
Sedgenili qarTuli samecniero akademiis wesdeba, me
Cemi bina SevTavaze im imediT, rom CemTan gareSe mou-
lodneli stumari veravin SegviSlida saubars, da asec
gadawyda. daniSnul dResa da saaTze n. marrma, n. Tav-
dgiriZem da al. yifSiZem CemTan sergievis quCaze moi-
yares Tavi. n. marri portfeliT movida da Tan qarTu-
lad dawerili samecniero akademiis wesdebis proeqti
da inglisuri samecniero akademiis dabeWdili wesde-
bac moitana. sakmarisi iyo amis Taobaze damSvidebuli
saqmiTi msjeloba dawyobiliyo, rom saqarTveloSi sa-
mecniero akademiis arsebobis SeuZlebloba cxadi gam-
xdariyo da TviT n. TavdgiriZesac am dawesebulebisaT-
244
vis saWiro Tanxis CvenSi erTdroulad Segrovebisa da
kerZo TaosnobiT yovel wliurad gamoRebis SeuZleb-
loba aRearebina. amnairad jer kidev qarTuli samecni-
ero akademiis daarsebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb msje-
lobis dawyebamde am proeqtis uniadagoba cxadi Seiq-
mna. raki akademiis qonebrivad arsebobis uzrunvelyo-
fis SeuZlebloba gamoirkva, sxva TvalsazrisiT es sa-
kiTxi ukve aRar ganxilula da n. marrma Tavisi proeqti
da wigni isev abgaSi Caalaga. Tu am uqaRaldobis dros
is furclebi, romelzedac es wesdeba ewera, sxva miz-
niT ar gamoiyena, Semdgeneli proeqts Tavis qaRaldeb-
Si, ueWvelia, ipovis.
zemo naTqvamiTgan cxadia, rom azri qarTul samec-
niero akademiis daarsebis Sesaxeb qarTvel inteligen-
tTa erT jgufs ki ar ekuTvnis, rogorc SecdomiT naT-
qvami aqvs n. marrs, aramed swored misive sakuTari az-
ria da misive Taosnoba, amis dadastureba, darwmunebu-
li var, n. TavgiriZesac SeuZlian. es ambavi SemdegSi Cem
maxlobel mowafe studentebisaTvis ara erTxel miam-
bnia da rodesac 1917 w. seqtemberSi peterburgiTgan
cnoba mogvivida, rom akad. n. marri Cveni universite-
tis mowinaaRmdegeTa – banakis beladad aris, me uneb-
lieT gamaxsenda zemomoTxrobili ambavi Cven profe-
sorTa wreSi da gaocebuli viyav, rom is adamiani, ro-
melmac 1906 w. qarTul samecniero akademiis daarseba
ikisra, aTi wlis Semdgom qarTuli universitetis da-
arsebis gaafTrebul mowinaaRmdeged iqca. iseTi ra
moxda am xnis ganmavlobaSi, rom n. marris azrovneba ase
Zirianad Sescvala?
SeuZlebelia es garemoeba marto 1917 w. revoluci-
is Sedegi iyos. 1906 w., rodesac n. marrs qarTuli sa-
mecniero akademiis daarseba saWiroebad miaCnda, is
ruseTis samecniero akademiis wevrad ar iTvleboda,
aramed mxolod profesorad. maSin mas akademikosad
arCevis imedic – ki ar hqonda da am akademias Tavisebu-
ri enamaxvilobiT dascinoda. am dros qarTul samecni-
ero akademiis arsebobasac misTvis mniSvneloba hqon-

245
da. Semdeg ki, rodesac didi xnis natvra ausrulda da
akademikosobas eRirsa, exla qarTul samecniero taZ-
ris daarseba ukve mas aramc Tu saWirod ar miaCnia, mis
TavSeukavebel mrisxanebasac ki iwvevs. Cveni universi-
tetis daarsebis azrs maSin araferi saerTo ar hqonia
im marTlac srulebiT uniadago winadadebasa da pro-
eqtTan, romelic TviT prof. n. marrs ekuTvnoda.
sakmarisi iyo tfilisSi yuri moekraT q-l kerZo u-
tis daarsebaze saubrisa da xmebisaTvis, rom maSinve
adgilobrivs ara qarTuls wreebSi da drogamoSvebiT
gamocemebSi aliaqoTi atexiliyo. 18 ivniss, 1917 w. ru-
sul gazeT ,,respublika“-Si (#16) jer xelmouwereli me-
Tauri gaurkveveli da bundovani Sinaarsis werili
,,Практические планы, науки и национальнный вопрос“ daibeW-
da, romelic SoriTgan uvlida sakiTxs. erTi dRis Sem-
dgom moTavsebuli iyo ukve srulebiT garkveuli Sina-
arsiis werili al. selixanoviCisa, romelic tfilisis
qalTa kursebze kiTxulobda leqciebs ,,Проблема
Высшего образования на Кавказе“ (#17, 19 ivliss, 1917 w.), sa-
dac naTqvami iyo: ,,У“-т на Кавказе должен ..... идти навстречу
национальным стремлениям народностей Кавказа. Школа и
национальность теснейшим образом связаны. В школе изучается
родной язык, усвоивается начала национльной культуры и
разрабатывает национальное самосознание. Естественно, что всякая
национальность хочет иметь свою школу: свои нач. училища, свои
гимназии и свой университет. Мы знаем, что грузинские ученые
озабочены немедленным открытием груз. университета в Тифлисе,
учреждается в Тифлисе и армянский научный институт, который
может стать основой для будущего армянского университета. Эти
стремления ...нужно приветствовать и всячески поддерживать. Но
...должны ли быть эти национальные школы обособленными ...нет,
....первый Кавказский университет должен стать федеративной
республикой всех ученых и всего учащегося юношества Кавказа“ /
Республика 1917 г. # 17/ .
imave gazeTis # 20-Si (22 ivliss) kvlav meTauri weri-
li iyo ,,Высшая школа на Кавказе“, romelSiac ucnobi av-
tori amtkicebda, rom tfilisis qalTa kursebi, uni-
versitetad gadakeTebuli, unda arsebobdes, imis da

246
miuxedavad, rom tfilisSi axali umaRlesi saswavlebe-
li arsdebao. yvelani da, maT Soris, politikuri par-
tiebic movaleni arian mas daexmarneno. axmaurda qar-
Tul u-tis daarsebis ganzraxvis gamo akad. n. marric,
romelmac imave gazeTSi (# 29) moaTavsa werili ,,Без
университета Кавказское будущее в опастности“.
xolo 9 agvistos imave respublika-Si (# 31) misive me-
ore werilis gagrZeleba daibeWda: ,,От далекого
прошлого Кавказа к его будущему П. О родном Восточном
гуманизме”.
akad. n. marrma rus. gazeT ,,respublikaSi“-Si (1917 w.
9 agv. # 31) moaTavsa anisis naqalaqevSi 24 ivliss daweri-
li meore werili:,,О родном Восточном гуманизме“ / От
далекого прошлого Кавказа к его будущему/, romelSiac
Tumca qarTuli un-tis daarsebis avkargianobis Sesa-
xeb krintic – ki ar iyo daZruli, magram mainc cxadad
etyoba, rom mxolod amiT aris gamowveuli.
,,Прошлое Кавказа .... очень сложно. Будущее его еще более
сложная загадка: оно усложнено вкладом XIX-го и переживаемого
нами момента XX-ти веков принесших в дополнение и развитие
основ Кавказских цивилизаций вместе со многими сейчас не
учитываемыми положительными явлениями новые общественно –
творческие начала. Первые из них – демократизация просвещения и
свобода самоопределения. Однако для исторических народов
Кавказа самоопределение в условиях нового времени сводится к
трудной задаче, к необходимости сопределить свои национальные
идеалы, переоценить свое прошлое и построить свою новую жизнь
не на местных реставрационных основаниях, не с возвратом к
прошлому, а с неослабным устремлением вперед к
общечеловеческому идеалу, к широким и светлым перспективам
будущего. Реальные условия, сложившиеся на Кавказе и
укрепившиеся за XIX в. Также не могут быть отброшены, и
следовательно, игнорируемы как и культурные стяжения
Кавказских народов за ту же эпоху“.
,,Надо считаться с историческими реальностями. Культурная
история Кавказа не только существует, не только может быть
247
безнаказанно отрицаема и отвергаема, как это делала бюрократия
нашего режима, она вовсе не так проста, чтобы, не дав
удовлетворения реальным запросам, направлять судьбы края по
чьему велению, как повидимому, рисуется это наличным
общественным организациям в свете тех или иных религиозных
учений, националистических построений или специально
экономических доктрин. Сведение строительства Кавказа до
простых шаблонных формул приведет к катастрофическим
разочарованиям.“ / Н. ,,Марр, там-же ,,Республика“ 1917 г. # 31 ,,О
родном Восточном гуманизме“ /. ,,Республика“ ar scxreboda
da 26 agvistos # 45-Si l. l. werili iyo moTavsebuli:,,
Новый тип высшей школы на Кавказе в связи с ролью Тифлиса
в будущем“, sadac avtori amtkicebda, rom kavkasiisaT-
vis saukeTeso iqneboda SeerTebuli politexnikum – u-
ti gaxsniliyo.
azri qarTuli universitetis daarsebis Sesaxeb n.
marris fiqriT im nacionalisturi mimarTulebis nayo-
fia, romelsac, Tumca araviTari safuZveli ar hqonda,
magram mainc hsurda ganaxlebul ruseTisaTvis angari-
Sis moTxovna, romelsac Turme ruseTSi Tavisuflebis
sulis Caqroba SeeZlo . ratom?- uneblieT ikiTxavs
adamiani. nuTu qarTuli universitetis daarseba ruse-
TisaTvis aseTi sabediswero rame unda yofiliyo? qar-
Tuli universitetis daarseba mas qarTvelTa avadmyo-
furi erovnuli grZnobis warmonaSobad eCveneboda, im
ukidures nacionalistTa saqmed, romelTac saswavle-
belSi ucxo enis batonoba erisaTvis gadamagvarebel
garemoebad miaCndaT da sasurvelad sTvlidnen, mecni-
erebac dedaenaze SeeTvisebinaT, romelTac leqsikon-
Siac – ki qarTuli sityvebis gansamartavad rusulis
xmareba qarTuli azrovnobisaTvis mavneblad miaCndaT.
,,В начале лета, в июне, армяне обсуждали в Тифлисе вопрос об
учреждении армянского Университета в столице Кавказа, в первую
голову факультета Восточных языков или, вернее, разряда
армяноведение. И у них поскольку я мог разяснить себе из обмена
мнений на двух совещяниях на котором я был приглашен, также

248
имеются в виду постановка преподавании не по научной
классификации а по националистическому подбору кавказоведных
дисциплин” /стр. 1505 – 1506/.
Рядом с грузинами взяться за учреждение Университета в
Тифлисе склонны и армяне ... правда также, что неизвестно и то, где
будет после войны центр армянской культурной жизни, не в Ване –
ли? Но мимоходом отдельные органы и отдельные не особенно
близко у национального дела стоящие группы армян предлагают
организовать или организуют уже некоторые предприятия
интересующагося нас порядка. Так, недавно в армянской печати
было сделано предложение перенести на Кавказ в район коренного
армянского населения Лазаревский институт из такого культурного
центра, как Москва, в Эривань, пустыню в культурном отношении,
понизить уровень его просветительной работы и лишить ею
благотворного ... значения для армян” /стр. 1505/.
6 июня (24 мая) 1918 года, IX заседание экстраординарное: „я
считаю своим долгом указать ... на необходимость скорейшего
создания в России университета с новым типом историко-
филологического факультета, раз этого нельзя сделать в Тифлисе, по
видимому представляемом реставрации грузинского традиционно–
национального строительсва до русского владычества, то в каком
либо центральном пункте предкавказья, легко доступном для всего
действительно прогрессивно настроенного населения Кавказа,
интересующее более развитием налаженного уже приобщену к
культуре и его углублением...”
„здесь попутно выяснилось чрезвычайно показательное явление
у армян с их давнишними автономными правами на национальную
школу и сеть построенных на так называемых национальных
началах средних учебных заведений, именуемых семинариами и
училищами разных типов, с национальной Духовной Академиею в
Эчмиадзине, находившихся по идее в полном и неограниченном
управлении самого армянского народа, оказалось меньше научных
сил на месте для ведения национально конструированной высшей
школы, чем у грузин, главной массой воспитывавшихся в русской
школе обычного типа и в своих даже всего на всего двух
национальных гимназиях груз. дворянство, терпевших гнет
249
государственного контроля и государственного языка в качестве,
преподавательского. У армян не оказалось специалистов ученых в
сколько нибудь достаточном числе даже по национальным
дисциплинам“ / стр. 1506/.
swored maTi saqme yofila, rom saSualo saswavleb-
lebis gaerovnuleba qarTuli universitetis daarse-
biT unda damTavrebuliyo. akad. n. marrs nagulisxmevi
hyavs am SemTxvevaSi is patara, 9 kacisagan Semdgari
jgufi, romelmac patara saprogramo wignaki dabeWda
,,qarTuli leqsikonis Sesaxeb“, sadac, sxvaTa Soris,
naTqvami iyo: ,,leqsikoni yoveli qarTvelisaTvis unda
iyos gasagebi, iseTisaTvisac – ki, romelmac qarTulis
meti sxva ena ar icis. rus. – qarTuli, frang. – qarTu-
li, germ. – qarTuli mxolod mcire ricxovan muSakTa
jgufisaTvis aris saWiro, xolo Tu igi sayovelTao
saxmareblad iqneba gankuTvnili, Cveni gadagvarebis ia-
raRad iqceva imitom, rom mkiTxvels ucxo enaze SeaC-
vevs azrovnebas da adamians metad mavnebelsa da yalbs
Sexedulebas Caunergavs gulSi, TiTqos dedaenis Seg-
nebisaTvis ucxo enis xmareba aucilebeli iyos“ (gv. 5).
es debuleba n. marrs srul Secdomad miaCnia. is Tanax-
maa kidec qarTvelebs erovnuli dawyebiTi skolebi
misces.204
umaRles saswavlebelSi dedaenis xmareba mainc da
mainc saWirod ar miaCnia, rom zemomoyvanili azri uf-

204
,,Способ действия может вытекать из существующего по
глубокому недоразумению в той – же среде убеждения, что
пользование не грузинской речью в научном изложении
грузиноведных дисциплин... затемняет языковую психологию
грузинского народа. Если – бы речь была о преподавании не на
родном языке в начальных школах, то спора здесь не могло быть, но
упомянутая теза в применении к высшей школе... мало того, что
теоретически несостоятельна, ...приводит к полному извращению
истинного положения вещей .“ /стр. 1504/.

250
ro Seuwynareblad warmoedgina ruseTis umaRles wree-
bisaTvis. is am azrs amaxinjebs da amtkicebs, viTomc
mas adamiani im daskvnamdis mihyavdes, rom ara qar-
Tvels qarTulis Seswavla ar SeeZloso.
aseT debulebas is, rasakvirvelia, didis rixiTa da
ZlevamosilebiT arRvevs, TiTqos amiT axals rames
metyvelebdes: mTel Tanamedrove warmatebas aRmosav-
leTis SeswavlaSi evropielebsa da maT Soris rusebsac
unda vumadlodeT da am mxriv arc kavkasiis Seswavlis
sfero warmoadgens gamonaklisso. saiTgan da rogor
gamomdinareobs esoden ucnauri daskvna, rodesac im
jgufs naTlad aqvs naTqvami, rom „adamians ... yalbs Se-
xedulebas Caunergavs gulSi, TiTqos dedaenis Segne-
bisaTvis ucxo enis xmareba aucileblad saWiro iyoso.
es albad akad. n. marris loRikuri msjelobis saidum-
loebas Seadgens. sxva ara iyos ra, me TiTon miswavle-
bia germaniaSi germanelisaTvis qarTuli da es akad. n.
marrmac icis imitom, rom Cemma namowafarma ioane saba-
nisZis Txzulebis germanuli Targmani dabeWda kidec
da aseTi ugunurebis Tqma romels Cvengans SeeZlo? Tu
amis da miuxedavad is sxvis azris damaxinjebas kadru-
lobda, albad sxva sabuTianobis naklebobiT unda aix-
snebodes.
magram ramdenadac cxadia, arc erTs Segnebuls qar-
Tvels da miT umetes Cveni universitetis aRmSeneblo-
bis romelsame monawileTagans fiqradac ar mouvidoda
eTqva, rom ara qarTvels qarTulis kvleva-Zieba ar Za-
luZso, amdenad, samarTlianoba gvavalebs aRvniSnoT,
rom n. marri marTals ar brZanebs, rodesac kavkasiis
humanitarul Seswavlas evropielebsa da maT Soris
ruseTsac miawers. cotaodnad amis Tqma kidev somxeTi-
sa da somxuris dasavleT evropielTa mier Seswavlis
Sesaxeb SeiZleba, magram rusebs aqac ara gaukeTebiaT
ra, qarTuli enisa da istoriis Sesaxeb – ki SeiZleba ga-
daWriT iTqvas, rom dauviwyar frang mecnier akad. mar-
ri broses garda, arc dasavleTels da miT umetes rus
mecnierTagans aravis ara gaukeTebia ra. karga xania uk-

251
ve rac aRniSnuli aqvs es prof. akad. v. bartholds,
romlis piruTvnelobis eWvi rasakvirvelia arc n.
marrs eqmneba, rom: ,,Обзор русских трудов по изучению Востока
показывает, что русской наукой в этом отношении достигнуты,
особенно в XIX веке, значительные успехи, но что эти успехи
большей частью все-таки далеко не соответствуют тем ожиданиям,
на которые, казалось бы, дают право географическое положение
России, состав её населения и труд длинного ряда поколений со
времени Петра Великого. Несмотря на достигнутые успехи,
состояние русского востоковедения, как и русской науки вообще,
все-таки является красноречивым доказательством общей усталости
русской культуры” / История изучения Востока в Европе и в России.
СПБ 1911г. стр. 256/. ,,Заключение истории Грузии митроп.
Евгения, составленное ....по сведениям... находившихся в то время в
Петербурге ,,грузинских посланников и депутатов” .... Броневского,
....А.Н. Муравьева и некоторых других трудов, работы по
Кавказоведению в России следующих десятилетий производилось
главным образом иностранными учеными”/Там же, 254/;
,,Преподавателями языков армянского и грузинского в
университетах со времени кафедры этих языков, всегда были
природные армяне и грузины.... Ученым армянского и грузинского
происхождения русская наука обязана как распространением в
России научных взглядов, выработанных в армянских и грузинских
кругах, так и впоследствии исправлением этих взглядов, на
основании методов Европейской науки. Ими же были определены
новые научные задачи грузиноведения и армяноведения” / там же,
стр. 255/.
,,Если историко–филологические дисциплины, занимающиеся
разработкой армянских и грузинских материалов, не удается довести
до той ступени развития, какой эти материалы заслуживают и какой
достигли другие Востоковедные области, то в значительной степени
повинно в этом, как не раз приходилось высказываться печатно с
фактическими доводами, хорошо известное обстоятельство:
большинство работников по Кавказоведению – представители
народов, объектов исследования, и они независимо от трудности по
существу самонаблюдения и самооценки – вообще ,,познания себя”,
252
попадают в безвыходное положение, в виду как общего
современного культурного состояния Кавказских народов, так
особенно захватывающих их целиком жизненных политических
проблем: и раз обостряются национальные отношения Кавказской
жизни в условиях чрезвычайной запутанности, они, естественно,
психологически не способны стать на вполне объективную научную
точку зрения в разрабатываемых ими специальностях, до сих пор
для них нет собственно историко – филологической области
Востоковедения по Кавказу, а националистически in majorem
gloriam данного народа воспринимаемые: армяноведение и
грузиноведение”. /стр. 1504 – 1505/.
Tu istorikos n. marrs davujerebT im gvaradve,
rogorc qarTul samecniero akademiis daarsebisaTvis
qarTvel usaqmur inteligentTa jgufs n. marrisaTvis
unda miemarTaT, amgvaradve qarTuli universitetis
daarsebisa da agebulobis deda azri uneblieT mis,
akad. n. marris pirovnebasTanve yofila dakavSirebuli.
misi sityviT, am deda azris ZiriTadi da originaluri
nawili Turme mis qarTvel mowafeebs CamoutaniaT tfi-
lisSi. universitetis samecniero mxare mxolod da
mxolod misi, n. marris samecniero msoflmxedvelobis
qarTul niadagze gadmonergvis uxeiro cda yofila.
rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, es n. marris msofl-mxed-
veloba rasakvirvelia rusuli samecniero msoflmxed-
veloba yofila da rac qarTul universitets Tavis mo-
mavali moRvaweobis gegmaSi Setanili aqvs, peterbur-
gis universitetis aRmosavleTis enaTa fakultetze
viTomc didi xania ukve ganxorcielebuli yofila.205 ix.
Ggv. 1501-1502.

205
,,Идея же сама и конструкция грузинского университета, если не
вся, то в основной оригинальной её части, принесена в Тифлис, судя
по программе, из Петербурга, из круга моих учеников грузин /стр.
1501/. ,,Формально вся схема общей постановки этой части научного
дела по уставу грузинского университета представляет попытку
провести в жизнь в грузинской среде наше понимание, я бы сказал,
253
 yvelaferi, rac Cveni universitetis sibrZnis-met-
yvelebis fakultetis programaSia Setanili, viTomc
aRmosavleT enebis fakultetze ukve wakiTxuli yofi-
liyo. Tundac rom asec iyos saqme. gana kargi saqmis mi-
baZva cudi ramea? magram saqmec is aris, rom n. marris
sityvebi marTali ar aris da amas verc rodis ver daam-
tkicebs.
n. marri brZanebs, viTomc Cveni programis debule-
bani peterburgis universitetis imave fakultetis
saswavlo gegmisa da mimoxilvisagan yofiliyos nases-
xebi im gansxvavebiT, rom aRmosavleT enebis fakulte-
tis programaSi yvelgan naxmari ,,iafeturis“ magier
ganzrax nacionalisturi zraxvebis gansaxorcieleb-
lad ,,qarTuli“ yofiliyo aRniSnuli.206
es iseTive saqcielia, rusul saswavleblebSi rom
slavuris an indoevropulis magier yvelgan rusuli
exmaraTo (iqve). n. marris ukanaskneli sityvebi sruls
gaugebrobas warmoadgens da swored gasaocaria, rom

русское научное понимание реально – филологического изучения

переднеазиатского мира .... Это научное понимание возможно в
более, чем полувековой работе факультета Восточных языков,
является сколком того, что удалось осуществить реально или
наметить программно для ближайшего осуществления на названном
факультете“ /стр. 1502/.
206
,,Все, выдаваемое за неслыханную новость, давно не только
намечено, но осуществлено и осуществляется в Петрограде на
факультете Восточных языков, из программы которого и обозрений
преподавания и заимствованы все термины, кроме одного. Изгнан
термин ,,яфетический“ и вместо него введен ,,грузинский“, чтобы в
националистических целях придать видовому термину ,,
грузинский „ такое родовое значение, как если бы в русской школе и
в русской науке установили термин ,,русский“ употреблять вместо
термина ,,славянский“, более того – вместо термина
,,индоевропейский“ /стр. 1502 – 3/.

254
mas aseTi ramis dawera SeeZlo. Cveni universitetis
wesdebis ganmartebiTs moxsenebaSi, rogorc n. marrsac
aRniSnuli aqvs, ewera, rom sibrZnismetyvelebis f-tze
TandaTanobiT moewyoba leqciebi qarTuli enaTmecni-
erebis, qarTuli dialeqtologiisa da kavkasiis mecni-
erebis Sesaxeb, qarTuli arqeologiisa, epigrafikisa
da paleografiisa, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istorii-
sa, saqarTvelos saeklesio istoriisa, qarTuli xe-
lovnebis istoriisa, sparsul- qarTulis, berZnul-
qarTuli, somxur-qarTuli da osmalur-qarTuli mwer-
lobis istoriis Sesaxeb. sad SeiZleba yofiliyo aRmo-
savleT enebis f-tis programaSi iafeturi naxmari, ro-
melic Cvens programaSi qarTulad yofila monaTlu-
li? mxolod iafetur enaTmecnierebasa da dialeqto-
logiaSi. magram saiTgan warmoidgina b-nma marrma, rom
qarTul enaTmecnierebasa da dialeqtologias n. mar-
risebur iafetur enaTmecnierebasa da dialeqtologi-
asTan rame saerTo eqmneba? xolo Tu simarTlis gago-
neba hsurs n. marrs, Cven ki ar gangvidevnia termini ia-
feturi, aramed swored man gandevna da sdevnida, rea-
luri erTeuli, istoriulad da exlac arsebuli ter-
mini qarTuli da Tavisi Cveulebrivi JinianobiT yvel-
gan qarTulis magier SemoiRo Tavisgan SeTxzuli da
mogonili, mis avtorisaTvisac – ki gamourkveveli er-
Teulisa da avadebadi cnebis gamomxatveli termini ia-
feturi. qarTuli enis Sesaxebi Sromebic – ki, rogoric
i. Wyonias da v. beriZis sityvis konebi da ak. SaniZis xev-
suruli kiloa, man iafetur enaTmecnierebis masalebis
seriaSi moaqcia, rodesac mxolod da mxolod qarTuli
enaTmecnierebis masalebi iyo. movagoneb, rom am sakiT-
xSi mas marto CvenisTana, ,,nacionalitebi“ – ki ar eka-
maTebodnen, aramed TviT sxva akademikosebic, romel-
Tagan karl zalemani urCevda mas qarTuli enaTmecnie-
rebis seria ewodebina. magram man JinianobiT Tavisi ga-
iyvana da swored manve da ara Cven xSirad namdvili
termini qarTulis magier iafeturi SemoiRo da qarTu-
li gandevna. iafeturi enaTmecniereba n. marris piradi

