SAFETY AND SECURITY

INTRODUTION

Safety and security are concepts often used interchangeably, and it should
be understood that both are means of safeguarding human and physical
assets. The term ‘safety’ is used with reference to such things as disasters,
emergencies, fire prevention and protection, and conditions that provide for
freedom from injury and prevent damage to property. The term ‘security’ is
used with reference to freedom from fear, anxiety, and doubts concerning
humans as well as protection against terrorism and thefts of guest,
employee, or hotel property.

WORK-ENVIRONMENT SAFETY AND JOB-SAFETY ANALYSIS

The management of any place of work are legally bound to provide a

hazard-free environment to their employees. The nature of work that the
housekeeping staff are involved in, is such that employees may easily
become accident- prone if they are careless with equipment, chemicals, or
procedures.

JOB- SAFETY ANALYSIS-

1. A job safety analysis is a detailed report that lists every job function
performed in the housekeeping department and lists potential hazards,
safe methods, tips and ‘how-tos’ for each task.
2. For this purpose, the housekeeper, with the help of the supervisors,
needs to carry out a job safety analysis.
3. The executive housekeeping needs to develop a ‘ housekeeping safety
manual’ for the use of all housekeeping employees.

Safety Management programs

The overall objective of a safety management program is to eliminate hazards

before they cause any serious accidents.
 There are 10 steps in the establishment of an effective safety
management program:

1. Review work procedures and inspect work areas for safety hazards.
2. Make departmental heads aware of the nature and variety of hazards.
3. Establish a safety committee.
4. Maintain accurate safety records.
5. Conduct periodic in- house safety inspections.
6. Train staff members to implement safety consciousness.
7. Motivate staff members to be safety conscious.
8. Investigate and analyses all accidents and injuries.
9. Practice safety management and monitor follow-ups.
10. Review the effectiveness of your own safety management
program.

Three Es of Safety

The safety of employee can be ensured by following the three Es of safety:

safety education, safety engineering, and safety rules enforcement.

Safety education Safety program and policies can only be effective if

the staff are trained to think and act safety at work. The best time to
start educating employees on safety is during their induction into the
establishment, so that they are well versed in safety rules and policies of
the establishment before they start their job. Employees safety should be
encouraged to come up with ideas for inculcating safety into the hotel’s
methods too, and the best ideas should be put into practice and praised
or rewarded.

The following should be ensured during training:

 Teaching safe methods, with particular emphasis on areas of potential

danger and how these can be guarded against.
 Demonstrating the use of safety equipment installed in the
establishment. And the location and use of first-aid materials.
  Inculcating in people the ability to recognize the signs of hazards
around them.
 Teaching staff the legal implications of non-adherence to safety
procedures.
Safety engineering This involves the building in of safety features into
the structure of the establishment- in the equipment furniture, and
fittings and in their proper arrangement within the space. Equipment
used by the housekeeping employees should be selected to ensure to
ensure safety in design.

Safety enforcement Rules, when not implemented or enforced, are not

effective. It is not enough to know about safety themes and procedures,
but more important to motivate people to put the knowledge gained into
practice. The does not come easily to all employees and, therefore , needs
to be enforced by rule and practice.

Occupational safety and Hazards Standards

Standard universal laws on occupational safety and health(OSH) do not

exist because of differences in local values and cultures. Therefore, different
countries have developed their own standards on occupational health and
safety management systems(OHSMS)according to their needs. India has
published, and follows the ‘IS 15001:2000 Indian Standards on
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems- Specifications action
plans, and reviewing the adequacy of action plans.

POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN HOUSEKEEPING

Due to the nature of the work performed by housekeeping staff, they

may be exposed to many dangerous and unsafe conditions, or
hazards, if they are not careful. To reduce safety risks, all employees
should be aware of potential safety hazards. These hazards may
include

 Faulty equipment;
 Damaged flooring or chipped tiles;
  Slippery floors and spills not mopped up;
 Slippery guest bathrooms;
 Cracked or broken glass;
 Worn-out electrical insulation or fittings;
 Overloaded electrical sockets;
 Trailing equipment flexes;
 Worn carpets and rugs;
 Cleaning equipment left lying around;
 Unsafe use of ladders;
 Inadequate lighting;
 Loose stair treads;
 Cleaning agents left uncapped;

 Non- adherence to instructions outlined in the material safety data

sheets (MSDS)for the use of cleaning chemicals;
 Handling corrosive cleaning agents with bare hands;
 Mixing certain chemical cleaners, causing undesirable/ dangerous
reactions;
 Cleaning agents kept in unmarked or wrongly marked containers;
 Incorrect use of trolleys;
 Incorrect methods of bending and lifting;
 Unsatisfactory hygiene and sanitation standards; and
 Incorrect posture.

SAFETY AWARNESS AND ACCIDENTPREVENTION

Safety awareness should be an ongoing program at all establishments.

The management of all establishments and should be aware of the laws
concerning safe work environments and should be concerned about the
safety of their employees. Periodic training should be provided to all staff in
order to raise awareness about safety. All employees should be aware of the
potential hazards in their respective departments. All heads of departments
must ensure that employees follow safe job procedures, correct unsafe
conditions immediately, and take adequate time to do the job so that
accidents are not caused due to haste. The executive housekeeper should
develop a comprehensive list of safety rules to be followed by all
housekeeping employees. This can be a part of the ‘housekeeping safety
manual’. Some safety guidelines for lifting, bending, carrying, and pushing
that may be included in the manual are outlined in Table

BASIC GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

The following guidelines can be followed for the prevention of accidents.

 Always follow instructions when using any cleaning equipment’s.

 Replace caps on cleaning chemicals immediately and securely after
dispensing.
 Label cleaning agents clearly.
 Keep floor clean and dry.
 Place warning and signs around the area while cleaning.
 Always dry hands before touching plugs, sockets, and electrical fitting.

 Mark faulty equipment’s as ‘out of order’.

 Dispose of rubbish carefully.
 Never place cigarette butts or sharp objects in the trash bag on the room
attendants’ carts.
 Open and shut doors carefully.
 Clean away broken glass carefully.

Procedures to Follow in case of an Accident

When a guest or employee has met with an accident at the hotel, the
procedure followed should be a follows:

1. With the help of another person, check if the victim requires any
assistance.
2. Report the matter immediately to the manager concerned.
3. Either administer first aid (if you are trained to do so) or get help from
trained personnel.
4. Shift the victim immediately to a hospital, if required. If the injury is
serious, call an ambulance for the same. Follow all necessary first-aid
measures until the ambulance arrives.
5. Fill in the accidents report from (see Exhibit) and hand it over to the
manager concerned.
 FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING

To understand fire prevention and fire- fighting, on must know fires are
classified. Fires may be classified into four groups, based on their source of
fuel.
 Class A These are fires with trash, wood, paper or other ordinary
combustible materials as their fuel source.
 Class B These are fires with flammable or combustible liquids as their
fuel
source.
 Class C These are fires involving electrical equipment.
 Class D These are fires with certain ignitable metals as the fuel source.

Prevention of fire
Fires may be prevented if fire hazards are identified and eliminated. Some
unsafe practices that may lead to fires are as follows:
 Guests smoking in bed.
 The hotel not providing sand urns or sufficient and appropriate
ashtrays in rooms as well as public areas.
 Using high- wattage bulbs in lamps.
 Leaving linen chute doors open.
 Storing rags and cloths with residues of cleaning polish still on them.
 Not unplugging electrical appliances when not in use.
 Using faulty electrical equipment or sockets.
 Leaving magnifying glasses where the sun can catch them.
 Using furnishing materials that are easily combustible.
Each establishment must conduct fire drills on a periodic basis and ensure
that all staff attend these drills so that they know what is to be done during
a fire emergency.

Fire Warning systems

These may be electrically powered manually operated systems, automatic
fire detection systems, or a combination of both. The usual components of
such systems are discussed here:
Fire Alarms These can be set off by smoke detectors, heat detectors,
sprinkler systems, or pull stations. The most common types of fire alarms
are the ones operated by pull stations located in corridors, and near
elevators. The pull alarms are red in colour, with a glass panel that needs to
be broken to set off the alarm.
Sprinklers These are found in most hotel establishments, especially in
corridors and rooms. They are situated on the ceiling and automatically
spray water when the temperature rises above a certain level.

Smoke detectors These are set off by smoke. The two types of smoke
detectors available are photoelectric detectors and ionization detectors,
Photoelectric detectors are alarms triggered off when smoke blocks of light
emanating from the detector. In the ionization type of smoke detectors, the
alarm sounds when the detector sense a shift in electrical conductivity
between plates.

What to do in Case of fire Emergency

In case a fire breaks out, follow the guidelines given below:

1. Immediately switch on the nearest fire alarm.

2. If possible, try to put out the fire with suitable equipment,
remembering to direct the extinguishers at the base of the flames. Do
not attempt to fight a fire if there is any danger of personal risk.
3. Close all the windows and switch off all electrical appliances,
including fans and lights.
4. Close the door to the affected area and report to your to your
immediate supervisor for instructions.
 5. Carry out instructions- fire-escape route. Each guestroom should
have the route to the nearest fire escape drawn out and displayed in a
place where it is most likely to be seen by the guests.
6. Report to the departmental fire representative for a roll call. The
housekeeper on duty should check the list (in the form of the duty
rosters) of the staff who are on duty so that all those on duty can be
accounted for.
7. Remain at the assembly point until to do otherwise.
8. Do not use the lifts.

Fire-Fighting Equipment

Staff should be trained in operating the fire- fighting equipment. Types of

fire-fighting equipment vary from simple ones such as buckets of sand and
water, fire blankets, and hose reels to more complex fire extinguishers.
Water buckets should be constantly checked for adequate water levels and
sand buckets should be kept dry. Water should not be used in case of fire of
fires involving electricity.

Types of fire extinguishers

Fire extinguishers can be of various types.

Dry powder These are usually meant for multipurpose use with various
types of fire. They contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed,
non- flammable gas as a propellant.

Dry chemical foam These are primarily used on flammable liquids, oil,
and fats, but may have multipurpose uses.

Halon/vaporizing liquid These contain a gas or volatile liquid that

interrupts the chemical reaction that takes place when fuels burn. This type
of extinguisher is often used to protect valuable electrical equipment since
they leave no residue to clean up. Halon extinguishers have a limited range,
usually 4-6 feet. The initial application of halon should be made towards the
base of the fire, continuing even after the flames have been extinguished.
The BCF (bromochlorodifluoromethane) extinguishers are now banned as
chlorofluorocarbons harm the protective ozone layer.
Water-gas or soda-acid extinguishers These extinguishers contain
water and compressed gas and should only be used on Class A (wood or
paper) fires.

Carbon dioxide These CO2-based extinguishers are most effective on Class

B and C (liquids and electrical) fires. Since the gas disperses quickly, these
extinguishers are only effective from a distance of 3-8 feet. The carbon
dioxide is stored as a compressed liquid in the extinguisher; as it expands
on release, it cools the surrounding air. The cooling will often cause ice to
form around the ‘horn’ out of which the gas is expelled from the
extinguisher. Since the fire could re- ignite, continue to apply the agent even
after the fire appears to be out.
Fire-extinguisher ratings

Most fire extinguisher available are rated according to the type of fire they
extinguish:

 Class A extinguishers- Put out the most basic fires, such as those
that started with wood or paper. Their numerical rating refers to both
the amount of water inside and the extent of the fire they can
extinguish.

 Class B extinguishers- These types are recommended for fires that

involve flammable liquids, such as gasoline, oil, or grease. The
numerical rating refers to the number of square feet of liquid fire that
an average untrained person can expect to put using this equipment.
  Class C extinguishers-These are for electrical fires. They do not have a
numerical rating; it is the ‘C’ designation that the extinguishing agent
inside is non- conductive.
 Class D extinguishers- These are for with flammable metals and often
made for use with a specific metal. They have no numerical rating, or
can they be used on other types of fires.

In addition, many of today’s extinguishers are labelled to indicate that they

can be used on different type of fires and will be labelled as such (for example,
A-B,B-C, and so on)
 CRIME PREVETION

It is imperative that all properties have a crime prevention committee or a

security committee. The committee should consist of key management
personnel, including department heads. Supervisors and other selected
employees can also be roped in for valuable information and inputs. The
committee members should meet on a scheduled basis periodically to review
past plans and form new ones. The general responsibilities of this committee
should be to

 Design a security booklet for all employees;

 Develop orientation and training programmes on crime on crime
prevention in coordination with the training department;
 Analyse and resolve recurring security issues and investigate any
security- related incidents;
 Conduct spot security checks and inspections of the property;
 Liaise with the local police department; and
 Monitor the keeping of records and documentation of all security-
related incidents.

DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES

The nature of all emergencies is the same: they are uncontrollable and
unforeseen.
Thus all properties must be prepared for them and have emergency plans put
down in writing. Emergencies may come in any form- earthquakes, floods,
tsunamis, bomb threats, and so on. Emergency plans must be a part of the
SOPs. These procedures must specify
 What procedures are to be followed in case of an emergency;
 Who will be responsible- the plan should specify employee duties and
placement within the facility during an emergency and after the
emergency;
  How the procedures will be followed; and
 When the specified procedures should be followed- for instance, when
should the guests be notified of a bomb threat, or when should the
evacuation process be initiated?

‘PLANNING FOR AN EMERGENCY

Contingency planning should be done on the following lines:

Employee training Training in emergency procedures is essential

to deal with emergencies.

Emergency resources The name and telephone numbers of outside

agencies that may be of help during an emergency need to be listed and kept
in a prominent, accessible place.

Emergency checklists Each department head should develop a checklist

outlining the actions he/she must take in the event of an emergency.

Drills Fire emergency drills should be conducted periodically and it

should be mandatory for all staff to attend these in shifts.

Emergency response kit An emergency response kit containing

guest identification tags, a guest identification register, pens, legal note pads,
folders, paper clips, and so on should be kept ready and handy.

First-aid training and supplies A thorough training in first-aid

procedures, especially cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), should be given
to selected employees. All other employees should be trained in at least the
basics of first aid. A complete first-aid kit should be maintained at all times.
Transportation and housing Forward planning should be done for
transportation of guests in case their relocation is required in the event of an
emergency. Potential relocation sites should also be identified.

Contingency plan review The contingency plan should be

reviewed by people who are responsible for the prevention of losses.

