IPA15-G-208

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2015

IDENTIFYING BYPASSED OIL BY UTILIZING SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE AND ENVIRONMENT

OF DEPOSITIONAL CONCEPT IN TIDE-DOMINATED CLASTIC RESERVOIR

Reybi Waren*
Irfan Harris*
Terry O’Hearn*
ABSTRACT
Benar Field (Central Sumatra Basin, Indonesia) is
a pop-up anticlinal structure related to Miocene to
Pleistocene tectonism involving a major
transpressional strike-slip fault located 10km to
the west of the Field. New wells drilled in flank
areas indicate high oil saturation with multiple
current oil water contacts. Seismic interpretation
shows no evidence of faulting within Benar
closures; therefore, stratigraphic
compartmentalization alone is suspected. The
current study of the Sand A (Early to Middle
Miocene) focuses on facies analysis and high-
resolution sequence stratigraphy of these
tideinfluenced clastics with emphasis on reservoir
distribution and stratigraphic
compartmentalization. The objective of the study
is to increase oil recovery from the Sand A at
Benar field.
Fifty wells (four wells with conventional core)
provide insight and constraints for the depositional
system of the Sand A reservoir. In addition,
highresolution 3D seismic aids the prediction of
reservoir geometry of this tide-influenced clastic
system. Production and RFT pressure data are
used to predict the current oil water contact
(COWC) and to validate the compartmentalization
analysis.
Reservoir thickness variation and dissimilar
gammaray log responses indicate reservoir
heterogeneity which is one of the hypotheses in
inquiring the different COWC. Heterolithic
bedding, bioturbated very fine- to fine-grained
sandstones, and massive to crossbedded fine- to
coarse-grained sandstones highlight tide-
influenced sedimentation. In analyzing reservoir
geometry and distribution, seismic stratigraphy
analysis is conducted using seismic attribute
complex and waveform classification. These
conclusions are validated against integration of
wireline log and conventional core data.
Data integration reveals an 800-1700m wide tidal
channel with flanking sand-rich and mud-rich tidal
flats. The tidal channel has a NE-SW orientation
________________________________________________________________________________
* Chevron Pacific Indonesia
which broadens to the southwest. Two sweet spots
with bypassed hydrocarbons in the northwest and
southeast flanks at Benar Field were identified.
INTRODUCTION
Back in 1980’s, field development process
particularly focused on the large-scale perspective
which did not include detailed-analysis.
Enhancement of static data such as the number of
logs and production data has proven to be of
significant value in the identification of by-passed
reserves.
The concept of reservoir compartmentalization is
one of the most useful in finding bypassed-oil
potential. A series of analysis for the study of
reservoir compartmentalization has been
established. It begins with very basic data,
conventional core analysis and is followed by
wireline log as well as seismic response analysis at
the reservoir target interval. In addition, production
data are used to increase the level of confidence in
the analysis. New wells drilled in flank areas
indicate high oil saturation with multiple current oil
water contacts. Seismic interpretation shows no
evidence of faulting within Benar field thus making
structural compartmentalization unlikely. The goals
of this study are to determine how to gain maximum
benefit from available data and how to integrate
both static and dynamic data in order to better
characterize reservoir compartmentalization and
improve oil recovery.
Benar field (Figure 1), is an active oil producing
field in the Northern area of the Central Sumatra
Basin (CSB). It has produced oil since early 1970’s.
This long production period has resulted in a 42.3%
recovery factor (RF). The Duri and Bekasap
Formations are the two reservoir formations which
have delivered the majority of oil in this field. Sand
A reservoir (part of uppermost Duri Formation) is
the main reservoir and the object of this study.
DATA AND METHODS
Fifty wells (four wells with conventional core)
provide insight and constraints for the depositional
system of the Sand A reservoir. This is
supplemented by a high-resolution 3-D seismic
survey which aids in the definition of reservoir
geometry and sand distribution. Current oil water
contacts (COWC) are determined by using well
logs’ signatures which are then validated by
production data. Finally, stratigraphic reservoir