255
monopoliaa da damSvidebuli brZandebodes b-ni akade-
mikosi; arc erT Cvengans qarTuli enaTmecniereba da
dialeqtologia marisebur iafetur enaTmecni-erebad
ar hqonia ganzraxuli.
marTali ar aris n. marri, rodesac amtkicebs, vi-
Tomc Cveni universitetis sibrZnismetyvelebis f-tis
programa swored mis rusul msoflmxedvelobisa da
aRmosavluri enebis f-tis gegmis miTviseba iyos mis
yofil mowafeTagan. jer erTi, axali gagonebaa rom
yvelaferi, rac aRmos. enebis f-tzea, n. marris msof-
lmxedveloba yofiliyo. arc misia da arc gansakuTre-
buli rusuli ramea am programaSi im gvaradve, rogorc
Cven fiqrad ar mogvsvlia igi qarTul msoflmxedve-
lobad migveCnia da miT umetes gagvesaRebina. mas rom
Cveni sibrZnismetyvelebis f-tis saswavlo gegma gadae-
kiTxa, Tavis TvaliT darwmundeboda, rom aRmosavluri
enebis f-tze amis msgavsi araferia. amiT me imis Tqma ar
msurs, rom Cven visime gakvirveba gvsurdes, laparaki
aq mxolod programis erTgvar Taviseburebazea. is zo-
gierTi msgavseba, romelic Cvens programasa da aRmos.
enebis programasa da kursebs Soris aris, imiT aixsneba,
rom aRmos. enebis f-tma Tavis daZvelebuls gegmaSi
zogierTi cvlileba Seitana 1906-7 w. amave f-tis pri-
vant docentTa wris mier SemuSavebuli gegmisa da
programis Tanaxmad. am wreSi n. marri, viTarca profe-
sori, arc wevrad iTvleboda da arc raime monawileoba
miuRia mis muSaobaSi. arc gansakuTrebiT rusuli el-
feri hqonia am wris muSaobas, raTgan 2-3 rusis garda,
poloneli da erTi qarTvelic mxurvale monawileobas
iRebden am programebisa da gegmebis SemuSavebaSi. ro-
desac es gegma f-tSi iyo Setanili, prof. n. marri, mar-
Talia, misi sxvebze ufro meti momxre da mosarCle ga-
movida da mis nawilobriv miRebas xeli Seuwyo, magram
f-tis am krebebis damswreT da maT Soris yvelaze me-
tad n. marrs kargad exsomebaT, raodeni winaaRmdegoba
gauwia f-tis profesor wevrTa umravlesobam am gegmas
da ramdeni brZola iyo saWiro, rom gegmis zogierTi
rame mainc f-ts daedasturebina. 1917 w. gazafxulamde,
256
rodesac me peterburgiTgan wamovedi, f-tis programa
da saswavlo gegma jer kidev daumTavrebel da Wrel
suraTs warmoadgenda.
meores mxriT Tu zogierTi (da ara yvela, rogorc n.
marri brZanebs) kursTagani Cvens universitetSi wai-
kiTxeboda da ikiTxeba kidec, aRmos. enebis f-tetis mi-
moxilvaSic SeiZleba adamians enaxa da TviT leqciebic
ikiTxeboda, es garemoeba imiT aixsneba, rom am leqcie-
bis peterburgSi mkiTxvelni swored is pirni iyvnen,
romelnic Cveni u-tis sibrZnismetyvelebis f-tis wev-
rad gaxdnen da mis aRmSeneblobaSi mxurvale monawile-
oba miiRes da, rasakvirvelia, isini Cvens u-tSi sxvaTa
Soris am leqciebsac waikiTxavden. TviT ruseTSi – ki
da ara sxvagan sadme am leqciebs axlo momavalSi mainc
veravin waikiTxavda.
es mSvenivrad icis n. marrmac da TviT masac aRniS-
nuli aqvs, rom am kursebis wakiTxva arc kavkasiaSi da
arc sxvagan sadme SeuZlian visme imaT garda, romelnic
qarTuli universitetis aRmSeneblobaSi monawileobas
iRebden, winaT – ki peterburgSi muSaobden aRmosav-
leT enebis f-tze. ,,Грустная правда ..... содержится в ....
строках .... уже приведенных нами in extenso отрывке из
объяснительной записки о якобы нигде не читавшихся и даже не
намечавшихся новых курсах и т.п. Дело в том, что на всем Кавказе и
вообще вне Петрограда нет никого, кто бы был подготовлен читать
эти курсы. И так как я не имею основания не верить, что курсы эти
все таки будут добросовестно читаться в грузинском университете в
Тифлиссе, то следовательно речь идет об исходе из факультета
Восточных языков тех единственных пока специалистов, которые
могут читать и читают эти именно курсы на нем” /стр. 1503/.
magram n. marri scdeba, rodesac fiqrobs da wers,
viTomc Cvens u-tSi yvelaferi mis yofil mowafeebis
mowyobili iyos da sibrZnismetyvelebis f-tzec mxo-
lod is ikiTxebodes, rac peterburgSi. me mgonia, n.
marric ver uarhyofs, jer es erTi, rom aRmos. enebis
f-tze aras dros saqarTvelos saeklesio istoria, qar-
Tuli sasuliero mwerlobis istoria, qarTuli xelov-
257
nebis istoria, qarTuli paleografia, diplomatika,
metrologia, numizmatika da qronologia, somxuri sa-
istorio mwerlobis istoria, osuri enaTmecniereba da
bevri sxvac, rac exla CvenTan ikiTxeba, aras dros jer
ar wakiTxula. meorec isa, rom profesorTagani ara er-
Ti da oria iseTi, romelic arc misi mowafea da sazoga-
dod peterburgis u-tSiac ar uswavliaT.
akad. n. marri brZanebs, rom viTomc da misi msof-
lmxedvelobis mimTvisebeli da saqarTveloSi gadmo-
suli mowafeebi nacionalist-romantikosebi da unia-
dago Teoretikosebi yofiliyvnen, romelTac kavkasiis
cxovrebis saerTaSoriso sazomiT gaTvaliswinebul pi-
robebisa Turme cota ram gaegebaT. isini Tavis maswav-
lebels dahSorebian rogorc saqarTvelos kulturu-
li interesebis sakiTxSi, iseve wminda mecnierul nia-
dagzeo ( gv.1501-1502).207
me mgonia cxovrebam sakmaod gamoarkvia, vin gamod-
ga uniadago Teoretikosad da kavkasiisa da saqarTve-
los pirobebis ucodinarad, rasakvirvelia, Tu uxeS
samxedro Zalas Tavis gacruebuli imedebisa da mar-
Tlac rom gegmebis ganmamtkicebel da gamamxnevebel
garemoebad ar miiCnevs. xolo masa da Cven Soris mom-
xdars principialurs uTanxmoebasa da gansxvavebebis
Sesaxeb, SemiZlia movaxseno, raki amaze saubari saja-
rod TviT ineba, rom Cven Soris marTlac didi xania er-
Tgvar niadagze aRmocenebuli SeuTanxmebloba iyo,
magram mxolod exla, rodesac Cven, samwuxarod, dagvi-
anebiT misi ukanaskneli 1917-1918 w. moRvaweobis Zeg-
lebi gadavikiTxeT, cxadi Seiqmna, rom Cvensa da n.

207
„Из круга моих учеников грузин идеалистически или точнее
национально-романтически настроенных, но жестоких теоретиков,
плохо знающих реальную жизнь Кавказа, в ее международном
масштабе и разошедшихся с нами не только в понимании
культурных интересов Грузии, но и чисто научных задач
гуманитарного Кавказоведения“ /стр. 1502/.

258
marrs Sua sruli ufskruli yofila da mikvirs, rom
imis Semdgom, ris dawerac man ikadra, Cven, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo u-tis aRmSeneblobis monawileni, Tavis mo-
wafeebad, xolo Tavisi Tavi moZRvrad miiCnia. moZ-
Rvar-mowafeoba samecniero sferoSi sulier naTesao-
basa da Tanxmobaze unda iyos damyarebuli. n. marris
nawerebiTgan ki cxadada Cans, rom Cveni uwmindesi su-
liskveTeba da uZvirfasesi gulisnadebi, Cveni wlobiT
nafiqri ocneba misTvis gaugebari yofila da fexqveS
gasaTeli. samwuxaroa es, magram qarTuli andazisa ar
iyos, mainc „gamJRavnebuli Wiri sjobia dafarulsa“.
raTgan karga xania, rac n. marrs am gvari politikuri
midrekilebis niSnebi emCneoda, yoveli piruTvneli
mkiTxveli mixvdeba, Tu ramdenad bunebrivia, rom Cven
am niadagze erTi erTmaneTs davSorebodiT.
Tu exla wminda mecnierul niadagze aRmocenebul
uTanxmoebas SevexebiT, aqac bevri ramis Tqma SeiZleba,
magram vecdebiT sityva mokled movWraT. Cven pativsa
vcemdiT n. marrs da vafasebdiT marto misi didi niWisa
da dauRalavi Sromis moyvareobis gamo ki ara, riTac
igi exlac uxvad aris Semkuli, aramed im meToduri,
dinji samecniero filologiuri kvleva ZiebisaTvis,
teqstebis guldasmiTi Seswavlisa da saucxovo gamom-
cemlobi-saTvis, romliTac qarTulsa da somxurs fi-
lologias mtkice saZirkvels uyrida. ara erTxel am
xanaSi mas zogierT qarTvel moRvaweTagan sayveduri
gaugonia da usiamovnebac misdgomia. magram radgan, er-
Tis mxriT, ganmartoebulad idga is – n. marri, damou-
kidebel Tavisufal samecniero kvleva-Ziebis Tavgamo-
debuli mimdevari, meores mxriT – filologiur mecni-
erebaSi ucodinari, martoden yalbi mamuliSviluri
TavmoyvareobiT aRtyinebuli mciredi moRvaweebi da
qarTuli sazogadoebis erTi nawili, Cven, Tumca es ma-
Sindel pirobebSi advili ar iyo da piradad usiamovne-
bis mets aras gviqadda, uyoymanoT sajarod mis dasaca-
vad gamovediT (ix. „mamuliSviloba da mecniereba“,
tfilisi). vgoneb ar unda vcdebode, Tu vityvi, rom ara

259
erTs qarTvel inteligents am Cemma werilma da wignak-
ma n. marrisaken guli moubruna da TandaTan gafanta is
gaugebroba, romelic qarTvel sazogadoebaSi n. mar-
ris Sesaxeb sufevda.
magram, ai, n. marri Tavis yrmobis xanis namuSavars
saenaTmecniero Sromebs daubrunda da gamoqveynebas
Seudga. pirveli winaswari uwyebuleba bevrs rames
axals gvpirdeboda. mas unda mohyoloda sakiTxi qar-
Tul-semianTa enebis monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb, ara erTi
da ori safuZvliani, mraval ucilobel faqtsa da dak-
virvebaze damyarebuli gamokvleva. magram dro gadio-
da, weliwadi weliwads misdevda da Sepirebuli Sedare-
biTi gramatikis arc fonetika da arc morfologia ar
gamoqveynebula. samagierod, is, erTis mxriT, patar-pa-
tara, kerZo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebis beWdvas
iwyebs, meores mxriT – swrafi da gamartivebuli saSua-
lebiT is ori-sami kviris ganmavlobaSi sul axal da
axal enebs swavlobs da umal, Tumca winaswars, magram
mravals istoriuls, eTnologiursa da saenaTmecnie-
ro pirvelxarisxovan sakiTxebis TiTo orola magali-
Tebis saSualebiT gadamwyvet moxsenebebs kiTxulobs
da beWdavs. Teoria Teorias misdevs da xSirad icvleba
iseTi siswrafiT, rom TviT maT avtors, akad. n. mar-
rsac winaTqmuli xeirianad aRar axsovs da erTisa da
imave sakiTxis Sesaxeb zogjer sul mokle xanSi ramde-
nime sxvadasxva Teoria aqvs gamoqveynebuli, ise – ki,
rom winandeli mermindel Teoriis gamoqveynebis dros
TviT avtorisagan arc moxsenebula da arc uaryofila,
Tumca yovel Tavis Teorias mis gamoqveynebis dros
icavda xolme, rogorc ucilobelsa da Seuryevel WeS-
maritebas. amgvarad, TviT n. marrmave ise aria saqme,
rom gansvenebul akad. karl zalemanis marris erT-er-
Ti moxsenebis dros naTqvami samarTliani sityviT, mar-
ris Teoriis gageba SeuZlebeli xdeboda. is, rasac
akad. n. marri iafetur enaTmecnierebad asaRebda, rom
marTla enaTmecniereba yofiliyo da iyos, adamians yo-
velgvari pativiscema unda daekargos enaTmecnierebi-

260
sadmi da uniadago Teoriad da TvalTmaqcobad unda
miiCnios.
karga xania, rac garemoeba TandaTan, n. marris am-
gvari moRvaweobis TandaTani gaZlierebisTanave, Cem-
Tvis cxadi Seiqmna. is winaaRmdegoba, romelsac mas
uwevdnen, n. marrs misi yofili qarTveli mowafeebis
nacionalistobad eCveneboda. 1915 wels, rodesac qar-
Tveli eris istoriis wignis axali gamocemisaTvis Se-
savsebi nawilebis, maT Soris qarTulisa da mis monaTe-
save enebis Sesaxebi Teoriebis mimoxilvis weras Sevu-
deqi da n. marris yvela nawerebic guldasmiT TaviTgan
bolomdis gadavikiTxe, maSin CemTvis sruli ueWvelo-
biT cxadi Seiqmna, rom n. marris mTeli Teoria, mrava-
li wlebis lingvisturi muSaoba Zirianad unda Seryeu-
liyo da mis srulis uaryofiT unda damTavrebuliyo.
aseTi daskvnis Semdgom me zneobriv movaleobad Cav-
Tvale es gamomeqveynebina da mTeli es mimoxilva wavu-
kiTxe kidec Cem msmenel studentebs, xolo Semdeg un-
da dabeWdiliyo. samwuxarod, wignebis gamomcemlobis
Seferxebis gamo, ,,qarTveli eris istoriis“ axali ga-
mocemis dabeWdva SeuZlebeli Seiqmna da aqamdis es mi-
moxilva gamouqveynebuli damrCa.
exla akad. n. marri TiTonac daaxlovebiT imave das-
kvnamdis misula, rac CvenTvis karga xania cxadi iyo. ai,
rasa swers igi Tavis 1920 w. dabeWdils SromaSi
,,Яфетический Кавказ и третий этнический элемент в создании
Средиземноморской культуры”.
„Для ученого в моем возрасте и положении, ведь в порядке
вещей, сугубо надлежит твердо отстаивать то и неизменно держаться
того, что он давно открыл и усвоил и что он защищал и укреплял
десятки лет. В этом смысле мой сегодняшний доклад может вызвать
разочарование. Если бы я разделял точку зрения незыблемости раз
установленных когда-то совершенно правильных научных
достижений, то это было бы убийственным ударом по всему
научному прошлому. Я вынужден сам изменить всю основу, если не
выбросить, то перевернуть и переместить тот фундамент, на котором
.... возводились .... стены нового здания – яфетического языкознания.
261
В этом смысле сегодня если я не вынимаю из всей моей 30-летней
научной работы душу, то разрушаю все ее одухотвореное,
архитектурно сотворенное, опрокидываю все построение, как
оказывающееся несостоятельным; неадекватным полноте знания
ставших впоследствии известными афетидологических материалов”
/стр. 8/.
maSasadame, TviT akad. n. marri iZulebulia gamot-
ydes, rom mas sxva aRara darCenia Tavisi, misi sityviT,
ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi agebuli Senobis iafeturi
Teoriis safuZveli da saZirkveli gadaabrunos. advi-
li warmosadgenelia Tu ra daemarTeboda misi xuroT-
moZRvrebiT agebuls Senobas. dRes vangrev mTel Cems
Senobaso. rodesac saxls saZirkvels gamoacliT an ga-
moecleba, is sxvis dauxmarebliv TiTonac daingreva.
marTalia, akad. n. marri guls ar itexs da gvarwmunebs,
viTomc es imitom momxdariyos, rom axali winaT ucno-
bi masalebi aRmoCeniliyos, magram ara mgonia vinme im-
denad gulubryvilo aRmoCndes, rom baskuri ena axal,
jer aqamdis ucnob enad miiCnios. amasTanave, yovelma
enaTmecnierebis TeoriebSi Caxedulma adamianma icis,
rom baskurisa da qarTulis monaTesaveobis azri didi
xania n. marrze uwinares iyo gamoTqmuli da aq axali
araferia.
gasaocaria, rom akad. n. marrs ar esmis, rom misi
mTelisa Tu ara, viTarca enaTmecnier-aRmomCenelis
warsulis gamaniavebeli is ki ar aris, viTomc vismes
fiqrad mosvlodes moZvelebul samecniero debuleba-
Ta dacvas mihyos xeli, aramed is, rasac igi 30 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi gaafTrebuli icavda sxvaTa mcireodeni eW-
visagan da yvela misi Teoriis uarmyofelT uvicad da
ugunurad sTvlida. is, rasac TaviTgan bolomdis mec-
nierebis ukanasknel da ucilobel WeSmaritebad asa-
Rebda, Turme uniadago Teoria yofila, romlis saZir-
kvelis dangreva TviT masve wilad xvda. ara mgonia, ro-
melsame aRmaSenebels xuroTmoZRvars aseTi ramiT
aramc Tu eamayna, gul damSvidebulsac – ki aetana im-
gvaradve, rogorc veWvob, bevri aRmoCndes iseTi mec-

262
nieri, romelic n. marriviT gul-damSvidebulad aitan-
da Tavisi mraval wlovani namuSavaris, axal pirvelxa-
risxovan aRmoCenad gasaRebuli Teoriis safuZvlisa
da saZirkvelis SenobiTurT dangrevas. bednieri kaci
yofila akad. n. marri, rom amis Semdgom mainc guls ar
itexs da Tavis Teoriis sruliadi gadaxalisebis Tavi
aqvs. yovelma mecnierma kargad icis ramdenad Znelia
Secdomis TaviTgan acdena, magram miT umetes yoveli
Cvengani unda grZnobdes im did zneobriv pasuxismgeb-
lobas, romelic mas, viTarca moZRvarsa da mecniers,
awevs gamokvlevebisa da axali Teoriebis gamoqveynebis
dros, da mTeli Tavisi Zal-RoniT brZnuli sifrTxi-
liTa da mecnieruli windaxedulobiT SeZlebisdagva-
rad Secdomebi Tavidgan aicdinos. n. marrs – ki Tavis
enaTmecnieruls gamokvlevebSi Tavisi azrebis daud-
gromeli cvalebadoba TiTqos principad aqvs gadaqce-
uli da rasac is exla viTarca WeSmaritebas Tavgamode-
biT icavs, oriode wlis Semdgom TviTve aviwydeba da
mis magier axalsa sTxzavs da imave gulmodgineobiT
ficulobs da icavs mis WeSmaritebas. yvela dameTan-
xmeba, rom aseTi ram mecnierebaSi srulebiT Seuwynare-
belia da arc Cven SegveZlo amis Sewynareba. ai, swored
am niadagzec Cveni SeTanxmeba SeuZlebeli iyo da erTi
meores davSordiT. Cven Segnebulad da gadaWriT uar-
vyofT am gvars u. gzasa da am nairs mimarTulebas enaT-
mecnierebaSi da arc gvsurs, rom qarTuli enaTmecnie-
reba meToduri, dinji da safuZvliani kvleva Ziebis ma-
gier brWyviala da farTo, magram xanmokle da uniada-
go Teoriebis turfa sabaRnarod iqces.
n. marri aRSfoTebuli iyo im srulebiT bunebrivi
garemoebiTac, rom Cven qarTvel mecnierebma mSobeli
eris keTildReobis da warmatebisaTvis xelisSesawyo-
bad aRmosavleT enebis f-ts Tavi mivanebeT da samSob-
loSi wamovediT qarTuli umaRlesi saswavleblis Se-
saqmnelad. mas Turme ar sjeroda da verc warmoidgen-

263
da,208 rom visime sazogadoebriv saganmanaTleblo miz-
nebis gulisaTvis Cven im martod marto muxis fesvebi-
sa da Ziris gamoTxras vikadrebdiT, romliTac Cven
orientalisti kavkasiis mkvlevarni erovnebisa da mi-
marTulebis da miuxedavad gamokvebili varT. ara mgo-
nia akad. n. marris romelime poeturi Sedareba romeli-
me orientalistisaTvis Sesawynarebeli iyos da Tavisi
Tavi im suldgmulad CasTvalos, romelic muxis nayo-
fiT ikvebeba xolme. n. marrs veras gziT ver gaugia, ro-
gor SegveZlo Cven fiqrad mogvsloda aRmos. enebis f-
tisaTvis uecrad Tavi migvenebebina da samecniero si-
naTlis nakadulis davseba gvekadra, sazogadod peter-
burgis universitetisaTvis almam matrem saqarTvelo
dagvepirispirebina da erTnair Rirebulebad migveC-
nia209.
ucnauria rom aseTi ram ver gaugia akad. n. marrs,
raTgan yoveli adamianisaTvis, romelsac sazogadoeb-
rivi alRo aqvs, erovnuli Segneba moepoveba da mTlad
gadagvarebuli ar aris, Cveni nabiji srulebiT advili
gasagebi unda iyos. mikvirs swored da verc warmovid-
gendi, Tu SeeZlo rogorme efiqra, rom Cven, qarTveli

208
«Слухи об этом исходе до меня доходили, но мне не верилось, что
в чьих- либо общественно-просветительных интересах может
произойти покушение на подрывание того одинокого дуба, плодами
которого мы все ориенталисты-кавказоведы, без различия
национальности и направления одинаково вскормлены и
кормимся.« / стр. 1503./
209
«У работников научно – национальной школы этого типа на
Кавказе проявилось бы враждебное отношение к живым силам
организации главного у нас рассадника Востоковедения,
сложившейся работой нескольких поколений, его питомцам не
могло бы прийти в голову погашать своим внезапным уходом этот
источник научного света именно по полноте Кавказоведения,
единственный не только в России, но и в Европе, вообще
противополагать almae matri, университету almam matrem Грузию
как ценность одного порядка.» / стр. 1509 /.
264
mecnierebi Cveni gindac patara da daCagruli samSob-
losi, eris interesebsa da samsaxurs kulturuli, uC-
venodac mdidari didi ruseTis universitetebis ke-
TildReobas vanacvalebdiT da romelsame Cvengans Ta-
visi erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi movaleobisaTvis
eRalatna! raRa Cvenze moicala b-nma akademikosma, ra-
tom poloneli, ukraineli, estoneli, latvieli da
sxva profesorebic ar daariga da Wkva ar aswavla, gana
maTi mravalricxovani wasvla ruseTis u-tebiTgan uf-
ro saxifaTo ar iyo ruseTis umaRles saswavlebelebi-
sa-Tvis? maSin maTgan miiRebda Rirseuls pasuxs da
darwmuneboda, rom Cven garda sxvebic yvelani araru-
sebi swored aseve fiqrobden da fiqroben. samwuxaroa,
rom aseTi martivi sazogadoebrivi erovnuli valdebu-
lebis grZnobis bunebrivoba ver gaugia da TanagrZno-
bis magier sayvedurs gviTvlida. erTi ram makvirvebs
mxolod, Tu akad. n. marri marTlac im azrisa iyo, rom
qarTvel da somex mecnierebs obieqtivobis dacva ar
ZaluZT da sxvaTa Soris viTomc imitom iyos Cveni dar-
gebi CamorCenili, maSin Cveni aRm. enebis f-tiTgan wa-
mosvla raRad awuxebda? es saqme ueWvelia misTvis ad-
vili gamosasworebeli iqneboda da iqmneba im erisagan,
romelsac mxolod da mxolod obieqtivobis niWi da
martoden sazogado kacobriobis interesebis samsaxu-
ri dausaxavs miznad, advilad Seavsebda danakliss da
Cvenze ufro Rirseuls da piruTvnel mecnierebs moam-
zadebda.
Cveni wamosvliT aRmos. enebis f-tiTgan Cven Turme
kavkasiis mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis saqmisaTvis maxvi-
li Cagvicia. magram Tu n. marrs hkiTxavT, aseTi saqcie-
li Cven Zvirad unda dagvjdomoda da is pirni, romel-
Tac peterburgis minebeba gabedes, viTomc didis ga-
WirvebiT miRweulis samecniero donis simaRliTgan
aucileblad unda CamoqveiTebuliyven tfilisSi Sesa-

265
ferisi samecniero niadagisa da garemos uqonlobis ga-
moisobiT.210
akad. n. marrs kargad esmoda, rom cota rame im sa-
kiTxebis Sesaxeb, razedac ase gacxarebiT swerda da
Wkvas gvaswavlida, Cvenc gagvegeboda. arc ise iyo saq-
me, rom ver gagvego ras CavdiodiT. Tu amisda miuxeda-
vad mainc Cvensas ar viSlidiT da mouridebliv viqceo-
diT, amis mizezi isaao, amcnebda b-ni akademikosi ruse-
Tis mTavrobis maSindel wreebs, rom qarTul umaRles
saswavlebels imdenad samecniero miznebi ara aqvs, ram-
denadac erovnulio.211
es n. marris azriT, saSineli da momakvdinebi codva
da garemoeba viTomc imiTac mtkicdebodes,212 rom qar-

210
,,Он свидетельствует о намеренном разрыве с факультетом
Восточных языков, о желании не понимать того, что без тесного с ним
общения одной богатой программой Грузинский университет в его
официальной Кавказоведной части цели не достигнет: Работа без
научного антуража, подбор в смежных историко-филологических и
востоковедных наук, которым располагаем мы, университете, не
только окажется сама по себе малоплодотворной, но скоро низведет
специалистов, собравшихся устроить своего рода ,,сецессию“, с уровня
с трудом достигнутой высоты научной атмосферы. И так, настоящий
предприятием ..... наносится удар научном Кавказоведению“ /стр. 1504/.
211
,,Не могу допустить и мысли, чтобы организаторы Груз.
университета действительно не понимали того, что они делают. Новое
учреждение ... не только возникает в линии крайнего увлечения идею
национализации грузинского учебного дела, как венчание его высшей
школой, но и задачи её, этой грузинской высшей школы, в первую
голову не научные, а национальные“ /стр. 1504/.
212
„Место, пустующее в Тифлисе за отсутствием государственного
университета занять ....стремится и Грузинский университет, как
видно из некоторых статей его устава, так напр., из статьи 10 о праве
выдавать ученую степень доктора. В линии развития национального
движения грузин это вполне понятно. Тифлис центр Кавказа, но
Тифлис в то же время исторически беспорно грузинский город.
266
Tuli universiteti cdilobs saxelmwifo u-tis adgi-
li daikavos. raki tfilisi, romelic exla kavkasiis te-
ritoriazea, istoriulad qarTuli qalaqi iyo, qar-
Tvel nacionalistebs am Jamadac iq qarTvelTa bato-
nobis mosapoveblad da gansamtkiceblad tfilisSi
qarTuli umaRlesi saswavleblis gaxsna eSurebaTo.
magram qarTvelTa am gvari pretenziebi da wadili sru-
li gaugebrobis nayofi da anaqronizmi yofila, rome-
lic Turme ruseTis revoluciis mier aRiarebul Tavi-
suflebasac ki ewinaaRmdegeboda. anaqronizmi iyo imi-
tom, rom tfilisi, istoriulad uciloblad qarTuli
qalaqi, rusTa asi wlis mmarTvelobis dros mTeli kav-
kasiis centrad iqca, romelic, rasakvirvelia, saqar-
Tvelod ver CaiTvlebao. amasTanave, tfilisi mTel
kavkasiis marto administraciuli ki ara, kulturuli
centric aris. es garemoeba SeiZleba yvelam daiviwyos,
rusis xalxis garda: rusis xalxs ufleba ara aqvs es
daiviwyoso! brZanebs akad. n. marri213.