Dealing with Bomb threats

As an example of dealing with emergencies, the procedure for dealing with a
bomb threat is outlined below.
Bomb threats may be delivered in writing or orally, in person or over the
telephone.
In case of a written threat in the form of a letter, note, or telegram, the
message and the envelope should be handled carefully and held only at the
corners to preserve fingerprints and other evidence. Protect the document and
the envelope, and hand it over to the general manager. Inform the police of
the contents of the note.
If the letter is delivered by a messenger, detain the person for questioning by
the police, if possible. If the messenger has left the premises, the employee
accepting the note should immediately prepare a memorandum listing the
circumstances, the time the message was received, any known witnesses, and
a detailed description of the messenger.
In case the bomb threat was made orally, as in any employee becoming aware
of a bomb threat through a personal contact or by overhearing someone make
such a threat, the person should immediately convey the information to the
general manager in a discreet manner(so as not to alarm the guests). The
police should be informed promptly. The person issuing the threat should be
kept under observation, if possible, and the person’s physical characteristics
noted. These include the person’s height, weight, built, colour of hair and
eyes, a description of clothes and jewellery. And any other identification
feature such as a bread, scar, or limp. If this person leaves the hotel before
he or she can be stopped to determine his or her identity, record the mode of
transportation and the direction of travel. This may include a bus number,
car rental company, the automobile description- including the model, license
plate number, and state- and the number of persons in the car. These facts
should be furnished to the general manager immediately for communication
to security personnel and the police.
The most usual way in which a bomb threat is received is telephone. They are
usually received by the switchboard operators from a public telephone
number. The call is usually brief, so that there is no chance to trace the
number. Therefore, switchboard operators should record the information
accurately in order to provide the security and police personnel with as much
documented information as possible.
Housekeeping employees may also be a part of the search team looking for
unclaimed, unidentified, or unusual foreign objects that could contain a
bomb. All housekeeping employees should be aware of the evacuation plans
explained in the safety manual of the property and help in evacuation if
necessary. In case of an explosion, the employees should help out in the
rescue process and provide first-aid as required.
 DEALING WITH TERRORISM-

Steps and Precautions

In the recent past, terrorists have targeted hotels on several occasions,

worldwide. Marriott, Islamabad, and then Tel Mahal Palace and The Oberoi
Trident, Mumbai were targets and there were many casualties, both guests
ad hotel staff. Hotels all over the world are now striving to put anti-terror
systems and mechanisms in place.
Good housekeeping not only enhance the ambience of the hotel, it also
reduces the opportunity for placing suspicious items or bags and helps to deal
with false alarms and hoaxes. The following tips with regards to housekeeping
can up reduce the risk of planting dangerous material o hotel properties:
1. Limit the installation and use of litter bins around the hotel and ensure
that the few installed are checked and cleared regularly.
2. Procure litter bins which have small openings.
3. Review the location of litter bins. For instance, these should not be
placed near support structures.
4. Use of clear bags for waste disposal provides an easier opportunity for
the staff to conduct an initial examination for suspicious items.
5. Review the use and security of wheeled bins and metal bins to store
rubbish within service areas, good entrances, and near areas where
guest gather.
6. Keep public and communal areas- exit, entrances, reception areas,
stairs, halls, washrooms and service corridors- cleaned tidy
7. Keep the furniture in such areas to a minimum hence ensuring that
there is little opportunity to hide devices under sofas and chairs.
8. Lock unoccupied offices, rooms and storage cupboards.
9. Place tamper proof plastic seals on maintenance hatches.
10. Have in place an agreed procedure for the management of contractors,
their vehicles and waste collection services. The vehicle registration
 mark of each vehicle and its occupant should be known to security in
advance.
11. Ensure stringent checks on the people recruited to the department and
those on contract.
12. Set the procedure and train staff to identify and report suspicious
activity. Make sure the staff understand that security is part of
everyone’s responsibilities.
13. Formulate and maintain contingency plans dealing with bomb threats,
suspect packages, explosion, structural collapse, and evacuation.
14. Have in place a communications and media strategy which includes
handling enquiries from concerned family and friends.
15. Planning should incorporate the seven key instructions applicable to
most incidents;

i) Do not touch suspicious items.

ii) Move everyone to a safe distance.
iii) Prevent others from approaching cordoned areas.
iv) Communicate safely to staff, business visitors, and the public.
v) Use hand-held radios or mobile phones away from the immediate
vicinity of a suspect item, remaining out of line of sight and behind
hard cover.
vi) Notify the police.
vii) Ensure that whoever found the item or witnessed the incident is
available to brief the police.
16. A staff pass system should be followed and a temporary pass system
should be adopted for visitors.
17. Screening of hand baggage by appropriate mechanical detectors should
be carried out for all mails and employees on entrance to the property.
18. All types of mails and parcels should be screened by detectors.
19. If the risk is from a vehicle bomb, basic principle is to keep all vehicles
at a safe place. Non–essential vehicles should ideally be kept atleast30
meters away from the building.
20. Consider using robust physical barriers to keep all but authorized
vehicles at a safe distance.
21. Good quality doors and windows are essential to ensure building
security. External doors should be strong, well-lit and fitted with good
quality locks. Doors that are not often used be internally secured.
22. Use toughened glass with anti-shatter film for windows and doors.
23. Have close-circuit television (CCTV) systems in place. It is important to
remember that CCTVs are effective only if they are properly maintained
and monitored.
24. Pruning all vegetation and trees, especially near entrances, will assist
in surveillance and prevent concealment of any packages.
25. All hotels and restaurants should have an uninterrupted power supply
(UPS) available and regularly tested.
26. The owners, management, and workers in the hotel should understand
the significance of the level of threat if known, since an attack may come
without warning.
27. The security measures deployed at different response levels not should
be made public to avoid alerting potential terrorists about what the
hotel staff know and what they are doing about it. The three levels of
response which broadly equate to threat levels are outlined in table.

28. Have a proper first aid facility on premises.

29. Install and maintain sufficient and proper fire fighting equipment.
30. Vulnerable hotels should provide a booklet for safety to all guests with
the following point mentioned:

i) Do not answer the door in a hotel or motel room without verifying

the caller. If a person claims to be an employee, call the front desk
and ask if someone from their staff is supposed to have access to
your room and for what purpose.
ii) Keep your room key with you at all times and do not needlessly
display it in public. Should you misplace it, please notify the front
desk immediately.
iii) Close the door securely whenever you are in your room and use
all of the locking devices provided.
iv) Check to see that any sliding glass door or window and any
connecting room door is locked.
v) Do not invite strangers to your room.
vi) Do not draw attention to yourself by displaying large amounts of
cash or expensive jewellery.
vii) Place all valuables in hotel or motel’s safe deposit box.
viii) When returning to your hotel or motel late in the evening, be
aware of your surroundings, stay in well-lit areas, and use the
main entrance.
ix) Take a few moments and locate the nearest exit that may be used
in the event of an emergency.
x) If you see any suspicious activity, notify the hotel operator or be
a staff member.
 ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

These are primarily the visual components used in creating a design or a

composition. The elements that are basic to all visual design are line, form,
color and texture. These additional element; pattern, light, and space help
to complete it. Each of these basic elements is a well – defined and
dissimilar feature of every design. However the effect of each element is
considered only in connection with the other elements and the unit is
judged as a whole. These elements, if used according to the principle of
design, can ensure a certain degree of beauty in the final product.

LINE
This is a very important element in planning and furnishing. It is the most
basic design element. Before the artist begins to paint, he or she must
establish the direction of the lines of a painting on the canvas or paper. The
artist combines horizontal, vertical, diagonals, and curved lines until the
affect is pleasing to the eye. Likewise, the architect and the interior
decorator must organize and combine lines before they can create beauty
in a building or in an interior design. Lines have positive emotional
significance depending upon their direction and their quality. In any
interior, a combination of four types of lines listed above is generally seen,
each having their own influences. Certain associations may be made
between man and the lines based on the position his body takes in different
actions.

Vertical lines when standing, a human being is perceived as attentive and

ready in act. Hence, vertical lines suggest steadfastness, sturdiness, or an
upward aim. These are masculine in effect – severe, strong, direct,
disciplined, and militaristic. They create a feeling of height. In hotels, the
vertical lines of doorways, pillars, columns, draperies, furniture give the
necessary strength and height to rooms.
 The use of elements such as line, form, texture, color, pattern,
light, and space

According to the principles of proportion, balance, emphasis,

rhythm, repetition

Leads to the goal of beauty, expressiveness, and functionalism

Horizontal lines when human being lies down, he or she is perceived as

resting or sleeping. Therefore, the horizontal line naturally suggests rest,
repose, or steadiness. These lines give solidity and a down – to – earth
feeling. They suggest tranquility, serenity, relaxation. They help to break
the effect of the vertical lines carrying one’s eyes upward. In hotels, the
horizontal lines of tables, sofas, and other furniture complements the
severely vertical lines in other parts of an area.

Diagonal lines when running or moving things, the human body is often
in a diagonal position and therefore diagonal lines suggest movement and
activity. These are lines of action disturbing the discipline of straight line
and the solidity of horizontal lines. Forward – slanting lines (sloped
rightward at the top) suggest ‘push’ and backward – slanting lines (tops
leaning of lift) ‘pull’ diagonal lines are also suggestive of sophistication and
refinement, and hence arouse interest. In hotels diagonal lines appear in
staircase and sometime in curtains, draperies, and wallpaper.

Curved lines in relaxation, the body takes the curved position. Hence,
curved lines indicate flexibility and grace. These lines are feminine in effect,
graceful, subtle, carefree, youthful, and joyous. In hotels, curved lines may
form a transition between the abrupt joining of vertical and horizontal lines,
such as those formed by tied back curtains arches, and the graceful curve
of furniture.

The term ‘form’ is applied to three – dimensional area and the objects,
whereas ‘shape’ may refer to a two – dimensional one. Hence we have a
triangular shape and a pyramidal form or a cuboidal form with a square
shape without the beauty of good texture, color or decoration can be of no
use. However, a particular chair is not well designed unless it
accommodates itself to the human form of an object should thus will suit
its function.

The word texture refers to the tactile quality of the surface of any object or
area it refers to the surface quality - how something when we touch it and
how it behaves when light strike it. Two basic categories of are tactile and
visual.
Tactile or actual texture can be felt by hand – be it rough like unglazed
brick or smooth like velvet. Visual or ‘illusionary’ texture may be absolutely
smooth to touch, but gives the impression of texture.Texture plays a very
important part in interiors because it affects the quality and quantity of
light reflected by the surface. Some terms used to describe textures are
listed below:

Blistered, Bubbly, Corrugated, Crepe, Crinkly, Course, Crystalline,

Delicate, Dull, Feathery, Filmy, Fine, Firm, Flexible, Foamy, Frilly, Glassy,
Glossy, Granular, grooved, hairy, lacy, leathery, marble, mesh, metallic,
mossy, perforated, pitted, polished, porous, powdery, prickly, reticulated,
ribbed, rocky, rough, rubbery, sandy, satiny, scaly, shirred, silky, smooth,
solid, spongy, striated, stiff, stratified, thorny, uneven, velvety, wavy, waxy,
woody, wooly etc.

COLOR
The appeal of color is universal. Color is the impression received by the
brain from certain stimulations of the retina in the eye. Its perception
occurs because objects reflect or transmit light that enters the eye. Light
rays that vary in wavelength and rates of vibration produce different colors.
Daylight, although it appears as ‘white’ light is actually composed of violet,
indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red colors of light.

PATTERN

This refers to any sort of surface enriched and applies to both two –
dimensional and three – dimensional objects. A large room can support
more patterns than a small one pattern used may be naturalistic, stylized,
geometric, or abstract. Generally, pattern should cover just above a quarter
of the total surface area. If walls and carpets are plain, then draperies and
upholstery may be patterned.

Light
When lights strikes an object, it may be reflected, absorbed, or allowed to
pass through light has a functional as well as an aesthetic effect. Light may
be dull or sharp, bright or diffused. The way light is used in interiors has a
definite emotional effect on the minds of the occupants of a space.
 Bright light energizes us and tends to foster either hard work or
energetic play.
 Subdued light makes feel relaxed, but if too subdued, may put us to
sleep.
 Too brilliant light often causes us to look away in physical and
emotional distress.
 A bright focused light can make one feel ‘ in the spot light ‘
 Flickering light as from a fire place nearly always draws people towards
it.
 Strong contrast of bright and dark seem dramatic, but if they are to
extreme can be tiring.
 Warmed colored light seems to be cheerful and welcoming.
 Cooled colored lights are more rest full.

SPACE
This is among the most important elements of interior design. The
organization of space is basic to architecture and interior decoration.
Unless a space is thoughtfully planned nothing else will seem quite right.
Almost any space if sensitively handled can be made effective, livable, and
even dramatic. A scene of beauty of a space makes us want large
undecorated walls and floors can be bound together by other elements
without disturbing the effect. The appreciation of good spacing is the reason
we may use the minimum amount of furniture and concentrate then in
groups so that we can have empty, silent spaces in the room. Today, the
trend is for space to become freer and less obstructed. Indoor spaces can
be opened up by means of fewer partition and large openings between
rooms. Indoor spaces can also be connecting with the limitless outdoor
spaces by means of glass walls, large opening and porches.
 COLOUR

The study of colours may be approached from any of the five angles, that
of physiologists, chemists, physicists, psychologists, or people who work
with pigments. Of the many theories of Colour (in pigment form), two are in
common use. These are generally known as prang system and the Munsell
system. Of the two, the Prang colors more frequently followed in interior
decoration. These systems are discussed later in the chapter

DIMENSIONS OF COLOUR

There are three properties or qualities that may be called dimension of

colours these are just as distinct as the length, breadth, and thickness of
an object.

HUE This term indicates the name of the color such as red, blue, green etc.
the colour of an object is determined by the wavelengths of the light it
reflects. An object appears black when all the wavelengths are absorbed
and white when all are reflected. Although the words 'colour' and 'hue' are
used interchangeably color in the general term and hue is a specific term
referring to definite identifiable colors.

VALUE This describes the lightness or darkness of a colour. There is a total

of nine values, ranging all the way from white to black. White is the highest
value and no hue can be as like as light as white. Black is the lowest value
and no hue can be darker than black. Halfway between black and white
come middle values.

Values can be changed by adding white (or water to lighten a pigment or by

adding more pigment or black to darken them. A value that is lighter than
the normal base colour of the pigment is called a tint and one that is darker
is called a shade. Lighter values seem to increase the size of an object. Black
and dark values seem to decrease the size of an object.

: INTENSITY/CHROMA This refers to the brightness or dullness of a colour

A very bright colour is said to be of full intensity. Colours at full intensity
are very striking and brilliant. If its intensity is so high as to be offensive,
it may be considered gaudy, garish, or flashy. A colour that is not bright is
said to have been toned down, and if disagreeably so, may be characterized
as dull, weak, or drab.

WARM AND COOL COLOURS One of the most important factors of colour
to be considered in interior decoration is their relative warmth or coolness.
Colours that contain greater proportions of yellow or red are considered to
be warm; those that contain blue are regarded as cool. Red and orange are
thus the warmest of all colours. Blue is the coolest of colours.

The colours to the left represent the warm colours. The colours to the right
represent cool colours. Warm colours tend to excite, cool colours have a
tranquilizing effect. Green is one of the most tranquil or restful colours, as
it is the colour of fields and trees in nature. Warm colours are often used
in rooms that are difficult to heat and they are good in rooms that admit
little or no natural light. In rooms exposed to bright sunlight, a cool
atmosphere is desirable .in any color scheme, either the warm or cool colors
should dominate, equal amounts of each being an unpleasant result.
\
 WINDOW AND WINDOW TREATMENT

Window has four practical functions. They admit air, light, vision and
people to varying degrees. Their design may hide, improved, or accentuated
by treatment such as curtains, draperies shades and so on.

STRUCTURE OF A WINDOW

The component part of a typical window is shown in figure. Window consist

of a wooden frame around the type and top edges and this fixed part of
window is called a casement or frame. it is designed to hold the sash which
is a wood or metal frame that hold the glass and is usually movable. the
sills form the base of the window on which the casement rest. The strip of
wood sometimes placed underneath the sill for support is called the apron.
8. LOWER SASH- A single assembly of stiles( sides) and rails ( top and
bottom) made into the frame for holding insulated glass. Single and double-
hung windows have two sashes. The bottom sash is known as the “lower
sash”.

9. Sill: The main horizontal member forming the bottom of the window
frame.

TYPES OF WINDOWS

FIXED WINDOWS these are meant for providing light and a view.

MOVABLE WINDOW these combine the function of providing light and a

view with ventilation.

Today we often find a combination of the two type in one unit. The basic
window designs are as follows.
SINGLE WINDOW a single window is a window with a single frame, it open
either inside or outside.

DOUBLE SASHED WINDOW this type of window has a sash that can be
pushed up and down. Since the part with the glass pane is only half the
size of the window frame half of the window will always be left open. This
window must be placed such that robbers do not have easy access to it.

MULLION WINDOW these really consist of a series of window. Each window

can be treated as a separate unit or unified into a single design.

CASEMENT WINDOW these are most common type of windows. These

window panes are two in halves that open out ward of the frame. They are
very good for illuminating a room naturally as they offer least obstruction
to light.

PIVOT WINDOW they are made up of several glass panes set in a wood
work or metal frame. They are typically used for cross ventilation purpose.
Such a window may have one pane that pivots to the side or they may all
be fixed. They provide very good light and ventilation.

SASH WINDOW they are also called double hung window. they consist of
two glass panes both of which may be opened independently.

GROOVE TOP WINDOWS these are really made of two window panes that
can slide across each other.

SEMI CIRCULAR RIBBED WINDOW these are typically found on top of a

doorway or a large rectangular window. They are used for decorations and
cross ventilation.

FRENCH WINDOW they are also called French doors. They open out into
balconies or patios. For a softer touch, a traditional drapery treatment may
be given to these windows but the rods must extend beyond the frame so
that the draperies can be drawn out of the way of the opening.

CORNER WINDOWS two identical windows on two adjacent walls meet at

a corner in this type. Corner windows can be treated as one unit or function
separately. Drapes or vertical blinds should preferably be drawn toward the
outside to let maximum light whenever needed.

BAY WINDOW these are three dimensional windows made by placing

windows on three walls that meet to form an alcove protruding outwards.
These are usually large and gives walls an illusion of spaciousness.

PICTURE WINDOW these are large paned fixed windows facing a pictures
view.

RANCH WINDOWS these are high windows set above eye level. They are
providing basically to let light in.