compartmentalization is predicted by integrating
both static and dynamic data which are effective in
finding bypassed oil potential location.
SAND A RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
Structurally, the field is comprised of three anticlinal
culminations. Sand A reservoir present in each of
the three closures (Figure 2). Those closures- were
formed by process related to major right lateral
strike slip fault which is located about 10 Km west
of Benar field (Figure 1). Surprisingly, seismic
interpretation shows no evidence of essential
faulting but only shows a big anticlinorium or
compressional drape structure (Figure 3).
Gamma ray (GR) logs from 50 wells are showing
reservoir thickness contrasts and shale occurrences.
It illustrates how complex the Sand A reservoir is.
High degree of heterogeneity Sand A reservoir is
shown in the center and southeastern part of Benar
field which are thinner and contain higher amounts
of shale than in the Northern and Western part. The
heterogeneity gives an indication that the
stratigraphy is the key item in determining reservoir
compartmentalization.
Further detailed-investigation was conducted on
conventional cores and 3D seismic data in order to
address the reservoir facies both vertically and
laterally. Understanding the environment of
deposition (EOD) of Sand A, its geometry, and
distribution will aid in identification of potential
areas of by-passed oil. Seismic Analysis
Core Analysis
Conventional core data from the field most often
reflects stratified coarse-grained sediment
intercalation with heterolithic bedding. This general
package is diagnostic of both fluvial processes and
tide-influenced depositional environments.
Conventional core analysis of well #C1 for instance,
reveals a blocky to fining upward facies succession
consisting of Bioturbated Claystone to Siltstone
(M2); mudstone / siltstone, mainly bioturbated
(Planolites, Nereites, Cylindrichnus, Zoophycus),
sand lenses and laminae often modified by
burrowers, Bioturbated Fine – Medium Sandstone
(B3); upper fine – lower medium sandstone with
common floating very coarse grains and small
pebbles, common burrows, partly obliterating the
original fabric, rare glauconite grains, Bioturbated
Coarse – Very Coarse sandstone (B4); coarse
grained sandstone with common ‘floating’ very
coarse quartz grains and granules, extensive
bioturbation indicated by some discrete burrows
(large ophiomorpha) and also by variations in oil
saturation, Stratified Fine – Medium sandstone (S4);
fine to medium sandstone with cross bedding, 10 –
15cm fining upward cycles with very coarse grain at
base, Stratified Coarse – Very Coarse Sandstone
(S5); upper medium to lower coarse, planar to low
angle cross bedded sandstone, 3 – 10cm thick bed-
sets occasionally with fining up trends, Wavy –
Lenticular Sandstone (S1); fine to medium grained
wavy-bedded sandstone, with silty and
carbonaceous drapes on ripples, individual sands
beds are likely to be laterally continuous. The upper
part of #C1 core’s interval is dominated by S5
Facies whereas S1 Facies prevails in the lower part.
The facies association indicates Sand A reservoir
was deposited in a tidal channel to sand / mixed flat
environment (Davis and Dalrymple, 2012).
In other conventional core intervals that have been
analyzed, well #C2, a 10 cm thick layer of high
calcite cemented sandstone which (is interpreted as a
tidal channel base) has been observed and proven to
act as effective impermeable zone (Figure 4). The
facies difference that is bounded by high calcite
cemented sandstone has demonstrated stratigraphics
compartmentalization. A vertical progression of
facies can be found corresponding to lateral facies
changes (Walter’s law). Thus, lateral facies
boundary examination across the Benar field is
crucial in finding reservoir stratigraphic
compartmentalization. Locating lateral facies
variations cannot be solved through conventional
core data analysis. Insights about a reservoir facies
boundary across Benar field may be given by 3D
seismic that has field-scale data.
In order to delineate facies which have been
previously identified in both well log and core
analysis, a seismic analysis was performed. The
first portion of the analysis consisted of
transforming the cube into instantaneous phase and
subsequently interpreting the top of the target
reservoir. Instantaneous phase provides better
lateral reflector continuity than original seismic.
The second analysis was directed toward
determining the geometrical distribution of
channels. According to seismic response analysis at