Отсюда последовательно грузинская национальная мысль ....без

страха перед научной ответственностью, спешит, как суверенный и
ныне, хозяин города, представит себя в нем высшей в крае школой,
университетом, как не теряет она времени, чтобы обеспечить за
собой там же соответственно первое место ... Каталикосом всея
Грузии, и кроме того, Тифлисским митрополитом .... Но в идейном
обосновании даже законного и ныне тяготения грузин к Тифлису,
тем более домогательства к полному в нем господству, кроется
коренное недоразумение, политический анахронизм, приводящий в
столкновение.... националистические стремления....с провозглашен-
ными русской революцией свободами“ /стр. 1506/.
213
,,Тифлис, исторически беспорно грузинский город, за сто лет рус.
правления вырос столь же беспорно в центре всего Кавказа, который
нет никакой возможности отожествить ныне с Грузией. Тифлис при
этом центр не только административный, но и культурный всего
Кавказа. И если эту реальность кто либо может забыть, то не русский
народ: русский народ не имеет права этого забывать ....“ /стр. 1508/.
267
 nuTu im dros, rodesac igi am muqariTa da Rvar-
ZliT savse striqonebs swerda, odnavad mainc xeli ar
aukankalda da TavSi raime eWvma ar gauelva? batonebo,
Tu uzarmazar miwa-wylis mflobelebs rusis xalxs,
romlis mTavrobamac am asi wlis winaT qarTvelTa mo-
kavSired da mfarvelad SemoSvebulma veragobiT Tavi-
sufleba mogvispo da Tbilisi da saqarTvelo xelSi Ca-
igdo, am erTi saukunis ZalmomreobiT monapovaris da-
viwyeba arc SeuZlian da arc ufleba aqvs, ra ufleba
aqvs da rogor unda daiviwyos Cvenma patara erma Tavi-
si mravalsaukunovani warsuli, mama-papaTa SromiTa da
gamWriaxobiT monapovari da maTi Tavganwiruli mama-
cobiTa da sisxliT daculi Tavisi patara samSoblos
dedaqalaqi, romelic yovelTvis qarTuli iyo da
uromlodac saqarTvelos wesieri arc politikuri da
arc kulturuli cxovreba ar SeuZlian. erekle mefes
imisTvis ar daudvia ruseTTan xelSekruloba, rom sa-
qarTvelos isic daekarga, rac mas aucileblad hqonda
da Tu akad. n. marrs TavisTavi rusis xalxis mesaidum-
le mrCevelad da moZRvrad miuCnevia da Tavis politi-
kurs mrwamssa da zneobas Zalasa da Zalmomreobaze ar
amyarebdes, mas ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobisaTvis un-
da moegonebina swored is, ris daviwyebis arc politi-
kuri da arc zneobrivi ufleba marTlac rom ar hqon-
da: gatexili ficisa da darRveuli xelSekrulebis aR-
dgena!..
magram saiTgan warmoidgina n. marrma, rom maSin, ro-
desac ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobisagan Cveni univer-
sitetis daarsebisaTvis nebarTvas viRebdiT, Cven sa-
xelmwifo u-tis uflebebis miTviseba gvsurda da Cvens
garda sxvis gaWaWanebas ar vapirebdiT. amgvari azri mas
mxolod imitom dahbadnia, rom Cven wesdebaSi Setanili
iyo muxli samecniero xarisxis miniWebis uflebis Sesa-
xeb. Cveni u-tis pirvels aRmSeneblobaSi yovel monawi-
les kargad moexseneba, rom Cven amgvari azri fiqradac
ar mogvsvlia da Cveni u-tis saxelmwifo u-ad qcevaze
maSin ar vocnebobdiT. maSinac ki, rodesac saqarTve-
los damoukidebloba gamocxadda, mTeli erTi semes-
268
tris ganmavlobaSi Cven enkenisTvemdis kerZo u-tad
gvqonda da mis gasaxelmwifoebrivebaze ar vcdilvarT;
miT umetes amgvari wadili da zraxva ar SeiZleboda
gvqonoda maSin, rodesac Cven pirvelad nebarTvas vi-
RebdiT, raTgan kargad vicodiT ra sulis kveTebisa da
mimarTulebis xalxTan gvqonda saqme. muxli samecnie-
ro xarisxis miniWebis uflebis Sesaxeb Cveni u-tis wes-
debaSi imitom iyo Setanili, rom Cveni u-tis bunebrivi
warmateba da zrda SesaZlebeli yofiliyo momavalSi-
ac, raTgan eWvi gvqonda, rom ruseTis u-tebs Tundac
mTavrobis zegavleniT, politikuri mosazrebebiT, ro-
melsame qarTveli mecnierisaTvis samecniero xarisxi
mieniWebinaT. ara mgonia, rom es SiSi maSin srulebiT
usafuZvlo yofiliyos da n. marris moxsenebis mTeli
Sinaarsi xom cxadad mowmobs, ranairi daundobeli
brZolis gamarTvas apirebden is da misi Tanamoazreni
Cveni u-tis winaaRmdeg. swored amitom aucileblad sa-
Wiro iyo, rom Cvens u-ts mxolod qarTveli Rirseuli
mecnierebisaTvis samecniero xarisxis miniWebis ufle-
ba hqonoda. ganrisxebuli akad. n. marri da siZulviliT
dabrmavebuli rogor ar mosZebnida da aRmoaCenda Cven
qarTvelTa agresiuli politikis kvals iseT wminda
saqmeSi, rogoric umaRles saswavleblis daarsebis
ganzraxvaa, rodesac igi qarTvel intelegenciasa da
yvela politikur partiebs sxva da sxva momakvdinebel
codvebs abralebda, ruseTis revoluciis monapovarTa
damaxSobelad sTvlida da kavkasiaSi mcxovrebs erTa
Soris ukidures mtrobisa da mZulvarebis Camomgdebe-
lad da gamaRvivebelad miaCnda. amaSi Turme qarTveli
social demokratebic – ki yofilan damnaSaveni, ro-
melnic, sxvagan TavianT Tavis aucilebel internacio-
nalistad momCvenebelni, kavkasiaSi Tavis da SeumCnev-
lad qarTvel nacionalistebad qceulan da, Tavis da-
sis garegnuli gamarjvebiT dabrmavebulni, Turme ver
xedavden, rom aras dros TviT Zveli reJimis xanaSiac
erovnuli SuRli kavkasiaSi ise gamwvavebuli ar yofi-

269
liyos da ruseTis saxelmwifosTvisac – ki saSiSi ar
Seqmniliyos, rogorc maT batonobis dros.214
winandeli, „proletarebo yvela qveynisa, Seer-
TdiT!“ Zaxilis magier saqarTveloSi gaisma „yovel-
gvar mimarTulebis nacionalistebo, SeerTdiT“o da
TviT qarTvelma socialdemokratebma SeiTvises Turme
nacionalistebis es moZRvreba.215

214
,,Социалдемократия, увлекаемая общим националистическим
течением родного края, сильно накрепилась в сторону
национального общественного миросозерцания ... Но отсутствие
широкого образования и особенно знания сложных в течение веков
слагавшиеся культурно-исторических взаимоотношений Кавказских
народов, выдающиеся вожаки груз. социалдемократии к решению
местных общекраевых вопросов .... стали подходить, естественно, с
присущей им природно национальной точки зрения, как только
жизнь возложила на них бремя улаживания национальных трений.
Безспорные интернационалисты вне пределов Кавказа, на Кавказе
незаметно для себя переродились в националистов Грузин.
Ослепленные внешним успехом своей партии на родине, они не
замечали, то и быть может не видят и теперь, что обострение
взаимной розни народов Кавказа ни при каком направлении старого
режима не дастигло той глубины и угрожающей самыми роковыми
последствиями и Кавказу и вообще Российскому государству,
серьезности, как ныне“ /стр. 1500 – 1501/.
215
Мировая война, вызвавшая в момент возникновения
общероссийское воодушевление и национальный подъем, усилив и
в Грузии национальное течение, дала перевес идеологии
нароставшего груз. национализма и нанесла тяжкий удар
интернациональной социалдемократии. Социалдемократические
организации сохранили свою силу, но в груз. среде, даже
демократической, перестал вызывать былое воодушевление призыв,
красовавшийся на всех флагах груз. общественного движения 1905 –
1906 г.г.: ,,пролетарий всех стран соединяйтесь“. В Грузии стал ярко
намечаться девиз: ,,националисты всех оттенок объединяйтесь“.
Сама социалдемократия в лице определенного течения и отдельные
270
 akad. n. marri imasac – ki umtkicebda ruseTis maSin-
del mTavrobas, rom qarTvelebi saqarTveloTic aRar
kmayofildebian da mTeli kavkasiis xelSi Cagdeba da
batonoba hsurTo.216 saqarTvelos istoriis brwyinva-
le xanebSi, CasZaxoda igi rusTa maSindel mmarTvel po-
litikosebs, saqarTvelos mTeli kavkasia epyra da Tu
CrdiloeTiT is Tanamedrove kavkasiis sazRvrebs ar
gascilebia, samxreTiTa da samxreT-dasavleTiT misi
saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi kavkasiis yofil samefis-
moadgileos sazRvrebze gacilebiT ufro Sors midio-
da. qarTuli nacionalisturi msoflmxedveloba sa-
qarTveloze laparakis dros exlac Zveleburad amgvar

ее предствители стали вкрапливать в свое учение элементы груз.

Национализма“ /стр. 1499/.
216
„Qartvel ..... означал реально всю совокупность не только
грузинских и родственным грузинам племен и народов, но и
неродственных, лишь бы они входили в состав грузин. коллектива,
иногда политического, иногда культурного, но никогда не
этнически лишь грузинского. В блестящие периоды истории Грузии
термин ,,Saqartvelo“, т.е. обнимал весь Кавказ, и, если на Севере он
достигал пределов современного Кавказа, то на юге и юго–западе
находил далеко за пределы бывшего наместничества. Грузинская
националистическая мысль, говоря о Грузии, о ,,Saqartvelo“, и ныне
мыслит о стране в древнем масштабе – в указанных пределах, т.е. по
существу о нащей Кавказе. Я не касаюсь исторического анахронизма,
именно того, что Россия добровольным присоединением в ней
Грузии вовсе не получала из рук грузинского царя под названием
Грузии столь обширного края. Но что для нас важнее отметить, тот
же обширный край за сто лет русского правления не только
переменил название, расширившись по сию сторону Кавказского
хребта и в связи с этим окрещенный в ,,Кавказ“, но преобразился и
внутри.... в части взаимоотношений местных народов ....и еще до
революции чувствовал потребность в новом общественном укладе...
а никак не на реставрации давно пережитого, на основании
реминисценций, до русского правления“ /стр. 1507/.
271
farTod Semofarglul miwawyalze „Cven kavkasia“ze
fiqrobso. es istoriuli anaqronizmiao, brZanebs ba-
toni marri, raTgan ruseTs saqarTvelos nebayoflo-
biT SemoerTebis dros qarTvelTa mefisagan srulebiT
aseTi didi qveyana ar Caubarebiao. amasTanave CvenTvis
ufro imasa aqvs mniSvneloba, rom asi wlis ganmavloba-
Si, rusT mmarTvelobis wyalobiT, kavkasia Seicvala da
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganaxlebaze ocnebobda da
ara Zvelisa da dromoWmulis aRdgenazeo. aseTi cilis
wameba qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg ara mgonia bevrs vismes
ekadros winaTac, rodesac suvorinis gazeTis beladis
– menSikovisa da Savrazmel ,,WeSmarit-rusTa“ politi-
kosis, ganTqmul mRvdel vostorgovis garda, patiosan
adamians politikur sakiTxebze wera ar SeeZlo. yvelam
kargad icis da miT umetes akad. n. marrs ecodineboda,
rom saqarTveloSi ar moipoveba arc erTi politikuri
partia, gind jgufic, arc erTi moRvawe Tundac ukidu-
resi nacionalisti, romelic saqarTvelos xsenebis
dros kavkasiaze fiqrobdes da miT umetes kavkasia sa-
qarTvelod miaCndes. Zneli warmosadgeneli iyo, rom
akad. n. marri, romelic 1906-7 wl. vostorgovis am-
gvars provokacias sajarod ebrZoda da Rirseuls pa-
suxs aZlevda, aTi wlis Semdgom ise dauxlovdeboda
mas sulierad, rom vostorgovis msgavsi eniTa da iara-
RiT daiwyebda Cven winaaRmdeg Tavganwiruls winamZRo-
lobas.
n. marri arc amiT kmayofildeba da qarTvelebs gvi-
kiJinebs, rom Cven magari muStis saSualebiT sxvebis Se-
moerTeba da gaerTianeba gvsurs. patara saqarTvelo
misi moRerebuli muStiT ruseTis mTlianobis damamxo-
beli, erTis mxriT, da, meores mxriT – didi ruseTi, sa-
qarTvelos momgeriebeli, akad. n. marris waqezebiTa da
winambrZolobiT, – ra unda iyos am akad. n. marris fan-
taziiT SeTxzul zRaparze ucnauri!..
maSasadame, Cven ukiduresi nacionalistebi vyo-
filvarT, mecnierebis daqveiTebasa da peterburgis
aRm. enebis f-tze n. marris mier anTebuli CiraRdanis

272
Caqrobas xeli SevuwyeT da qarTuli u-tis daarsebis
dros imdenad mecniereba ar gvainteresebda, ramdena-
dac erovnul-politikuri miznebi.
exla vikiTxoT, TiTon akad. n. marri vin brZandeba,
ra swadian da ra miznebs emsaxureba? mas rom kiTxoT,
is internacionalistia, msoflio kulturas emsaxure-
ba, CvensaviT ganxeTqilebaze – ki ara, gaerTianebaze
ocnebobs da fiqradac ar mosvlia u-ts, kulturulis
garda, politikuri daniSnuleba daakisros. magram es
mxolod sityvieradaa, saqmiTa da misi nawerebiTgan ki
sul sxva gamodis. cnobilia isedac da qvemoTac iqneba
amaze saubari sagangebod, rom akad. n. marrma im dros,
rodesac Cveni qarTuli un-tis gaxsnis nebarTvas
vTxoulobdiT, ruseTis maSindel mTavrobaSi winada-
deba Seitana, rom TbilisSi sajarod rusuli saxelmwi-
fo u-ti gaxsniliyo. ra mizniT? im mizniT, rom, raTgan
ruseTis saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi erni saerTo erov-
nul-naTesaobriv kavSirsa da SeduRebas moklebulni
arian, maT iseTi kulturuli dawesebulebani esaWiro-
ebaT, romelnic am SeduRebas xels Seuwyoben. am gvar
ruseTSi mcxovreb sxva da sxva erovnebaTa SemakavSire-
bel uuZlieres iaraRad skola da universitetiao. ra-
sakvirvelia, n. marris SexedulebiT aseT skolad mxo-
lod nacionalistur miznebs moklebuli e.i., misi Teo-
riiT, marto rusuli saswavlebeli gamodgeboda. gasa-
ocaria, rom akad. n marrs imdeni ar esmis, rom univer-
sitetis saSualebiT ruseTis erTa SeduReba da saxel-
mwifos Seryeuli mTlianobis ganmtkiceba igive poli-
tikur-nacionalisturi miznebia, mxolod didi ruse-
Tis da rusis mravalricxovani eris sasargeblod da
gasaZliereblad da patara erebis STansaTqavad mimar-
Tuli. TbilisSi rom rusuli saxelmwifo universite-
ti ar daarsdes, maSin SesaZlebelia somxebmac ruseTis
orientacias zurgi Seaqciono, CasCiCinebda akad. n.
marri ruseTis droebiTs mTavrobas da yvela amis
mTqmeli da mqadagebeli gauwiTlebliv Cvena gvdebs
brals, qarTuli u-tis damaarsebelT politikur-naci-

273
onalisturi miznebi dausaxavT da mecnierebis taZari
TavianT erovnuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad iaraRad
uqceviaTo. vnaxoT exla rogori internacionalistic
brZandeba akad. n. marri? internacionalistisaTvis
xom sul erTi unda yofiliyo, visgan momdinareobda
ganaTlebis sxivi da vin awarmoebda samecniero kvleva-
Ziebas, oRond ganaTleba mofeniliyo da mecniereba
warmatebiT gzas dasdgomoda. aba, gadaikiTxeT misi na-
werebi, gind igive misi moxseneba Cveni u-tis gamo da we-
rili217da Tqven darwmundebiT, rom mas aramc Tu in-
ternacionalistebisa ara scxia ra, mxolod ukidures
Sovinists SeeZlo imis Tqma da dawera, rasac igi swer-
da218: ariqaT, evropielni da amerikelni samecniero

217
,,Между тем на всем видное вакантное место университета в
Тифлисе притязают другие бесспорно лучше, чем грузинский или
армянский народ, подготовленные для развития научной
деятельности иностранныя государства. Понятно, они могут сделать
это ... отнюдь не внедряясь в пределы Кавказа, – отводом на свою
мельницу культурного сотрудничества кавказских национальных
научных учреждений .... мне удалось выяснить с достаточной
ясностью, каким кольцом научных предприятий, использованием
Кавказских научных сил у себя в Европе, и экспедициями к Кавказу
из Турции и внутрь самого Кавказа, западные европейцы особенно
же систематически немцы охватили эту почти непочатую
сокровищницу научных материалов.“ /стр. 1510 – 1511/.
218
,,Немцы... едвали – ли перестанут вести начатую им линию
действия... Линия эта состоит не в одних научных экспедициях, а и
в научном использовании и мертв ого материала и живых сил
Кавказа в основательном деловом разсчете... что это создаст волну
обратного культурного воздействия на эту уже сейчас вступающую
на путь культурного отхода от общения с нами нашу, казалось бы
родную русским и по духу страну... При начатом задолго до войны
из... Вана, культурном напоре западных европейцев и американцев,
который они сильно усилили за войну, а после войны еще более
усилят, и при полном изумительном ничегонеделании с нашей
274
kvleva-Ziebasa da eqpediciebs awyoben kavkasiaSi, ger-
manelebi da amerikelni gulmodgined muSaoben saqar-
Tvelosa da somxeTSi da fxizlad iyaviT, kavkasia SeiZ-
leba evropisa da amerikis kulturul orientacias da-
adgeso.
im dros, rodesac akad. n. marrma rusul samecniero
yofacxovrebis susti da uaryofiTi mxareebi TiTonac
kargad icoda, rodesac, misive sityviT, ruseTi da ru-
suli mecniereba gasaocars umoqmedobas iCenda, asi
wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi umaRlesi saswavleblis daar-
seba ver moaxerxa, an ar moiwadina, evropielTa da ame-
rikelTa kulturuli da samecniero moRvaweoba, qar-
TvelTa bunebrivi wadili da cda sakuTari un-tis da-
arsebis Sesaxeb mis gulSi sixarulisa da TanagrZnobis
magier siZulvilsa da mtrobas iwvevs da es adamiani ra-
Raca manqanebiT TavisTavs msoflio kulturis intere-
sebis damcvelad asaRebs.
igive akad. n. marri, romelic qarTvel intelegen-
cias avadmyofur nacionalistobas swamebda da ukiJi-
nebda, swored erTi im pirTagania, romelTac omis ga-
mocxadebis Semdgom ruseTis samecniero akademiaSi wi-
nadadeba Seitanes, rom akademikosebisaTvis savalde-
buloT gaexadaT rusulad wera, rom maT ucxo enebze
weris ufleba ar hqonodaT. swored rus akademikosTa
umravlesobisagan es winadadeba uaryofili iqmna da n.
marris ucnaur saqcielze da WeSmarit rusul gulmod-
gineobaze akademiursa da u-tis wreebSi laparaki da
sayveduri ismoda. magram raki Suamdgomloba q-li u-
tis daarsebis Sesaxeb aRZruli iyo da saqmis ase Tu ise
gadawyveta saWiro iyo, roca n. marrs SeekiTxen gaxsnis
neba mivceT Tu arao, upasuxnia gaxsnis neba unda mie-
ces, mxolod gansazRvrul pirobiT. marTalia, pirveli
u-ti tfilisSi qarTuli iqmneba, amasTanave, germanul

стороны...удивление будет неуместное, если объединенная

национальная мысль армян культурно ориентируется не по России“
/стр. 1512/.
275
gegmaze agebuli da es, rasakvirvelia, iq did STabeWdi-
lebas moaxdenso, magram eg araferia, oRond iqve saCqa-
rod rusuli saxelmwifo u-ti gavxsnaT, saukeTesod
movawyoT da maSin qarTuli u-tis madidebelni male Ca-
Cumdebiano. albad morcxvobiT ar aqvs naTqvami, rom
amiT TviT qarTuli u-tis dadumebis imedic uRviodaT
gulSi mas da mis Tanamoazreebs. q-li u-ti, rasakvirve-
lia, iuridiulad unda Semoifarglos, viTarca kerZo
umaRlesi saswavlebeli da gaxsnis nebarTva mieces ro-
gorc saxelmwifo u-tis momaval sasurvel TanamSro-
melso. es imasa niSnavda, rom Cvens u-ts samecniero xa-
risxis miniWebis ufleba ar unda qonoda da samudamod
rusul u-tis Semacqerali unda yofiliyo. cxadia, Tu
ra daemarTeboda Cven u-ts, akad. n. marris gegma rom
ganxorcielebuliyo.
magram Tu vinicobaa misi da mis Tanamoazreebis ime-
di ar gamarTldeboda da Cveni u-ti mainc iarsebebda,
maSinac is guls ar itexda, raTgan, misi sityviT, q-l
muSaTa da glexTa Segnebuli nawili da, sazogadod,
glexoba gaerovnulebisa da saqarTvelos gamoyofis
mowinaaRmdege unda yofiliyo.219
akad. n. marri etyoba siamovnebiT igonebda im wu-
Tebs, rodesac, misi sityviT, qarTul soflebSi mra-
valricxovan qarTvelTa TandaswrebiT gamarTul mi-
tingebze qarTveli molaparakeni TavianT sityvebs
aTavebdnen xolme ZaxiliT: „Zirs saqarTvelo! gaumar-
jos rusul social demokratiul muSaTa partias“-o,
rodesac erovnul ideis mcire ricxovan wevrebs lapa-
rakis nebas ar aZlevden da Tu vinme gamosvlas gabedav-
da, kaTedriTgan CamoaTrevden xolmeo.220

219
,,Сознательная часть грузинских рабочих и крестьянство, вообще
груз. крестьянской массы против националистической конструкции
уклада Кавказской жизни, против национального обособления
Грузии“ /стр. 1507/.
220
„Тогда в самой гуще сельского неселения ораторы, чистокровные
грузины, на многолюдных митингах, сплошь из таких же грузин,
276
 ai, aseTi suliskveTebis imedi qonda akad. n. marrs
da Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom TviT qarTveli xalxi
xmas ar miscemda da qarTuli u-tis daarsebis inicia-
torebs viTomc maqsimalisturi ocnebebis sizmare-
TiTgan gamoafxizlebda da ara dros ar Seurigdeboda
Tavisi skolis mwvaleblur- nacionalistur sulsa da
weswyobilebas. swored amis molodinSi, n. marris az-
riT, ruseTis ganaTlebis saministros unda q-li u-tis
gaxsnis nebarTva mieca.221 iqneb mas da mis Tanamoazre
mkiTxvelebs Tvaleb win exatebodaT suraTi, rodesac
q-li u-tis damaarsebel ,,nacionalist“ profesorebs
kaTedrebiTgan CamoaTrevden da „Zirs saqarTvelos!“
Sehyvirebden, magram cxovrebis sinamdvilem maT imede-
bi gaucrua.

свои речи на грузинском языке заключали при громе аплодисментов

выкриками: ,,Долой Грузию! Да здравствует русская социал-
демократическая рабочая партия!“ Редким смельчакам, решавшимся
выступать против такого отрицания национальной идеи, всецело
господствовавшие тогда социал-демократы, меньшевики, не давали
высказаться и в случае упорства без церемонии стаскивали из с
импровизованных под открытым небом... Грибун. Свидетелем таких
явлений лично я был в 1905 году /см. брошюрку мою „Из гурийских
наблюдений и впечатлений 1905 г.“, стр. 1496/ .
221
„Нет однако основания отрицать, что максималистические
мечты романтиков-инициаторов Груз. университета имеющее
наступить спокойное время реальной жизнью будут приведены к
трезвым и действительно научным взглядом груз. общества на
задачи национального их университета. Сам грузинский народ,
давно и действенно выступаюший на широкий путь демократизации
реальных устоев своей национальной жизни, никогда не
примириться с сектантско–националистическим духом и строем
школы. Министерство в этих видах имеет не только право, но и долг
благословить начинание общества груз. университета, как частного
высшего учебного заведения, указав однако соответственно его
правовые пределы“ /стр. 1510/.
277
 vgoneb, TviT akad. n. marrsac amisi eWvi qonda. ami-
tom is ruseTis mTavrobas daJinebiT urCevda222 rusu-
li saxelmwifo u-ti gaexsna TbilisSi. garegnulad amis
sabuTad is mosazreba mohyavda, rom erovnuli qarTu-
li da somxuri u-tebi viTomc namdvil umaRles ganaT-
lebas ver mianiWebden studentebs da Sursa da mtro-
bas Caunergavden. magram is siswrafe, romliTac rusu-
li u-ti unda gaexsnaT TbilisSi, da is miznebi, rome-
lic mas, rogorc davrwmundiT, akad. n. marris locva-
kurTxeviT unda dakisreboda, cxad-hyofen, Tu namdvi-
lad risTvis unda daarsebuliyo igi.
akad. n. marri mainc imdenad darwmunebuli ar iyo,
rom misgan ase Seqebuli da camde aRzevebuli univer-
saluri miznebis ganmaxorcielebeli rusuli saxel-
mwifo umaRlesi saswavlebeli qarTvelTa da somexTa
Soris TanagrZnobas moixveWda da moxiblavda, rom ru-
seTis mTavrobas urCevda, mis Sesanaxad saxelmwifo xa-
ziniTgan gamoeRoT xolme fuli da pirvel xanebSi ma-
inc adgilobriv mkvidrTa anabarad ar daetovebiaT223.

222
„Дело по существу вовсе не в том, что национальные
университеты на Кавказе, доступные лишь говорящим или по-
грузински, или по-армянски, оставят остальное население
обойденным в заботах государства о высшем образовании, поставят
его в положение граждан второго и даже третьего ранга. А дело в
том, что они никому, и обладателям таких национальных
университетов не обеспечивают действительно высшаго
университетскаго образования, наоборот, обеспечивают понижение
его уровня и вообще сгущение атмосферы ядоносным чадом
взаимного непонимания и взаимной вражды“ /стр. 1509/.
223
„В виду болезненного состояния национального настроения
наиболее культурных народов Кавказа, обеспечить Кавказский
университет денежными средствами из государственного
назначейства без обращения на первых порах к местным людям за
материальной поддержкой“ /стр. 1516/.

278
danarTi № 13

skkp (b) saxelmwifo universitetis

partkomis 1934 wlis 21 maisis sxdomis oqmi # 13 224

224
saarqivo dokumenti pirvelad gamoaqveyna Tamar belqaniam; ix.
misi: “stalinuri kultura (informaciiT kulturis konstruire-
bis mcdeloba socialistur realizmSi da uaxlesi dro; saq.Sss ar-
qivSi daculi maslebis erTi nawilis mixedviT)“, Tb. 2016, gv. 57-58.