AWNING these are windows that are hinged at the top and open upwards
at an angle.

PALLADIAN WINDOWS these are windows with an arched tops. To treat

such shapely windows flow with the curve or bend with the angle or best of
all leave them untreated.

Different DALHOUSIES these are windows provided with plantation style

shutters.

DORMER WINDOWS they are provided in attics under slanting gabled roof
mainly to illuminate the rooms towards the middle of the building.

SKYLIGHTS these are windows in the ceiling. They are basically there to
allow in sunlight. They are left untreated. In cases some treatment is
required, custom made, remote controlled, shades are best.
TYPES OF WINDOW TREATMENT

Stiff window treatment soft window treatments

 BLINDS - CURTAINS
 SHADES -DRAPERY
 SHUTTERS -VALANCE
 SCREENS - SWAGS

STIFF WINDOW TREATMENTS

There are many type of covering apart from curtain that can be used on
windows to ensure privacy and block out light.

A) BLINDS: blinds are of following types:

ROLLER BLINDS: these let in plenty of lights when drawn up. rollers blinds
are made up of thick fabric used in conjunction with rollers.

ROMAN BLINDS: these are made of fabrics attached to chords. When the
cords are pull the blind rises up in accordion pleats to form a pelmet. They
are heavier and warmer than roller blinds.

VENETIAN BLINDS: these actually originated in china contrary to the

name. They are made up of parallel slats of wood metal or plastic aligned
horizontally or vertically. They are usually low in price and some custom
designed blinds come in different colour and pattern. The version with very
thin slats can have different colours on each side. The thin slatted and
vertical versions do better in this respect.

PINOLEUM BLINDS: these are an inexpensive covering for large windows.

They work on the same principal as the venetian blinds except that they
close across the window rather than down. They may be mounted on a
spring operated roller or moved up and down by cords.

BALASTORE BLINDS: these are inexpensive blinds made of strong paper

fibre. It is accordion pleated to act like a folding blind. Balusters are
perforated with small holes to let light through without glare.
PLEATEX BLINDS: they are made from stronger paper than balusters and
have smaller pleats. The paper gives privacy but let sunlight through which
is filtered and tinned the colour of the paper. The four most common colour
are orange green blue and parchment (natural).

AUSTRIAN BLINDS: these are ruched fabric. They may be used partially
raised and when fully raised they form a decorative pelmet. They are used
in banquet halls and large lobbies for a sumptuous effect.

B) SHADES

Shades may be of following type:

BAMBOO AND WOOD WOOVEN SHADES: these were once considered

rustic and informal. They are available in different weaves now a day.
Slatted shades have an advantage in that they let through some light and
air and allows outward only visibility in the day time. They block the inward
view at the same time depending upon the tightness of weave or the size of
slats. It should be remembered that this one way vision is reversed at night
when indoor lights are on

FABRIC ROLLER SHADES: these are inexpensive and can be flexibly

adjusted to cover as much of window as required at a particular time. These
shades are available in many shades colour, texture, pattern although
neutral white or off white fairly smooth fabric are the standards.

Provenance roman shades- this is a broad list of hard window treatment.

There are new styles coming out all the time. Hard treatments are available
as stock items found in home improvement stores, or can be custom made
to order. Stock merchandise comes in standard sizes, and custom made
treatments can be made in any size.

Window shades- shades are a piece of fabric which rolls, stacks or folds,
opening to a view only when the shade is rolled up. Though there are now
certain shades that do allow you to see out to the view. Below are two
examples of window shades, the first is a cellular shade which stacks up in
a small pleats, and the second example is of some Provenance woven roman
shades from Hunger Douglas that I did for a client home.

3)SHUTTERS – A window shutter is a solid and stable window covering

usually consisting of a frame of vertical stiles and horizontal rails. Set
within this frame can be louvers, solid panels, fabric, glass and almost any
other item that can be

mounted within a frame. Shutters may be employed for a variety of reasons,

including controlling the amount of sunlight that enters a room, to provide
privacy, security etc.

4) SCREENS

These are in the form of hard board panels with cut out panels of fabric
stretched across the wooden frame. These are now tracks that allow screens
to be moved to one side one when an unrestricted view is desired. The most
popular screens now a days are shoji screens.

SHOJI screens are traditional Japanese screens for which modern interior
have a natural affinity. They were originally made of rice paper mounted on
a wooden frame coated with black lacquer but they are now available in
translucent plastic material.

SOFT WINDOW TREATMENT

Soft window treatment comprises curtain, valence, swags etc. curtain often
contribute more to the atmosphere to the room than any other item of
furnishing. Plain heavy curtain falling down on the floor can be used to
create formal setting. Apart from creating desired atmosphere curtain gives
flexible control over privacy, heat, light, and to some extent noise.

 Curtain fulfil several important functions:

 They give flexible control over privacy, heat and light.
 They soak up noise in proportion to the area they cover the thickness
of the fabric and the depths of the fold.
 They can add colour and pattern to décor.
 They cover bareness and furnish a room even without furniture.
 They can change the apparent size of a room or conceal architectural
flaws.

TYPES OF CURTAINS

GLASS CURTAINS: these are also called sheer or net curtains and are
usually made up of cotton or polyester. They are appealing in light pastel
shade.

DRAPES/ OVER CURTAINS: draperies refer to loosely hung soft

furnishing. These are made of heavier fabrics and may be lined. The
heading is usually

pleated. Draperies can be decorative, as well as providing privacy,

darkening a room and insulating it against the cold. They may be used in
following ways:

PANEL DRAPES: These cover only the side of a window area.

Draw drapes: these span the entire width of the window and can be drawn
aside by mean of a cord attached to the runner or by remote control.

STRAIGHT HUNG DRAPES: these can used with a valence or a cornice but
the window will seems taller without a decorative heading.

SASH CURTAINS: these are a type of glass curtains hung on the window
sash. They can be stretched taut between rods along the tops and bottom
of window sashes or hung in loose folds.

DRAW CURTAINS: they are made up of translucent or opaque fabric and

are mounted on transverse rods. In earlier days they were used between
glass curtain and draperies but these days they are more often used alone.

CASEMENT CURTAIN: these cover the entire window and have a casing at
both top and bottom.
TIE BACKS- either one panel can be tied back to one side or both the panels
can be tied back to the two sides.

FRENCH CAFÉ CURTAIN: these cover only the lower part of the window
with the casing slipped over a tension rod mounted in the window frame.
They provide privacy at one level and light at another. These are ideal for
informal settings.

COTTAGE CURTAINS: these are a combination of the café curtain and tie
back styles.

TIER CURTAINS: these are double decker café curtains.

ROLL UPS: these are shades made up of sturdy fabrics and lined with
contrasting fabrics. The shades can be rolled and unrolled to the desired
position and held in place by means of a sash. When rolled up the contrast
coloured lighting and top fabric are shown off together.

FOLD BACKS: these are made up of set of two double sided shades hung
across the entire width of the window on double curtain rods. They are then
folded back to expose the contrasting under panels and panel is tied back.
CURTAINS HEADINGS AND ACCESSORIES-

1. PELMETS AND CORNICES: cornices are box like shapes used at the
top horizontal portion of the drapery treatment to hide the poles and other
hard ware. They are generally 4 to 7 inches deep. The width of cornice of a
cornice should be a little less than one eighth of the overall length drapery.
They may be of wood plastic or mirrored glass. Wooden cornices may be
finished in their natural colour painted in some other colour or covered
with cloth, cork, leather. Sometimes the covering is covered in brass nails.

2. VALENCE: these are made of fabrics that have been pleated, scalloped,
or ruffled. They should never exceed one sixth of the windows height and
should be about 8 to 12 in inches in depth. The width of lambrequins
should about a seventh of the length of floor length drapery.

3. SWAGS AND CASCADES: swags are decorative drapery treatment

meant to hide the curtains headings and usually taper to a cascade. These
loop and fall luxuriously over a curtain pole ending in elaborate tale.
Headings of these types are appropriate for large formal room with high
ceilings. They tend to look so heavy in small or average sized room. The
depth of the swag at the center after it has been draped should be about
one seventh of the drapery length or one seventh of the drapery length or
one seventh of the distance between the top of the frame and the floor. The
width of the cascade at the top should coincide with the width of the
drapery when hung. The length of the cascade should 2 to 3 inches its
finished width.

4. DRAPERY CRANES: these are appropriate hard ware to use where

installation have to be flexible. On French windows or swinging casement
windows this type of drapery rods with its hinged bracket allow the free
edge to swing away from the door or window with the casement.
5. TRAVERSE AND DECORATIVE RODS; they are used in conjunctions
with runners which are hooked onto the curtain. They come in many types.
The

conventional traverse rod used with classic pleated draperies that pull away
from the center to either side of the window. Ideal for corner windows one-
way traverse let one pull the drapery back to either side of the windows
double traverse rods let one hang two pair of drawn draperies and open and
close each pair independent of the other. A triple may be used to hang two
pair of drapes topped with valences. Traverse and plain rods allow one layer
to other drawn draperies over a shirred curtain as well.
MEASUREMENTS AND INSTALLATION OF DRAPES: install all hardware
before measuring for furnishing. Drapes should fit the supporting rather
than the window. Use a steel measuring tape for accurate rates. Two basic
measurement are necessary to estimate the drapery yardage finished length
and finished width. To measure the yardage requirement multiply the
finished length with the number of panels.

FINISHED LENGTH: standard choices for finished length are sash sill
apron and floor length. Measure from the top of the rodto place where hem
will fall for a floor length style reduce this by half an inch to clear the floor
length style reduce this by half an inch to clear the floor neatly. Then add
hem and heading allowances.

FINISHED WIDTH: measure the entire span of the rod. Add allowance for
return and overlap. Double the width of tab tops and triple it for sheers.
add a side hem allowance. To achieve the finished width it may be necessary
to join one or more fabrics width it may be necessary to join one or more
fabric width. To arrive at the number of such panels required divide the
total width. To arrive at the no of total panels required divide the total width
by the width of the fabric.

If the fabric design is large and has to be matched add one extra motif for
each length required .it is better to be generous than too exact.

1) Window consists of a wooden frame around the side and top edge, and
this part of the window is called, a casement or frame.
2) It is designed to hold ‘sash’- which is a wood or metal frame that holds
the glass panes and is usually movable.
3) The ‘sill’ forms the base of the window, on which casement rests.
4) The strip of wood sometime placed underneath the sill for support is
called the apron’.
 LIGHTING & LIGHT FIXTURES
Lighting has become an important element of interior designing. Worldwide
interact in illumination, a gathered momentum in early 20th century. Today,
there is a vast range of light in myriad colors, which are used both
aesthetically and innovatively un any interior.

A key role in creating bright atmosphere within an area. It should be

decorative as well as functional. It should contribute to character and
atmosphere of a room. To achieve the right lightening in an area the direction
and quantity of light in any area, the direction and quantity of light must be
chosen for the right effect and function. The unit of illumination is LUX.

Types of Lighting

 Natural Lighting – It is freely available and not involving any

expenditure, without much power consumption. The disadvantage is that
it does not light up the room uniformly and is not constant. There are 3
types of light- sunlight, candlelight and fire.
 Artificial Lighting – this is done with the help of incandescent or
fluorescent bulbs:
1) Incandescent lighting- a tungsten filament is sealed in a glass bulb,
which when heated to a point begins to glow. The filament is in the form of
a coiled wire that is very thin and stretched tight. The glass used is made
of standard lime glass or heat resistant, borosilicate glass , which permits
high voltage to be used. Some bulbs are flushed in acid solution inside of
the bulb to make it frosted.
2) Fluorescent lighting- it consists of a sealed glass tube that contains a
small amount of mercury and argon gas and electrified at each end. The
inside of the tube is coated with a fluorescent material like phosphorous.
When an electric current is sent through the tube the mercury vapor gives
out ultra violet light that is converted into visible light by phosphorous.
Depending on the manner in which the light rays are divided, it can
be classified as:
o Direct Lighting – Rays of light fall directly from the source onto the
work surface. This effect is obtained by pointing the light downward. Work
surfaces and decorative elements such as art, plants, and precious artifacts
need direct lighting. Mural appliances, work or reading lamps and rail
spotlight lighting are examples.
o Indirect Lighting – The rays of light are first directed towards the
ceiling or wall and the reflected onto the area where light is required, eg-
lights in bedroom. Direct lighting must be combined with indirect sources
of light that produce broader lighting such as chandeliers, ceiling lamps
and in-built lamps. Since the light is projected towards the ceiling, color
will have an effect on the lighting intensity. On a white ceiling, the reflection
will be stronger than on a ceiling painted on a darker color.
o Diffused Lighting – The light source is concealed or covered and the
rays of light are scattered throughout the area.
o Semi-Direct Lighting – Part of light falls directly on the area while part
is directed upwards and then reflected back. It allows one to create a
particular ambience. Secondary, lamps, side table lamps and all lamps with
shades that project 40% of their light towards the ceiling and 60% towards
the floor. E.g.- side lamps are sources of semi- direct lighting
Difference between Incandescent Lighting and Fluorescent Lighting

Incandescent Fluorescent Lighting

Lighting
 Can produce glaze  Does not give much 
and shadows. shadow
 Produce more heat  Produces one fifth
 Can soil the wall less heat
and ceilings.  Does not soil much
 Installment cost is  Installment cost is
low. higher
 Efficiency is low  Efficiency is high
 Consumes more  Consumption is less
electricity  Produces more light
 Produces less light  Very few varieties
 Intensity of bulbs available
can be changed by  Is used for task
changing the voltage of lighting and lighting
bulb general area.
 Is used for
decorative purpose
 Used with
decorative
lampshades.
CHOICE OF LIGHTS

 FUNCTION- The type of work to be performed. E.g.- cleaning, etc.,

determines the type of light to be used.
 SAFETY- A light source is important in stairways, lifts and elevators in
order to avoid accidents
 IDENTIFICATION- It is used to focus on pipes carrying hot water and
steam.
 BEAUTY AND DECORATION- Lights are used for decorative purpose to
improve the eye appeal of objects especially when the light is focused
on
sculptures, paintings, etc.
 WARMTH- A light source is used in kitchen above the counter in order
to
keep plates and dishes warm.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTS
 EMERGENCY LIGHTING- A few lights get switched on automatically
when there is a power failure so that accidents are avoided.
 SAFETY LIGHTING- The lighting system on staircases so that people do
not trip when moving from one level to another. Light is focused on each
step and in crowded areas.
 EXTERIOR LIGHTING- This is used to light up the outside of a building
so that it is visible from far. It is used in heritage buildings and for
advertising.
 GENERAL LIGHTING- The sufficient light for someone to watch TV or
walk safely through a room or public areas like a lobby or corridor. This is
done through ceiling or wall fixtures or track lighting. This light tends to
distribute itself throughout the entire space creating very little shadow. It
is not good enough to see details or for reading. One may or may not be
aware of the light source as it is usually along eye level. General lighting is
switch operated and is used to illuminate a room. Ceiling fixtures installed
in common rooms and bedrooms fall in this category. It is of 4 types:
A. PENDANT LIGHTING- Hanging lamp, fixtures used to illuminate a
certain task or area. They are adjustable light fixtures used in reading
rooms, kitchen and computer rooms.

B. TASK LIGHTING- A direct beam of light that illuminates a particular

area used for specific task. It includes high quality lighting fixtures
including wall sources, bathroom track lighting and ceiling pendants.
E.g.- task lighting can be a beam of light directed towards the reading area,
sewing area, desktop, ranges, play tables, kitchen sink, and computer area.
Adjustability is important to this lighting. Good task lighting entrances,
clarity and allows one to see clearly.
C. ACCENT OR SPOT LIGHTING- It accents curtain art pieces, major
furniture or other objects and area that provide a sense of drama. The
spread, intensity and color of the beam are often crucial consideration for
accent lights. Anything that is a focal point or should be noticed should
have a accent lighting. It is used mainly for decorative purposes. It is used
to highlight painting and sculptures and recessed areas.
D. SKY LIGHTING- These lights can be adjusted according to the time and
climate. They have a centrally located control panel, switches, knobs and
dimmers and are very popular. The control panel is generally located in a
small hidden area and the lighting for the entire area can be controlled from
there.

METHODS OF LIGHTENING

ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
a) Valence – horizontal fluorescent tube placed behind a plant pelmet
casting light upwards the ceiling or to a wall which then falls on the
drapery.
b) Cornice – These installed in a ceiling or were (in the ceiling) so that the
light is directed downwards.
c) Core – a series of fluorescent lights placed in the groove of the wall. 30
cm below the ceiling
d) Soffit – this is a lamp built onto the ceiling, most commonly in use on
stairways, it refer to a built in light sources.

