Back To Nature Programme By Utilizing Plant

As An Organic Pesticide In Indonesia

Rahmadyan Tefarani
Semarang State University, Indonesia
Email : teva.rani@gmail.com

Abstract

Indonesia has faced problems related to environmental degradation, depletion of

resources and food insecurity. Food security became major challenge for Indonesia
in the future. Therefore, it requires inovative solution to overcome this
environmental-related issues and enhance food security with the use of organic
pesticides method in agriculture sector. The problem of food insecurity is based on
depletion of resources due to excessive use of chemical pesticides. The solution that
will introduce organic pesticide made by plant or natural resources to reduce many
kind of pests. Moreover, the making of organic pesticides is easy, safer and cheaper.
The main objective of organic farming is to optimize the health and productivity of
interdependent communities from life on land, plants, animals and humans. So far
organic farming by many societies, with a different understanding.
INTRODUCTION

Awareness of the dangers posed by the use of synthetic chemicals in farming

attracts attention at both the producers and consumers. Most consumers will choose
safe food ingredients for better health and it drives increased demand for organic
products. Healthy, environmentally friendly life-style becomes a new trend and has
been institutionalized internationally which requires assurance that agricultural
products should be safe for consumption (food safety attributes), high nutrient
content (nutritional attributes) and environmentally friendly (eco-labeling attributes)
(Mayrowani, 2012). Indonesia has sufficient resources to ensure food security for its
residents. The food security indicators also illustrate good enough conditions.
However, there are still many Indonesian people who have not received sufficient
food needs.
The food crisis this time became the biggest global crisis of the 21st century,
affecting 36 countries in the world, including Indonesia (Good, 2008). Exposure to
pesticides in children, can reduce body stamina, lowering the level of intelligence
and concentration. Chemical toxins made from chlorine can cause breast cancer
(Silowati, 2015). From 1976 to 2000, the government has banned the use and
distribution of pesticides as much as 119 pesticide formulations with 67 types of
active ingredients (Wudianto, 2000).
High input energy-based agricultural systems such as uncontrolled chemical
fertilizers and pesticides lead to reduced soil fertility and environmental degradation.
According to WHO (World Health Organization), every year around the world
pesticide poisoning occurs between 44,000 - 2,000,000 people. The highest
poisoning rates occur in developing countries. The use of chemical pesticides with
excessive doses has been done to reduce pest attacks that can reduce agricultural
production. However, this is actually pose a danger to human health. In the effort to
fulfill the need of food, human must compete with plant organism disturber (OPT)
like pest.
Agricultural products that have been synonymous with the use of non-natural
chemicals such as fertilizers and chemical pesticides are being replaced by organic
farming that utilizes natural ingredients as pesticides and medicinal plants (Marianah,
2013). The concept of environmentally friendly agriculture is the concept of
agriculture that puts the security of all the components present in the ecosystem
environment where eco-friendly agriculture is prioritized for the benefit of negative
impacts. Organic pesticides are pesticides whose active ingredients come from plants
or plants and other organic ingredients that are efficacious to control pest attack on
plants (Agricultural Technology Assessment Institute of NTB, 2011). Pesticides are
planted "hit and run", when applied will kill the pest at that moment and after the
dead hence the residue will be lost in nature. Thus, the product is free from pesticide
residues so it is safe for human consumption, vegetable pesticide can be an
alternative to safe pest control compared to synthetic pesticides (Litbang, 2014). The
main objective of organic farming is to optimize the health and productivity of
interdependent communities from life on land, plants, animals and humans. So far
organic farming by many societies, with a different understanding (Mayrowani,
2012).
RESULT AND DISCUSS

World Organic Agriculture

During the period of 10 years (1999 - 2009) there is a fairly rapid increase both from
the expansion of organic farming and organic farming. In 1999, the area of organic
farmland was only 11 million ha, and it increased approximately threefold over a
period of 10 years to 37.2 million ha. The extent of organic farmland shows rapid
growth in most countries, there is even a considerable increase in growth for some of
the world's organic farming commodities. In India the number of organic farmers has
almost doubled. Reportedly also more than three quarters of organic farmers
originating from Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is estimated that world trade in
organic products reached USD $ 46.1 billion (36.2 billion Euros) in 2007 (IFOAM,
2009). The largest trade in food products in the United States, amounting to 15.65
billion euros in 2008.