279
danarTi № 14

tariel futkaraZe
saerToqarTveluri enisa da Tanamedrove
qarTveluri qvesistemebis istoriuli
mimarTebis amsaxveli sxvadasxva sqemis
SepirispirebiTi analizi225

samecniero literaturaSi kargadaa damuSavebuli fu-

Zeenis savaraudo saxis aRdgenis istoriul-SedarebiTi
meTodi226, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebelia arsebul ena-
Ta/dialeqtTa bgeraTSesatyvisobis, morfologiuri
struqturebisa da sxva monacemebis Sepirispirebis sa-
fuZvelze mocemuli enobrivi erTeulebisaTvis amosa-
vali sistemis aRdgena, kerZod, Sinagani rekonstruq-
ciiT, SedarebiTi rekonstruqciiTa da leqsikur-se-
mantikuri rekonstruqciiT monaTesave enobriv erTe-
ulTa amosavali enobrivi modelis daSveba; modelis
srulyofili saxis Sesaqmnelad ki gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia integraciuli da konvergenciuli procesebiT

225
vrceli varianti ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa enobrivi
istoria divergenciuli da konvergenciuli procesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT; akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia: quTaisuri saubrebi
– XIV; mieZRvna nikoloz baraTaSvilis dabadebis 200 wlis-
Tavs; Kutaısı dıscussıons Internacional Scientific Conference 3-4 noem-
beri, 2017 weli; November 3-4, 2017; statiad daibeWda „qar-
Tveluri memkvidreobis“ XXI tomSi (2017 w.), gv. 353-368.
226
„istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodi warmoadgens enaTa naTesa-
obis dadgenis saSualebas, warmoSobis mixedviT monaTesave
enebis Seswavlis meTods. misi ZiriTadi nakli is aris, rom
igi yovelTvis saWiro sizustiT ver gvirkvevs istorias“
arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali,
Tb., 1952, gv. 332-338. istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodis Sesaxeb
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisaTvis ix.: m. qurdiani, iberiul-
kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebi, 2007, gv. 91-109.
280
warmoqmnili movlenebis analizi.
aqve xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom arasworia istoriul-
SedarebiTi meTodiT kvlevis dayvana oden bgeraTSe-
satyvisobebis dadgenamde227; CvenTvis ufro misaRebia
arn. Ciqobavas midgoma:
enaTa naTesaobis rkvevisas „mTavaria msgavseba, – ka-
nonzomieri msgavseba, – morfologiur inventarSi,
formantebis bgeriT SedgenilobaSi da garkveuli sit-
yvebis ZirTa bgeriT SedgenilobaSi“228.

msgavsi midgoma aqvT T. gamyreliZesa da g. maWavarians:

„qarTvelur dialeqtTa Soris genetur mimarTebaTa
dasadgenad unda davemyaroT ara marto fonologiur,
aramed agreTve morfologiur da leqsikur izoglo-
sebsac. mxolod amgvari kompleqsuri midgoma mogvcems
saSualebas, gaviTvaliswinoT is rTuli movlenebi,
romlebsac fuZe-enis diferenciaciis procesSi unda
hqonoda adgili da romelTa Sedegad istoriuli qar-
Tveluri enebi Camoyalibda“229. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
Sida enobriv-struqturuli mimarTebebiT – bgeraTSe-
satyvisobiT, gramatikuli struqturebis Sesabamiso-
biTa Tu semantikuri modelebis SepirispirebiT – SeiZ-
leba dadgindes amosavali enobrivi modelis saxe Tu
enaTa/dialeqtTa naTesaoba, magram ara – metyvelebis
statusi; enisa Tu dialeqtis statusi dgindeba (yalib-

227
Sdr. mag., m. qurdiani, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniere-
bis safuZvlebi, 2007, gv. 109: „enaTa naTesaobis damtkicebi-
saTvis morfologiis monacemebs aranairi mtkicebulebiTi
Zala ar gaaCnia. erTaderTi da gadamwyveti kriteriumi Sesa-
darebel enebs Soris kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraT-
SesatyvisobaTa sistemis dadgenaa istoriul-SedarebiTi me-
Todis mkacri gamoyenebiT“.
228
arn. Ciqobava, zogadi enaTmecniereba, II, ZiriTadi prob-
lemebi (meore gamocema); Tb., 1983, gv. 252
229
T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablau-
ti qarTvelur enebSi; Tb., 1965, gv. 4.
281
deba) sociolingvisturi mimarTebebiT230.

qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros TiTqmis yvela cnobili

mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove qarTvelur ena-
kiloTa amosaval saerToqarTvelur models ZiriTa-
dad mihyveba qarTuli samwignobro ena. pirvel rigSi,
davimowmebT arnold Ciqobavas daskvnas231:
„Wanurisa da megrulis fonetikur-morfologiur-sin-
taqsur movlenaTa analizisas cxadi da xelSesaxebi
xdeba am movlenaTa istoriuli warsuli da geneturi
urTierToba, roca amosavlad gamoyenebulia qarTuli
ena“. 1948 wels ki arn. Ciqobava wers: zanuri (megrul-
Wanuri) istoriuli qarTuli enis transformacias
warmoadgens; svanuri, Tavis mxriv, garkveuli „agrega-
tia“ Zveli qarTuli dialeqtis, zanurisa da adiReu-
ris SereviT miRebuli232.

230
mag., zogs ratomRac hgonia, rom bgeraTSesatyvisobebis
arseboba/ararsebobiT irkveva, mocemuli metyveleba enaa
Tu dialeqti. arc istoriulad da arc Tanamedrove msofli-
oSi enaTa Tu kiloTa statusi ar dadgenila arc enis rome-
lime Sidastruqturuli kriteriumiT da arc gagebinebiT –
logikuri /aralingvisturi/ kriteriumiT; vrclad ix.: t.
futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi da qar-
Tvelur idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizebis retrospeqti-
va; saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebu-
lis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis humanitarul mecni-
erebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, tomi VII, 2017,
gv. 115-134; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, qarTvelur enobriv va-
riantTa (qvesistemaTa) kvalifikacia da klasifikacia; sa-
qarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis sa-
xelobis qarTuli universitetis Sromebi, tomi III, 2017, gv.
80-105.
231
arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi; Tb., 1936, gv.
205-206; arn. Ciqobava, Sromebi, III, Tb., 2008, gv. 209.
232
arn. Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuli Sedgeni-
loba da arqauli lingvisturi saxe (rusul enaze); iberiul-
kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, II, Tb., 1948, gv. 255-275.
282
es Tvalsazrisi garkveuli dazustebebiT gaziarebu-
lia sxva bevri specialistis mierac; kerZod:
T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis varaudiT, saerTo-
qarTvelurSi aRdgenili fuZeebi ZiriTadad emTxveva
samwignobro qarTulis monacemebs – maT mier rekon-
struirebuli fuZeenis fonematuri struqtura nawi-
lobriv gansxvavdeba qarTuli samwignobro enis mona-
cemebisagan; kerZod, maTi azriT, saerToqarTvelurSi
unda aRdges fonemaTa sami klasi: Tanxmovnebi (Cqamie-
rebi, sonorebi), a, e, o xmovnebi da *i/ჲ, *u/v233, *m˳, *n˳,
*r˳, *l˳ sonantebi, bgerebi, romlebic poziciisda mi-
xedviT realizdebian xan marcvlovan, xanac umarcvlo
alofonebad. dasaxelebul avtorTa mixedviT, saerTo-
qarTveluri ena Tanamedrove qarTveluri qvesisteme-
bisagan sxvaobda sibilantur spirantTa da afrikatTa
mesame rigis – Suasibilanturi (sisin-SiSina) rigis Tan-
xmovnebis – arsebobiTac; Sdr.: T. gamyreliZisa da g. ma-
Wavarianis mixedviT, Tanamedrove qarTvelur qvesis-
temebSi sonantTa klasi gamoiricxeba234.
m.qurdianis azriT235, samwignobro qarTulisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, saerToqarTvelurSi unda aRdges mxolod
„sibilantur spirantTa da afrikatTa sami rigi“: Z¹, c¹,
w¹, z¹, s¹.

233
Cveni azriT, qarTul enaSi bagismieri spirantis ZiriTadi
alofonia wyvilbagismieri v (w); iSviTad realizdeba kbil-
bagismieri variantic (im enebSi romelSic ZiriTadia kbilba-
gismieri varianti, gvaqvs misi yru variantic – f-c).
234
T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablau-
ti qarTvelur enebSi; Tb., 1965 gv. 7, 325-364.
235
m. qurdiani, saerToqarTveluri ena da misi diferenciaci-
is Tanamimdevrobis problema, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, I,
quTaisi, 1996, gv. 253-264; m. qurdiani, iberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebi, 2007, gv. 128-129.
283
arqaul samwignobro enaSic da Tanamedrove qarTve-
lur zepir metyvelebebSic arsebobs i/ჲ da u/v sonan-
tebi236; Sesabamisad, logikuria, saerToqarTvelurSic
davuSvaT maTi arseboba; Cveni azriT, saerToqarTve-
luri fonematuri stuqtura ase SeiZleba aRdges:
xSulebi: *b, *f, *p; *d, *T, *t; *Z, *c, *w; *j, *C, *W; *g, *q,
*k; *ჴ, *y;
napralovnebi: *z, *s; *J, *S; *R, *x; *h;
sonorebi: *m, *n, *r, *l;
sonantebi: *i/ჲ, *u/v;
xmovnebi: *a, *e, *o.
qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoriis mkvlevarTa
daskvniT, saerToqarTvelur enaSi daaxloebiT iseTive
fonetikur-morfologiur-sintaqsur-semantikuri va-
riantebi aRdgeba, rogoric gvqonda arqaul qarTul
samwignobro enaSi237; Tanamedrove qarTveluri dia-
leqtebi ki metnaklebad gansxvavdebian saerToqar-
Tvelurisagan, ramdenadac saSinao sametyvelo kode-
bi ufro Tavisuflad viTardebian (miT umetes, is
ganapira kiloebi, romlebzec Zlieria sxva enebis
gavlena). saerToqarTveluridan momdinare qarTvel-
Ta samwignobro ena dRemde arsebobs, rogorc qar-
Tveli eris makonsolidebeli fenomeni; amave saerTo-
qarTveluridan momdinare dialeqtebi (megrul-lazu-
ri, svanuri, mesxuri, TuSuri, qarTl-kaxuri...) ki sam-
wignobro enis masazrdoebeli wyaroebi arian. istori-
uli mimarTeba aseTi sqemebiT SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:

236
msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli
enis xmovanTa sistema (sadoqtoro disertacia); Tb., 1998.
237
msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva
qarTuli samwignobro enisa, 2006. The Origin of the Georgian
Literary Language and its Prospects, Tbilisi, 2006;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-Georgian-
Literary-Language-and-its-Prospects.
284
- saerToqarTveluri ena >> zogadqarTuli (qarTve-
luri) saliteraturo ena;
- saerToqarTveluri ena >> qarTvelTa saSinao sa-
metyvelo kodebi (/qarTveluri dialeqtebi/238.

samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia

uSualod qarTuli samwignobro enis sayrdeni enobrivi
modelis Sesaxeb:
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTuli samwignobro ena qar-
Tlel-kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-svanebis-
Tvis saerTo enaa... warmarTobisdroindeli saerTo Se-
moqmedebaa (1908, gv. 4; 1979, gv. 154-156).
arn. Ciqobava fiqrobda, rom Zveli saliteraturo qar-
Tuli ena Seiqmna istoriuli qarTlis metyvelebis sa-
fuZvelze; axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena ki qar-
Tluris garda kaxursac emyareba“ (arn. Ciqobava, 1952,
gv. 114-115; ix., agreTve: b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 172-173).
giorgi axvledianis redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul
„enaTmecnierebis SesavalSi“ Camoyalibebuli Tvalsaz-
risis mixedviT (avtoria g. nebieriZe), „qarTul sali-
teraturo enas safuZvlad udevs qarTl-kaxuri dia-
leqti, magram saliteraturo qarTuli ar emTxveva
mTlianad qarTl-kaxur dialeqts...“ (g. axvlediani,
1972, gv.27)...
qarTvelTa samwignobro enis amosaval enobriv siste-
mad qarTluris Tu qarTlur-kaxuris miCnevas xels uS-
lis erTi arsebiTi garemoeba:
arqauli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebis enas aqvs bevri
iseTi Tavisebureba, romlebic namdvilad ar axasia-

238
t. futkaraZe, saerToerovnuli saliteraturo enisa da
„saSinao“ sametyvelo kodebis mimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli
saliteraturo enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis mixedviT
(sametyvelo kodebis ierarqiisaTvis), XX dialeqtologiuri
respublikuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 102-
106. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, de-
daena, dialeqtebi), 2005, gv. 329.
285
Tebs arc qarTlur da arc kaxur dialeqts; Tuki da-
vuSvebT, rom qarTluri/kaxuri samwignobro enis da-
fuZnebis Semdeg Seicvala, amgvarive daSveba SesaZle-
belia sxva qarTveluri kiloebis mimarTac. ufro lo-
gikuria vivaraudoT, rom qarTuli asomTavruli anba-
ni Seiqmna im enisTvis, romelic arsebobda Zv.w. I aTas-
wleulSi; aseTi ena saerToqarTveluri enaa, romlis
rekonstruirebuli formebi TiTqmis identuria yve-
laze Zveli (e.w. xanmeti) teqstebis enisa239.

samecniero literaturaSi diskusiis Temaa saerToqar-

Tveluri enisagan qarTveluri qvesistemebis formire-
bis gzebica (sqemebica) da qronologiac.
k. bergslandisa da h. fogtis azriT, hipoTeturi saer-
ToqarTveluri ena „Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTas-
wleulSi unda movaTavsoT“240; Sesabamisad, Tanamedro-
ve qarTveluri qvesistemebi warmoqmnilia axali wel-
TaRricxvis Semdeg.
saerToqarTveluri enis daTariRebis kuTxiT, analo-
giuria arn. Ciqobavas daskvnac:
„iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT war-
moSoba aerTianebs. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulis-
xmobs; savaraudod, sami aTasi wlis winandels (Sesaba-
misad, saerToqarTveluri navaraudevia Zv.w. I aTaswle-
ulSi – t.f.), da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavkasi-
is samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am enaTa ganviTareba
sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; araerTs sxva enas gadah-
yrian; saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena
warmoqmnila Tu gamqrala/gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. ami-

239
t. futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignob-
ro enisa, 2006. The Origin of the Georgian Literary Language and its
Prospects, Tbilisi, 2006; http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-
of-the-Georgian-Literary-Language-and-its-Prospects.
240
k.bergslandi, h.fogti, glotoqronologiis safuZvlia-
nobisaTvis; mimomxilveli, 6/9, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 255.
286
tom gasakviri is ki ar aris, rom iberiul-kavkasiur
enebs „gasaocari nairgvaroba“ axasiaTebs, aramed is,
rom fonetika-morfologia-sintaqsSi (aseve, leqsika-
Sic) niSandoblivi saerTo Tvisebebi SerCeniaT“ (arn.
Ciqobava, 1979, gv.253).
T. gamyreliZis, v. ivanovis, d. musxeliSvilis, m. qurdi-
anisa241 da sxvaTa azriT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi ukve arse-
bobda sami qarTveluri ena: svanuri III aTaswleulSi,
qarTuli da zanuri (megrel-Wanuri) II aTaswleulidan;
maTi azriT, saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis savara-
udo droa Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebi. aAmgvari mosazreba
ZiriTadad eyrdnoba enaTa daTariRebis sakamaTo glo-
toqronologiur meTods (leqsikuri erTeulebis
cvlilebis mixedviT enis asakis gansazRvras)242 an cal-
keuli sityvebis saeWvo istorias; kerZod, T.gamyreli-
Zisa da v.ivanovis mier erT-erT argumentad moxmobi-
lia Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi dadasturebuli mikenuri ko-
as/ko-vo „tyavi“ sityva, romelic, maTi azriT, momdina-
reobs ukve Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi TiTqosda arsebuli
„zanuri enis“ *tyov- fuZisgan (romlis amosaval vari-
antad ivaraudeba saerToqarTveluri *tyav- fuZe243.
„argumenti“ ar aris sarwmuno: megrul-lazurSi ar ar-
sebobs da arc odesme unda arsebuliyo *tyov- fuZe:

241
ix., mag.: T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, indoevropuli ena da in-
doevropelebi, 1984, gv.908-909; m.qurdiani, qarTvelur enaTa
istoriuli enobrivi kontaqtebi da saerToqarTveluri enis
diferenciaciis qronologiuri sazRvrebis problema; sae-
naTmecniero Ziebani, XIV, Tb., 2003; gv. 36; m. qurdiani, iberi-
ul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebi, 2007, gv. 742..
242
glotoqronologiuri meTodis kritikuli analizisaTvis
ix.: k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972; d.kristali, 1989, gv.331;
t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.327; T.gvancelaZe, 2004 da sxv.
243
T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, indoevropuli ena da indoevro-
pelebi, 1984, gv.908-909.
287
rogorc wesi, saerToqarTveluri *tyav- tipis fuZeeb-
Si bagismieri v-s arsebobis gamo zanur kiloebSi a gvaZ-
levs e xmovans, Sesabamisad, lazur-megrulSi mosalod-
nelia da aris kidec: tyeb- fuZe (tyebi „tyavi“); Sdr.:
*ZarRv- > jerRv, *arCv- > ercqem- da sxv.
T.gamyreliZis, v.ivanovis, d.musxeliSvilis, m.qurdia-
nisa da sxva avtorTa mier gaanalizebuli sxva leqsiku-
ri paralelebic ver iZleva damajerebel daskvnas sa-
erToqarTveluri enis Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi arsebo-
bis Sesaxeb; kerZod, amgvari sakamaTo masalis mixedviT
ver davadgenT saerToqarTveluri Tu sakuTriv qar-
Tuli enis arsebobis dros; garda amisa, rekonstruire-
buli da aradokumentirebuli enebis savaraudo leqsi-
kuri bazis mixedviT, aseT Soreul droSi rTulia dad-
gindes: sesxebasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu saerTo warmomav-
lobasTan244.
sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom msoflioSi ar arsebobs di-
di samwerlobo tradiciis mqone enac ki, romelsac 50
saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeenarCunebinos Tavisi ZiriTa-
di saxe; miT umetes, aseTi ver iqneba umwerlobo „to-
mobrivi ena“ Tu dialeqti. 1000 wlis manZilzec ki mxo-
lod did samwerlobo tradicias SeuZlia, Seanelos di-
vergenciuli da konvergenciuli mizezebiT Sepirobe-
buli enis cvlilebis procesi; 4000-5000-wlian Tvisob-
riv ucvlelobaze ki, vfiqrobT, laparakic zedmetia.
sakiTxi kompleqsur Seswavlas saWiroebs; daskvnebis
sandooba istorikos-arqeologTa, eTnografTa da
lingvistTa erToblivma kvlevam SeiZleba gansaz-
Rvros.

244
samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisa da msjelobisaTvis
vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovri-
si, dedaena, dialeqtebi), 2005, gv. 280-297.
288
sakuTriv, Cveni varaudi aseTia:
Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulSi, saerToindoevropulis Tanad-
roulad, arsebobda iberiul-kavkasiuri kontinuumi,
romlisganac, sakuTriv, qarTveluri enobrivi samya-
ros gamomijvna dawyebuli Cans kavkasiasa da anatolia-
Si indoevropuli nakadis Semosvlis Semdeg Zv.w. III-II
aTaswleulebis mijnaze. Crdilokavkasiur enebTan
mkveTri daSoreba savaraudoa Zv.w. I aTaswleulis man-
Zilze, kerZod, skviT-kimerielTa da sparsuli modgmis
tomTa Semosevebis dros.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv qarTul/qarTvelur enas:
didi albaTobiT, istoriuli kolxas /kulxa/ kolxi-
da/245 teritoriaze (romelic ufro met teritorias
moicavda, vidre Tamar mefis saxelmwifo) ganfenili
qarTveluri tomebis dialeqtebidan kolxur-yobanuri
arqeologiuri kulturis246 formirebis procesSi –
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Zv.w. I aTaswleu-
lis I naxevramde – yalibdeba saerTo qarTveluri ena
(/enobrivi koine).

245
Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul lursmul
teqstebSi dadasturebuli kilxi da kulxa/kolxa gaigivebu-
lia berZnul-romauli wyaroebis kolxoi da kolxis saxel-
wodebebTan; varaudoben, rom werilobiT ZeglebSi „kolxi-
da“ formis pirveli damowmeba gvaqvs Zv. w. XIV saukunis B-xa-
zovan teqstebSi kokida/kokideჲo variantebis saxiT (l.gor-
deziani, kolxeTi B-xazovan teqstebSi; axalgazrda mecnier-
Ta asociaciis samecniero konferenciis Sromebi, t. II, quTai-
si, 2004, gv. 226-228). berZnul wyaroebSi termini „kolxida ga-
ia“ ueWvelad dasturdeba Zv. w. VIII saukunis poetTan - evmile
korinTelTan; savaraudoa, rom ufro adre berZnebi iyeneb-
dnen termin aiasac (Sdr.: daiaeni/tao. samecniero litera-
turis mimoxilvisaTvis vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, qarTvele-
bi, 2005).
246
yobani – sofeli Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kerZod, Tanamedrove
oseTSi.
289
Zv. w. I aTaswleulis II naxevarSi Canan Semdegi qarTve-
luri Temebi: muSqebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/taoxebi, ko-
laelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi, quTebi/qviTe-
bi, koraqsebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi,
makronebi, fasianebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni, henioxe-
bi, sanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi...247. Sdr., farnavazisa da
qujis mier aRorZinebuli qarTvelTa saxelmwifos
(Zv.w. IV-III ss) sazRrebi leonti mrovelis mier redaqti-
rebuli „qarTlis cxovrebis“248 mixedviT:

247
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, dedae-
na, dialeqtebi), 2005, 250-252.
248
cnobil mecnierTa nawili „qarTlis cxovrebas“ armenofi-
lur matianed Tvlis imitom, rom, maTi azriT, leonti mro-
velis mier qarTlosis ufros Zmad gamocxadebulia haosi,
qarTvelTa pirvel enad ki – somxuri. Dmravali argumenti
cxadyofs, rom am Txzulebis avtori ar aris leonti mrove-
li. matiane iqmneboda gacilebiT adreuli periodidan;
lLeonti mroveli mxolod redaqtori da matianis Semvsebia.
rac Seexeba armenofilobas: marTebulia rismag gordeziani-
sa da sxva mecnierTa msjeloba: „qarTlis cxovrebis“ am na-
wilSi somxuri ena aRniSnavs urartuelTa enas, xolo haosi
290
vfiqrobT, lazTa, megrelTa, imerxevelTa, mesxTa, kax-
Ta, svanTa, herTa, fxovelTa da sxva qarTvelTa amJa-
mindeli saSinao metyveleba saTaves iRebs welTaRric-
xvaTa mijnidan; sayuradReboa, rom swored am dros
Cndeba maTi saxelebi istoriul wyaroebSic. dasav-
lurqarTveluri (SiSina) dialeqturi wris Camoyalibe-
ba SeiZleba davukavSiroT or istoriul movlenas:
- Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls qarTvelTa erTiani
saxelmwifo – quj-farnavazis qarTli – dampyrobelTa
mier ukve danawevrebulia ramdenime samefod: pontod,
lazikad, iberiad... sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv velSi
moqceva aferxebs qarTveluri modgmis TemTa (eTnog-
rafiul jgufTa) kulturul Tanacxovrebas; samxreT
da dasavleT saqarTveloSi ufro knindeba qarTu-
li/qarTveluri samwignobro-oficialuri enis statu-
si, Sesabamisad, aqtiurdeba zepiri metyvelebisTvis

aris urartuelTa da ara – armenTa eTnarqi (msjelobisaTvis

vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv. 203-204).
291
damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri movlenebi. vfiqrobT, am
periodidan saerToqarTveluri enis aRmosavlur vari-
antSi gvaqvs palatalizebuli bgerebis mqone sparsuli
enis gavlena (Zv.w. II saukuneSi mtkvar-araqsis auzSi
mZlavroben sparsuli tomebi), dasavlur-qarTvelur
zepir metyvelebaSi ki piriqiT: aqtiurdeba winaenismi-
eri labiovelarizebuli bgerebisgan velarizebuli
harmoniuli kompleqsebis (Jg, Sq, jg, Cq, Wk...) warmoqmna,
labiovelarizebul Z, c, w, z, s bgerebisgan j, C, W, J, S
fonemebis formireba. Semdgom etapze dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos baris mosaxleobis metyvelebaSi momijnave
TanxmovanTa labialuri komponentis monawileobiT
xorcieldeba a > o, e > a gadabgereba; mTis mosaxleobis
metyvelebaSi xmovanTa labializaciis process afer-
xebs (da cvlis) palatalizacia, romelic axasiaTebs
svaneTis mosazRvre Crdilokavkasieli xalxebisa da
mosuli Turqebis/yivCayebis enebs...
- vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg dawyebuli saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi ngreva arabobam daasrula; swored
arabobis periodSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los teritoriebze sabolood Camoyalibda ori Ziri-
Tadi dialeqturi wre: megrul-lazur-Wanur-svanuri
da imerul-qarTl-kaxur-mesxur-herul-fxour-Takve-
ruli249.
specialistTa Soris didi kamaTis sagania qarTvelur
dialeqtTa divergenciis gzebi; kerZod, mecnierTa er-
Ti nawili iziarebs g. deetersis varauds, romelsac sa-
erToqarTveluridan jer gamohyavs svanuri da qar-
Tul-zanuri; am ukanasknelidan – qarTuli da zanuri,
zanurisagan ki – megruli da lazuri enebi; igi aseT
sqemas gvTavazobs:

249
vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxov-
risi, dedaena, dialeqtebi), 2005, gv. 315-316.
292
 saerTo qarTveluri ena

zanur-qarTuli

zanuri

svanuri lazuri megruli qarTuli

sruliad gansxvavebulia arn. Ciqobavas daSveba:
rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, cnobili kavkasiologi miiCnevs,
rom qarTulis transformaciiTaa miRebuli zanuri;
zanurisa da mTis kavkasiuri enebis SereviT ki – svanu-
ri; arn. Ciqobavas sqema daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba250:
svanuri

zanuri

zanur-svanuri

saerTo qarTveluri ena -> qarTuli samwignobro ena

Tavis naSromebSi arn. Ciqobava samarTlianad Tvlis,

250
Sdr., m. qurdiani, saerToqarTveluri ena da misi diferen-
ciaciis Tanamimdevrobis problema, qarTveluri memkvidre-
oba, t. I, quTaisi, 1996.
293
rom saerToqarTveluri ena uSualod gaagrZela qar-
Tulma enam. misi azriT, qarTuls gamoeyo zanur-svanu-
ri dialeqturi jgufi, romelic Semdeg daiSala umwer-
lobo svanur da zanur enebad (ar uTiTebs kriteriums,
Tu ris mixedviT Tvlis „umwignobro enad“ – t.f.). arn.
Ciqobavasve azriT, qarTuli ena aris yvela qarTvelis
(maT Soris, megrel-laz-svanebis) dedaena: „mefis mTav-
robis cda (mecxramete saukunis meoTxmoce wlebSi)
megrulad SemoeRo swavla samegrelos skolebSi da
miT qarTuli ena samegrelos skolebidan ganedevna,
marcxiT damTavrda: Tu deda-enas aswavlidnen qar-
Tvel bavSvebs skolaSi, es ena qarTuli iyo yvela qar-
Tveli tomisaTvis (xazi Cemia – t.f.)251.
politikuri koniunqturis gamo, am konteqstSi arn. Ci-
qobava saerTod ar axsenebs gasuli saukunis 20-ian
wlebSi ganxorcielebul ufro saSiS diversias – i. sta-
linisa s. orjonikiZis mxardaWeriT, isak Jvanias jgu-
fis mier megruli skolebis daarsebasa da megruli ga-
zeTebis gamocemas. es avantiura ganxorcielda ioseb
stalinis ideologiuri xasiaTis wignis (gamoqveynda
1913 wels): „marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi“ safuZ-
velze, sadac, argumentebis gareSe, megrelebi, svanebi
da aWarlebi, afxazebsa da lekebTan erTad miCneulia
iseT xalxebad, romlebsac dedaenaze ar SeuqmniaT li-
teratura252.