NON - ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING

- Ceiling and wall fixtures

- Portable lamps

TYPES OF LIGHT FIXTURES

1. PENDANT LIGHTS
2. FLOURSCENT TUBE – used mainly for a general task lighting eg. Dining
rooms, staff cafeterias
3. SWIREL LIGHT – adjustable lamps fixed on water they are good for
bedside lamps.
4. DESK LIGHTS or ANGLE POISE – used for task lighting. It is portable
and the angle is adjustable. Used for desktop or table lighting
5. FLOOR LAMP or STANDING LAMP or COLUMN LAMP – it is placed near
the seating arrangement for reading purpose.

FACTORS IN SELECTING/PLANNING THE LIGHTING:

Whether you're planning your own lighting scheme or employing a lighting
engineer, familiarizing yourself with the sorts of things that are likely to
affect your lighting is a great idea. Being informed about how lighting works
will also help with the most fundamental parts of the way your area is
designed.
Below is a list of some of the things that need to be taken into account when
planning your lighting design:
Considerations
• Purpose – The activities that are carried out in specific areas of the
house will determine what sort of lighting should be implemented.
• Size – The size of the room dictates how many fittings will be required
(or how much daylight is required) to light the room sufficiently for the
purposes it's required for.
• Positioning – Where lights are placed, whether they're directional or
diffuse, how they're arranged and how they're spaced all makes a difference
to the light in your home.
• Type – Different types of light globes perform very differently, and not
all globes are ideal for all situations.
• Surfaces – Walls, furniture, carpet, ceilings and mirrors all reflect light
in different ways.
• Decoration – Lighting is pivotal to the way objects and aspects of an
area are emphasized and portrayed.
• Efficiency – A carefully planned and efficient lighting system can save
you a small fortune in the long run - and is more or less a necessity with
the new lighting restrictions in place! LED globes and CFLs are far more
efficient than the halogens and incandescent globes of yesteryear - but it's
important to understand that they don't always give off the same light
either.
While it’s tempting, simply choosing to put halogen downlights everywhere
isn’t the answer anymore. A proper lighting plan can be a critical feature of
your area, and doesn't need to be expensive – you just need to be aware of
your options.

DIFFERENT LIGHTS USED IN DIFFERENT AREAS of HOTEL

GUEST ROOM:
- Entrance lighting
- Bedside lighting
- Dressing table, fluorescent light, bathroom light, top of sink, table lamp,
valence, pendant lighting.
- Chandeliers for dining table

RESTAURANT:

- Tube lights are not used as they have a very strong lights
- Lighting used should be planned on décor and theme of the restaurant.
Pendant lights should be used.
- There has to be general lighting, which could be ceiling lights or
chandeliers.
- A spotlight should be used to direct light on the food and buffet table
or on a floral display.
- Semi – indirect lighting could be employed with the use of translucent
lampshades.
- Light may be directed on a painting or statues.
Lighting has become an important element of interior designing.
Worldwide interact in illumination gathered momentum in early 20th
century. Today, there is a vast range of light in myriad colours, which are
used both aesthetically and innovatively in restaurant.
In restaurants, artificial lighting is more utilized than natural lighting.
Lighting in restaurant should be functional as well as decorative and it
should contribute to the theme of restaurant. Good lighting should be used
keeping in mind the glare aspect. Lighting has a definite emotional and
psychological effect as light is stimulating whereas darkness is depressing.
The shadow element should not be ignored. Shadows are an important
decorative factor I restaurants, and can be utilized effectively for emphasis
in front of the door, under porch roofs, under sliding boards, and on uneven
surfaces of stone and brick. Shadows assist decoratively, sewing as a foil
for light.
Natural lighting should be utilized as far as possible contributing to eco
friendliness. While designing a restaurant, the following factor be
considered for effective lighting requirements.
- The amount of light required for a specific area should be decided. It is
best such professional expertise restaurant table require 100 lux of
illumination.
- If artificially lighting an area, the amount of heat given off should be
checked. Tungsten bulb given off more heat than fluorescent lights. If the
heat is high the light fitting can be designed to extract the hot air and either
serve it or dispose of it.
- Design and durability are high factor that cannot be ignored. One must
decide whether the lighting scheme should be general or specific only to
certain areas. The various types of lighting that are normally used are direct
indirect, semi direct or differenced. Lamps play fittings should be chosen
keeping in mind the decorative and functional aspect, cost, cleaning, and
maintenance and illumination aspects.
The cost of lighting ranges from a low 10% of total energy consumption
for a specialty, fine dining restaurant to 25% - 30% for a fast food operation.

Good lighting in a restaurant serves four basic purposes:

- Help to set the mood of guests and staff members.
- Makes food, drink and customers look good.
- Creates a favorable work environment.
- Provides safety and security for guest and staff.
- Other factors that influence the lighting in a restaurant are:
-
1. TIME – the type of lighting should be in accordance with the amount of
time a guest takes to enjoy a meal. Low lighting makes it difficult for a guest
to read the menu card. Very high lighting level causes guest to leave the
restaurant. The lighting should be moderated in order to increase seating
capacity.
2. SIZE – the selection of the lighting system affects a customer perception
of the physical facility. Eg. A low ceiling brightly lit will appear higher. A
room will appear narrower if long walls are lit bright light gives an
impression of speed thereby increasing guest turnover.
3. CONTRACT – it is the perceived difference between the detail of an
object and its background. Use can be made of direct indirect or spot
lighting. Direct lighting is stronger, indirect lighting is softer and spot
lighting should be used to focus attention on a particular feature or an
object.
4. BRIGHTNESS – incandescent lamps & fluorescent lamps are
extensively used. In incandescent lamps, brightness can be controlled.
 Lighting changes the colour of food and drink. Eg. Green florescent
makes purple appear greenish grey.

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOOR FINISHES

The following points should be kept in mind while selecting floorings are:
1. APPEARANCE: Floorings have more visual impact then the furniture
and should go well with the interiors. Patterned surfaces hide soiling and
spillages and tend to make small room look smaller. Blues & greens give
cost appearance and reds give a warm
appearance
2. COMFORT: Warmth, softness & quietness are the factors to be
considered. Harder floor are colder & noisier. Slipperiness to be avoided.
3.DURABILITY: Resistance to wear needs to be considered. Areas with
considerable wear need consideration. Hard floorings like stone and clay
last longer. Marble has indefinite life but is subjected to staining.
4.LIFE EXPECTANCY: Time period for which flooring lasts. In Kitchens the
décor
doesn't change often, so life expectancy is for many years.

5.SAFETY: Surfaces to be non-slippery.

6.EASE OF CLEANING: Important consideration. The extra initial cost of
flooring that is easier to clean should be preferred.
7. COST: The true cost of flooring is initial cost including laying of the
flooring plus the estimated maintenance cost.

HARD FLOORINGS/FINISHES: are:

i. Durable, but noisy except for some wooden flooring,
ii. Cold in feel,
iii. Vermin proof, Insect Proof
iv. Fire retardant and
V. Easily cleaned as compared to other floorings.
TYPES OF HARD FLOORINGS:
A. STONE FLOORINGS: Is a good choice of flooring for natural appearance
and
indefinite life. Are resistant to wear, water and most cleaning chemicals.
Are very heavy & must be laid on solid concrete sub floor. The most
commonly used are:
1)MARBLE:
• Available in wide range of patterns & colors including white, grey, pink,
green, brown and black Are durable, but lighter colors yellow with age.
• Some marbles like TAVERTINE are cheaper and characterized by small
cavities which offer greater slip resistance, but also allow dust to settle.
• Used in foyers, lobbies, luxury rooms & bathrooms.
2) Other stone floorings can be: Slate, Quartzite, Sandstone, limestone and
granite.
B. CONCRETE FLOORING:
This material is good for areas that take hard ware as resistant to chipping
& cracking, heat, insects and rot.
• Concrete is a mixture of CEMENT & various FILLERS like sand, gravel
&crushed
stones. First mixed in dry form & then water is added to form stone like
material.
Suitable for exteriors like patios but some like concrete tiles and terrazzo
are also suitable for indoor use.
Various types of concrete floorings are:

1. GRANOLITHIC CONCRETE:
• Consists of GRANITE CHIPS set in cement.
• Heavy duty flooring.
• It is laid in plastic state on solid sub floor.
Appearance can be improved by polishing.
Used for basements corridors, storerooms, stairways and laundry areas.
For staircases abrasive material is set into the edges of each step to prevent
slipping.
 2.TERRAZZO:

Consists of MARBLE or other decorative chips set in cement. Can be machine

ground to produce smooth surfaces. Is laid in situ or as pre-cast tiles where
marble pieces may be larger. When floor area is large the surface is often
divided into sections with brass or ebonite strips to improve appearance.

• Can be attractive flooring if well maintained, available in variety of

colors and patterns.
• Is hard wearing but sometimes slippery when wet.
• Needs to be sealed for durability.
• Used for entrance, cloakrooms, staircases etc.
C. VITREOUS/CERAMIC FLOORINGS:
• Made from clay product and fired in furnace to produce hard, stone like
quality
• Resist chipping, scratching, heat, acids, water, oils and insects.
• Various types are:
i. GLAZED TILES/CLAY FLOOR TILES:
Made from natural clay, fired at high temperature and glazed.
• Not affected by water, acids, grease but grouting between them may be.
• May crack or break under heavy weights.
Available in various shapes, sizes, colors and patterns.
Tessellated tiles are small ceramic tiles used as mosaics and are highly
decorative.
used in luxurious bathrooms and patios.
ii. QUARRY TILES:
Made from blend of clays, compressed & baked at very high temperature.
Hard wearing, less absorbent but more slippery.

. Non porous, abrasion resistant &resistant to oil & grease.

• Used in cloakrooms, kitchens, canteens & any place for storage &
preparation of food.
 iii. TERRACOTTA TILES:
. Unglazed, hard baked tiles, made from hand formed clay.
Available in range of shapes & sizes.
• Porous, so lined with linseed oil sealant.
iv. BRICK:
• Different from terracotta only in shape and thickness, material is same.
• Used in walkways and patios.

D. RESIN FLOORING:
I.Composed of synthetic resins, usually epoxy, polyester or polyurethane
with appropriate hardeners.
II.Unaffected by spillages of water, food, alcohol & chemicals.
III.Fairly hard, abrasion resistant, slip resistant & non porous.
IV.Are nonskid, thus suitable for kitchens, canteens, bathrooms, corridors &
laundries.

E. BITUMASTIC FLOORING:
I.i Jointless, low cost & consist of asphalt rolled onto a solid sub floor in loi
plastic state.
i.Normally black, brown or red in color.
ii.Completely impermeable to water.
iii.Damaged by heat & heavy weights and harmed by acids & oils.
iv.Used in public restrooms & hospital corridors.

F. MAGNESITE/OXYCHLORIDE FLOORING:
i.Consists of Magnesium Chloride + Magnesium Oxide + saw dust, laid in
situ or in form of small blocks.
ii.Extremely porous, hence washing should be avoided.
iii.Initial cost is low.
iv.May be sealed or polished to prevent penetration of water & dirt.
v.Harmed by water, chemicals & coarse abrasives.
vi.Used in linen rooms.
 G. WOOD FLOORINGS:
i.Most beautiful floorings.
ii.Made from hard woods like oak, teak, maple, walnut etc.
iii.Good appearance, poor conductors of heat & good insulators.
iv.Scratched & get splinter with dragging of heavy articles.
1. Various types of wood floorings are:
1.STRIPWOOD FLOORING:
Consists of length of hardwood strips less than 10cm wide.
Has resilience.
Strips are fixed with adhesive in concrete.
Used in rooms
2.WOOD BLOCK FLOORING:
Rectangular block of hardwood of various dimensions are laid in
herringbone pattern or square basket pattern.
 Are laid in adhesive on a level of concrete.
 Used in bedrooms, offices and banquet halls.
3.PARQUET FLOORINGS:
 Decorative floor and expensive.
 Consist of rectangular pieces of wood.
 Specially selected hardwoods are used like oak, walnut and teak.
 Pieces are glued to wooden subfloor in various beautiful manners.
 Used in prestigious areas like lounges, suite rooms, lobby etc.
 Sizes vary from 125 sq. inches to 2 sq. ft.

4.WOOD MOSAIC:
Used in prestige areas.
• Consists of very small pieces of wood organized in basket weave pattern.
Size in 18 sq. inches.

SEMI-HARD FLOORINGS/FINISHES: are:

 . Durable but less permanent than hard floorings.
 Resilient except thermoplastic tiles.
 Resistant to pests.
 Easy to clean.

TYPES OF SEMI- HARD FLOORINGS

A. LINOLEUM:
. From Latin words linum meaning flax and oleum meaning oil.
• Mixture of powdered cork, resin, linseed oil and pigments.
• Harmed by coarse abrasives, strong acids and alkalis.
• Damaged by extreme temperatures (low: cracks: high: softens)
• Prone to denting and scratching.
• Sealed & polished linoleum is used in linen rooms, corridors,
bathrooms & canteens
B. RUBBER:
Available in sheets & tiles.
• Made from synthetic rubber.
• Maintain a good luster, resistant to chemicals and moisture.
• Harmed by alkalis, grease, sunlight and coarse abrasives.
• Comfortable to walk as resilient.
• Used in entrance halls, canteens and places where noise level should
be minimum
C. CORK:
• Comes from bark of oak tree.
• Bark is ground, mixed with synthetic resin and pressed into sheets at
high temperature.
• Warm & restful.
• Dents, burns and stains easily.
• Absorbs neither dust nor moisture.
• Used in offices, bathrooms and corridors.
D. PLASTIC
Available in wide range of colours, designs and textures.
• Hard wearing, resistant to wear, water and most cleaning chemicals.
• Of two types: - Thermoplastic tiles and vinyl.
. Most durable semi hard floorings.
• Used in hospitals, bathrooms, corridors, offices etc.
DFT FLOORINGS/FINISHES are:
• Resilient and include all types of carpets, rugs and mats.
• Quiet, warm & slip resistant

A carpet has three parts: a) Underlay (Padding): which acts as shock

absorber and prevents unevenness in the floor. b) Backing: is the one in
which the pile of carpet is anchored. c) Pile: Also called face of carpet, this
part is one which is seen on the surface and walked upon.

CARE & MAINTENANCE

a) ROUTINE MAINTENANCE:
Daily removal of dirt with vacuum cleaner or box sweeper.
b) PERIODIC MAINTENANCE:
Involves deep cleaning of carpets.
• Involves shampooing, hot water extraction and dry powdering.
• SHAMPOOING: carpet shampoo machine is used to dispense shampoo,
brushed work! into the piles to clean.
• DRY POWDERING: A powder containing absorbents of dirt and grease
are sprinkled on carpet; it absorbs dirt and grease and is removed by
suction cleaners. Not effective method.
* SUB FLOOR: The effective life of most flooring will depend on how they
were laid initially and subsequent care & cleaning. Many properties of the
floorings may be enhanced or ruined by the BASE i.e. the sub floor on which
the flooring is laid. The sub floor can be of concrete or wood.