well locations, channel facies correspond to a
specific trace shape and magnitude. Therefore by
mapping the similarity of each traces shape within a
certain window along the interpreted horizon facies
distribution can be mapped. The trace similarity was
classified using waveform analysis with window
length 25ms subdivided into 8 classes.
As can be seen in map view of classification (Figure
5) there is distinct “channel like” geometry trending
from NE-SW that is consistent with data from core
and well log shape. This facies map then is utilized
to guide well placement for the next drilling location
target.
BY-PASSED OIL OPPORTUNITY
A better understanding of Sand A EOD has been
obtained through facies distribution analysis. In
order to understand reservoir fluids, especially
current oil water contact, static reservoir information
was combined with production data. Well #NC50, a
recently drilled well in the flank, indicates high oil
saturation as determined by high resistivity value
and good oil production. On the other hand, Well
#NC8, which is structurally located far above well
#NC50, is currently wet with 100% water
production based on the latest well test (Figure 6a).
This finding is in agreement with reservoir facies
maps of Sand A which show a boundary in the
northwestern part of Benar field.
In addition, similar relationships have also been
found in the southern closure of Benar field. A
stratigraphic barrier is located between well #NC41
and well #NC43 which is down-structure. Facies
contrasts reflected by GR patterns and seismic
attribute are the main indicators of stratigraphic
reservoir compartmentalization in this area. Well
#NC41 Sand A reservoir is organized by thin layers
of high calcite cemented sand and is more shale
grained as compared to well #NC43 where the sand
is thick and blocky, indicating changing reservoir
facies between these wells (Figure 6). Furthermore,
seismic analysis shows there is a facies boundary
between those wells which extends northeast –
southwest along the southern closure (Figure 5).
Reservoir pressure has been proven to validate
REFERENCE
reservoir compartmentalization. In order to validate
the existence of stratigraphic reservoir
compartmentalization of Sand A, reservoir pressure Davis, R.A., and Dalrymple, R.W., 2012, Principles
data from reservoir formation tester (RFT) has been of Tidal Sedimentology: Springer, New York.
used by plotting it into a depth versus reservoir
pressure cross plot. However, due to limited
reservoir pressure data and differing acquisition
times, the cross plot did not yield useful results.
Two sweet spots with bypassed hydrocarbons in the
northwest and south flanks of Benar Field were
identified (Figure 7). Lateral facies boundaries and
attic location are the two key parameters in
determining bypassed oil potential location. In
addition, original and current oil water contacts are
used in determining the sweet spot locations. It is
expected to deliver optimum oil production.
CONCLUSIONS
• A dissimilar GR log response indicates high
degree of reservoir heterogeneity.
• Sand A reservoir was deposited in a tidal channel
to sand / mixed flat environments.
• A thin layer of high calcite cemented sandstone
at the base of the reservoir is sufficient enough a
barrier to compartmentalize the sand A reservoir.
• Seismic waveform classification with correct
windowing helps in delineating the geometry of
the reservoir.
• Integrating vertical and lateral facies boundaries
through conventional core and seismic analysis
along with production data was a sufficient
process to find potential locations of bypassed
oil.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the CPI Asset
Development Team and the DITJEN Migas for their
permission to publish this paper as well as Chris
Saxon, Zakiyah Sari, Cahyo Bawono, and Endo
Finaldhi for their constructive supports and
feedbacks on this paper.
Figure 1 - Benar field location. Strike slip fault are developed in 4km to the West of Benar field.
Figure 2 - Depth structure map of sand A reservoir shows Sand A reservoir present in each of the three
closures (Northern, Western, and Southern Closures)
 Figure 3 - NNE – SSW seismic profile shows compressional drape structure

Figure 4 - Thin layer of high calcite cemented sandstone as an effective impermeable zone
Figure 5 - “Channel like” geometry trending from NE – SW. Class 8 (purple) is represented by gray color
on map.
Figure 6 - Well logs correlation combined with current oil water contacts
Figure 7 - Two sweet spot areas which are located in the Northern closure and Southern closure of Benar
Field