251
arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952, gv. 363.
252
i.stalini: „ra vuyoT aseT xalxebs: megrelebs, afxazebs,
aWarlebs, svanebs, lekebs da sxv., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze
laparakoben, magram TavianTi literatura ki ara aqvT?“ i.
stalinis es wigni sabWoTa kavSirSi mravaljer gamoica /qar-
Tulad ki oTxjer daibeWda/; ix., agreTve: i. gigineiSvili, i.
b. stalinis moZRvreba saerTo saxalxo enisa da dialeqtebis
Sesaxeb da erTiani qarTuli saliteraturo enis sakiTxebi,
t. III, 1952, gv. 483-510; q. lomTaTiZe, i. stalinis Sroma «mar-
qsizmi da enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi» da misi mniSvneloba-
sabWoTa enaTmecnierebisaTvis, t. III, 1952, gv. 33-71.
294
mogvianebiT, savaraudod, l. berias argumentebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, i. stalinma Secvala midgoma da sabWoTa
kavSiris „erovnuli umciresobebis“ siidan amoiRes:
aWarlebi, megrelebi, svanebi... vfiqrob, am konteqstSia
gansaxilveli arn. Ciqobavas, rogorc „ganaTlebis sa-
xalxo komisariatis“ mier Seqmnili komisiis wevris, sa-
moqalaqo gmiroba, rodesac igi daupirispirda lenin-
stalinuri „nacionaluri“ politikis gamtarebel qar-
Tvel bolSevikTa pirvel Taobas da maT sapirispirod
gamoacxada, rom megruli zanuris enis dialeqtia da
ara – damoukidebeli umwerlobo ena.
faqtia, rom stalinis kategoriuli poziciis miuxeda-
vad (stalini megruls, lazurs da svanurs damoukide-
bel umwerlobo enad miiCnevda), akad. arn. Ciqobavam Se-
uZlebeli SeZlo: stalinis poziciis sapirispirod253,
megruli da lazuri metyvelebebis zanuri enis dia-
leqtebad gamocxadebiT man xeli SeuSala megruli da
lazuri kiloebis qcevas xelovnur saliteraturo ene-
bad; Tumca, xeli ver SeuSala terminis: „qarTveluri
enebi“ damkvidrebas.
Semdgom periodSi, Tavis Teoriul naSromebSi, arn. Ci-
qobava Seecada, am mimarTulebiTac Seerbilebina qar-
TvelTa damanawevrebeli es rusuli „lingvisturi“
ideologema; kerZod, man erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava e.w.
tomobrivi ena da erovnuli ena: tomobrivi ena, ro-
gorc umwerlobo ena, dialeqts gauTanabra; mag.,
„enaTmecnierebis SesavalSi“ arn. Ciqobava adamianTa sa-
metyvelo erTeulebis aseT ierarqias warmoadgens
(1952, gv. 100-101):

253
mogvianebiT, savaraudod l. berias (da k. Carkvianis) Sua-
mavlobiT, arn. Ciqobava Sexvda i. stalins. am Sexvedris
Semdeg i. stalinma sabolood gadaafasa niko maris marqsis-
tuli enaTmecnieruli Teoria.
295
- tomobrivi enebi (da dialeqtebi): indielTa enebis um-
ravlesoba; aseve: svanuri, zanuri (megrul-Wanuri),
aRuluri, waxuri, andiuri, didouri...
- xalxebis enebi: xunZuri, darguuli, lezgiuri...
- erovnuli enebi: rusuli, ukrainuli, belorusuli,
latviuri, litviuri, qarTuli, somxuri, Cinuri, in-
glisuri, germanuli, franguli... arn. CiqobavasTvis
megrul-Wanuri Tu svanuri tomobrivi enaa da ara –
xalxis ena an erovnuli ena.
arn. Ciqobavas es mosazreba (erovnuli ena – tomobrivi
ena – dialeqti) bevrma mecnierma gaiziara; maT Soris –
m. qurdianma; Tumca, arn. Ciqobavasagan gansxvavebiT,
igi fiqrobs, rom saerToqarTveluri ena garkveulwi-
lad gansxvavdeba istoriuli qarTuli enisagan. m. qur-
dianis divergenciis sqema ase gamoiyureba:

saerToqarTveluri ena

zanur-svanuri

svanuri zanuri qarTuli

arn. Ciqobavas msgavsad, m. qurdiani umwignobro, to-

mobriv enebad Tvlis svanursa da zanurs.
kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze qarTveli eris romelime
nawilis (/Temis) moxsenieba „tomad“, maTi metyvele-
bisa ki – „tomobriv enad“ arakoreqtulia; mag., Tana-
medrove megreli Tu aWareli ar aris calke tomi; meg-
reli, aWareli, svani, lazi... iseTive organuli nawilia
qarTveli erisa, rogorc guruli Tu imereli; megre-
li, svani Tu lazi iseTive Semoqmedia qarTuli samwig-
296
nobro kulturisa, rogorc aWareli Tu TuSi, mesxi Tu
qarTleli; Sesabamisad, didi Seusabamobaa megrelTa,
lazTa Tu svanTa gamocxadeba umwerlobo enis mqone
„tomebad“254.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg
(1991 w.), enaTmecnierebaSi daZleul iqna staliniseuli
„lingvisturi“ stereotipebi; pirvel rigSi, es Seexo
terminebs: „tomobrivi ena“ da „qarTveluri enebi“. am
mimarTulebiT gamorCeuli nabijebi gadaidga akaki we-
reTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetSi; kerZod:
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi awsu
dialeqtologis institutis mier organizebul qar-
Tvelologiur saerTaSoriso konferenciebze gamota-
nil moxsenebebSi TandaTan Camoyalibda axleburi mid-
goma, kerZod, SemuSavda Tvalsazrisi, „qarTveluri
enebis“ nacvlad „qarTveluri dialeqtebis“ gamoyene-
bis logikurobis Sesaxeb; sagangebo moxsenebad wakiT-
xul iqna 2000 wels qalaq zugdidSi255.

254
Sdr.: rusuli ideologema: erTma qarTvelurma tomma –
qarTvelebma – sxva qarTveluri tomebis (megrelebis, svane-
bis, lazebis...) asimilacia moaxdines. es e.w. „qarTizaciis“
Teoria istoriografiuli TvalTaxedviT pirvelad gaakri-
tika mitropolitma anania jafariZem (ix. mag.: a.jafariZe, sa-
qarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. I-III, Tb., 1996;
a.jafariZe, ori Teoria qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebis
drois Sesaxeb, Tb., 2003... e.w. sami/oTxi qarTveluri to-
mis/enis rusuli ideologemis kritikisaTvis vrclad ix.: t.
futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, dedaena,
dialeqtebi), 2005. aq mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom Zvel wyaroeb-
Si ara sami/oTxi, aramed 20-mde qarTveluri tomi dasturde-
ba, romelTa safuZvelzec saukuneebis win CamoiZerwa qar-
Tveli eri.
255
t. futkaraZe. saerToerovnuli saliteraturo enisa da
„saSinao“ sametyvelo kodebis mimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli
saliteraturo enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis mixedviT
(sametyvelo kodebis ierarqiisaTvis). XX respublikuri dia-
leqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi. zugdidi. 2000,
297
dRes ufro meti gamocdilebaa, qarTveluri enobrivi
samyaros kvalifikacia moxdes istoriuli realobisa
da Tanamedrove terminologiuri midgomebis safuZ-
velze256; vfiqrob, pirvel rigSi, gadasasinjia e.w. di-
vergenciuli sqemebis agebis koncefcia; kerZod, auci-
lebelia, enebis/kiloebis formirebis procesSi gaTva-
liswinebuli iyos mravalwaxnagovani konvergenciuli
(integraciuli) procesebis roli. jer kidev 2005 wels
vwerdiT:
„mocemul monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris foneti-
kur-gramatikuli sxvaobis maRali xarisxi SeiZleba Sepi-
robebuli iyos ara mxolod am erTeulTa adreuli di-
vergenciiT (praenidan adreul etapze gamoyofiT), ara-
med sxva mizezebiTac; kerZod, cvlilebani SeiZleba gamo-
ewvia eTnosTa intensiur Serevebs: kompaqturi gadasax-
lebebi Tu Camosaxlebebi apirobebs superstratul an
substratul movlenebs, Sesabamisad, orive SemTxvevaSi,
stimuli eZleva swraf da kanonzomier fonetikur pro-
cesebs... sakuTriv qarTvelur sinamdvileSi: qarTvelur

20-21 oqtomberi; ix., agreTve: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, zo-

gadqarTuli samwignobro ena da qarTvelTa dialeqtebi (is-
toriuli mimoxilva). qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VI. quTaisi,
2002, gv. 187-200. wakiTxulia moxsenebad 2001 wlis 4-5 maiss
simpoziumze: „quTaisuri saubrebi“, VIII. 2002; m. tabiZe, enebi
Tu dialeqtebi, krebuli II, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxel-
mwifo universitetis memed abaSiZis saxelobis samecniero
centri, 2002, gv. 207-209. T. gvancelaZe, aris Tu ara gagebine-
ba enis dialeqtisagan gamijvnis kriteriumi? enaTmecniere-
bis sakiTxebi, #2, 2003; T. gvancelaZe, ena da kilo qarTvelo-
logiaSi, Tbilisi, 2006.
256
Tumca dResac arian Zalebi, romelTac surT qarTveli
eris enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebiTa da saqarTvelos eTni-
kur-politikuri istoriis damaxinjebiT /antiqarTuli is-
toriul-geografiuli ideologemebis fabrikaciiT/ SeZlon
saqarTvelos mxareebis regionalizacia da, saqarTvelos
unitaruli saxelmwifos nacvlad, e.w. konfederaciuli, myi-
fe saxelmwifos Seqmna.
298
enobriv velSi bunebrivia labiovelarizaciis procesi
(Sdr., sxva enebSi aqtiuria palatalizacia, nazaliza-
cia...); cnobilia, rom saerToqarTvelur TanxmovanTa
gansxvavebuli refleqsebi zanur-svanur formaTa mxo-
lod erT nawilSi dasturdeba; kerZod, Z, c, w, z, s, j, C,
W, J, S sibilantebi mxolod saerToqarTvelur fuZeTa
erT nawilSi iZleva bgeraTSesatyvisobebs (meore na-
wilSi ucvleli rCeba). vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevebSi za-
nur-svanuri refleqsebis warmoqmna unda aixsnas saer-
ToqarTvelurSive labiovelarizebuli bgerebis arse-
bobiT (Crdilokavkasiuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
da saerToqarTvelurisTvisac bunebrivi labiovela-
rizebuli bgerebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mdidari samecnie-
ro literaturis mimoxilvasa da msjelobas calke war-
movadgenT). swored labiovelarizebul bgeraTa me-
zobloba Cans mizezi zanurSi saerToqarTveluri a-s
zanur o-d qcevisa257.

dRevandeli svanuri kiloebis metad gansxvavebuloba sa-

erToqarTveluri enobrivi modelisgan Sepirobebulia
ara mxolod svanuris siZveliT, aramed kavkasionis kal-
Tebze sxva iberiul-kavkasiur, Turqul da alanur tomTa
xSiri migraciebiT; am procesebma qarTveluri enis sva-
nur qvesistemebSi stimuli misca mravalferovan fone-
tikur procesebs; kerZod, svanTa metyveleba xanmeti
qarTulidan (/qarTveluridan) momdinare dialeqturi
metyvelebaa, romelSic didia superstratul movlenaTa
kvali fonematur struqturasa da morfologiur inven-

257
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, deda-
ena, dialeqtebi), 2005, gv. 264-280. aRmosavlur qarTulze
sparsuli (indoevropuli) enis gavlenis Sesaxeb, aseve, meg-
rul-lazurSi labiovelarizaciis Sinagani, imanenturi qar-
Tveluri bunebisa da svanurSi palatalizaciis Crdilokav-
kasiaSi arsebuli mezobeli enebis gavleniT gaaqtiurebis Se-
saxeb vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis
xmovanTa sistema (sadoqtoro disertacia), 1998.
299
tarSic ki; mag., sakuTriv qarTveluri warmomavlobis ar
Cans palatalizebuli xmovnebi; Sdr., agreTve, svanuri Zi-
riTadi leqsikuri fondis iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa:
muryvam „koSki“, CaJ „cxeni“, mus „Tovli“, uCxa „wvima“,
lemesg „cecxli“, Rolaq „cxvari, verZi“, fayv „qudi“ da
sxv.258... miuxedavad gare gavlenebisa, qarTveluri enob-
rivi samyaro – normirebuli mravalsaukunovani samwig-
nobro ena da aTeulobiT dialeqti – erTi mTliani da di-
di zogadqarTuli kulturaa“259.
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa m. tabiZis Semdegi msje-
loba: „qarTuli ena Tavisi istoriuli gzis manZilze
mudmivad warmoadgenda erT mTlianobas, mravalfero-
vani, rTuli saxesxvaobebis (qarTveluri qvesistemebis
– t.f.) sistemur erTianobas. aq saqme gvaqvs ara diver-
genciis iseT formasTan, romelsac evropis enebis um-
ravlesoba gviCvenebs, aramed sruliad specifikur
movlenasTan, rodesac erTi enobrivi birTvi mudmiv
pulsaciaSia da misgan talRebad wamosuli variaciebi
zRvis moqceva-ukuqcevis msgavsad sul mudam ubrunde-
bian sakuTar wiaRs“260.

qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros divergenciis amsaxve-

li zemoT warmodgenili sqemebis seriozuli nakli isi-
caa, rom qarTveluri qvesistemebi sxvadasxva qrono-
logiur monacemebad cxaddeba; mag., gamyreliZe-ivano-
vis mixedviT, saerToqarTveluri aTasi wliT „ufro-
sia“ svanurze, svanuri ki aseve, 1000 wliT „ufrosia“
qarTulze261.

258
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, deda-
ena, dialeqtebi), 2005, gv, 273-275.
259
samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisa da msjelobisaTvis
ix.: s. janaSia, 1959, gv.81-124; agreTve, t. futkaraZe, 1998; t.
futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv. 322.
260
m. tabiZe, sociolingvistika, 2015, gv. 95-96.
261
T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, indoevropuli ena da indoevro-
pelebi, 1984, gv.908-909.
300
Cveni azriT, yvela ZiriTadi qarTveluri qvesistema
erTi asakisaa; maTi cvlilebebi ki Sepirobebulia sxva-
dasxva rangis gavlenebiT (SerevebiT) da izolaciisa
Tu samwignobro enis gavlenis xarisxiT. qarTvelTa
enobrivi samyaros istoria sqematurad ase SeiZleba
gamovsaxoT:

sqemaze ZiriTadi xazi – xis Rero – aris saerToqarTve-

luridan momdinare samwignobro qarTuli ena; mis gar-
Semo azidulni arian samwignobro enis masazrdoebeli
qarTveluri dialeqtebi, xolo samwignobro enis mizi-
dulobis veli gamovsaxeT zambarisebri wrebrunviT:
mravali saukunis manZilze samwignobro qarTul enas-
Tan axlo Tu distanciuri kontaqtiT viTardebodnen
qarTveluri zepiri metyvelebebi, romelTa cvlilebis
xarisxs gansazRvravda samwignobro enis velis zemoq-
medebis siZliere.

301
qronologia:
- savaraudod, mefe aietis droidan quj-farnavazis
epoqamde arsebobs saerToqarTveluri ena; niSan-
doblivia, rom II-I aTaswleulebSi gvaqvs kolxuri
arqeologiuri kulturac.
- didi albaTobiT, farnavazisa da qujis droidan
saerToqarTvelur enas efuZneba qarTvelTa arqa-
uli samwignobro ena, romlis nimuSebic (xanme-
ti/haemeti teqstebi) dasturdeba ax.w. II-VIII sauku-
neebSi.
- IX saukunidan xanmet/haemet saliteraturo qar-
Tul enas cvlis istoriuli saeklesio ena, romel-
sac uSualod agrZelebs Tanamedrove qarTuli
samwignobro ena.

302
 რეცენზიები

prof. nugzar anTelavas recenzia

prof. tariel futkaraZis wignze:
„qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“

„istorias boroti mexsiereba aqvs“.

n. karamzini

kacobriobis istoria, SeiZleba iTqvas, precedentebis

istoriaa. precedentTa Soris ki garkveuli wili gare-
gani faqtorebiT ganpirobebul da Sinagani ZalebiT
mxardaWeril borotebis sawyisze modis, rac istoriis
mexsierebis xasiaTs gansazRvravs. es procesi gansa-
kuTrebiT kargad Cans metropoliisa da koloniis ur-
TierTobaSi, koloniisa, romlis istoria metropoliis
istoriis nawils Seadgens; ufro metic, kolonia saku-
Tari istoriis gareSea darCenili, radganac igi isto-
riis Semoqmedi Tavad ar aris, da amitomac, SeiZleba
iTqvas, Tavisi arsebobis araistoriul fazaSi imyofe-
ba. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba Semdegi Tezisis
saxiT warmovadginoT: kolonia – esaa istoriis obieq-
ti, anu metropoliis politikis obieqti, xolo metro-
polia – istoriis subieqti, anu istoriis Semqmneli.
kolonia arsebobis istoriul fazaSi mxolod metro-
poliis winaaRmdeg amboxebis dros sakuTari moTxovne-
bis dayenebis momentSi an misgan (metropoliisgan) sru-
li ganTavisuflebisTanave Sedis. magram isic unda iT-
qvas, rom ganTavisuflebis Semdeg koloniuri ideolo-
gia didxans agrZelebs arsebobas, yovelTvis moiZebne-
bian mowyvladi jgufebi, romlebic, TavianTi monuri
msoflmxedvelobiTa Tu merkantuli interesebiT, met-
ropoliis samsaxurSi dgebian da, Segnebulad Tu Seug-
neblad, erisa da saxelmwifos bunebriv-istoriul gan-
viTarebas Zirs uTxrian. Sors rom ar wavideT, amis na-
Teli magaliTia Cveni realoba – qarTuli eTnosis
enobrivi daSlis mcdeloba, romlis saboloo mizani

303
qarTuli eTnikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi sxeulis dana-
wevrebaa. erTi aseTi jgufi karga xania saqarTveloSi
moqmedebs da periodulad wamoyenebuli moTxovnebiT
Tavs gvaxsenebs, rogorc Zir-Zveli qarTuli kuTxis –
samegrelos – momavalsa da megrul enaze „mzrunveli“.
ramdenime Tvea gasuli, rac q. zugdidis centrSi, sa-
qarTvelos pirveli prezidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias,
ZeglTan zemoaRniSnuli jgufis aqtivistebi Seikrib-
nen da „uflebaayrili“ megruli enis mdgomareobisa da
misi statusis amaRlebis Taobaze isaubres. rusuli im-
periuli zraxvebiT, e. w. „CxouSieli avtonomistebisa“
da „mafaluistebis“ ideebiTa da al. WaWias direqtive-
biT nakvebma jgufma, damuxtulma „regionuli an umci-
resobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis“ moTxovne-
biT, samegrelo-zemosvaneTis mxaris aw ukve ganTavi-
suflebul saxelmwifo rwmunebuls peticiac ki wa-
rudgina, romliTac samegreloSi saqmis warmoebisa da
saRvTismetyvelo enad megruli enis SemoReba moiTxo-
va.
aRniSnuli jgufi ar aris pirveli, vinc msgavsi winada-
deba daayena. es precedentuli moTxovna dRis wesrigSi
jer kidev XIX saukuneSi dadga, roca ruseTis xeli-
suflebis samizne gaxda qarTuli eTnosis erT-erTi
struqturuli nawilis, megrelebis (aseve svanebis), sa-
metyvelo ena, romelic, iseve rogorc lazuri, danar-
Ceni qarTuli subeTnosebisaTvis gaugebari iyo. ase da-
iwyo da grZeldeba daundobeli Seteva saqarTvelos
enobrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi segmentaciisaTvis, rad-
gan megruli metyvelebis sakiTxi imTaviTve iyo da, ro-
gorc Cans, aris araoden lingvisturi, aramed politi-
kuri problema.

aRniSnuli problemis lingvistur, sociolingvistur,

kulturologiur da politikur aspeqtebs exeba cno-
bili mecnieris, tariel futkaraZis, naSromi, romel-
Sic gamowvlilviT aris gamokvleuli sakiTxTan dakav-
Sirebuli rogorc mimoqcevaSi dRemde arsebuli masa-
lebi, ise axali monacemebi. naSromi mravalmxriv aris

304
saintereso, magram gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxu-
rebs qveynisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone,
enobrivi da eTnikuri identobis prizmaSi ganxiluli,
qarTveluri struqturuli erTeulebis (megrul-la-
zurisa da svanuris) mimarT damokidebulebis, qarTul
realobaSi maTi funqciis, adgilisa da rolis gansaz-
Rvris Sesaxeb msjeloba.
t. futkaraZis naSromis garkveuli nawili daTmobili
aqvs sakiTxis istoriis panoramul kvlevas. misi gacno-
biT mkiTxvels naTlad warmoudgeba is istoriuli rea-
loba, romlis wiaRSic CvenTvis saintereso problema
iSva, da yvela im figurantis, qarTvelisa Tu ucxoe-
lis, WeSmariti saxe, romlebic saqarTvelos sasikeTod
Tu samtrod iRvwodnen. sakiTxis istoria ki, rogorc
iTqva, XIX saukuneSi daiwyo da XX saukunis 30-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi dasrulda. aRniSnuli problema gan-
sakuTrebuli simwvaviT gasuli saukunis 20-30-ian
wlebSi ganixileboda, anu im periodSi, rodesac saqar-
TveloSi gamoCndnen sxvadasxva juris avanturistul-
separatistuli jgufebi, romlebsac samegrelos avto-
nomiis Seqmnisa da megruli enis statusis amaRlebis
idea aerTianebdaT.
naSromis avtors skrupulozurad aqvs gamokvleuli
imJamindeli saqarTvelos uzenaesi mmarTvelis, lav-
renti berias, wvlili i. Jvanias mier wamoyenebuli da i.
stalinisagan mxardaWerili ideis – samegrelos avto-
nomiuri olqis Seqmnisa da megruli skolebis gaxsnis –
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. am brZolaSi igi qarTveli mecni-
erebis, gansakuTrebiT ki arnold Ciqobavas Sexedule-
bebs eyrdnoboda, rogorc amaze mkvlevari miuTiTebs.
„qarTuli ena, – werda arn. Ciqobava, – megreli da svani
bavSvebis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis iseTive buneb-
rivi da pedagogiurad mizanSewonili iaraRia, rogorc
xevsuri da guruli bavSvebisaTvis“.
t. futkaraZe aRniSnavs, rom, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,
„... lavrenti berias gamarjvebaSi gadamwyveti roli
iTamaSa arnold Ciqobavam, romelmac n. maris (da i. sta-
linis) sapirispirod wamoayena debuleba, rom megruli
ar aris calke ena; megruli aris umwerlobo zanuri
305
enis dialeqti“. marTalia, megrulica da lazuric aw
ukve gamqrali erTiani zanuri enis dialeqtebi iyo,
magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dialeqti coc-
xali organizmia da igi an degradacias ganicdis da
qreba, an damoukidebel enad yalibdeba. Tavis droze
qarTveluri fuZe-enis, saerTo qarTulis dialeqtebi
iyo sakuTriv qarTuli, zanuri da svanuri enebi. sxva
sakiTxia is garemoeba, rom umwerlobo zanuridan gan-
viTarebuli mwignobruli kulturis armqone megruli,
lazuri da svanuri enebi TavianTi socialuri funqci-
iT e. w. patua enaTa anu sayofacxovrebo (SinaurobaSi
gamosayenebel) enaTa rigs ganekuTvnebian (sociolin-
gvisturi TvalsazrisiT, oden dialeqtis funqcia
aqvT) da samudamod am mdgomareobaSi darCebian, an gaq-
rebian da sabolood maT adgils qarTuli ena daiWers.