Floor type &Method----

ASPHALT COMPOSITION, Sweep and damp-mop daily Occasionally apply
self-shine polish
BITUMASTIC. Never use wax polishes, as the spirit in them will damage
the surface
Thermoplastic Remove marks by rubbing lightly with wire wool then wipe
over with a sponge wrung out in warm water and proceed to polish
CEMENT/CONCRETE/CLAY OR QUARRY TILES, STONE AND BRICK
OIL Sweep or dry-mop daily Periodically wash or scrub with detergent suds.
May be sealed to make the floor non-slip and resistant to dust, , water, and
grease Polish quarry tiles with liquid tile polish or self-shine tile polish
GLAZED TILES, TERRAZZO Sweep or dry-mop daily, or wipe down with
mild detergent solution Avoid all abrasive cleaners.
CORK Sweep or damp-mop daily Wax polish periodically. If sealed, use self-
shine polish occasionally
LINOLEUM Sweep or dry-mop daily, or wipe with cloth wrung out in warm
water
and detergent. Polish with wax or self-shine polish, or use a combination
cleaner-cum-polisher
MARBLE Sweep or dry-mop daily. Wash with soft cloth wrung out in warm
water
and detergent. Rinse well and dry. Remove light stains with a mild abrasive.
lemon juice, or vinegar, rinse off and dry.
RUBBER Sweep and damp-mop daily. Apply self-shine polish weekly until
pores
are filled and non-absorbent. Wash only when very dirty, and do not
over-wet. Avoid oil or spirit-based sealants and wax polishes.
VINYL, VINY! ASBESTOS, MATT PVC, FELT BACKED VINYL Sweep or
damp-mop daily, Wash when needed with cloth wrung out in warm soapy
water. Polish with self-shine finisher or combination cleaner-cum-polisher.
Avoid oil-based sealants, spirit-based cleaners and solvents. To remove
marks, rub gently with wire wool.
WOOD, WOOD BLOCKS WOOD MOSAIC HARDWOOD STRIPS PLYWOOD
PARQUET
Sweep daily and occasionally mop or wash. If unsealed, apply wax, polish
periodically. If sealed, damp-mop and buff with dry mop. Use self-shine
polish periodically.
 CARPETS

The general carpets have three components,

The face

The primary backing

The secondary backing

1.THE FACE/PILE: the face may be of synthetic fibers or yarns such as

polyester or nylon., natural fiber wool or cotton. The carpet face fibers as
well as its density height twist weave will affect the carpet durability. Dense
carpet retains their shape longer and resist matting and crushing. They
also keep stains and dirt at top of fibers.

Hard-twist pile This is a cut pile with a heavy twist built into the yarn,
giving it a pebbly look. It is used mainly in plain carpets, but it can be
combined with other types of pile to give a textured effect. Hard-twist pile
does not show shading and tracking like a velvet pile does. (Shading is the
twisting of pile, caused by footfalls or the moving of heavy furniture, and
shows up as dark patches. Tracking is the smoothing down of the carpet in
heavily used areas.)

Looped pile The pile is uncut and is made up of a continuous series of

loops. It active various textures, from a thick and knobby pile to the closely
curled low-loop pile that is like an irregular cord carpet. Looped pile is used
in Wilton and tufted carpets.

Cut pile The loops of the pile are cut in such carpets. Tufted and woven
carpets are produced in cut pile; in Axminister carpets, it is the only type
of pile produced

Shag pile This can be produced on a tufting machine or on a Wilton or

Axminsteloom. The pile is long and shaggy and has a luxurious look

Woven cord piles This type is produced on a Wilton loom. The pile is left
uncut, giving! A tight, corded effect. Most cord carpets are made of sisal or
man-made fibers. If the fiber is of good quality, cord offers better resistance
to wear than velvet pile.

Velvet pile Sometimes called velour’s, this is a close-cut pile that has a
smooth, velvet appearance. It is used mainly for plain and two-tone carpets.

Sculptured pile A combination of cut and looped pile gives a carved or

sculptured effect. Different lengths of cut pile and of straight and twisted
pile can also be combined.

These combinations are used mainly in Wilton and tufted carpets

2. PRIMARY BACKING: pale fibers are attached to a primary backing

which hold the fiber in place. A back size is a bonding of material such as
plastic rubber latex or other adhesive that hold the fiber in place.
3.SECONDARY BACKING/UNDERLAY: some carpet have a secondary
backing that is laminated to the primary backing to provide additional
stability and more secure installation.

UNDERLAY

Underlay or underfelt act as a shock absorber between the carpets backing

and an any unevenness in the sub floor, which could the cause the carpet
pile to wear unevenly. It tends to make the carpet feel softer and more
luxurious, helps it to absorb pressure from furniture, provide increased
sound and heat insulation and protect the carpet from rising dust and dirt.

There are 4 reasons for using underlay:

1. It act as a shock absorber between the carpet backing and any

unevenness in the sub carpet floor which cause carpet pile to wear evenly.
2. It trends to make the carpet feel softer and more luxurious and help it
to absorb pressure from furniture.
3. It provides increased sound and heat insulation.
4. It helps carpet to protect from dirt.

Classification of carpet:
Woven carpets A machine or looms weave the face fiber and backing
together as carpet is being made. Woven carpets do not have secondary
backing. The weave consists of warp and weft yarn are inter woven to form
the face pile and backing at the same time. The pile may be either cut or

uncut. Woven carpets are more expensive than non-woven ones, but worth
their cost since they are more durable. These carpets are used in reception
areas, corridors, dining rooms, and bedrooms.

Wilton carpets These may be produced as patterned, cord, Brussels, or

plain.

Patterned Wilton These carpets are woven on a type of loom known as a

Jacquard loom. This is an apparatus that produces patterns from colored
yarns. The pattern information is contained on perforated cards. The holes
in the cards activate the mechanism that selects the colours to be raised to
the pile surface. The Jacquard draws up one colored thread at a time
(corresponding to a set pattern of perforations to be drawn up to form the
pile while the remaining threads are hidden in the backing of the carpet
giving added warmth, resilience, and strength to the carpet. Once the
carpet is done, the pile is cut and closed. A textured effect is often created
in such carpets by varying the height of the pile. No more than five colours
are used, since the incorporation of more colours will result in a very bulky
carpet.

Plain Wilton These carpets are made without adding the Jacquard
apparatus to the loom. They have extra jute threads called 'stuffers' added
to the backing to compensate for the lack of the spare colored yarns as
filling.

Cord These carpets are plain Wilton carpets with an uncut pie

Brussels These carpets are patterned Wilton carpets that have an uncut
pile.

Axminister carpets These carpets are woven in such a way that the pile is
almost entirely on the surface. Each pile tuft is individually inserted into
the dead' threads to reinforce it. The pile is longer and less close than he
pile is longer and less close than in Wilton carpets. le and has a distinct
ribbed effect. There are three types of

Axminster carpets:

 Spool Axminster This is the most popular Axminster carpet and a

single piece have an unlimited number of colours in the pattern. The carpet
is woven in such a way! that the pattern is visible on the reverse side too.
 Gripper Axminster This carpet is like the spool Axminster carpet, the
only one reference being the use of a maximum of eight colours, due to its
method of creation.
 Chenille Axminister In French, chenille refers to a caterpillar'. The
carpet is named thus since the pile surface is first produced as a long strip
and then, during the weaving process, the catcher threads attach the strips
of furry pile to the backing. The catcher threads are distinctly visible in the
finished carpet, giving the pile a segmented look like a caterpillar.

Chenille carpets are soft and thick, and are made in many colours and
patterns.

Oriental carpets These hand-woven carpets from the Middle East, Indian
subcontinent, and the Far East are available in a variety of sizes, patterns,
and colours. Based on the country of origin, they are called Chinese, Indian,
Afghan, Persian, Caucasian, or Turkish carpets or rugs. Pakistan and Nepal
also produce oriental carpets. With their rich history and colour, oriental
carpets are often called the aristocrat of carpets. Carpet weaving areas can
be divided into those using floral designs and those using geometric shapes
and patterns.

Floral patterns dominate in Persia and India. Persian carpets use dyes of
vegetable origin. Many Persian carpets are made as wall coverings and
prayer mats.

Caucasian and Turkoman carpets almost always employ geometric designs

and when the rare floral pattern is used in these carpets, the design tends
to be stylized and rectilinear.

In Turkey, both floral and geometric designs are used, although the latter
are more common.

Non-woven carpets

These carpets are produced by attaching the surface pile to a pre-fabricated

backing

Tufted carpets These are available plain or patterned and are usually
made of synthetic fiber blended with wool. The tufts are needled into a
backing usually made of poly propylene in sheet form, but sometimes made
of hessian. The tufts are locked into plad with a skim of latex along the
back. Then either a foam layer or a secondary back in of woven jute or
polypropylene is added. If a foam backing is used, a underlay is not
required.

The pile is either looped or cut (high or low, or perhaps a mixture of both

Tufted carpets do not fray and may be cut to any shape. To the untrained
eye, a tufted carpet may be indistinguishable from a woven carpet, however

Shag pile carpets are usually single-coloured tufted carpets with a long,
luxurious pile. The pile can, however, look tangled and matted if it gets
heavy wear. They are hard to maintain, too, since the long pile hides a lot
of dust.

Berber carpets These carpets have short, nubby tufts. The pile is dense
and looped. characteristically made from natural, undyed sheep's wool.
They are available in natural neutrals such as white, off-white, fawn, beige,
grey, and dark brown.

Bonded carpets These carpets are neither woven nor tufted. The one
feature that distinguishes bonded carpets is that the materials used are
glued, heat-fused, or in some other way 'bonded together. They are all,
therefore, typically manufactured from man-made fibers. A well-made
bonded carpet is hard-wearing and makes an economical floor covering
with good pile. Bonding can produce almost any effect, from completely flat
to a corded or velvet pile.

 Bonded pile carpets These generally have a pile of nylon or

polypropylene, which is stuck to a PVC backing. Bonded pile carpets are
also available as tiles. The dense pile has a firm anchorage and the carpets
do not fray, seams can be bonded, and the carpets may be stuck to the
floor.
 Electrostatically flocked carpets Bonding is also used for flocked
carpets, which have thousands of small fibers electrostatically bonded to
an adhesive-coated backing.
 Needle-punched carpets Another method of bonding is the needle
punch or needle loom. In these carpets, a mixture of fibers is punched by
needles and entangled through a backing fabric. This fabric is then
impregnated with an acrylic resin to hold the fibers securely in the backing.

Knitted carpets These carpets are produced by interlacing yarns in a

series of connected loops. As in woven carpets, the pile and backing are
produced simultaneously. Multiple sets of needles interlace the pile,
backing, and stitching yarns together in one operation.

Importance / Functioning of carpet

DECORATIVE VALUES

 Colours, textures effects designs available.

 Transforms a cold lifeless room into a cheerful and warm room.
 Gives personality to a room.
 Gives a feeling of luxury and richness.
 Helps you to appreciate the finer things in life and add to the charm of
gracious living.
 Creates the illusion of spaciousness.
 Also give a furnished appearance to a room.

FUNCTIONAL VALUES
 Sound insulation
 Heat insulation
 Comfort
 Safety
 Ease of care

CARPET LAYING

Laying a fitted carpet is a skilled job and is best done by the contractors.
The underlay must fit and be laid smoothly and the carpet should be
stretched slightly in the laying so that it will not buckle with wear. The
methods of laying are:

1. Turn and tack

2. Tackles gripper
3. Velcro
4. Rings and pin
5. Press studs.
 TACKLESS GRIPPER: The carpet is stretched on to narrow strips of
metal with protruding tacks. The strips line the perimeter of the area to be
carpeted and are dangerous when exposed.

 TURN AND TUCK: The edge of the carpet is turned under Loke a hem
and then tacked into position. Unless well fitted this method can create
unevenness which traps dust. It is usually only used with woven carpets.
 SUNKEN: The method may be used when there is a change in floor level.
The carpet is placed into a “Well” and edged with wood strips /metal.
 GLUED: This is more permanent then the other methods. It is usually
used with rubber or foam backed carpets and can cause early wear unless
the sub floor is very even.
 TEAMPORARY METHODS: These usually involve the addition of tape
sewn round the edge of the carpet. This tape may contain pegs, hooks,
press-studs or “touch and close” loops “Velcro” which will attach
themselves to corresponding sockets, loops or hooks attached to the floor
surface immediately beneath the carpets. sometimes the carpet is edged
with rubber so that it will lay firmly in place without any additional
anchorage.

CARPET PROBLEMS

1. PILE DISTORTION: Fibers can become twisted, pilled, crushed or

flared and matted. Pilled distortion occurs when the carpet receives heavy
foot or equipment traffic .Improper cleaning methods can also cause pilled
distortion.
2. SHADING :Shading occurs when the pile in a carpet is brushed in two
different directions so that dark and light areas occur .Vacuuming or pile
lifting the carpet in one direction can help to reduce a shading problem,
but will probably not eliminate it.
3. FADING: Every carpet will fade with time. Sunlight, wear, cleaning and
natural ageing can combine to accelerate color loss. Premature facing may
occur if the carpet is improperly cleaned.
4. MILDEW: It forms when moisture allows molds in the carpet to grow.
Mildew can cause staining, odor, and rotting. Natural fibers are especially
prone to mildew, but all carpets should be kept dry and treated with an
antibacterial to prevent the problems.

5. SHEDDING/PILLING: Short position of face fibers is often trapped in

the carpet when it is not manufactured. As new carpet is walked upon these
position works themselves to the surface of the carpet and can make a new
carpet.

CARING OF CARPETS

1. suitable underlay
2. proper fixing
3. using jute or coconut fiber mats at the front door
4. covering the carpet with length of canvas and plastic
5. having a movable furniture arrangement
6. spraying the carpet to protect them from moths and other insects.
7. Repairing frayed edges and worn parts immediately
8. Cutting and pulling the pile when it comes out from the side
9. Protecting a damp carpet from metal castor on the legs of furniture
10. Regular cleaning and maintenance checks should be carried out
11. Training all the staff regarding care of carpets
12. Promptly reporting spots, spills, and tears so that immediate action can
be taken.
13. Proper temperature and humidity control
14. Carpet must dried immediately after shampooing
 ADVANTAGE OF USING CARPET

1. Add to the décor

2. Gives a luxurious appearance
3. Gives sound insulation
4. Add warmth
5. Have a non- slip surface
6. Carpet squares and rugs break up a floor surface and can be turned
around
7. Fitted carpet make a room look larger
8. Patterned carpet don’t show stains.

DISADVANTAGE OF USING CARPETS

1. Surface holds dirt so carpet cleaning essential

2. They are cut by sharp edges and can be burnt by cigarette butts.
3. They can be attacked by moths and other insects.
4. Plain carpets show stains which can be difficult to remove
5. The initial cost is high.

CARPET MAINTENANCE

1. Routine maintenance
 The housekeeping department must inspect the carpet in all areas.
 Other employee must help in preserving the carpets.
 Housekeeping must supervise review the cleaning procedure of hotel
carpets and ensured that they are followed.
 Cleaning equipment should be inspected for safe and efficient
functioning.

2. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

 Putting runners or mats over carpet that are in high traffic areas can
prevent soiling.
 Proper furniture glides should be placed under chair and tables to
reduce pile distortion and tearing.
 A water proof plastic carpet can be used for protection.

 3.DAILY MAINTENANCE
 Carpet should be vacuumed once a day and periodic spot cleaning
carried out more frequently if necessary.

METHODS OF CLEANING CARPETS

1.VACCUMING

Different kind of vacuum cleaner can be used but they all follow the same
principle of working up the dirt and removing it by suction. The different
kinds of vacuum cleaner are given below.

- Beater bar vacuum: uses a bar to agitate and lessen the dirt.
- Brush vacuum: agitate the carpet with the brush. This is best use for
carpet glued to the floor.
- Upright sweeper: has a large agitator suction head that pull dirt into a
bag attached to the handle of the machine.
- Upright tank vacuum: used to clean upholstery and drapery.

2. DRY POWDER CLEANING

Dry powder crystals are duster on the carpet and worked into the pile with
the hand brush or a machine. The powder absorbs oil stain and soil which
can be removed by vacuuming. Since no drying time is required this method
can be used in higher traffic areas.

3. DRY FOAM CLEANING

Dry foam is sprayed on the carpet and a rotary floor machine is used to
brush the foam into the carpet. The foam is then removed with a wet
vacuum.
FURNITURE

An important part of interior, which will not only help to create an ambience
but also enables housekeeper to select a design of room and public area
and function.
 POINTS FOR SELECTING FURNITURE

Style

When choosing furniture several different requirements must be kept in mind.

All the furniture need not necessarily be of similar design, but it should be in
keeping with the style of the room. E.g.; the dining room chair should with
chosen with a particular table in mind. Similarly tables and chairs that are
suitable for canteen will not normally be suitable for first class restaurants.

Comfort
Design of the furniture may interfere with comfort. E.g.; the width of the seat
and shape of the back of a chair are important to its comfort. The height of the
table and chair has to be in relation of each other. The height and depth of the
wardrobe and length and width of bed are other examples

Size
The size of the furniture must be in keeping with the size of the room as well as
be proportionate to the other furniture in the room.

Serviceability
this depend on the purpose for which the furniture is intended, e.g.; shelves or
drawers in the bed room will be different from open shelves in the kitchen or
living room.

Quality
This will determine the durability of furniture. The appearance and durability of
the furniture will depend on the material from which it is made and the method
of construction.
Mobility and Flexibility
Versatility
Ease of maintenance
Cost
Construction
Practicality in design and size

Points to be kept in mind while choosing furniture

 There should not be rough surfaces.