amdenad, eWvgareSea, rom enis statusi misi socialuri

funqciiT ganisazRvreba da ara wminda lingvisturi pa-
rametrebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, megrul-lazuri da
svanuri sametyvelo enebi unda ganisazRvros, rogorc
dialeqtebi. savsebiT marTebulad wers t. futkaraZe,
rom aRniSnuli subeTnikuri jgufebis, rogorc qarTu-
li eTnosis organuli nawilebis, samwignobro ena, anu
dedaena sul mcire 16-saukunovani qarTuli salitera-
turo enaa, razedac megrelebisa da svanebis enobrivi
TviTidentifikaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebic
mowmobs.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom mxolod ena ar aris ama Tu im
xalxis eTnikuri identobis ganmsazRvreli kulturu-
li fenomeni (magaliTad, iranulenovan osebs arc gene-
tikuri, arc anTropologiuri da arc kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT, saerTo araferi aqvT iranuli modgmis
alanebTan, iseve rogorc Crdilokavkasiel Turqule-
novan xalxebs – TurqebTan. isini tipuri kavkasielebi
arian). saqarTvelos erTiani sociokulturuli siv-
rcis wiaRSi Camoyalibebuli istoriul-eTnografiu-
li mxareebis mosaxleobas, romelic, saerTo niSnebTan
erTad (es niSnebi vlindeba eTnikuri kulturis yvela
sferoSi – pirveladi warmoebisa da sicocxlis uzrun-
306
velyofis, socialur da normatiul, humanitarul da
iracionalur struqturebSi), bunebriv-ekologiuri
mocemulobiT ganpirobebuli yofisa da kulturis
elementebis TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda da, nawi-
lobriv, dResac xasiaTdeba, aqvs ormagi TviTSegneba –
saerToeTnikuri da kuTxuri, anu subeTnikuri (zoga-
dad, subeTnosis sabaziso Tvisebaa – ormagi TviTSegne-
ba, ormagi identoba) da gaaCnia TviTsaxelwodeba. qar-
Tuli eTnosis SigniT arsebuli subeTnikuri jgufebi
(svanebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, gurulebi, imerlebi,
raWvelebi, leCxumlebi, kaxelebi, TuSebi, xevsurebi,
fSavlebi, moxeveebi, mesxebi, javaxebi da sxv.) erTdro-
ulad Tavs miakuTvneben eTnossac da subeTnossac. ase
rom, ar arsebobs qarTuli (da aramarto qarTuli) eT-
nosis warmomadgeneli, romelic imavdroulad erT-er-
Ti struqturuli subeTnosis wevri ar iyos. gansakuT-
rebiT aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom subeTnosis gan-
calkeveba xdeba ara „nawilisa da mTelis“ principiT,
aramed rogorc mTelis nawilisa imave mTelis sxva na-
wilis sapirispirod. amave principiT Camoyalibda qar-
Tuli eTnosis struqturuli erTeulebi, maT Soris
megruli da svanuri subeTnosebic. veraviTar kritikas
ver uZlebs mavanTa mier megrelebisa da svanebis damo-
ukidebel eTnosebad miCneva, radgan maTi udidesi um-
ravlesoba Tavs qarTul eTnoss ganakuTvnebs da TviT-
Segnebac, SedarebiT sustad gamoxatul kuTxurTan er-
Tad, saerToqarTuli aqvs.
ver daveTanxmebi wignis avtoris Tvalsazriss zemoaR-
niSnul brZolaSi l. berias motivaciis Taobaze: „logi-
kuria davuSvaT, rom bolSevikuri reJimis damkvidrebis
pirvel etapze l. beria ufrTxoda qarTveli inteligen-
ciis cnobili warmomadgenlebis gaRizianebas da amito-
mac dauWira mxari qarTvelTa enobrivi erTianobis Se-
narCunebas da winaaRmdegoba gauwia samegrelos avto-
nomiis Seqmnas“. veWvob, l. beria qarTveli inteligenci-
is SiSiT i. stalinis sawinaaRmdego poziciaze damdga-
riyo. rogorc Cans, mas zedmiwevniT kargad hqonda gaaz-
rebuli samegrelos avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnisa da
skolebSi megruli enis damkvidrebis savalalo Sedege-
307
bi, da moiqca ise, rogorc qveynis WeSmariti gulSemat-
kivari moiqceoda. me, ra Tqma unda, l. berias mexotbe
ara var da verc verasodes gavxdebi, magram simarTles
Tvali unda gavusworoT. swored mis Tavgamodebul qme-
debebs unda vumadlodeT, rom dRes saqarTveloSi sami
saxelmwifo ena ar funqcionirebs: rom ara l. beria,
qarTulTan da afxazurTan erTad, samegrelos avtono-
miuri olqis (SesaZloa, respublikis) farglebSi, saxel-
mwifo enis statuss megrulic SeiZenda.
marTalia, aRniSnuli problemis Taobaze kamaTi XX sa-
ukunis 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qveynis sasikeTod
dasrulda, magram dReisaTvis mis reanimaciasa da sa-
megreloSi separatistuli jgufebis gaCenas biZgi mis-
ca zemonaxsenebma „evropulma qartiam“, romlis debu-
lebebis Sasaxeb t. futkaraZe marTebulad SeniSnavs:
„90 wlis win megrulisa da svanuris Sesaxeb zustad ase-
Ti moTxovna hqondaT ioseb stalinis mier marTul
bolSevikebs, romelTac xelmZRvanelobda isak Jvania...
zustad aseTive moTxovnebi aqvT dResac kremlis mier
marTul Cveni drois isak Jvaniebs... gasuli saukunis 30-
iani wlebisagan gansxvavebiT dRevandeli politikuri
speqtrisa Tu samecniero wreebis warmomadgenlebis
erTi nawili mxars uWers megrulis, lazurisa da svanu-
risaTvis e. w. regionuli an umciresobis enis statusis
miniWebas; anu, realurad, dRes aris mcdeloba, qarTve-
li eris damanawevrebeli „enobrivi politika“ ukve ev-
rosabWos keTilSobiluri dokumentiT SeifuTos“. am
sakiTxSi zogierTi mecnieris motivaciaa imis SesaZ-
lebloba, rom „moipovos „safrTxis qveS myofi enebi-
saTvis“ gamoyofili maRalbiujetiani evropuli Tu
qarTuli granti (ra Tqma unda, ar gamoiricxeba sxva
motivaciac)“, – wers t. futkaraZe. friad sayuradRe-
boa naSromis avtoris msjeloba megrulisa da svanu-
ris Taobaze „evropuli qartiis“ konteqstSi, rac Cven-
ma xelisuflebam aucileblad unda gaiziaros.
oriod sityva saRvTismetyvelo enis Sesaxeb. X sauku-
nis Sua xanebSi giorgi merCulis mier nabrZanebi, „qar-
Tlad friadi qveyanaჲ aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina
308
qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvaჲ yoveli
aResrulebis“, imas niSnavs, rom qarTvelur tomTa kon-
solidaciis didi xniT adre dawyebuli procesi sabo-
lood eklesiuradac dasrulebulia da saqarTvelos
mTel teritoriaze (bunebrivia, samegreloSic) saR-
vTismetyvelod qarTuli ena ukve damkvidrebulia. (am
dromde bizantiis politikuri gavlenis qveS myof da-
savleT saqarTveloSi wirva-locvis ena, savaraudod,
berZnuli iyo; warwerebic berZnul enazea Sesrulebu-
li).
amdenad, aTas welze metia, rac samegrelosa da svaneT-
Si wirva-locva qarTul enaze warmoebs da misi megru-
liT da svanuriT Canacvlebis survili am bunebrivi
mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg wasvlaa, rac erTiani qarTu-
li marTlmadidebluri eklesiis wiaRSi ganxeTqilebis
Setanas emsaxureba. XIX saukuneSi es Cinebulad esmo-
daT samegrelos saeklesio da saero moRvaweebs: gu-
ria-samegrelos episkoposs, meufe grigols (dadians),
mRvdlebs – kapiton gawerelias, klimenti Wanturias,
evgeni Sengelaias, nestor alSibaias, aleqsi qvarcxa-
vas, dekanoz mixeil meunargias, friad ganswavlul Ta-
vadebs – niko tarielis Ze dadians, daviT giorgis Ze
dadiansa da sxvebs, romlebmac sakadrisi pasuxi gasces
rusebis mzakvrul gegmebs. samwuxaroa, rom zemonaxse-
nebi jgufis wevrebi am mtruli gegmebis gamziareblebi
aRmoCndnen. maT aravisTvis ukiTxavT samegreloSi,
surT Tu ara megrul enaze swavla-ganaTleba, wirva-
locva an saqmis warmoeba. amitom vTvli, rom am uumci-
resTa Tavxedur qmedebas safuZvlad udevs merkantu-
li interesebi.
samegreloSi arsebul SedarebiT msxvil municipalur
centrebSi bavSvebis umravlesoba ukve mxolod qar-
Tul enaze metyvelebs da Zalianac rom Seecado, meg-
rulad ar gipasuxebs (es mTeli regionisaTvis mraval-
mxriv sayuradRebo tendencia xdeba). megruli metyve-
lebis mimarT Camoyalibebuli es tendencia safrTxes
uqmnis megrul qvesistemas – enasa (wminda lingvisturi
gagebiT) Tu dialeqts (sociolingvisturi midgomiT).
misi gaqroba ki yovlad dauSvebelia. me Sors var im az-
309
risagan, rom skolebSi megruli enis swavleba Semovi-
RoT, magram is mainc unda SevZloT, megruli metyvele-
bis mimarT gaucxoebis gancda aramarto megrelma bav-
Svebma, aramed mTelma qarTulma sazogadoebam daZli-
os. amitom SeuZlebelia ar daveTanxmoT t. futkaraZis
Tvalsazriss: „... aucilebelia, saqarTvelos sajaro
skolebSi iswavlebodes zogadi cnobebi qarTvelTa
enobrivi samyarosa da calkeuli qarTveluri dialeq-
tebis gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi
mozards meti informacia eqneba sakuTari enobrivi Tu
erovnuli identobis Sesaxeb“.

dabolos, samegrelos mosaxleobam araerTi Seurac-

xyofa da lanZRva igema rusuli interesebis gamtare-
beli garkveuli jgufebis qmedebebis gamo. erTia, ro-
ca uSualod rusi moiTxovda (dRes ki SefarviT moiT-
xovs) samegrelodan qarTuli enis gandevnas, anu qvey-
nis enobriv daSlas, xolo meore da gansakuTrebiT sa-
SiSi tendenciaa, roca amas qarTvelebi iTxoven. ar un-
da dagvaviwydes, visi modgmisani varT, ar unda dagva-
viwydes, rom farnavazisa da qujis winaprebi, anu qar-
TlosianTa da egrosianelTa eTnarqebi, qarTlosi da
egrosi, RviZli Zmebi iyvnen da erT mSobliur enaze
metyvelebdnen. ar unda dagvaviwydes arc Cveni warsu-
li, arc awmyo da arc momavali. sxvagvarad mofiqra-
lebs ki Sevaxseneb jorj oruelis Segonebas:
„vinc flobs awmyos, is flobs warsuls,
vinc flobs warsuls, is flobs momavals“.

nugzar anTelava
istoriis doqtori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis mowveuli profesori

310
 prof. eka dadianis recenzia
prof. tariel futkaraZis wignze:
„qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“

Tanamedrove swrafadcvalebad samyaroSi mecnierebis,

zogadad, qveynis winaSe axal-axali gamowvevebi Cndeba.
arsebobs sakiTxebi, romlebic wminda mecnieruli xasi-
aTisaa da lingvistTa Soris ganixileba; rigi sakiTxe-
bisa ki viwro samecniero sferos scildeba da, erov-
nul-saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,
farTo ganxilvis sagani xdeba. warmodgenili naSromi
swored amgvar problemebs Seexeba. amasTan, avtori maT
gadasawyvetad sakuTar xedvasac gvTavazobs.
erT-erT mniSvnelovan Tanamedrove gamowvevas warmo-
adgens qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis
sakiTxi, romelTan kavSirSi lingvistur qarTvelolo-
giaSi aqtualuria qarTveluri ena-kiloebis kvalifi-
kaciis Tema. qarTvelologTa midgoma am sakiTxze gan-
sxvavebulia; mkvlevarTa nawili iziarebs mosazrebas,
romlis mixedviTac qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro da-
yofilia sam an oTx qarTvelur enad (qarTuli, svanu-
ri, megruli/lazuri). maTgan qarTuli miiCneva samwig-
nobro enad, xolo danarCeni – umwignobro enebad. wig-
nis avtoris (agreTve mecnierTa meore nawilis) azriT,
qarTvelebs erTi ena da mravali kuTxuri zepiri met-
yveleba(/dialeqti) gvaqvs.
sayovelTaod cnobilia: ena da eTnosi urTierTgan-
msazRvreli cnebebia; rogorc wesi, enobrivi erTiano-
ba eTnikuri erTianobis safuZvelia. aseve cnobili
WeSmaritebaa: enas qmnis xalxi da ena ayalibebs xalxs
erad. qarTveluri enebis Teoriis mxardamWerebi neb-
siT Tu uneblieT am Tezas ewinaaRmdegebian.
mavanTa azriT, enisa da dialeqtis mimarTeba wminda
lingvisturi sakiTxia; enisa da kilos gasamijnad dasa-
xelebulia sxvadasxva (rogorc lingvisturi, ise eq-
stralingvisturi) kriteriumi. am SemTxvevaSi uTuod

311
gasaTvaliswinebelia saerTaSoriso gamocdileba. am
TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa b-ni tarielis msjeloba:
„msoflioSi arsebuli uklebliv yvela civilizebuli
xalxis enis statusi dadgenilia ara e.w. sakuTriv lin-
gvisturi, anu Sidastruqturuli (bgeraTSesatyvisoba,
enobrivi struqturebis msgavseba-gansxvaveba), aramed
swored sociolingvisturi kriteriumebiT (damwerlo-
bis qona-arqona, standartuloba, prestiJuloba, sa-
xelmwifo enis statusi; reestruli kriteriumi, TviT-
SefasebiTi kriteriumi; aseve, idiomis kvalifikacia
xdeba eTnosis samwignobro kulturis istoriis gaTva-
liswinebiT). zogjer metyvelebis statusi gansaz-
Rvrulia eqstralingvisturi midgomebiTac – religi-
uri an politikuri niSniT)”.
aqve gavixseneb petre Waraias sityvebs, romelic dRe-
sac aqtualuria: „germaniis TiToeul kuTxeSi, olqSi
da TiTqmis sofelSi sxvadasxvafer enaze laparakoben,
magram saliteraturo ena yvelgan aris erTi: mwignob-
rul enad miaCniaT is ena, romelic SeumkiaT da ganum-
SvenierebiaT liutersa, lessingsa, giotesa da sxv. Tu
aseT mravalricxovan ers, rogoric germanelebi arian,
romlebic amasTanave ganaTlebis saTaveSi, erTi sayo-
velTao saliteraturo ena saWirod ucvniaT, Cven ra-
Rani varT, rom TiToeuli kilo saliteraturo enad
gavixadoT...“
udavoa:
megruli samegrelos kuTxis qarTvelTa kuTxuri met-
yvelebaa, svanuri – svaneTis qarTvelebis kuTxuri
metyveleba, xolo lazuri (Wanuri) – am kuTxis qar-
TvelTa metyveleba. kuTxuri metyveleba ki sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara dialeqti, kilo. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli
kuTxeebis qarTvelTa metyveleba iseve unda kvalifi-
cirdes, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis (imereTi,
guria, aWara, qarTli, xevsureTi...) mkvidrTa metyvele-
ba. aseve, faqtia: samegrelo, svaneTi, lazeTi saqarTve-
los iseTive organuli nawilebia, rogoric qarTli, ka-
xeTi, raWa, aWara, imereTi...). Sesabamisad, midgoma aqac
312
erTiani unda iyos. saqarTvelos calkeul kuTxeebSi
arsebuli metyvelebrivi gansxvaveba ar aris sistemuri
xasiaTis. megruli, svanuri da lazuri (Wanuri) erTiani
qarTuli enobrivi sistemis Semadgeneli qvesisteme-
bia/mikrosistemebia da ara damoukidebeli sistemebi.
zogadad, monaTesave dialeqtebi/qvesistemebi damou-
kidebel enad/sistemad im SemTxvevaSi gaiazreba, Tuki
masze metyveli sazogadoeba Camoyalibdeba calke xal-
xad, erad iazrebs sakuTar Tavs an gareSe Zala cdi-
lobs, daacalkeos mocemuli eTnikuri sazogadoeba;
mag., bolo aswleulis ganmavlobaSi araerTi mcdeloba
iyo, megrelebi, lazebi da svanebi calke xalxebad, xo-
lo maTi metyvelebebi enebad gamoecxadebinaT. sare-
cenzio wignSi didZali saTanado masalaa gaanalizebu-
li; moxmobilia axali saarqivo dokumentebic, romle-
bic naTels hfens farTo sazogadoebisTvis aqamde uc-
nob an naklebad cnobil bevr sayuradRebo faqts.

qarTvelTa enobrivi danawevreba istoriuli faqtis

ignorirebaa! amasTan, megrulis, lazurisa da svanuris
„umwerlobo enebad“ kvalificireba, martivad rom
vTqvaT, realobis damaxinjeba ufroa, vidre mecnieru-
li WeSmariteba. uxerxulic (garkveulwilad Seurac-
xmyofelic!) ki aris, umwignobro uwodo im kuTxis qar-
Tvelebs, romlebic danarCeni kuTxeebis qarTvelebTan
erTad arian qarTuli samwignobrobis enis Semoqmedi
(rasac yvela mecnieri aRniSnavs!). Tuki megrel-laz-
svanebma sxva qarTvelebTan erTad Tavis droze Seqmnes
qarTuli anbani da mwignobroba, rogorRa SeiZleba isi-
ni umwerlobo enis mqoneni iyvnen?! aq ki aSkaraa logi-
kuri Seusabamoba!
umwerlobo enebis mflobel sazogadoebas aqvs per-
speqtiva Seqmnas sakuTari anbani da mwignobroba. am
logikiT, megrul-lazur-svanuri „umwerlobo enebic”
SeiZleba „iqcnen“ saliteraturo enebad (Cveni uaxlesi
istoria amgvar qmedebebsac icnobs!). progresulad mo-

313
azrovne arc erT qarTvels azradac ar mouva msgavsi
mkrexeluri azri! amgvari „mecnieruli” msjeloba mxo-
lod Slis, angrevs qarTvelTa enobriv (da eTnikur)
erTianobas da sabediswero CixSi SevyavarT, saidanac
gamosvla rTulia. obieqturi realoba ki aseTia: qar-
Tuli ena megrelisaTvis, iseve rogorc sxva kuTxis
qarTvelebisTvis, aris winaprebis mier Seqmnili dedae-
na, xolo megruli – kuTxuri metyveleba (/dialeqti).

CemTvis sruliad misaRebia t. futkaraZis pozicia am

sakiTxze. wignis avtorma Cveni mematianeebis, istori-
kosebis, sazogado moRvaweebis, adreuli periodisa Tu
Tanamedrove mecnierTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis
Sejerebisa da kritikuli analizis Semdeg warmoadgina
sakuTari pozicia qarTvelTa enobrivi erTianobis Se-
saxeb da naTlad aCvena amgvari midgomis marTebuloba.

enobrivi qvesistemebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi mWid-

rod ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos enobrivi politikis
sworad gansazRvras. saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi
adekvaturad unda aisaxos saqarTvelos enobrivi si-
tuacia, rac, upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs saqar-
TveloSi arsebuli enobrivi situaciis sworad aRwe-
ras: qveyanaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis
(da maTi enebis) aRricxvas da maT zust kvalifikacias.
mkveTrad unda gaimijnos sxvadasxva eTnosebis enebi
saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebisagan. mavanni winaswar
gamiznulad Tu gauTviTcnobiereblad megrul-lazur-
svanur metyvelebebs umciresobis an regionul enaTa
rigSi asaxeleben da maT aigiveben saqarTveloSi mcxov-
reb eTnikuri umciresobebis enebTan, rac swored „qar-
Tveluri enebis Teoriis” gamoZaxilia da aSkara saf-
rTxes uqadis Cvens erovnul erTianobas.
t. futkaraZem safuZvlianad Seiswavla „evropuli qar-
tia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb“, misi
miznebi, qartiiT gansazRvruli enebis ufleba-movale-
obebi... skrupulozuri analizis safuZvelze warmoCe-
314
nilia is safrTxeebi, romlebic SeiZleba moyves termi-
nebisa Tu debulebebis araswor interpretacias. Semo-
Tavazebuli daskvnebi, rekomendaciebi gasaTvaliswi-
nebelia saxelmwifos mier dokumentis ratificirebis
SemTxvevaSi. dokumenti ise unda iqnes ratificirebu-
li, rom upirvelesad safrTxe ar Seeqmnas saxelmwifo
enis funqcionirebas, amasTan, daculi iyos qveyanaSi
arsebuli sxva eTnosTa enobrivi uflebebi.

ruseTis mxridan araerTi enobrivi diversia ganxorci-

elda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. amas mowmobs globalur
qselSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva informaciebi. calke-
uli saerTaSoriso cnobarebis, enciklopediebis, eTni-
kuri rukebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnos-
Ta CamonaTvalSi rusebis, somxebis, osebis, azerbaija-
nelebis... gverdiT dasaxelebulia: qarTvelebi, laze-
bi, megrelebi, svanebi. amgvari klasifikaciis safuZve-
lic „oTxi qarTveluri enis“ Teoriaa.
teqnologiurma miRwevebma, zogadad globalizaciis
procesebma kidev erTi gamowveva gamokveTa; es aris
qarTuli enis teqnologizebis problema. msoflios
ganviTarebul enaTa Soris qarTuli enis Rirseuli ad-
gilis dasamkvidreblad aucilebelia sakiTxis saTana-
dod Sefaseba da gacnobiereba saxelmwifoebriv done-
ze. amis Sesaxeb prof. t. futkaraZe xazgasmiT miuTi-
Tebs:
„Tanamedrove msoflioSi uaRresad aqtualuria akade-
miuri avtomaturi Targmanis uzrunvelmyofi kompiu-
teruli programebis Seqmna. uaxloes periodSi saqar-
Tvelomac unda SeZlos, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena-
ze ganaxorcielos akademiuri orenovani avtomaturi
Targmani; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qarTuli ena dakar-
gavs kulturuli enis funqcias”.
amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania avtoris mier Se-
moTavazebuli erTenovani korpusis Seqmnis koncef-
cia. upirveles amocanad dasaxulia samwignobro enis
werilobiTi da zepiri teqstebis erovnuli korpusis

315
Seqmna. avtoris azriT: „Tuki saxelmwifos mier moxde-
ba arsebuli resursebis mobilizeba qarTuli enis teq-
nologizebisaTvis da momzaddeba qarTuli enis teq-
stebis erTenovani erovnuli korpusi (sadac Seva za-
nur-svanuri masalac)... cifruli teqnologiebis epo-
qaSic qarTuli ena SeinarCunebs rogorc qarTvelTa
makonsolidebel, aseve, kulturisa da ganaTlebis enis
funqcias. sami an oTxi qarTveluri „enis“ teqstebis
korpusze orientireba ki sabolood daanawevrebs qar-
TvelTa enobriv-eTnikur erTobas da axlo momavalSi
qarTul (qarTvelur) samwignobro enas gauucxoebs
qarTvelTa mesameds“.
am konteqstSi radikalurad gansxvavebulia „xuTeno-
vani leqsikonis“ (qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-in-
glisuri leqsikoni) koncefcia, sadac qarTulisa da
inglisuris gverdiT, damoukidebel „enebad“ warmod-
genilia: megruli, lazuri, svanuri.
„qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“ avtoris
mier wlebis manZilze warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegia. aqve
aRsaniSnavia t. futkaraZis wvlili qarTveluri enob-
riv-kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlisa da gadarCe-
nis kuTxiT. amis dasturia misi mravalmxrivi saqmiano-
ba: samecniero Sromebi, eqspediciebi rogorc qveynis
SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT (tao-klarjeTSi, fe-
reidanSi), qarTvelologTa saerTaSoriso konferen-
ciebis /simpoziumebis organizeba... sagangebo aRniSvnis
Rirsia batoni tarielis xelmZRvanelobiT moZiebuli
didZali dialeqtologiuri masala; kerZod, akaki we-
reTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri dia-
leqtologiis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi 1992
wlidan daiwyo qarTveluri dialeqturi teqstebis Ca-
wera-damuSaveba erTenovani erovnuli korpusis Sesaq-
mnelad. aRniSnul saqmes dRes warmatebiT agrZelebs
dialeqtologiis institutis memkvidre qarTvelolo-
giis samecniero-kvleviTi centri. centrSi amJamad da-
culia unikaluri dialeqturi masala (900-ze meti au-
316
diokaseta), romelic Cawerilia saqarTvelos sxvadas-
xva kuTxeSi (imereTi, samegrelo, svaneTi, xevsureTi,
raWa, aWara, samcxe, imerxevi, tao...).
mecnierebisa da xelisuflebis erTiani, kompleqsuri
midgomiT aris SesaZlebeli qarTvelologiis winaSe
mdgar gamowvevebTan gamklaveba da warmatebis miRweva
qveynis SigniT Tu saerTaSoriso asparezze.

eka dadiani
asocirebuli profesori, filologiis doqtori,
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
qarTvelologiis centris xelmZRvaneli

317
 prof. revaz Serozias recenzia
prof. tariel futkaraZis wignze:
„qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi“

qarTveli eri Tavisuflebisa da mSvidobis surneliT

arasodes yofila ganebivrebuli, – gansacdeli mudam
fexdafex dagvdevda. Tanamedrove saqarTvelo meti xi-
faTis winaSe dgas, vidre es erTi an xuTi saukunis win
eloda. ilias da akakis Tanamoazreebma da Semdeg maT
ideebze gazrdilma Taobam gadaarCina qarTvelTa sasi-
cocxlod upirvelesi saganZuri qarTvelTa dedaena –
qarTveluri ena Tavisi sametyvelo nairsaxeobebiT.
rusuli imperiis marwuxebSi moqceuli sazogadoebi-
saTvis es didgoris brZolaze naklebi gmiroba ar iyo.
miTumetes, rom mteri qarTvel qvegamxedavTa xeliT
gvebrZoda. mokled rom warmovaCinoT saukunenaxevris
ganmavlobaSi mimdinare am enobrivi da erovnuli di-
versiebis ZiriTadi xazi, unda gavixsnoT XIX saukunis
bolo meoTxedisa da Semdgomi viTareba. manamde ki, au-
cileblad unda iTqvas:
saqarTvelos istoriis arc erT monakveTze, maT Soris
politikuri daqucmacebulobis drosac, qarTveluri
enobrivi sivrce da masze daSenebuli erovnuli kul-
tura arasodes yofila daSlil-dayofili; is yovel-
Tvis erTiani, sayovelTao iyo. amis mowmed „vefxistya-
osani“, sulxan-sabas leqsikoni da „iverielTa erTobis
traqtati“ ikmarebda.
me-19 saukuneSi rusuli dampyrobluri ideologiis
konteqstSi daigegma qarTvelTa enobrivad danawevre-
ba; rusi moxeleebi aSordiebis gamoyenebiT Seecadnen
qarTvelTa Soris bzaris gaCenas. ilias Taobis Zalis-
xmevam, Semdeg ruseTis revoluciam da saqarTelos da-
moukideblobis aRdgenam droebiT SeaCera qarTvelTa

318
enobrivi daSlis mcdeloba, magram i. stalinis „arSem-
dgari xalxebis“ „Teoriis“ gavleniT samegreloSi ma-
leve aRmocendnen aSordiebis memkvidreebi: wmida ilia
marTlis (/saqarTvelos) mkvlelebis xelSewyobiT Jva-
niebma nawilobriv moaxerxes levicki-vostorgovebis
miznebis ganxorcieleba. Tumca, qarTveli eris erTia-
nobis damcvelma sazogado moRvaweebma aqac ar daTmes
poziciebi. maTTan erTad gansakuTrebuli roli Seas-
rula l. beriamac, romelmac SeZlo, daerwmunebina
stalini (akad. arn. CiqobavasTvis Cveuli zusti epiTe-
tiT gardanqeSani) da daelagebina viTareba (sayurad-
Reboa berias saidumlo werili stalinisadmi; ix. winam-
debare wignis danarTi #11).
meore msoflio omis Semdgom isev kremlidan inicire-
bulma „megrelTa saqmem“ meore ukiduresoba Seqmna:
„separatizmad“ iwodeboda megruli metyvelebis, ro-
gorc erTiani qarTveluri sistemis Semadgeneli nawi-
lis, kvlevac ki. cnobilia, 60-ian wlebSi enaTmecniere-
bis institutis maSindeli direqtori v. Tofuria sa-
qarTvelos ck-Si sastikad gakicxes mxolod imitom,
rom institutis wliur gegmaSi megrulis kvleva Seita-
na. es SesaniSnavi pirovneba mxolod piradma Tvisebebma
da samecniero avtoritetma gadaarCina. 80-ian wlebSi
ki, roca amave institutis TanamSromeli gavxdi, uxu-
cesi wevrebi mafrTxilebdnen, megrul metyvelebaze
muSaobis dros xifaTs ar gadavyrodi. amave periodSi
erovnuli moZraobis gaaqtiurebis kvaldakval sxva
RonisZiebebTan erTad mwvane Suqi mieca tabudadebul
megrul sakiTxs da kvlav gamoCndnen axali aSordia-
Jvaniebi.
dRes aqtiuri mcdelobaa, qarTvelTa enobrivi sivrce
sam Tu oTx enad danawevrdes bgeraTSesatyvisobisa Tu
sistemuri msgavseba-gansxvavebis mixedviT. bgeraTSe-

319
satyvisobis mixedviT enaTa naTesaobis dadgena prog-
resuli mimarTulebaa, magram zogma CvenSi meqanikurad
gadmoitana qarTvelur qvesistemaTa statusis dasad-
genad, rac didi Secdomaa: bgeraTSesatyvisoba das-
turdeba erTi enis kilo-kavebs Sorisac ki; garda ami-
sa, bgeraTSesatyvisobiT arc erTi civilizebuli enis
statusi ar gansazRvrula; aqve aRvniSnav, rom yvela
qarTveluri metyveleba erTi enobrivi sistemis saxes-
xvaobebia da aravis gamouva maTi sxvadasxva sistemad
gamocxadeba.

kuTxuri „patriotizmis“ seniT Sepyrobilebi albaT

ver acnobiereben, rom, erTi mxriv, Seuracxyofas aye-
neben terenti granels, roca megrulad „Targmnil“ mis
leqsebs krebulad beWdaven da zed aweren: „dabruneba
mSobliur enaze“. meore mxriv ki, am gziT arRveven qar-
Tveli eris enobriv-eTnikur mTlianobas, rac rusi
dampyroblebis mizanicaa da, amave dros, saqarTvelos
damRupvelic.
filarmoniis did darbazSi folkloris saRamoze msme-
neli aRtacebuli usmenda axalgazrda eTer TaTarai-
Zis musikalur leqsebs, Tumca sityvieri masala da Si-
naarsi miuCveveli yurisaTvis Znelad gasagebi iyo. ara-
nakleb harmoniuli da lamazia laSa gaxarias poeziac;
orive qarTuli kulturis nawilia; Tumca, sul sxva Ri-
rebulebisaa baraTaSvilis, akakis, galaktionis... poe-
zia, romelic Seqmnilia zogadqarTul samwignobro
enaze.
SeuZlebelia, yuradRebis miRma darCes Cveni drois ki-
dev ori sruliad miuRebeli „movlena“:
1. bolSevik-komunistebmac ki icodnen, rom mSobliuri
enis sistema-struqturis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis
aTviseba unda uswrebdes ucxo enis Seswavlas. amitom

320
IV-V klasamde bavSvebi ucxo enas ar swavlobdnen (maT
Soris rusulsac). dRes araTu skolis pirveli klasi-
dan, aramed ukve baRSi vaswavliT inglisurs. msgavsi
ram vostorgovebs Tu SeeZloT moefiqrebinaT!
2. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom samegrelos araerT
ojaxSi patara bavSvebs megrulad metyvelebas uSlian
mSoblebi, – aqaoda, „aqcenti“ eqnebaTo; gana cudia,
rom guruli gurulad uqcevs, kaxeli –kaxurad... es xom
Cveni bunebis fardi mravalsaxovani metyvelebis for-
mebia.
sarecenzio wignSi Cveni erisTvis saWirboroto da
mtkivneul bevr sakiTxzea saubari. avtoris adrindeli
naSromebis, aseve, sxva avtorTa gamokvlevebisa da axa-
li saarqivo masalebis safuZvelze gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli Tanamedrove qarTvelolo-
giis xuT arsebiT gamowvevaze; faseulia, rom avtori
mxolod problemebis warmoCeniT ar kmayofildeba: aq-
vea moniSnuli gadaWris gzebic.