 The backs and insides should be well made and relatively smooth.
 There should be no unfinished edges.
 The edges of plywood and laminated tops should be smoothened off so
that they are not liable to damage.
 Joint should be of right type, light and well finished.
 There should be excess give around the joints.
 Furniture glides when carpet is in use.
 Has efficient hinges, bolts, latches, locks and handles.

TYPES OF FURNITURE

1. FREE STANDING FURNITURE (can be rearranged whenever

necessary)
Furniture such as dressing tables, wardrobes, tables, chairs etc. may stand
on the floor, and hence are called free standing furniture. They should be
well balanced and firm.
2. CANTILEVERED FURNITURE (fixed on brackets, fitted to the wall
and no
legs are there)
Dressing table, luggage racks etc. should be firmly fixed to the wall to with
stand the weight that they have to bear. Similarly drawers and shelves
should be strong enough to hold the necessary articles. Draws should run
smoothly on channels and should be fixed with stoppers.
3. DOORS(built in)
Doors should be well balanced, should fit properly and have stoppers or
stays to prevent the doors swinging open too fast. Sliding doors should run
smoothly. All fastening like hinges should work efficiently. Handles should
be attached in a position convenient for their use, they should be
comfortable to hold and free from sharp edges.
4. FURNITURE ON CASTOR(essentially a standalone item)
Castors should not have sharp edges and should enable the furniture to
move easily and not damage carpets or floors.
5. BUILT IN FURNITURE
This furniture is a part of the wall and cannot be moved without breaking
the wall.
TYPES OF MATERIALS FOR FURNITURE

 WOODEN FURNITURE
This is the traditional and oldest material used for furniture. Today with
demand for lighter and more easily moved furniture there is a wide choice
of woods. Woods can be used for decorative purpose. Solid wood is not
always a most suitable material for a piece or part so the piece of the
furniture.

TYPES OF WOOD
 PLYWOOD
This is made by bonding together an odd number of slices or plies of wood
which are 1 to 2 cm thick, so that the grain of one ply is at right angle to
that on either side of it. Since there are an odd number of plies the grains
of the two outside pieces will run in the same direction. Plywood does not
wrap or twist to the same extend as solid wood and is equally strong in both
direction. Plywood is frequently used for table tops where stability is
required.
 LAMINATED WOOD
This is also built in layers but in this case the grains of the wood all run in
in the same direction. As the strength will be in the direction of the grain,
laminated wood is more suitable than plywood for the legs and arm of
furniture, where the greatest strain is in one direction.
 HARD WOODS
 MAHOGANY: fine grained reddish brown in colour. Very durable and
resists swelling, shrinking, and warping. Used for quality furniture such as
cabinets, boats, wood facings and veneers

 WALNUTS: fine texture, strong, easy to work with and resist shrinking
and warping and finishes well. Best use for gun stocks, solid and veneered
furniture, novelties, cabinets and wall paneling.

 OAKS: strong, with good bending qualities. Is durable and finishes well
and resist moisture absorption. Used for furniture, trimming, boat frames,
desks, and flooring.

 MAPPLE: fine textured, but strong and hard. Has moderate shrinkage
and machine well. Best used in flooring, fine furniture and woodenware
such as bowling alleys.

 CHERRY: close – grained and resist warping and shrinking. It will

redden when exposed to sunlight and ages well. Used in making cabinets,
boats trims, novelties, solid furniture handles and turned projects.

 ROSEWOOD: very hard and has a dark, reddish brown colour. It is

fragrant and close grained. It is hard to work and takes high polish. Used
in musical instrument, piano cases, tool handles, art project, furniture.

 TEAK: hard and durable and resistant to moisture and rot. It resists
warping, cracking and decay. Best used in fine furniture, paneling,
shipbuilding, doors, window frames, flooring and general construction.
D) Soft woods
 Pine: it has a uniform texture, works easily and finishes well. It resists
shrinkage, swelling and warping. Used in construction of houses, paneling
and trims. Also used for furniture, sub – flooring and crates.

 HEMLOCK: light in weight, uniformly textured. It machines well but is

prone to decay. Used in outdoor furniture, doors, frames, windows,
plywood, veneer, general mill work and interior trims.

 FIR: works easily and finishes well. It is uniform in texture and non-
resinous. Has low resistance to decay.

 REDWOOD: light in wait, durable, and easy to work. Has a natural

resistance to decay. Used in outdoor furniture, fencing, house sidings,
interior finishing and paneling.

 SPRUCE: strong and hard. Finishes well and has low resistance to
decay. Has moderate shrinkage and is light in weight. Used for masts and
spars for ships, aircraft, crates, boxes, general, mill work and ladders.

 CEDAR: has a fresh sweet odor and is reddish in colour. Easy to work
and uniform in texture and resistant to decay. Used in making chest, closet
lining, shingles, posts, dock plants, novelties and venetian blinds.

 VENEER: a thin surface layer as of finely grained wood glued to a base

of inferior material. A thin layer of fine quality wood may be glued to the
surface of cheaper wood. Wood veneer may be stuck to paper giving the
effect of wood at a much lesser cost in another method thin decorative slices
of wood cut or sliced from a log may be applied to a core material of solid
wood or particleboard. This technique allows the application of especially
attractive grains to furniture surfaces even when the wood from which the
veneer is taken is too rare expensive or hard to work to be used structurally.
The initial cost of veneer is quiet high. It is usually found in conference
rooms, board rooms and restaurants.
 All wood should be properly seasoned as wood extremely absorbent.
When used for furniture it requires treatment to prevent the absorption of
moisture, grease and dirt. In order to make cleaning easier there are several
protected finishes which may be given to complete the treatment of wood.
These determine the texture of the wood. Its resistance to abrasion and the
ease with which it can be cleaned.

CARE AND CLEANING OF WOODEN FURNITURE

 One should avoid banging and scratching the furniture.

 Spill should be wiped up immediately.
 Stain must be treated as soon as possible.
 The top of dressing tables, coffee tables etc. should be protected with
glass.
 The wood should be regularly examined for wood worm and treated
accordingly.
 Glossy surface should be polished regularly but polish should not be
applied to matte surface as they lose the matte finish and become grey.

2. METAL FURNITURE

Metal in form of iron or steel has been used for many years for bedsprings
or for sofas. But these materials are being used in modern furniture due to
their strength and ease of shaping. Other material being used are
aluminum, copper and brass.

CLEANING: wiping with a wet cloth easily cleans it.

3. PLASTIC FURNITURE

This material rarely used in hotels. It is often used in canteens and

sometimes in offices.

CLEANING: it is easily cleaned with a solution of soap and water.

4. UPHOLESTERED FURNITURE
This type of furniture is much lighter in weight. Only the frame will be
of wood. The stuffing is made from cotton fibers. The upholstery fabric used
will depend upon individual state.

5. CANE, WICKER AND BAMBOO FURNITURE

Cane and wicker furniture is most commonly used in low or medium

budget hotels. Unless well maintained it is liable to become out of shape
and pieces of wicker can protrude and catch on to clothes.

TYPES OF FURNITURE JOINTS

DOVETAIL- These joints are often found at drawer corners. Dovetail should
fit together smoothly. Desks, luggage racks, chest of drawers, and pieces
that provide stage are primarily constructed using dovetail joints. Furniture
pieces, in which the dovetails joints are too small or cracked should not be
purchased.

DOUBLE DOWEL: these joints are two dowel to peg the joints together.
They are sturdy joints use to create the frame for the case goods or to attach
legs to the side rails of chairs.

BUTT: These are joints in which two pieces are simply joined together end
to end. They are weak joints and should not be used in places subject to
stress or weight.

MITRE: These are used at the corners of the tables where two angled
surfaces meet up a right angle, and are reinforced with dowels, nails,
screws or splints.

TOUNGE AND GROOVE: These joints are used to joint to boards together,
side by side as in a table top such that they slide into each other and hold
together.

MORTISE AND TENON: These joints are the strongest of all when joining
pieces of wood at right angles. The end of one piece of wood is shaped to fit
into a hole in the order. This type of joint construction distributes stress
over a wide area.
CORNER: They are used at a corner joints as screwed reinforcement, to
provide extra support in quality furniture.
 ACCESSORIES

Accessories are elements that bring charm, individuality and vitality to a

room. A room without accessories would be uninteresting. They do not only
add meaning but they lend personality and individuality to a room. They
may be defined as the punctuation marks of decorations.

Accessories are not chosen for their beauty alone but for what they can do
to promote the appearance of the room as a unit.

Accessories are said to be punctuation marks in any design and their

selection is often a matter of individual choice .accessories are not only add
a touch of interest to the décor they also make it more meaningful. They
are therefore chosen not for their beauty alone but for wat they can do to
promote the appearance of the room. Accessories that are put into a room
might often be more expensive than the furniture itself.

In the average hotel guest room accessories are limited to pictures or

paintings, lampshades, toss pillows ashtray and the like.

In suite rooms that are more expensive in décor, there is a greater scope for
the use of accessories. These may range from decorative candles and
planters to bookshelves screens and decorative mirrors. They may also
include sculptures, artefacts, and elaborate carvings.

KINDS OF ACCESSORIES

The most personal phase of décor is the choice of accessories.

A . FUNCTIONAL

LAMPS: They should provide adequate lightning where it is needed. Well-

chosen lamps and lighting fixtures are extremely important in determining
the characteristics of a room because they play a major role in lighting a
room. Lamp assumes special importance as accessories.

LAMP SHADES: should be tried out in the room for which they are intended
at the same time ensuring that the shade matches the décor of the room.
MIRRORS: mirrors produce a feeling of spaciousness in a room. In some
areas such as bed rooms and dressing rooms. Mirrors are essentials. They
also extremely useful in most entrance halls.

CLOCKS: must keep time and have faces that are easy to read.

BOOKS: although books in open shelves are among the most interesting
and decorative of all accessories. Built in book shelves are preferable as
they confirm better to the lines of the room.

ASHTRAYS: adds considerably to the décor scheme of the room.

CUSHIONS: a collection of colorful cushions and bolsters often add to the

interest only if they blend with the color and textures in the room.

B. NON FUNCTIONAL AND DECORATIVE

PICTURES: pictures give a room life and interest. In luxury hotels an artist
is sometimes commissioned to paint asset of paintings. Paintings should
be hung on plain background which does not compete for attention. The
frame should suit the picture and the style of the room. The texture and
color of both frames and materials should also be in harmony with all
elements in the room. An original work of art is a joy to have and may
increase in value over the years, but if it cannot be afforded, a reproduction
is a good buy.

SMALL SCULPTURES: Small figures in stone, wood, metals, ivory (white

stone), pottery (anything made from sand or clay) , porcelain or glassware
suitable for room decoration, and can be placed in pairs. It must be
compact in design.

FLOWER ARRANGEMENT: Plants, leaves, flowers provide effective and

economical accessories for any type of decorative scheme, when used with
taste and discretion they add a warm livable quality to almost any room.

ACCESSORIES FOR LIVING ROOM

Lamps, cushions, walls, decorating, paintings, ashtrays, boxes for storage
of cigar. Sculptures, plants and flowers, books, magazines and collection of
every kind.

DINING ROOM

IN display your best china silver or pewter. On a side table or side board, a
tea or coffee service, crystal ware and decanters.

BED ROOM

Lamps, mirrors, telephone, a clock waste paper basket, boxes to hold, bed
spread can contribute greatly to the character of the room. Family
photographs, pictures and flowers.

CONSEDERATION FOR ACCESSORIES

 Good art does not have to be expensive. Primitive and folk art are
interesting. To appreciate art frequent visit the exhibition and galleries
build up familiarity and an ability to evaluate art.
 Good taste is based on good quality and good workmanship. Follow the
old tenet less is more.
 Small objects like collections of objects of art or sentimental objects of
interest should be arranged in groups rather than in rows.
 In traditional rooms accessories should suit the period décor. In
contemporary rooms the accessories should suit the atmosphere aimed for
whether formal or informal.
 Try to convey the taste and personality of the owner through his interest
like display of books his collections of books, favorite pictures colors etc.
 Picture should be placed either single if they are large, where there is
plenty of walls space over a piece of furniture. If they are small arrange
them in group according to subject, style of painting, frames or some
unifying factors. Keep pictures at eyes level. Try to have the top or bottom
line uniform. Never arrange pictures in step except the staircases.
PLACEMENT OF ACCESSORIES

In any room the accessories should be placed judiciously in relation to

existing grouping of furniture and they should not disrupt the emphasis
already there. The most important accessories in any room should be at the
Centre of interest.

Accessories should be arranged in interestingly new ways, articles that are

placed together should be made of material that is pleasantly associated
e.g. Silver and crystal, jade and teak wood.

1. proportion must be right. A piece of sculpture or a lamp should not dwarf

the table it stands on. A picture should not seem insignificant in
comparison to the sofa over which it is hung.

2. The textures and shapes of accessories as well as their color should be

taken into account and satisfying contrast and harmonies worked out.

3. Line and form of the accessories should confirm to the general design of
room.

There are no rigid rules to follow in choosing accessories.

2. Select things that reflect your own tastes and interests.

3. Keep your color scheme in mind.
4. Combine old with the new but make sure they share the same mood-
formal, informal simple and classic.
HOTEL DESIGN

Chapter Outline:
1. Design Considerations
2. Public Areas
3. Room Plan
4. Special Needs

A successful design depends not only on what the building looks like and the
effect that it creates on the user, but also on practical considerations. Since
each hotel type targets at different kinds of clientele, its planning requirement
will vary by the location selected, size, image, space standards and other
characteristics.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Convention hotels require closeness to airports, while vacation villages and
ski lodges do not. Airport hotels and motels need high visibility sign ages,
while country inns, vacation villages seek seclusion. Super luxury hotels must
be small to create an intimate atmosphere, while luxury hotels must be large
enough to justify the large number of restaurants, lounges and banquet
rooms required by first class or five star international standards.

Design considerations also vary by type. For example, resort hotels require
larger rooms, closets and drawer space than down town hotels. Roadside
motels may require larger restaurants than other hotels for peak periods,
such as breakfast, but no room service. Casinos require a glittering design,
while conference center decor needs to be understated. The social pastime of
people watching, in the downtown hotels are accommodated by its lobby or
atrium space. In a resort the same purpose is served by the pool deck, the
sun deck at the ski lodges, the common area at the conference centers, and a
tea lounge of the super luxury hotel.
Many hotel operators believe that the guest room makes a more lasting
impression than the public areas. During the architectural planning of the
room structure, the designer should establish the following

1. The type of clientele - the market mix. And the room mix. This
influences the hotel's ability to let out 100% of its rooms and to generate
maximum revenue. The transient business person needs single
accommodation; convention markets need twin beds and tourist
market rooms to sleep for two or more guests.
2. The type of furnishing can be determined by analyzing the guestroom
functions - sleeping, relaxing, working, entertaining, and dressing.
3. Flexibility to accommodate different types of clientele. For example a
studio room attached to a double room can be sold as a single unit or
as two units.
4. Durability - This is particularly important as guests are
seldom as careful about furniture or furnishings as in their homes.
5. Ease of maintenance.
7. Decor which pleases a large section of the clientele.
8. Comfort
9. Budget. To combine function and comfort in a design within realistic
budgets; use fewer individual pieces of furniture.
10. Space utilization: Since space is at premium, scale furniture
slightly smaller to give the perception of larger and more luxurious
rooms. Queen size beds instead of king size. Lounge chairs designed to
be used at the work surface eliminate the straight desk chair. Mirrors
enlarge space visually. Wall mounted bedside lamps permit a smaller
bedside table. Convertible sofa or bed. Adequate luggage/ clothes space
will reduce the clutter of clothes throughout the room. Armoire -
combining drawer space with a television cabinet and possibly a pull
out writing ledger in a single unit eliminates the need of two or three
separate pieces.
In the bathroom designs should expand the countertop mirror and
lighting as much as possible and compartmentalize the tub/WC
 11. Security both of guests and staff. For example the reception
counter must be positioned in such a way that the front desk
staff can keep an eye on all guests entering and leaving the hotel.
12. Meeting fire and safety requirements.
13. Energy conservation - Use of sensors to switch off electric supply
automatically, when the guest leaves the room.
14. Sound insulation.
15. Environment friendly. For example recycling of water for
horticulture and laundry.

PUBLIC AREAS

Lobby and Lounge

It is a principal focal point of most establishments and its design and decor
should make an immediate impression. Atriums and glass lifts (gives a
spacious feeling), lavish use of foliage; water fountains and waterfalls. It must
also be totally functional. The flow of traffic must be studied to provide ample
space, storing luggage, meeting friends. Ideally guests must be able to see
when transport has arrived. It is also important for security reasons that staff
are able to see who is entering and leaving the establishment.
The furnishing though elegant must be able to withstand the considerable
wear and tear. The circulation area must be clearly signposted. Lounges
must cater to a large number of guests while at the same time providing
privacy and intimacy. When these areas are relatively empty, a guest should
not feel uncomfortable and exposed.

Cloak Rooms
Cloak rooms comprise of several WCs, washbasins in the form of
vanitory units, large mirrors with good lighting, coat hanging
space, hand driers and sometimes even a small seating area is
provided. Supplies such as tissues, soaps are provided. Where individual
towels are provided , a soil towel receptacle should also be provided.
Conference rooms
They vary in size from rooms to accommodate a group of two to ten, to rooms
large enough to accommodate 500 or more people. Some large rooms can be
used for two or three functions by pulling across partitions which run on
tracks in the floor and ceiling and fold away when not required. Ideally a
meeting room should not have pillars, which may restrict viewing.
A platform may be required, a lectern, large display boards, suitable chairs
and tables, latest technology in audio and visual aids. Chairs must be
comfortable enough for delegates to sit in for long periods. Chairs may be
fixed to the floor or may not. Ample leg space must be given between rows of
chairs. Seating may be tiered to give the audience a better view of the stage.
If chairs are separate, they must be light, easy to stack and give a good
appearance from the back when arranged. Tables must be foldable and table
tops must be able to take different sizes and shapes. Good ventilation and
acoustics must be provided. The room must be well lit but not too harsh.
Lighting must be controlled by dimmers. If there are windows, the curtains
must be able to cut off light whenever necessary. Sufficient power points for
all the electrical equipment must be provided. The doors should be high and
wide enough to get large items in. Washroom and toilet facilities must be
provided. A pantry and a store room ( for furniture and equipment) are also
necessary.

Corridor And Room Positioning

It is usual for rooms to be on either side of the corridor. Primarily the
location of the guestrooms must be considered in relation to the other areas
of the hotel. The guest rooms must be away from the public areas ( for
security and privacy), yet easily accessible to the Front office
and parking facilities. Time saving advantages for service should be
considered thus saving operating costs. Elevators, Room Service and
housekeeping pantries, staircases must be considered. Schematic
diagrams indicating the flow of service and guest service is desirable.
Corridors must be wide enough to enable the use of wheel chairs,
trolleys and to prevent any feeling of claustrophobia. To overcome the
monotony of a long corridor, create a patterned break on carpets, walls etc.
Avoid steps, instead use ramps if necessary. Many corridors do not get
natural light (unless if they face an atrium); hence sufficient artificial lighting
must be provided. Fire doors or fire breaks in the corridors can help
prevent the spread of fire.

ROOM PLAN
Designing a guest room is rather complex since the designer has
no single person to design but a variety of people who have different
tastes, likes and back grounds.

The guest room must be designed around the needs of the guests. For this,
one must keep the activities of the guests in mind whilst allotting space,
furniture, fittings, lighting and other components. The largest space is
dedicated to Sleeping - the comfort of the bed ( mattress, pillows, duvet), the
functionality of the bedside tables, light, darkness, (window and its treatment,
natural and artificial lighting), sound insulation (floor, wall, ceiling, windows),
the room temperature (air conditioner, heater)
Relaxing – the sofas, television, music, radio, mini bar, lighting.
Working – table chair
Dressing – Mirrors, Wardrobe, Luggage Rack
Bathrooms include shower/tub, watercloset, vanity unit. Safety is of
paramount importance – separate wet and dry areas to prevent slipping;
electrical safety must be taken into account. Ventilation must be included.
Luxury hotels include fittings and amenities to pamper the guests.

The minimum space requirement for various types of rooms in five star
category is as follows:

Single Bed Room: 180 sq.ft.

Double Bed Room: 200 sq.ft.
Twin Bed Room: 220 sq.ft.
Bathroom with tub: 45 sq.ft.
Bathroom without tub; with shower: 35 sq.ft.

Entrance: Doors are usually 76-90 cms ( 3 ft) wide, usually simple in design
(for ease of maintenance). Room numbers are fixed to identify the rooms.
Locks are designed for security and privacy of the guest at the same time,
they can be opened by the management in case of emergency. Door locks are
usually self locking, when shut. A metal shield may be provided under
the keyhole to prevent the key tag from scratching the door.
Computerized card keys are much more secure. A safety chain and a
peephole may be provided inside the door for additional security. A door
stop is necessary to prevent the wall from being marked. Sometimes a long
mirror is fitted on the back of the door.

Vestibule: The main switch is fitted near the entrance. Wardrobe and the
luggage rack is usually placed here.

Beds: Average sizes of beds:

Single - 6'6" length, 3' width, 1'3" height.
Double - 6'6" length, 5' width, 1'3" height.
Mattress may be 4" to 6" in height.
Beds usually consist of a headboard but no footboard. Headboard should be
12" inches above the mattress height and 1" thickness. Castors are provided
so that the beds can be moved for cleaning; but should not move when the
guest is in it! Mattress can be of spring, foam rubber, cotton. Pillows can be
filled with foam rubber, kapok or feathers.

Bedside table/console: houses the telephone, channel music, controls for the
room lighting, TV, and ventilation. It should have ample space to place
guest's personal items such as glasses, books etc. The top of the table should
be in line with the top of the mattress. Width 15 to 24". Height 24-30".
Bedside lamps may be fitted on to the wall to save space. If placed on the
table, it must be screwed on to the table to prevent accidents, thefts.

Dressing table/ Desk: Dimensions - 30" height, 21"depth. Stool or chair - 18"
height. Dressing tables are provided with drawers. Drawers should preferably
have recessed grooves to make hardware unnecessary; should slide out
smoothly; laminated to avoid the use of lining papers. The table itself could
be laminated for durability and ease of maintenance; must have rounded
corners to prevent accidents. The dresser mirror should be positioned in
such a way that the guest can view the mirror while sitting down. Adequate
lighting must be provided to light up the face.

Luggage racks : Dimensions - length 30 -36"; depth 1'9"; height 18-24".

Luggage racks may be cantilevered or may stand on legs. It should be sturdy
enough to take the weight of suitcases and people sitting on it. If made of
wood, strips of rubber or brass studs can prevent the surface from
getting marked. Drawers under the rack can add on to the storage space.

Wardrobe: Dimensions - depth 2' ( deep enough to accommodate the hanger)

Height 6' ( 3" clearance must be given above the rod, to remove hangers). It
should be high enough to hang long dresses without creasing them. In resort
hotels, larger wardrobes may be necessary. The door of the wardrobe can be
of the sliding type to save space. It must preferably be slatted for adequate
ventilation. A door may be avoided in motels. Light can be provided in
the wardrobe which can be operated by a door switch. However the
light must not damage the clothes. Drawers may be provided; but
avoidable since guests normally tend to forget things in there. Hangers can
be of the theft proof type.

Seating: One or two armchairs with a two seater sofa and a coffee table is
usually provided near the window. a floor standing lamp may also be provided
.
Television: is usually positioned in such a way that it can be viewed both from
the bed and the seating area. It is normally placed on a swivel stand. A
remote control is advisable. The TV can also double up as a VDU with a
keyboard catering for electronic shopping, settlement of guest
accounts from the room, guest information system etc.

Windows: should as far as possible be of standard size as this avoids the need
for many spare sets of curtains and sorting curtains of different lengths. The
ease with which windows can be
cleaned both from the inside as well as the outside should be given due
consideration. Windows may be double glazed to provide sound and heat
insulation.

Soft furnishing: like drapery and upholstery must be durable, easy to

maintain, comfortable, enhance the appearance of the room and help in
acoustics. In all rooms a full length mirror may be fixed to some convenient
place on the wall or even fixed to the inside of the door.

Accessories: Waste bins, ashtrays, wall pictures, foliage, sometimes even

curios in suites.

Ceiling, wall, floor : Acoustical properties, safety, appearance and insulation

are the factors which are considered when choosing walls, floors and
ceilings . There are a wide variety of ceiling surfaces and wall coverings
available in the market today. Paint is by far the most common. Vinyl
wood paneling, wall paper, tiles are some other options. Skirting boards,
while essential to prevent wall damage, should not present a
ledge which needs dusting; they may be slightly recessed or
coved. Carpets are the most common floor covering and they are
available in different varieties. Hotels close to sandy beaches should
preferably avoid carpets as the sand brought in can pose a problem. Tiles,
stones, vinyl are other options.
Central air conditioning system or heating system is normally provided and
they should be regulated from the bedside also.

Fire detectors and alarms must be provided in rooms.

Other amenities may be provided, like:

Tea and coffee making machines
Minibar (sales from the minibar can be automatically recorded)
Dumb valets i.e., trouser presses which also take skirts.
Shoe cleaning machines.
Intercom cum baby listeners.
Electronic safe.

Bathrooms:
The minimum size of a bathroom with a tub should be 45 sq.ft. If only a
shower is provided, it should be 35 sq. ft.

Ventilation in bathrooms should be given careful consideration. Electric light

switches should either be outside the bathroom or of the cord type.

Bathroom floors and walls should be hygienic, easy to maintain and

unharmed by water. Marble, ceramic tiles, vinyl are the options.

Bath tubs are available in various colors with soap dishes, grab bars and anti-
slip devices sometimes incorporated. Baths are generally 6'2" in length and
2'4" in width; but vary in depth. Showers are usually sited over the bath and
their height, ifnot movable, should be given careful
consideration. The water must be thermostatically controlled. A towel holder
and a shower screen or a curtain should also be provided. A retractable
clothes line across the tub can be a convenience to the guest.

Vanitory unit consists of a wash basin and a counter surrounding it. They
match the bath in color. The vanity unit can be made of ceramic, acrylic or
plastic laminate. A mirror must be provided above the unit and preferably
fluorescent lighting must be provided so that the guest's face is properly
lit. A razor socket and a face tissue holder can also be provided.

The Water Closet is about 1'4" high, 2' deep and 1'8" wide. Toilet paper holders
should be within reach.

A Bidet may not be provided in a standard size room; but usually seen in
suites. It is 1'3" in height, 1'3" in width and 2' in depth.

Towel rails should be sufficiently far from the wall to allow ample space for
the thickness of the towels. A clothes hook and a latch may be provided on
the back of the door. A dustbin must not be forgotten in a bathroom. A
telephone fixed on the wall, preferably at an easy reach from the
WC and the shower can avoid a lot of irritation to the guest.

Suites are spacious and more luxuriously furnished. Livingroom and the
dining room are elegantly furnished. Bathrooms may be provided with a bidet
and a whirl pool bath.
SPECIAL NEEDS

Designing for the Disabled:

 Easy access is very important; cars carrying disabled persons

should be able to stop just outside the main entrance. Reserved
parking should be provided for the disabled drivers.
 Doors should be wide enough for the wheelchairs to pass through,
and open automatically or by pressing a conveniently located switch
or by a gentle push.
 A section of the Reception counter should be dropped down so that a
person on the wheelchair can easily check in.
 Where there is a change of floor levels, a ramp must be provided.
 Hand rails should be designed to help warn the blind and those with
poor vision of approaching corners and the start and end of stairs.
Elevator floor switches must be easily accessible from a wheelchair.
 Signs should be easy to read with large lettering against a
contrasting background. Wherever possible warning signals should be
visible as well as audible, for example strobe light alarms for
the deaf and a vibrator to alert them when they are asleep.
Dining room tables should be high enough for the person to not have
to be transferred from a wheelchair.
 Room door should have an additional peephole at the wheelchair level.
 Wardrobe Hanger rod should be flexible enough to be brought down;
within easy reach from a wheelchair.
 The room and the bathroom must be spacious enough for a person to
move around in a wheel chair.
 The bathroom door must be wide enough and should be devoid of a
threshold.
 A shower cubicle with a stool is preferable to a tub. Handrails and grab
bars should be provided wherever necessary. `Drop-down' arm
supports can also be provided on approach side of the WCs.
  The vanitory unit may have to be adjusted to the height of the
wheelchair.
 Fire exit plans and room service menu cards should also be provided
in braille.
 Special bed head unit with light switches, message signal, door release
for automatic opening of door, flashing fire alarm signal and bed frame
vibrator for the hard of hearing.
 Sharp corners and edges should be avoided.

Women traveling alone will appreciate rooms near lifts. Since they are more
concerned with safety, a good locking system is a must. Added amenities
like a good flexible mirror to view the back as well, adequate lighting for make-
up, hair dryers etc. will be appreciate
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

The principle of design helps one in determining the quality of a design to

assess whether it is artistically good or poor in appearance. While using basic
element of design or at we should keep these principle in mind. The principle
of design is proportion, balance, emphasis, rhythm, and harmony.
PROPORTION
The principle of proportion is also called the law of relationship. The principle
of proportion underlines all other principle of design. It states that the relation
between parts of the same thing or between different things of the same group
should be aesthetically satisfying. It deals with relationships of size, shape,
color, light, texture and pattern. In order to achieve design and arrangements
that will hold interest, one must know how to create beautiful relationships
within and around a space. Some typically complimentary proportion
includes the following:

THE GREEK OBLONG The ancient Greeks striving for beauty arrived at the
point where they tried to achieve good proportion nearly everything they
created. Among the rules that they evolved was the oblong that they used as
the basis of space divisions, called the golden oblong or the Greek oblong. The
Greek oblong measures two units on the short sides and three on the long
side. Its proportion is considered than a completely symmetrical shape like a
square. The Greek oblong has since being the recognized standard for space
relationships through much of western civilization.

SCALE another important aspect of proportion is scale. A person who must

select and arrange things to look good together must develop a sense of scale.
In order to judge what sizes must be grouped must develop a sense of scale.
In order to judge what size must be grouped together successfully, it is
necessary to grasp the underlying significance of scale. Pleasing scale requires
that
 The size of all the elements making up the structure have a consistent,
pleasing relationship to the structure and to each other; and that
  The size of structure is in pleasing proportion to the different objects
combined with it.

BALANCE
Also known as equilibrium, balance is a condition of rest or repose. Though
balance, we get a sense of equipoise. This restful effect is obtained by grouping
shapes and colors around a center or pivotal point in such a way that there
are equal attractions on each side of that center.
Balance can be understood well if one understands the principle of the
see- saw, as the both work on the same principle. Equal weights will balance
when they are at the same distance from a center of a see – saw. If unequal
the heavier wait must be moved towards the center and the lighter wait away
from it for balance to be achieved (by the laws of fulcrums). Balance in design
and art is not the same as balance in weight but is conceived in terms of the
amount of attention each element attracts and can be treated in the same
way. That is, the more imposing object must be further from the center than
the less imposing, the larger further than the smaller, and so on. The
classification of different types of balance is given in figure:

BALANCE

FORMAL INFORMAL OR RADIAL

ASYMMETRICAL

SYMMETRICAL
FORMAL BALANCE BI - SYMMETRICAL

The Centre of the space under consideration is the pivot around which
attraction must be adjusted. When objects are alike or are equally forcefully
in appearance and attraction they are placed equidistant from the Centre, the
result is a symmetrical formal balance.

BI-SYMMETERICAL FORMAL BALANCE

When object are not alike but are equal in their power to interest and attract,
the result is a bi-symmetrical formal balance.

INFORMAL/ASYMMETERICAL BALANCE

This is also referred to as active balance or occult balance. Asymmetry results

when the visual weight of two objects do not attract the same amount of
attention and so they have to be placed at different distance from the Centre.

Radial balance

This is the type of balance that grows out of a central point or axis. It may
be observed in the diverging lines that form the pattern of spokes in a
wheel, the petals of flowers and so on. Here, all parts are balanced and
repeated around a center. Its chief characteristic is an impression of
circular movement out from, towards, or around a center.

Emphasis

This is the design principle that directs us to create a point of interest such
that the eye is carried first to the most important thing in any arrangement
and from that point to every other detail in order of importance. Whenever
any object is selected or arranged with reference to its appearance, the
principle of emphasis is used, and the success of the result depends upon
the knowledge of what to emphasize; how to emphasize; how much to
emphasize; and where to place emphasis.

What to emphasize?

A definite plan should be made by classifying the materials and arranging

them according to importance, starting from the most important and
moving towards the least. The background should of course be less
conspicuous than the objects to be emphasized which are placed against
it.

How to emphasize?