zogs hgonia:
roca wina Taobis mecnierTa zog Tvalsazriss kriti-
kulad vudgebiT, amiT upativcemulobas viCenT maT mi-
marT. vinc ase fiqrobs, cdeba, – qarTveluri enis, li-
teraturis, istoriisa da kulturis sakiTxTa kvleva
aravisi kerZo „mamuli“ araa; rac mTavaria, mecniereba
viTardeba da aucilebelia siaxleebi; mTavaria, ro-
gorc akad. arn. Ciqobava miuTiTebda, dasabuTebuli da
„marTali“ gziT siaruli. gana ase ar iyo, roca Tavad
arn. Ciqobava n. maris mcdar kvalifikaciebze msjelob-
da, an v. Tofuria a. SaniZis „wodebiT brunvas“ iwuneb-
da?! wina Taobis zogi mecnieris kvalad megrul-la-
zur-svanuri mtyvelebebi enebadac rom miviCnioT, gana
SeiZleba qarTveluri samwignobro kulturis miRma

321
davtovoT qarTvelTa naxevari da maTi saSinao metyve-
lebebi „umwerlebo enebad“ gamovacxadoT?! gana ar un-
da Tqmuliyo, aseve, yovlad mavne da gaumarTlebel-
dausabuTebuli „qarTizaciis“ „Teoriis“ Sesaxeb?!

qarTveli eris arsebobas erTiani enobrivi sistema ga-

napirobebs. misi nawilebad daSla eris daSlas gulis-
xmobs. eris Sida mTlianoba-siZlieris SemTxvevaSi gare
faqtorebiT gamowveuli saSiSroebebi dauZleveli
araa. saqarTvelos istoriaSi msgavsi gakveTilebi
mravladaa. Cven SegviZlia xelovnurad Seqmnili yvela
problemis daZleva; pirvel rigSi ki aucilebelia za-
nur-svanuri da sxva qarTveluri dialeqturi leqsi-
kiT gamdidrdes qarTvelTa samwignobri ena, rom warma-
tebiT gagrZeldes winaparTa mravalsaukunovani gza.

revaz Serozia
filologiis doqtori,
zugdidis SoTa mesxias saxelobis saxelmwifo
universitetis asocirebuli profesori

322
 saZiebeli
a) pirTa saxelebi

a beriZe v., 2, 73, 83, 84, 85, 90, 91,

A abaSiZe m. , 294 92, 95, 126, 251
agniaSvili, 220 beriZe k., 84
adamia s., 157, 164 beriZe maka 118
aTaTurqi, 147 beriZe marine158
aieti, 15, 150, 298 beriZe merab 118,
akaki, 89, 167, 225, 314, 316 beriZe ს., 19
albairaqi n., 164 berugi r., 32
aleqsandre II, 57, 186, 193 beselia s., 57, 55, 185, 187, 188,
alSibaia n., 305 190, 191
amoni u., 169, 170, 171 boederი v., 106, 107, 108
anTelava n., 2, 4, 7, 10, 299, 306 bolqvaZe d., 19
anjafariZe, 84 bolqvaZe v., 69
arqania j., 58 bolqvaZe T., 109
arcbergeri s., 170 brauni, 171
afaqiZe j., 35 bukia v., 193, 194
afrasiZe, b., 53, 54 bukonia c., 55, 57, 59, 185, 186,
afrasiZe - dadeSqeliani, b., 53, 187, 188, 189, 191
54 burnovi, 223
afsirte, 15, 16, 147 buSi, 146
aSordia T., 43, 66, 39, 69, 187,
208, 315 g
axalaia gr., 55, 58, 59, 61, 96, 186, gabedava m., 219
187, 190, 195 gabunia g., 66
Aaxvlediani g., 2, 73, 84, 85, 90, 91, gabunia i., 223
92, 95, 126, 281 gabunia k., 95, 99, 100, 133, 160
gaguas st., 43, 46, 96
b galaktioni, 316
babunaSvili x., 157 galdava, 55
bagrat III, 167 gamsaxurdia z., 18, 125, 146, 300
baraTaSvili, 38, 276, 316 gamsaxurdia k., 2, 56, 66, 90, 107,
barTaia n., 50, 107 125, 147, 166, 167, 168
bartholdi v., 248 gamyreliZe T., 37, 277, 279, 283,
bedia e., 84, 85 284, 296, 297
beikeri, 146 gawerelia k., 305
belqania თ., 275 gaxaria l., 316
bergslandi k., 282, 283 gegeSiZe m., 103
beria b., 55 gegeWkori al., 6, 18, 53, 54, 56,
beria l., 2, 5, 6, 7, 18, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 90, 91, 126,
56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 185
71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 90, 121, geldiaSvili n., 118
126, 193, 230, 291, 301, 303, 315 gersamia r., 99
323
gejua k., 164, 320 doborjginiZe n., 106, 108, 109,
gvancelaZe T., 21, 33, 41, 50, 95, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 135, 158
118, 142, 283, 294 dugini al., 136
gvaramia v., 46, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58,
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69,
71, 72, 73, 82, 83, 96 e
gvasalia o., 223 ebelingi, 228
gviCia, 84 egorovi, 60
gigineiSvili i., 227, 290 ezugbaia l.,133
giorgaZe, 60 eliava S., 51, 52, 60
giorgi brwyinvale, 36 erekle, 51, 116, 26
giperti i., 28, 29, 108, 133, 158 episkoposi arseni, 209, 237
gogebaSvili i., 2, 41, 89, 214, 215, episkoposi besarioni (dadiani)
225 96, 215
gogolaSvili g., 102, 109 episkoposi grigoli (dadiani),
goguaZe g., 84 2, 41, 45, 305
gorbaCovi, 146 episkoposi aleqsandre (oqro-
gorgilaZe z., 19 piriZe), 44, 166,
gordeziani l., 285 episkoposi dimitri (abaSiZe),
gordeziani r., 37, 286 44, 45
graneli t., 316
greni al., 39 v
grigolia v., 195 vaJa-fSavela, 89, 166, 167, 225,
gubazi, 16 228
guramiSvili, 66 vardosaniZe s., 45, 117
guranduxti, 167 varSaniZe m., 19
guruli v., 63, 116 vaSakiZe i., 50, 51, 110, 121, 236
gurCiani q., 164 vekua, 195
Ggujejiani r., 31, 50, 164 venceli k., 171
vixerkeviCi t., 29, 128, 135
d vostorgovi i., 6, 43, 44, 62, 65,
dadiani d., 305 70, 113, 185, 187, 190, 191, 209,
dadiani e., 2, 7, 40, 42, 50, 68, 79, 214, 268
90, 91, 104, 110, 115, 124, 128,
129, 130, 133, 135, 138, 140, 163, z
165, 166, 278, 307, 313 zalemani k., 251, 256
dadiani l., 167 zarqua t., 223
dadiani m., 55, 58, 59, 61, 63,194, zaqareiSvili p., 130
195, 196 zosiZe n., 19
dadiani n., 2, 3, 41, 215, 305
dadiani S., 2, 90, 107, 125
danelia, 84
T
TavaqaraSvili m., 167
dbari d., 116 TavdgiriZe n., 238, 239, 240, 241
deetersi, 228
TaTaraiZe e., 316
diasamiZe b., 19
TalakvaZe n., 69, 70

324
Tamar mefe, 36 kvaracxelia m., 64
TandaSvili m., 104, 133, 158 kvaWantiraZe T., 232
Tandilava z., 107 kvirtaia, 221
Tandilava i., 164, 168 kilasonia k., 195
Tandilava l., 106 koipersi, 228
Tansuli K s., 148 konradi j., 107
TedoraZe d., 19 koriakovi i., 27, 30
TedoraZe m., 74, 85, 164, 172 kostava m., 18
Todria s., 69 korinTeli ev., 285
Todua a., 65 krinicki, 223
Todua T., 202 kutalaZe g., 46
Todua Mm., 107, 117
Todua t., 206 l
Tordia, 53, 195 labaZe m., 48, 96, 163, 168
Torias z., 167 ladaria n., 114, 115
Tofuria v., 54, 73, 84, 90, 92, lafoni r., 228
126, 227, 315, 317 levicki, 39, 40, 43, 46, 65, 66, 208,
TofuriZe d., 64, 65 209, 315
TofCiSvili r., 31 lenini, 147, 291
leonti mroveli, 286
i lomaia S., 164
ianovski k., 6, 40, 42, 43, 47, 62, lomTaTiZe q., 291
85, 113, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191, lomsaZe S., 47
208, 212, 214
ivanov-kavkazski, 60 m
ivanovi v., 37, 283, 284, 297 maTikaSvili, 60
ilia meore (saqarTvelos kaTo- makaraZe v., 19
likos-patriarqi), 34 malaymaZe r., 118
ioane afxazi / megreli/ (ioane mamulaZe S., 19
petriwi), 107, 111, 167 mamulia s., 217
ioane lazi,107, 110, 136, 167, 168 margiani iv., 2, 41, 107
ioane minCxi, 107, 111, 136, 167 mari n., 7, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 73,
ioane sabanisZe, 19 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 113, 120,
121, 209, 232, 236, 291, 301, 317
k marri n., 51, 237, 238, 239, 240,
kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II 241, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248,
(SiolaSvili), 116 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255,
kakabaZe s., 45 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262,
kalandia, 45 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271,
kalinini m., 57, 59, 81, 185, 214 272, 273, 274
kanci u., 170 mataieri, 171
karamzini n., 299 maWavariani g., 277, 279
kaxiani m., 60, 66, 67 maWavariani n., 83, 118
kvaracxelia al., 58 maxaraZe T., 19
kvaracxelia z., 125, 115 maxaraZe f., 52, 53, 67, 68, 69

325
megreli dutu (Ddimitri xo- p
Staria)., 2, 107 panini n., 40
mekelaini, 228 pataraia b., 65
meliqiSvili d., 45 patkaniani q. (patkanovi q.), 47,
merCule g., 167, 304 48, 113
merWule, 167 pertaia, 84
mesxi s., 2, 41 petrovi i., 39, 43, 208
mesxia S., 318 peCi g., 228
meunargia m., 305 putini, 136, 138
milorava T., 164
mitropoliti anania (jafariZe),
293
J
Jvania i., 5, 7, 51, 55, 59, 60, 61, 63,
miqautaZe m., 50 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72,73,
miqelaZe n., 98 75, 78, 84, 96, 111, 125, 138, 196,
mickeviCi a., 29, 128 207, 220, 290, 301, 304
modebaZe a., 157 Jordania a., 50 , 99
molaSxia z., 107 Jordania g., 65, 125
molotovi, 59, 81, 214 Jordania T., 42, 45, 62, 65, 190,
muliani s., 164 215
musxeliSvilis d., 284

n r
nai j., 23 ramiSvili g., 86
nakani n., 90 ratiani p.…, 47
naneiSvili b., 195 rogava p., 195, 219
naWyebia i., 223 romanovi, 212
naWyebia m., 41, 118
nebieriZe g., 281 s
nikoleiSvili, 55 salia m., 164
nikoleiSvili a., 19 sandoZe d., 46
nikoloz meore, 44 saxokia T., 2, 7, 42, 44, 46, 56, 65,
niJaraZe b., 2, 41 71, 125, 208, 209
niJaraZe l., 106 sajaia g., 195
sajaia g/t., 221
o sajaia s., 165
ozderi a., 148 selixanoviCi al., 242
oTinaSvili l., 157 sergievi, 240
okujava, 60 svaniZe m., 148
oniani a., 95, 98 skripnini, 223
orueli j., 306 sosiaSvili g., 117
orjonikiZe s., 60, 96, 290 stalini i., 2, 7, 46, 47, 52, 54, 59,
ofsirte, 15, 16 60, 63, 64, 68,71, 72, 73, 79, 81,
oqropiriZe al., 166 86, 90, 91, 92, 96, 113, 120, 121,
ocxeli i., 91 122, 124, 125, 214, 216, 217, 218,
oZeli m., 160 221, 222, 230, 290, 291, 301, 303,
304, 314, 315
326
suvorini, 268 R
sulxan-saba, 165, 314 Rvinjilia l., 137
sulxaniSvili m., 164
suni r., 23, 25
suxiSvili, 60 y
yavreliSvili r., 148
t yifSiZe al., 239, 240
tabiZe m., 41, 50, 294, 296
taliavini h., 5, 23, 24, 25, 31 S
tixoni, 116 SavaZe n., 19
tolstova l., 103 SaniZe ak., 90, 91, 92, 251, 317
tormasovi, 40 SaraSeniZe n., 102
tuSba m., 116 Saxovski, 40
tyeSelaSvili s., 163 SevardnaZe e., 146
Sengelaia ev., 305
u Sengelia t., 7, 59, 81, 111, 214,
uiTli j., 129, 135 223
Serozia r., 2, 7, 24, 38, 40, 41, 50,
68, 79, 115, 118, 124, 128, 129,
f 130, 133, 135, 138, 140, 163, 314,
fancxava b., 42, 45 318
faJava n., 223 Smidti k., 228
faJava S., 84, 202, 206 SogiraZe b., 53, 64
farnavazi, 34, 36, 118, 286, 298, SoTa rusTaveli, 65, 66, 114, 123,
306 158, 179, 294
faRava a., 65, 125
faRava m., 118 Sonia, 55, 169
filaSvili e., 118 Sonia d., 106
fifia k., 117 SuxarTi h., 228
fogti h., 282, 283
futkaraZe g., 19
futkaraZe T., 118 C
futkaraZe S., 19 CaCua Mm., 107
CaxruxaZe, 66
Celebi f., 164
q Ceminava v., 223
qavTaraZe iv., 227 Ciqobava aArn., 2, 7, 17, 72, 73, 78,
qacarava, 84 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,
qvarcxava al., 305 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 118,
qiria W., 133 121, 126, 158, 169, 176, 180, 202,
qobalia, 195, 219 206, 221, 224, 227, 276, 277, 278,
qobalia z., 168 281, 282, 283, 289, 290, 291, 292,
qurdaZe r., 104, 106, 114, 115 301, 315, 317
qurdiani m., 276, 277, 279, 283, Cuxua m., 2, 5, 18, 37
284, 289, 292
quji, 34,36, 286, 287, 298, 306

327
 WaWia al., 67, 114, 115, 125, 223,
300
Wkuaseli e., 164
c WrelaSvili i., 320
cagareli al., 20 WumburiZe n., 102
cecxlaZe S., 19 Wyondideli, 62, 110, 136, 167
cimintia, 55 Wyonia i. 251
ciciSvili g., 46, 52, 56, 60, 63, 65,
66, 96
cocaniZe g., 101, 102, 104 x
cxakaia m., 69 xabaZe z., 19
xalvaSi fr., 19
xaniaSvili n., 117
Z xaWapuriZe l., 50, 110, 118
ZaZamia m., 109, 114
xaWapuriZe r., 90
ZaZamia c., 109
xvingia m., 157
xidaSeli T., 142
w xorava b., 31
waTe, 15, 16 xoStaria d., 2
wereTli ak., 91, 117, 157, 163, xubutia m., 58
228, 276, 293, 312, 313 xundaZe s., 86, 90, 91, 93
wereTeli gr., 92 xurcilava p., 195
wmida ambrosi aRmsarebeli (xe- xufenia b., 58
laia) 2, 41, 44 xufenia T., 118
wmida andria pirvelwodebuli,
19, 35,101,117, 156, 159, 161, j
163, 166, 278, 320 javaxiSvili iv., 7, 24, 26, 27, 31,
wmida anton Wyondideli (Rirsi 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 92, 95, 121,
antoni), 62,190 232, 235, 236, 281, 306
wmida axalmowame mRvdeli si- javaxiSvili n., 63
mon mWedliZe, 45 jalaRania m., 223
wmida daviT aRmaSenebli, 36 jalaRonia n, 168
wmida giorgi, 115,167 jangavaZe x., 164
wmida didi mefe vaxtang gor- janeliZe o., 46
gasali, 30, 36, 288 janjalia i., 58
wmida tbeli abuseriZe, 19 jafariZe a., 293
jafariZe n., 19
W jgerenaia s., 195
WavWavaZe i. (wmida ilia marTa- jiqia, 195
li), 2, 34, 39, 41, 58, 89, 104, jorbenaZe b., 100, 281
114, 116, 117, 135, 143, 165, 167, jorbenaZe n., 83
214, 225, 228, 314, 315, 320
Wania i., 115
Wanturia kl., 305 h
Wanturia r., 41 haosi, 286
Waraia p., 2, 41, 86, 308 hiuiti j., 108

328
 Chikobava Arn. 4, 9, 183
Chukhua M., 4

D
А Dadiani E.,4, 10, 40, 129, 133, 140
Абашидзе, К., 239 Dadiani G., 4
Dadiani N., 4
Б
Броневский, 248 G
М Gamsakhurdia K., 4
Муравьева А.Н. 248 Gegechkori A., 9
Gogebashvili I., 4
П
Патканов, К.П. 47 J
Петр Великий, 248 Javakhishvili I., 10

Т K
Тавдгиридзе Н., 238 Kanz, U, 171
Khelaia A., 4
Ч
Чикобава Арн., 87 M
Margiani I .,4
A Meskhi S., 4
Akhvlediani, G., 4
Apakidze J., 35 N
Arzberger S., 170 Nijaradze B., 4
Nye J., 23
B
Beria L., 4, 8, 9 S
Beridze V., 4
Serozia R., 4, 8, 10, 40, 129, 133, 140
Shengelia T., 9
C Stalin, I.,9
Charaia P., 4 Suny R. G. 23, 24
Chavchavadze I., 4

329
b) enebi, dialeqtebi, kilokavebi

a e
abazuri, 173 ebrauli, 128, 135
adiReuri, 88, 278, espanuri, 15, 104
avariuli, 135
azerbaijanuli, 128, 140, 151 z
alJiruli, 92 zanuri, 13, 14, 15, 16, 73, 86, 87,
andiuri, 94, 292 88, 93, 94, 96, 101, 102, 103,
anwuxuri, 13 128, 158, 159, 173, 174, 278,
arabuli, 92, 99, 102, 131 283, 284, 288, 289, 290, 291,
arqauli qarTuli ena, 281 292, 295, 301, 302, 312, 318
arqauli samwignobro ena, 16, 90, zemosvanuri, 34
118, 280, 298 zogadqarTuli, 17
asiriuli, 128, 135, 285
afsuuri, 173 T
afxazuri, 72, 102, 151, 160, 161, Takveruli, 288
173, 174, 304 Turquli, 105, 106
aRuluri, 94, 292 TuSuri, 80, 93, 145, 174, 175, 179,
actekuri, 98 205, 280
axali qarTuli ena, 166
axali qarTuli saliteraturo
ena, 281, 228
i
iafeturi, 49, 232, 233, 251, 256,
258
b iberiuli, 14, 16, 37, , 79, 88, 276,
bavariuli, 14
277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 285,
balsqvemouri, 53
295
belorusuli, 13, 92, 292 iberiul-kavkasiuri, 282
berZnuli, 36, 72, 105, 106,128, imeruli, 30, 166, 167
135, 251, 285, 305 imerxeuli, 101, 161, 164
bosniuri, 130 indoevropuli, 37, 105, 250, 283,
buxaruli, 92 285, 295, 297
ingilouri, 93, 101, 161
g inglisuri, 6,104, 105, 106, 107,
germanuli, 6, 13, 14, 99,102, 131, 115, 174, 240, 292, 312, 317
169, 170, 247, 292 inguSuri, 173
guruli, 80, 87, 205, 317 irekozuli, 98
italiuri, 15, 102
d
darguuli, 292 k
daRestnuri, 98, 173 kavkasiuri, 40, 78, 283
didouri, 94, 98, 292 kaxuri, 37,166, 281, 282, 288, 317
klarjuli, 101
kolxuri, 16, 285
330
l
lazuri, 12, 16, 17, 27, 33, 93, 97,
98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107,
108, 113, 115, 125, 126, 129,
134, 138, 140, 158, 161, 164,
174, 175, 179, 284, 288, 291,
300, 302, 304, 308, 309, 312
laTinuri, 15
latviuri, 292
lezgiuri, 292
litviuri, 292
leCxumuri, 101
m 177, 187, 188, 202, 208, 209,
maia-ena, 98
megruli (metyveleba/ ena/ di-
aleqti /qvesistema/, 2, 6, 7,
12, 16, 17, 18, 27, 30, 33, 39, 40,
41, 42, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,
74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,
86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106,
108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114,
115, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129,
133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140,
145, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164,
165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 173,
174, 175, 179, 187, 189, 191,
192, 198, 202, 203, 204, 205,
206, 208, 209, 212, 214, 215,
216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 278,
280, 283, 288, 290, 291, 292,
295, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304,
305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312,
315, 316, 317
megruli kilokavi, 70
mesxuri, 101, 161, 280
mTiuluri, 101
moxeuri, 101, 161
o
odiSuri, 166
osmaluri, 251
331
p
polonuri, 107
r
raWuli, 101, 157, 161
ruTuluri, 94, 98
rusuli, 11, 13, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28,
29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 47,
48, 49, 51, 59, 67, 68, 70, 92,
102, 105, 106, 111, 112, 113,
115, 116, 120, 128, 135, 136,
138, 140, 142, 151, 157, 167,
212, 214, 237, 242, 244, 249,
250, 252, 269, 271, 272, 274,
278, 291, 292, 293, 300, 306,
314
s
saerTo qarTuli, 85, 302
saerToindoevropuli,103
saerToqarTveluri, 7, 12, 14, 15,
16, 36, 37, 102, 118, 276, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288,
289, 290, 292, 295, 296, 297,
298
saerToqarTveluri fuZe-ena,
12
saerToqarTveluri samwerlo
ena, 15
saliteraturo qarTuli, 16,
166
samwerlo laTinuri, 15
samwignobro ena, 15, 17, 25, 37,
38, 42, 56, 59, 86, 94, 103, 110,
113, 123, 132, 139, 157, 159,
164, 169, 173, 174, 280, 294,
296, 302, 307, 312, 316
serbiuli, 130
slavuri, 214
slovakuri, 13
somxuri, 47, 48, 115, 128, 140, 151,
161, 247, 251, 254, 274, 286,
292
sparsuli, 161, 174, 251, 285, 288,
295
svanuri, 2, 12, 14, 16, 27, 32, 33,
39, 40, 49, 50, 53, 54, 61, 86, 87,
88, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101,
103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109,
110, 113, 115, 124, 125, 126,
128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138,
140, 145, 157, 158, 161, 164,
165, 165, 166, 174, 175, 179,
278, 280, 283, 288, 289, 290,
291, 292, 295, 297, 301, 302,
303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309,
312
t 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62,
taouri, 164
toxuri, 13
oÂ
ukrainuli, 92, 128, 135, 292
urartuli, 285
f 144, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157,
fereidnuli, 101, 161
franguli, 15, 102, 104, 292
fuZeena, 276, 279
fSauri, 167
q 214, 215, 217, 220, 221, 224,
qarTveluri, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29,
30, 31, 34, 37, 38, 41, 48, 50, 58,
63, 74, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 95,
96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105,
106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118,
120, 122, 123, 129, 130, 133,
134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141,
155, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169,
332
172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178,
179, 180, 276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 291, 293, 294,
295, 296, 297, 301, 302, 304,
306, 307, 310, 311, 312, 314,
315, 316, 317, 318
qarTveluri ena, 17, 29, 31, 86,
95, 97, 99, 104, 105, 106, 107,
109, 114, 134, 135, 293, 307,
310
qarTveluri qvesistema, 7, 11,
25, 88, 97, 112, 117, 129, 165,
276, 279, 282, 296
qarTluri, 167, 227, 281
qarTuli, 1, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76,
77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,
87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 117,
118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 129,
133, 134, 135, 136, 142, 143,
158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163,
164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169,
172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 179,
180, 186, 189, 191, 202, 203,
204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 212,
225, 226, 227, 228, 232, 233,
238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244,
246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252,
253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,
259, 262, 263, 264, 267, 269,
271, 272, 273, 274, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285,
287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293,
295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300,
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306,
 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 316, Zveli qarTuli samwerlo ena,
320 88
qarTuli saliteraturo ena, 17, Zveli saliteraturo qarTuli
18, 37, 62, 80, 88, 95, 172, 225, ena, 281
226, 281, 293, 302 ZvelqarTuli samwerlobo ena,
qarTuli samwignobro ena, 37, 14
38, 39, 56, 93, 94, 135, 136, 162, W
167, 173, 278, 279, 280, 281, waxuruli, 94, 98, 292
282, 298 winareqarTveluri, 14, 37, 108
qarTul-semianTa enebi, 256 winareqarTveluri fuZeena, 108
qisturi, 135, 173 wovaTuSuri, 101, 161
qurTuli, 128, 135
W
S Wadaqolouri, 13
Svaburi, 14 Wanuri, 49, 50, 86, 87, 94, 98, 109,
278, 283, 308
C
CaRmaTuSuri, 101, 161, 228 x
Cernogoriuli, 130 xevsuruli, 80, 86, 87, 93, 101,
CeCnuri, 128, 135, 173 161, 166, 174, 175, 179, 205,
Cinuri, 13, 102, 292 251
xorvatiuli, 130
Z xunZuri, 12, 13, 14, 128, 135, 292
Zveli laTinuri, 15
Zveli qarTuli, 14, 88, 278, 300 h
heruli, 288

333
g) erebi, tomebi, eTnikuri jgufebi, Temebi

a T
azerbaijaneli, 28, 177, 311 Turqi, 103, 148, 154, 288, 302
aisori, 28, 177 TuSi, 88, 89, 103, 225, 293
alani, 302
alanuri tomi, 295 i
alJireli, 92
iberi, 49. 286
amerikeli, 23, 138, 271
iverieli, 119, 167, 314
arabi, 92
imereli, 62, 88, 103, 142, 145, 189,
armeni, 287
292, 303
asirieli, 28, 177
afsua, 143 imerxeveli, 103, 287
ingilo, 88, 103
afxazi, 28, 47, 88, 142, 143, 144,
indieli, 98, 292
145, 177, 217, 290
aWareli, 18, 26, 47, 79, 88, 89, 103, ironi, 103
217, 225, 228, 290, 291, 292, 303
k
b kavkasieli, 144, 177, 302
bacbi, 28, 177 kaxeli, 18, 88, 89, 104, 142, 225,
berZeni, 28, 177, 285 287, 303, 317
boSa, 103 kolaeli, 286
buxareli, 92 kolxi, 15
koraqsi, 286
g
germaneli, 14, 39, 107, 228, 246, l
247, 271, 308 lazi, 17, 24, 25, 28, 57, 61, 79, 86,
guruli, 62, , 73, 80, 87, 101, 103, 88, 99, 103, 107, 108, 114, 119,
121, 122, 125, 136, 163, 168, 177,
116, 161, 167, 189, 227, 281, 292,
178, 194, 196, 287, 292, 293, 309,
301, 317, 303
311
latvieli, 261
d leki, 47, 217, 290
daianeli, 286 leCxumeli, 104, 303
livaneli, 104, 163
e
evropeli, 23, 33, 138, 247, 271 m
estoneli, 261 makroni, 286
maWaxleli, 104
z megreli, 2, 6, 13,17, 18, 23, 25, 26,
zugdideli, 63, 209 28, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47,50, 57, 58,

334
 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 73, svani, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 34,
76, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 40, 47, 49, 50, 61, 73, 79, 80, 86,
92, 93, 98, 99, 103, 107, 108, 113, 88, 89, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108,
114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 114, 119, 121, 122, 125, 136, 138,
138, 136, 177, 178, 186, 188,189, 142, 145, 177, 178, 225, 228, 287,
190, 192, 193, 194, 197, 204, 209, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 300,
215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 301, 302, 303, 309, 311
222, 225, 228, 281, 283, 287, 290, skviTi, 285
291, 292, 293, 300, 301, 302, 303, somexi, 23, 28, 144, 145, 154, 177,
305, 309, 310, 311, 315 261, 311
megreli eri, 188
megreli tomi, 57, 186 t
megreli xalxi, 57, 58, 188, 215 taoeli, 99, 104
mesxi, 287, 303 tajiki, 103
mTiuli, 103 tibareni, 286
moxeve, 104, 303
muSqi, 286
oÂ
uzbeki, 103
n ukraineli, 261
norvegieli, 228 urartueli, 287
urumi, 28, 177
o
osi, 28, 142, 145, 177, 311 f
fasiani, 286
p fereidneli, 104
peterburgeli, 47, 39, 235 frangi, 228, 246, 247
poloneli, 43, 50, 107, 252, 261 fSaveli, 62, 88, 89, 104, 166, 189,
225, 228, 303
fxoveli, 287
r
raWveli, 104, 303
rusi, 20, 27, 28, 39, 40, 42, 44, 50, q
qarTi, 49
51, 85, 112, 120, 127, 136, 143,
qarTveli, 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16,
144, 177, 208, 215, 243, 246, 247,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
252, 263, 264, 267, 269, 305, 306, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
311, 314, 316 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48,
50, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63,
s 64, 66, 67, 71, 76, 79, 85, 86, 88,
samcxeli, 104 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101,
sani, 286 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 110, 111,
sanigi, 286 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128,
335
 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, S
142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, SavSeli, 104
151, 152, 153, 158,160, 162, 163,
164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 173, C
174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
186, 188, 192, 193, 209, 212, 213, CaRmaTuSi, 103
214, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 225, Cexi, 50
226, 228, 229, 233, 234, 236, 237, Crdilokavkasieli, 73, 288
238, 240, 241, 244, 246, 249, 252,
255, 257, 259, 261, 263, 264, 265, w
266, 267, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, wovaTuSi, 103, 119, 122
276, 280, 281, 284, 285, 286, 287,
288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295,
296, 297, 298, 301, 303, 304, 306,
W
Wani, 88, 89, 225
307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314,
315, 316, 318
qarTveli ebraelebi, 28, 177 x
qarTveli eri, 2, 5, 11, 20, 21, 23, xaldi, 286
24, 33, 40, 46, 56, 59, 62, 66, 71, xevsuri, 17, 73, 80, 88, 89, 104, 225,
103, 108, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 227, 228, 301, 303
134, 138, 142, 145, 176, 177, 178,
188, 213, 236, 257, 280, 292, 294,
304, 307, 315, 316, 318 j
qarTveluri Temebi, 106, 165 javaxi, 104, 303
qarTveluri tomebi, 105, 106,
285, 293 h
qarTleli, 18, 88, 89, 104, 225, 228, haliZoni, 286
293 henioxi, 286
qarTuli eTnosi, 101, 299, 300, heri, 103, 287
302, 303 holandieli, 228
qarTuli tomi, 166
qisti, 103, 128 Аджарцы (аджарели), 27
qurTi, 28, 103, 177, 286 Грузины (картвели), 27
Ингилойцы (ингилой), 27
y Лазы, 27
yivCayi, 103 Мегрелы (маргали, мингрелы),, 27
Сваны, 27

336
d) terminebi, sxva mniSvnelovani sityva-formebi

a bgeraTSesatyvisoba, 12, 13, 14,

abaSa, 71 87, 94, 100, 132, 276, 277, 278,
agenti, 66, 212 308, 315, 316
adgilobrivi, 44 bgerebi, 109, 279
avtomaturi Targmani, 155, 158, bneleTis Zalni, 43, 46
311 boikoti, 209, 212
avtonomia, 18, 62, 148, 194, 196, bolSevikebi, 68, 120, 125, 218,
219 219, 304
avtonomisti, 5, 55, 57, 193, 197 bolSeviki, 59
avtoqToni, 6, 124, 152 brigada, 78
azrovnebis meqanizmi, 185, 192 bolSevikuri reJimi, 60, 71, 86,
akademia, 27, 120, 233, 237, 238, 309
240, 241, 249 broSura, 67, 83, 221
akademikosi, 48, 252, 262
akademiuri Targmani, 11, 21 z
akvatoria, 140 gagebineba, 95, 129, 132, 278, 294
akreditacia, 114, 123, 179 gamocdileba, 6, 169, 308
alofoni, 279 ganaTleba, 15, 41, 49, 67, 72, 78,
amerikuli, 28 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 93, 114, 123,
anbani, 6, 23, 39, 80, 136, 162, 172, 134, 157, 158, 160, 170, 171,
208, 282, 309 172, 178, 179, 180, 202, 208,
aneqsia, 144, 149 221, 223, 233, 270, 273, 291,
araavtoqToni, 124 305, 308, 312
aradedaena, 43 ganaTlebis ena, 41, 49, 157, 158,
aralingvisturi, 278 180, 312
arasamwerlobo ena, 97 ganviTarebadi ena, 97
arqauli qarTuli, 281 ganuviTarebeli ena, 121, 122
arqeologiuri kultura, 298, gardanqeSani, 315
34, 36, 118 gaxmovaneba, 32, 155
arqivi, 55, 60, 71, 78, 81, 198, 202, genocidi, 29, 143
214 geopolitikuri situacia, 37
asimilacia, 39, 217, 222, 293 gvartomoba, 79, 205
afrikati, 279 glexuri literatura, 68
afsirt-/ofsit-, 15 glotoqronologiuri meTodi,
afxazeTi, 38, 116, 142, 144, 160, 283
214, 217, 218, 219, 220 gori, 117, 54, 166
aRorZinebadi ena, 97 granti, 136, 158, 304
aSordiebi, 118, 314, 315 guria, 38, 41, 44, 62, 305, 308
aRwera, 11, 21, 24, 26, 27, 69, 180
aWara, 38, 308, 313 d
dagvianebuli erebi, 47
b dadgenileba, 41, 60, 67, 69, 70,
baTumi, 26, 119, 145, 149, 296 77, 78, 216

337
damwerloba, 101, 308
danosi, 59, 214
daJinebuli mcdeloba, 111, 113,
186, 222, 274
dasmenis werili, 44
daZveleba, 109, 111, 114
dawyebiTi klasi, 40, 124, 125,
171, 216
dawyebiTi ganaTleba, 18, 54, 55,
121
debuleba, 50, 122, 123, 127, 129,
135, 139
dedaena, 6, 7, 11, 12, 20, 21, 24, 32,
34, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 52, 61, 63,
86, 91, 92, 93, 95, 107, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 120, 122, 131,
132, 133, 134, 151, 152, 162,
168, 175, 179, 224, 225, 227,
229, 246, 247, 286, 290, 302,
310, 314
dedaqalaqi, 7, 148, 212, 224, 225,
264
deklaracia, 52
deklaracia enis Sesaxeb, 52
demokratiuli, 193, 272
dialeqti, kilo, 131, 172, 308
dialeqtologia, 252
diaspora, 6, 142, 152, 153
didi mecnieri, 92
didi niWi, 255
divergencia, 288, 292, 296
diversiebi, 5, 142, 145, 311
diskusia, 74, 86, 121, 122, 164, 172
e erovneba, 48, 62, 120, 145
evropuli kvalifikacia, 28
evropuli qartia, 40, 61, 68, 79,
115, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130,
132, 135, 138, 140, 310
eTnikosi, 103
eTnikuri danawevreba, 2, 20, 39,
46, 50, 73, 97, 111, 134, 178
eTnikuri jgufi, 25, 103, 151
eTnografiuli jgufi, 103
eTnokonfliqti, 143, 144
eTnosi, 103, 114, 307
338
eklesia, 19, 20, 23, 44, 48, 66, 70,
115, 116, 293, 305
enaTmecnieri, 54,72, 73, 84, 108,
228, 258
enis prestiJi, 6, 11, 21, 160
enis teqnologizeba, 6, 11, 21,
155, 157, 159, 180
enobrivi saxesxvaoba, 26, 177
enobrivi varianti, 37, 104, 166,
278
enobriv-struqturuli krite-
riumi, 12, 277
enobrivi danawevreba, 26, 40,
107, 115, 122, 309
enobrivi erTeuli, 11
enobrivi identoba, 12, 22, 162
176, 178, 180
enobrivi politika, 11, 21, 25,
29, 41, 54, 71, 90, 91, 111, 112,
115, 120, 126, 128, 132, 138,
141, 142, 165, 180, 310, 304
enobrivi samyaro, 5, 12, 34, 50,
63, 74, 86, 102, 108, 118, 134,
157, 158, 162, 165, 172, 174,
175, 179, 278, 280, 285, 294,
296, 297, 306, 307
enobrivi qvesistema, 37
episkoposi, 41, 44, 215
erTianoba, 2, 5, 11, 21, 23, 38, 41,
71, 79, 97, 105, 106, 116, 117,
118, 119, 121, 123, 132, 137,
178, 225, 303, 307, 310, 315
eri, 25, 61, 94, 131, 188, 212, 217,
293, 314
erovnuli idea, 272
erovnuli, 6, 16, 18, 20, 23, 25, 39,
46, 51, 65, 67, 71, 86, 89, 90, 93,
94, 95, 97, 103, 108, 114, 123,
138, 143, 150, 154, 155, 157,
158, 159, 168, 172, 173, 175,
179, 180, 212, 217, 218, 222,
225, 228, 234, 235, 236, 244,
246, 260, 265, 270, 274, 291,
292, 306,311, 312, 314, 315
erovnuli ena, 18, 25, 39, 86, 89, ideologema, 5, 20, 21, 31, 34, 97,
93, 94, 95, 97, 103, 172, 225, 109, 111, 112, 123, 178, 291,
228, 291, 292 293
erovnuli erTianoba, 20 ideologia, 31, 113, 135, 178
erovnuli centri, 114, 123, 179, ideologizebuli,33, 144
236 idiomi, 13, 96, 101, 104, 122, 123,
eqsperti, 26, 114, 129, 130 134, 137, 166, 278
eqstralingvisturi, 101, 131, ilori, 143, 115, 125, 138, 167
132, 307, 308 imereTi, 38, 62, 189, 308, 313
ercqem-, 284 imerxevi, 313
inteligencia, 62, 64, 71, 190, 214,
v 303
vandea, 120 internacionalizmi, 222
internacionalisti, 270
infiltracia, 34
z informacia, 45, 112, 137, 138,
ziarWurWeli,154
zne-Cveuleba, 23 168, 174, 175, 179, 306
zugdidi, 37, 44, 47, 54, 59, 64, 70, istoria, 2, 5, 11, 12, 15, 30, 33, 34,
71, 72, 76, 77, 83, 84, 96, 295 45, 46, 62, 64, 74, 81, 87, 94,
zRapari, 43, 144, 269 95, 101, 106, 109, 112, 131, 134,
zRva, 25, 193 135, 136, 138, 141, 148, 149,
168, 172, 176, 177, 178, 188,
190, 202, 214, 224, 226, 228,
T 247, 251, 254, 257, 267, 276,
Tavdacva, 11, 21, 117, 123 280, 293, 294, 297, 299, 301,
Tavisufleba, 139, 141, 180, 209, 306, 308, 310, 314
244, 264 istorikosi, 249, 284
Tavmoyvareoba, 255 istoriografia, 47, 109, 135
Tanamzraxveli, 68 istoriul-eTnografiuli
Targmani, 82, 111, 155, 247, 311 mxare, 302
Temi, 103, 187 istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodi,
Teoretikosi, 194, 254 276, 277
Tvalsazrisi, 5, 37, 86, 91, 92, 93, istoriuli logika, 47
106, 112, 118, 166, 173, 279,
293, 299
TviTaRqma, 95 k
TviTidentifikacia, 132 kavkasia, 25, 26, 39, 40, 43, 50,
TviTSegneba, 13, 37, 103, 303 82,105, 129, 146, 153, 177, 214,
TviTSefasebiTi kriteriumi, 217, 221, 247, 251, 254, 260,
101, 308 261, 263, 267, 271, 282
kavkasiologi, 289
kaTedra, 41, 78, 172
i kanonmdebloba, 139
iafeturi, 233, 251, 258 kvazimecnieruli, 20, 31, 34, 50
identificireba, 126 kilokavi, 50
identoba, 23, 25, 26, 101, 132, 303 koas, 283
koine, 101, 286
339
kolaboracionisti, 5, 96, 143 leqsikuri, 105, 276, 277
kolegia, 232, 234 livana, 38
koleqtiuri, 6, 74, 78, 83, 198, logikuri, 49, 136, 137, 167, 278,
204, 206, 214 309
koloniuri ideologia, 299 lokalur-teritoriuli
kolxa, 285 jgufebi, 103
kolxida, 57, 194, 285
kolxur-yobanuri, 285 m
kolxuri kultura, 34, 35 makonsolidebeli, 280
komisia, 18, 41, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, maltis molaparakeba, 146
83, 122, 137, 205, 206, 223, 291 mamuliSviloba, 256
komunisturi reJimi, 108, 134 manifesti, 212
konsolidacia, 20, 24, 25, 152, margalistani, 57, 194
159, 305 marqsizmi, 46, 92, 217, 221, 290,
konsultanti, 29, 128 291
kontinuumi, 285 martvili, 83, 124
koncefcia, 22, 47, 96,104, 294, marcvlovani, 279
311, 312, 114, 157 maRalbiujetiani, 136, 304
korpusi, 6, 99, 155, 156, 157, 158, megruli sakiTxi, 46, 56, 57, 60,
312 68, 72, 73, 82, 96
kriminali, 142, 145 meTodologia, 106, 131
kriteriumi, 11, 94, 95, 129, 277, mesaidumle mrCeveli, 51, 264
294, 307 metyveleba, 2, 14, 15, 17, 18, 37,
kritika, 66, 73 40, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 63, 74, 86,
kuTxe, 144 87, 88, 93, 94, 98, 101, 102, 103,
kuTxur-tomobrivi ena, 100 109, 110, 115, 130, 131, 133,
kultura, 15, 18, 19, 33, 34, 35, 46, 134, 155, 162, 163, 164, 165,
47, 50, 62, 76, 84, 97, 110, 120, 171, 175, 176, 180, 278, 250,
131, 134, 168, 173, 180, 190, 277, 281, 295, 300, 305, 307,
191, 217, 271, 275, 285, 302, 308, 315, 316, 317
314, 316, 317 mecnieruli, 83, 109, 187, 190,
kuTxuri metyveleba, 20, 26, 80, 254, 255
98, 121, 131, 175, 180, 205, 308, mTavroba, 147, 148, 216
310 mizidulobis veli, 297
kulturis savane, 33, 34 mkvdari ena, 49
kulturuli istoria, 41 mkvidri, 44, 45, 98
kulturul-teritoriuli er- morfologiuri, 157, 277, 278,
Teuli, 60 280, 296
kulxa, 285 motivacia, 71, 136, 140, 142, 150
mociquli, 212
l msjavri, 234, 236, 237
labialuri, 288 msjeloba, 6, 12, 16, 17, 49, 96, 99,
labiovelarizacia, 295 141, 170, 177, 212, 240, 286,
labiovelarizebuli, 288, 295 296, 301, 304, 308, 310
leqsikoni, 32, 37, 87, 104, 106, mtkvar-araqsis kultura, 288
115, 246, 312, 314 muqara, 148
340
muhajiroba, 143 prezentacia, 32, 105
mRvdelmTavari, 44 presa, 124, 133
mSvidobismyofeli, 144 presis ena, 18, 54, 55
mcire xalxi, 40 prestiJuloba, 101, 308
mwerali, 2, 44, 66, 107, 125, 142, primitiuli kultura, 47
145, 212 propaganda, 23, 47, 64, 67, 138
mwignobari, 38 putCi, 120, 146
mxare, 29, 142, 144, 249
J
n Jinianoba, 251
nazalizacia, 295
nanaSi nina, 125 r
napralovnebi, 280 ragadi, 165, 176, 180
naRmi, 165 ratificireba, 5, 11, 21, 124, 126,
nacionalizmi, 214 137, 140, 180, 311
nacionaluri sakiTxi, 46, 47, 92, raWa, 308, 313
217, 221, 290 rbili Zala, 23, 138
niWieri mecnieri, 48 regionalizacia, 140, 154, 172,
noTe, 58, 143 294
regionaluri, 66
o regioni, 144, 153
odabade, 173, 174 regionuli, 5, 11, 21, 40, 58, 61,
okupacia, 20, 320 68, 79, 106, 108, 112, 115, 122,
olqi, 40, 43, 55, 56, 60, 66, 71, 72, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130,
75, 76, 148, 149, 208, 217, 218, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139,
219, 220, 222, 223, 301, 303 140, 141, 142, 153, 154, 180,
oponenti, 50, 112 300, 304, 310
orientiri, 11, 21, 180 regionuli an umciresobis ena,
orsaxovnoba, 63 40, 61, 126, 128, 134, 304
regionuli ena, 106, 108, 112, 115,
p 124, 138, 140
palatalizacia, 288, 295 reestruli kriteriumi, 101,
palatalizebuli, 288, 196 308
parlamenti, 138, 168 rezolucia, 7, 64, 212
perspeqtiva, 117, 136, 157 religia, 15, 114
pirveli xalxi, 58 represiuli reJimi, 91
piruTvneli, 236, 255 refleqsi, 295
poeti, 145, 162 recidivi, 80
polemika, 91, 95 ritorikuli kiTxva, 99
politizeba, 50, 58, 108, 113, 185, ruka, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 109,
198, 306 112, 165
politizebuli jgufi, 172 rusTavelis fondi, 114, 123,
politizebuli mecnieri, 48 158, 179
politikuri speqtri, 126, 153, rusi moxele, 39, 40, 85, 120, 314
304 rusuli gegma, 46
rusuli gulmodgineba, 48
341
s 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 294,
saerToqarTveluri ena, 36, 37,
118, 136, 169, 279, 281, 282,
289, 290, 292, 298
saero ganaTleba, 39
sazogado moRvawe, 2, 59, 65, 90,
112, 113, 125, 310, 315
saidumlo werili, 79, 315
sainformacio omi, 2, 11, 21, 23,
31, 117, 123, 139. 142, 145, 154,
166, 178, 341
sakuTriv lingvisturi, 95, 100,
308
salaparako ena, 52
saliteraturo ena, 17, 18, 32, 34,
37, 48, 62, 80, 88, 95, 97, 99,
109, 129, 135, 157, 170, 171,
172, 174, 175, 179, 225, 226,
227, 228, 281, 290, 293, 302,
308
samazro komiteti, 53, 60, 64
sametyvelo ena, 300
sametyvelo kodi, 37, 93, 95, 131,
137, 163, 177, 280, 281, 293
samecniero sabWo, 67, 114
saministro, 43
samoqalaqo gmiroba, 91, 291
samrevlo skola, 44, 45, 208
samuslimano saqarTvelo, 147
samSoblo, 18, 43, 52, 57, 62, 70,
89, 187, 227
samSoblo ena, 18, 43, 57, 62, 70,
187
samcxe, 313
samwerlo ena, 14, 18, 37, 88, 89,
225
samwerlobo ena, 14, 18, 28, 55,
136, 177
samwerlobo tradicia, 284
samwignobro ena, 11, 15, 16, 17,
21, 25, 33, 37, 38, 41, 42, 56, 59,
81, 86, 90, 93, 94, 95, 102, 103,
110, 113, 118, 121, 123, 131,
132, 135, 136, 139, 155, 157,
158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 167,
168, 169, 173, 174, 175, 179,
342
296, 297, 298, 302, 307, 311,
312, 316
samwignobro istoria, 17, 39, 113
samwignobro kultura, 34, 38,
40, 54, 59, 67, 93, 98, 101, 108,
110, 121, 122, 131, 138, 168,
177, 178, 293, 308, 317
samxareo komiteti, 69
saokupacio reJimi, 144, 145
samxedro Zala, 48, 254
sasamarTlos ena, 89, 228
saskolo saxelmZRvanelo, 34
safrTxe, 11, 22, 114, 123, 161, 179,
305, 310, 311
saqarTvelos eklesia, 116
saqmiswarmoeba, 18, 53, 54, 55, 59,
60, 68, 110, 124, 134, 214, 216,
223, 300
saSinao metyveleba, 93, 103, 287,
318
saxalxo ena, 14, 101
saxarebis Targmna, 22
saxeldeba, 110, 143, 144, 147
saxelmwifo, 6, 7, 11, 12, 18, 19,
21, 25, 31, 36, 39, 43, 51, 52, 53,
67, 77, 78, 79, 83, 86, 89, 91, 95,
101, 114, 117, 118, 122, 125,
127, 132, 135, 137, 150, 151,
152, 155, 157, 160, 161, 162,
163, 166, 175, 180, 185, 187,
193, 205, 228, 236, 237, 255,
263, 264, 269, 272, 274, 275,
276, 285, 287, 293, 294, 300,
304, 306, 308, 310, 311, 312,
313, 318
saxelmwifo ena, 6, 11, 12, 21, 43,
53, 79, 86, 89, 101, 122, 123,
125, 127, 132, 137, 151, 152,
155, 160, 162, 175, 180, 205,
228, 304, 308, 310, 311
saxelmwifo enis statusi, 101,
132, 151, 308
saxelmwifo kancelaria, 39
saxesxvaoba, 63, 92, 110, 139,
161,174, 296
saxifaTo jaWvi, 113 tomi, 24, 74, 97, 103,106, 278, 292,
sacxovrisi, 34, 35, 36, 38, 110, 293
177, 281, 284, 286, 288, 293, tomobrivi ena, 94, 98, 110, 284,
295, 296 291, 292, 293
segmentacia, 5, 12, 50, 74, 86, 118, traqtati, 119, 314
172 tyavi, 283, 284
semantika, 39 tyeb-, 284
seminaria, 39, 43, 208 tyebi, 284
senaki, 75, 83, 188, 238
separatisti, 5, 142, 143 oÂ
svaneTi, 17, 29, 33, 34, 38, 308, 313 ukanaenismieri, 13
sibilanti, 279, 295 ukiduresi Sovinisti, 48, 270
sigel-gujari, 190 umarcvlo, 279
sinTezatori, 155 umciresoba, 5, 11, 21, 25, 68, 79,
sisina, 13 115, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127,
situacia, 5, 100, 124, 133, 310 128, 129, 130, 132, 135, 137,
skola, 43, 46, 67, 72, 203, 216, 219, 138, 140, 141, 180, 222, 300,
222, 246, 269 310
somxuri enciklopedia, 47 umciresobis ena, 115, 124
sonanti, 279, 280 umwerlobo, 5, 17, 25, 29, 31, 40,
sonori, 279, 280 41, 47, 61, 86, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98,
sociolingvistika, 114, 296 99, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 109,
sociolingvisturi, 12, 13, 92, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 121,
95, 100, 131, 132, 133, 278, 302, 122, 123, 128, 130, 131, 134,
305, 308 135, 136, 137, 138, 161, 173,
soxumi, 116 174, 178, 179, 284, 290, 291,
spiranti, 279 293, 301, 302, 309
standartuloba, 101, 132, 308 umwignobro, 17, 104, 110, 113,
statusi, 13, 62, 69, 92, 97, 100, 131, 290
102, 115, 128, 132, 146, 277, ufleba, 42, 49, 51, 75, 113, 116,
278, 288, 302, 308, 316 190, 212, 222, 234, 263, 264,
subeTnikuri erTeuli, 23 265, 271, 311
subeTnosi, 103, 303 ufskruli, 194, 255
suliskveTeba, 78, 138, 235, 255, uxeiro cda, 249
273
f
t filologiuri, 255, 177
tao, 6, 16, 90, 149, 152, 161, 285, federaciuli mowyoba, 140, 153,
312 294
telemedia, 124 foTi, 71
termini, 153, 285 fondi, 61, 71, 164, 236
terminologiuri diversia, 11, fonematuri struqtura, 279,
21, 59, 145 280
terminologiuri Sesityveba, fsevdoliberali, 111, 141
142, 143, 145 fsevdomecnieruli, 20, 22. 177
fsiqologia, 80, 85, 92
343
fuZeena, 12, 108, 276, 277, 279, 302 CiqorTuli, 17
fSavi, 62, 166, 189 CiCie-qorTuli, 17
Cixi, 310
q Cxorowyu, 72, 78, 84
qarTvelTa eklesia, 42
qarTvelTmcodneni, 50 c
qarTveli xalxi, 17, 45, 89, 97, ciliswameba, 7
108, 224, 225, 273, 293 cinizmi, 149
qarTvelologia, 141, 228 cocxali kilokavebi, 49
qarTli, 30, 150, 287, 308
qarTuli eTnosi, 101, 299, 300, Z
302, 303 Zveli qarTuli, 14, 88, 278, 300
qartia, 5, 11, 21, 122, 123, 124, ZirZveli qarTvelebi, 34, 143
126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 135,
137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 180,
300, 304 W
qvesistema, 14, 309 walenjixa, 46, 72, 77, 78, 79,
qronologia, 254, 298 werili, 6, 7, 45, 51, 55, 58, 59, 79,
quTaisi, 32, 42, 69, 87, 91, 96, 134, 115, 198, 214, 230, 232, 233,
167, 174 ,278 237, 242, 243, 244, 270

R W
RvarZli, 264 WeSmariteba, 309
RvTismsaxureba, 16, 20, 40, 41,
90, 115, 116, 118, 120, 133 x
“Rirseuli” memkvidre, 6, 62, 185 xalxebis ena, 292
xarisxi, 265, 294
S xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnu-
Sabloni, 74 li centri, 114, 123, 179
Savrazmeli, 214, 215 xmovnebi, 279, 280
Selorsa, 17 xobi, 72, 84, 85
Selocva, 16, 17, 90 xsnis komiteti, 115
Selocvebis ena, 16, 90 xSulebi, 280
Sereva, 278, 289
Seuracxmyofeli, 233 j
Seuracxyofa, 306 jaWvi, 116
Sidastruqturuli kriteriumi, jgufebi, 103
278 jerRvi 284
SiSina, 13, 279, 287
Sto, 189 h
hibriduli omi, 140
C hipoTeza, 25
CamorCenili eri, 52, 121
Cekisti, 71 Мегрельская нация, 125
Cinovniki, 82, 221 kokida, 285

344
garekanis kompozicia asaxavs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
mimdinare 150 wlian sainformacio oms.

winaydaze: dutu megreli –sainformacio omSi Tav-

dacvisas Seqmnili ukvdavi striqonebis („qarTl-
kaxeTi, imereTi, guria da samegrelo... yvela Cemi sam-
Sobloa, sayvareli saqarTvelo“) avtori (vrclad ix.
gv. 120).

wignis garekanze gamotanili rukebis

sruli variantebis misamarTebi (damowmeba: 19.01.2019):
https://euobserver.com/opinion/142547
http://csem.ge/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/languages_of_georgia.jpg

garekanis dizaini:
irakli uSveriZe
ilia WrelaSvili

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: nana dumbaZe

 wigni gamosacemad momzadda
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvel-
wodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis skolis
qarTvelologiis centrSi.

saZiebeli Seadgines:
sofio kekuam, keso gejuam da cotne futkaraZem.

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4. : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal505@ymail.com; gamomcemlobauniversali@gmail.com

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