There are several means by which one may create emphasis and the most
important of these are as follows:

By placing together or grouping The objects grouped together thus must

have some common characteristics or similarity so that the group does not
create confusion in the mind of the observer.

By use of contrasting colours The eyes are equally attracted by contrasts

of light and dark and by contrasting colours. One of the most striking
means of calling attention to any object is to place it against a background
with which it contrasts. However, note that an arrangement that has equal
amounts of light and dark can be very confusing. A good composition
would be a dark scheme accented with light or a light scheme made
interesting through dark notes.

By having sufficient background Usually plain walls are preferred as the

details of the objects placed against them can then be properly observed.

By using unusual elements Emphasis can also be achieved by the use of

unusual lines shapes, colours, or sizes to heighten the effect.

How much to emphasize?

The emphasis should be properly distributed. The designer has to decide

the amount of plain and patterned spaces to use and where and how to
distribute them. Centre of interest should be limited by directing
prominence to one center and making other centers less prominent.

Where to place the emphasis?

The degree of importance to be given to different parts of the area should

be decided central positions should be made more conspicuous. It also
helps if central areas are placed with less important ones.
RHYTHM

This is a major design principle, through which an underlying unity and

variety can be achieved. Rhythm is movement. All movement in design is
not, however, rhythmic. Sometimes movement is distracting. In designing,
rhythm implies an easy connecting path along which the eye may travel. It
may also be called 'related movement'. If one observes a plain surface,
there is usually no movement in it. The eye remains quiet and stops at any
point where it happens to fall. But the moment a picture or an object is
placed against it, the eye starts moving in the direction of the lines
suggested in the pattern they make together. At that moment, movement
is created. Such a movement may either be organized and easy, that is,
rhythmic; or it may be restless and distracting, that is, lacking in rhythm.
There are three outstanding ways of developing rhythm in interiors.

Repetition of shapes The principle of rhythm as it is gained through

repetition is recognized when one is conscious of the swing of a beautifully
spaced, regularly repeated pattern in any decorative design. When a shape
is regularly repeated at proper intervals, a movement is created that carries
the eye from one unit to the next in such a way that one is not conscious
of separate units but of a rhythmic advancement, making it easy for the
eye to pass along the entire length of the space.

Progression of sizes Progressing sizes creates a rapid movement of the

eye. Progression can be created by increasing or decreasing one or more of
the object's qualities. It is known as an 'ordered' or 'systematic change'. It
lays stress not only on movement, but also by channeling movement
towards a goal, makes it livelier and more dynamic than repetition. It is
usually more easily applied to accessories than to large pieces of furniture.
Gradations of colour are also used in some fabrics so that the eye will travel
from the more dominant one to the more subdued.

Continuous line movement Lines compel the eye to follow the directions
they take. This powerful quality may be employed in various ways to
control the movement of the eye. The design of a room is usually composed
of many different lines, but a predominance of one type will cause the eye
to move in that direction. Borders and chair rails are simple ways to
introduce continuous lines. Wallpapers, fabrics, and rugs frequently have
a dominant line direction that can be employed to create rhythmic
movement.

Harmony

This is the fundamental requirement of any piece of work in which

appearance as well as use must be considered. Harmony is the most
important of all the principles of design. It is the design principle that
produces an expression of unity through the selection and arrangement of
discrete objects and ideas. Harmony has five aspects:

Harmony of line and shape This, in turn, can be of three types:

 lines that follow or repeat one another;

• lines that contrast with one another; and

• transitional lines that soften or modify the others.

In producing a harmony of shapes, there should always be an effect of

organization. Large objects and large items of furniture should be placed
to follow the boundary lines of the enclosing shape and smaller pieces
placed at other corners.

Harmony of size When sizes that are too different are used together, they
appear inconsistent. The aspect of proportion called 'scale' is allied to
harmony. The understanding and application of the principles of
proportion will assure the harmony of sizes.

Harmony of texture Coarse and fine materials used together do not give
a harmonious effect and so should be avoided.

Harmony of ideas It is not enough that sizes, shapes, and textures have
something in common; there must be harmony in the ideas presented
together. Things that may appear appropriate in a royal suite would be
distinctly out of place in a cottage setting. Rich period furniture needs a
formal setting. It should be understood, however, that itis not necessary to
have such an association of ideas in order to have harmony.

Harmony of colors Color combinations giving the most pleasure is likely

to be those possessing harmony or unity. They give the impression that all
the colours really belong together.
REFURBISHMENT AND REDECORATION

REFURBISHMENT: To refurbish means to renovate and refurbishment

covers replacement of furniture and fittings which have been worn out or
become obsolete. It should not be confused with re-decoration simply
involves renewing paint work, wall paper etc. or spring cleaning which is
the thorough cleaning which should take place once a year.

The frequency of refurbishment depends on the budget of the

establishment and the amount to wear the interior is subjected to some of
the luxury class hotels budget for refurbishment over a period of 7 years
while other establishments would like to replace their furnishings regularly
but cannot because of the high cost.

Before a program of refurbishment is embarked upon a number of

questions should be asked and answered.

POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE REFURBISHMENT:

EVALUATION: A physical inspection should be carried out is ascertain if

the project is really necessary. A work sheet should then be prepared in
detail. This is normally done in conjunction with the chief engineers or the
head of the maintenance department

AVAILABILITY OF TIME: When considering the work and the costs

involved, the expected completion dates must be planned. The work should
be carried out during a period of low occupancy or at the most convenient
time.

BUDGET: How much money is available for the project. There may have to
be a compromise between what actually needs doing and what can be
afforded and the budget adhered to

THEME: If the original theme of the establish the suitability of the newly
chosen theme should feasibility study and market research carried out.
theme of the establishment or area is to be changed he newly chosen theme
should be researched and a
DESIGN: The project should be ergonomic project should be ergonomically
sound possibly using work studies and all the practicalities of hygiene,
cleanliness and considered.

DECOR: Suitable fabrics, finishes and colors should be chosen. Fabrics

and

mines should be hard wearing, fire resistant, vandal proof, easy to clean
and give the right kind of atmosphere.

STAFFING: The project work may be carried out by direct labor, or

contractors and cost comparison made. If refurbishment takes place, there
should be the necessary staff to maintain the new image. Consideration
must also be given to uniforms, recruitment and training.

EQUIPMENT: The equipment to do the work concerned, may need to be

purchased or hired and availability checked.

RAW MATERIALS: Sufficient supplies should be ordered and facilities

should be made for the inconvenience to guest's staff and supplies while
project work is in progress. Temporary arrangement may need to be made.

SUPERVISION: Close supervision is necessary to see that the work goes

on according to specification and within the time parameter.

PROCEDURE:

All the correct company and statutory procedures should be-

• Planning permission

• Fire regulations

• Health and safety regulations

• Licensing laws

CONTROL: All aspects of control should be finalized.

• Financial control

• Fire regulations

Health and safety aspects

• Insurance

• Contracts

• Inspection

• Records kept

For the housekeeper, record keeping is perhaps the most important aspect
of control. She should keep documentation in the form of room history
card so that she has details of all work carried out for the purpose of future
planning.

REDECORATION: The housekeeper would not be involved in applying

paint or putting up wallpaper. However, he/she should be able to oversee
the process and ensure that a high standard of work is maintained. There
should be a written contract with outside decorations including starting
and finishing dates. The contract should clearly state the work that is
required and the order in which it is to be carried out. The housekeeper
should discuss with the foreman how best to do the work with the
minimum of disruption to staff and guests.

The housekeeping staff will prepare rooms for decorating contractors. That
should:

1. Strip beds and remove bedding.

2. Remove all items of furniture/pictures to a safe place

3. Take down curtains

4. Take up carpets or covers with polythene dust sheets with edges tucked

under
5. Disconnect light fittings and remove from the wail.

6. Cover furniture with dust sheets and put in the center of the room.

PLANNING:

Who: in house contact?

When: according to PPM (Planned Prevention Maintenance)

To what extent: area of rooms

Where: number of rooms

The job requires good planning supervision contest time scale.

WAYS TO CONTROL RENOVATION COST:

  Have an architect who knows hotels and hotel renovation plans-
check references and view recently completed jobs. Technical expert
advice
 No short cuts on design. Detailed drawing makes it possible to give
anaccurate cost.
 Devote time to study the project and stay informed about its
progress. Be consistent in what you want.
 Stick to original cost estimates. Find a firm who knows the meaning
of Stick to original cost estimates. Find budget.

a. Draw up cost parameter and plans an adequate term to develop budget.

b. Using a fixed amount of money in hand and then degree of renovation

to be done

• One senior manager other than the GM should supervise progress

• Schedule time: to protect loss of revenue, work should be on schedule.

HOUSEKEEPING ROLE IN RENOVATION:

1. The housekeeping is aware of areas where renovation is required due

to supervision of cleanliness in hotels.

2. Survey the areas needing renovation with the maintenance engineering

order to establish on priority basis.

3. Inform related areas well in advance so that alternative arrangements

can be made to avoid inconvenience to

4. Co-ordination/ co-operation with front office to establish the most

suitable time for carrying out the renovation program.

5. Snagging list is made in combination with the engineers so that!

existing problems may be identified and rectified along with renovation.
6. Provision for shifting, storing and protecting areas while renovation is
going on to reduce/prevent extent of damage.

7. Step up in cleaning requirement due to recessive soiling.

 NEW PROPERTY COUNTDOWN

PRE – OPENING OF A HOTEL

The opening of a good 5 star hotel from the time of planning to its opening
day would take at least 3 – 4 years for completion. Most hotels would first
have a soft opening, to check out the teething problems (initial problems)
that all new projects face, before they go into full operation. To carry out this
task it is usual to appoint a commissioning officer and commissioning team.

Although the commissioner team is responsible for all the activities held in
the organization from starting to the opening day of the hotel but the major
duties of the team is:

 To clear the path of the operational managers.

 Act as a central pivot (central focal point) for all the activities.
 Act as a catalyst for combining department needs.
 Direct the activities of all the departments.
 Leads the commissioning team which approves the plan on behalf of
organization.

The commissioning team includes room division incharge, housekeeping

director, food & beverage director, maintenance engineer, purchase officer, and
worker groups representing each department example department assistant
head or senior supervisory staff.

It’s a continuous phase of operations which is being classified on time basis:

CONSTRUCTION PHASE:

 Decide on the number and type of rooms and public areas.

 Decide on the operational and support services needed for running the
hotel smoothly.
 The architect and HK consultant will decide on the size and design of the
main control room, executive HK office, desk control room, emergency
stores, minibar stores (if HK provides it), main HK stores.
 Decide on the layout of the linen room, laundry, tailor/upholstery section,
and florist section. (size should correlate with anticipated turnover and
weather the services are going to be totally managed by the hotel or
partially or fully outsourced).

ONE YEAR IN ADVANCE:

 The executive housekeeper should give the architect and interior designer
the theme and blue prints of the various guest rooms and public areas.
 The housekeeper’s involvement in the selection of all material for all
surfaces is critical as the HKD has the responsibility for its upkeep and
maintenance in the long run.
 Check if the materials are available locally or have to be imported.
 Blueprints of all service area should be ready. Check if space is adequate to
handle work load.

COUNTDOWN TO OPENNING A NEW HOTEL

NINEMONTHS
 SOP’s are developed for regular jobs and unforeseen contingencies and
emergences example; fire, accidents, misbehavior.
 Asses the room supplies and par levels to be maintained for recycled and
non- recycled inventories in the light of projected room sales.
 Asses staffing levels depending on projected performance and productivity
standards and check the possibility of contract labor.
 Identify and asses the equipment requires. Check if locally available or does
it have to be imported. Do a market survey and identify the suppliers, trial
runs may be done if needed.
 Asses expected revenue for the first year of operation and prepare
operational budgets based on anticipated room sales.
 Prior to handover of property by the building contractor check insurance,
safety security measures incorporated.
 PUNCH LIST is prepared for the engineering department to attend to the
builders and clean the area.
SIX MONTHS IN ADVANCE
 Draw of the list of requirements for guestroom according to types of
furniture, fixtures, and soft furnishing.
 Identify the suppliers for all room supplies and amenities. Get samples and
check if it needs specification.
 Establish job titles, job specification and job description needed for the
department.
 Draw out detail SOP and check list.
 Establish training teams and pre – opening teams.
 Establish par levels for recycled and non – recycled inventories.
 Select the tailor and uniform design for all departments. Obtain sample of
each, get it laundry tested and approved by the management.

THREE MONTHS IN ADVANCE

 Check floor plans of all areas and start setting up rooms, service areas and
public areas. FFE. Interior decorator makes an inventory of rooms along
with colors schemes and soft furnishings.
 Check receipts of heavy equipment’s against purchase order install and run.
 Check premises for space allocation.
 Prepare equipment requirement, check against purchase orders .
 Prepare deficiencies, including necessary arrival date.
 Prepare floor plan of each space noting of space due to construction.
 Prepare par stock diagram.
 Check installers contact and contracts responsibly for turnover condition.
 Prepare list of local availability of contract cleaners if needed.
 Price per unit
 Labor union
 Unemployment rate
 Alternatives
 Check for personal application and do preliminary selection.
 Prepare staffing chart for time goal.
 Check key system and security of master and section keys.

TWO MONTH IN ADVANCE

 Interview and select (if possible) assistants and supervisor.

 Schedule participation in mass higher if applicable.
 Schedule and prepare orientation and training session.
 Prepare position and job description for departments.
 Prepare manual for room attendant :
- House person
- Servicing room

- Uniform control
- Rooms control
- Such other positions as designated
 Prepare detailed layout of all area:
- Office
- Rooms control
- Uniform control
- Sewing room
- Storage of cleaning supplies
- Linens
- Equipment’s
- Amenties
- Paper goods
- Soap supplies storage
- Lost and found storage
- Check purchase orders for delivery dates of necessary supplies related to
the above activities
 Items such as:
- Shelving
 - Wheeled equipment’s
- Bottles
- Caddy
- Cart bags
- Linen pickup and delivery

 Determining cleaning supplies

- Usage
- Issue
- Dilution
- Containers
- Rag storage
- Cleaning towel issues
- Sink and water availability
- Check to ascertain product usage in other areas of hotel for maximum
discount and services

 Communication systems
 Work assignment methods and form sections for room attendant and
housekeepers
 Forms designed and ordered
- Room attendant report AM to PM
- House person report
- Supervisor report
- Inspection report (multiple use)
- Accident report – secure for personal
- Attendance report
- Key control report
- Performance record
- Room history record
- Such others as necessary
- Storage area for above records
 Public area cleaning staff secured and trained as needed (these people may
be used in other area until public area is turned on.) supervision of public
area cleaning establishment and trained.
 Back of house cleaning procedures established and staff online by four
weeks previous:
- Will setup storage areas
- Stock and organized by prepared plans
 Establish all systems :
- Review and refine
- Delegate some responsibilities in checking system to assistants.

ONE MONTH IN ADVANCE:

 Hire staff for prepared schedule of turnover rooms. Proceed with

construction cleanup.
 Move into housekeeping area and become operating wherever possible.
 Last two weeks hire and train office personal in duties:
- Telephone etiquette
- Solutions to all imaginable problems
- Location of materials
 Setup daily log and implement.
- Lost and found log
- Payroll procedure
- Handling and storage of VIP gifts
 Being uniform issue and fitting (some use an outside firm to this)
- Install uniform issues and handling
 Hire night maintenance staff
- Train supervisors
- Schedule daily (nightly)
 Determine night turndown service and select staff train
 Evening linen delivery staff selected and trained. (prepare daily work
schedule for evening personnel with meaningful tasks even before hotel
opens).

ONE WEEK BEFORE:

 Assign area and sections to employees with job schedules.

 Final clean and stage room on turnover.
 Setup area linen room and storage by sections. Establish par stocks and
ordering procedures.
 Train staff
 Select additional staff
 Public areas clean up daily
 Prepare frequency charts for extra cleaning
 Setup schedule of meeting for staff
- Daily for assistants
- Weekly – supervisors
- Monthly – entire staff

 VIP procedure on:

- Room gifts
- Early maid
- Special attention
 Issue policy on:
- Bedrooms
- Hair dryers
- Cribs, etc.
 Check that all the systems are clearly communicated to all employees in
house rules.
 Pre – plan
- Morale and motivation ideas
- Improved productivity
- Improved quality
 - Interdepartmental cooperation
 Tour the property constantly looking for ways to improve service and morale.
 Fix opening day duties of each member and depute staff ( if required).