Gambar : Ten countries with the largest organic food market in 2008.

Organic Agriculture Indonesia

In the development of organic agriculture the government launched the
organic farming development program through the commitment of "Go Organic
2010". In this commitment, it was proclaimed that in 2010 Indonesia will become the
largest producer of organic agricultural products in the world. In developing organic
agriculture, good planning and good implementation are needed simultaneously.
Planning and implementation are also carried out jointly between the government
and business actors. The "Go Organic 2010" program, which includes activities such
as organic farming technology development, organic farming groups, rural
development through organic farming, and developing organic food marketing
strategies. But in fact, organic farming has not developed and very few products are
produced. That is, not many farmers who apply organic farming business. The
government in this case including the Indonesian agricultural community is expected
to act real in the effort to popularize and lift the image of organic agricultural
products of Indonesia to support the realization of resilient food security.
Overseas demand for Indonesian organic food is increasing, but it can only be
fulfilled by 5 percent of international market demand (Gunawan 2007). The
magnitude of the world's organic food market and regional economic integration
policy open opportunities for Indonesia to export organic food products to the
international market. This is possible because Indonesia has great resources both
natural and human resources, there is a tendency that the government is more
concerned with the development of organic agriculture because the government
wants to revitalize the agricultural sector as the backbone of economic development
in Indonesia (Lesmana and Hidayat, 2008), and production costs Will be much lower
than other countries, especially developed countries.

Discuss
Benefits of Biopesticides
Integrated Crop Management (ICM) is a pragmatic approach to maintain
intricate balance between the environmental safety and agricultural productivity with
sustainability being important issue. One of the important objectives of ICM is
reducing external inputs, such as inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and fuel by means
of farm produced substitutes. Although complete replacement of these inputs is not
possible without significant loss of yields, but partial substitution of the inputs can be
achieved by the use of natural resources. In recent decades, the focus on crop
production has shifted from yield to quality and safety. Evidences suggest that
biopesticide is an important component for promoting sustainable agriculture, hence
it has gained lots of interest in the last decade particularly in view of the growing
demands for organic foods.
Environmental issues
Although green revolution technology has resulted in a phenomenal growth
in agricultural productivity, it treads heavily in the environment. Continuous use of
chemical pesticides has severely affected the environment. Pesticide residues in food
items and their bioaccumulation in the body triggers several health hazards. Like any
other pesticides, DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) was extensively used in
protection of crops, forests and controlling insectvectors of human diseases. As a
contact poison it was effectively used to combat mosquitoes spreading malaria,
typhus and other insectborne diseases. The indiscriminately used chemical
insecticide led to the contamination of water and food sources, poisoning of non-
target beneficial insects and development of insect populations resistant to the
insecticide (Kumar et. Al, 2008).
There are an estimated 67,000 agricultural pest species that damage crops
(Ross, 1986). The current pest management strategy relies heavily on chemical
pesticides which cause adverse effects even on beneficial organisms, leave pesticide
residues in food, feed and fodder, and increase environmental pollutions. Although
intensive agriculture has provided sufficient food grain production so far, it has
several environmental consequences. Due to the problems of resistance development
in pests and withdrawal of some products for either regulatory or commercial
reasons, only a fewer chemical pesticides are available in the market. Out of the 215
pesticides registered for use in India, 39 have been banned for use or withdrawn from
the market (Kumar, 2012). There are rising concerns for the loss of biodiversity and
endangered species, set against the requirement to increase agricultural production
without excessive reliance on chemical pesticides. Development of biopesticides has
largely followed a chemical pesticide model that does not exploit fully the favorable
biological properties of the biological agents. While there is commercial pressure
from the manufacturing side to develop products, based on a single strain that are
broad spectrum in order to control a range of pests on different crops and may not be
endemic to the areas of application; the environmentalists prefer narrow spectrum
products based on the strains from the area of use. To reconcile these divergent
demands, biopesticides in the market have been maintained at minimal negative
impact, if any, on the environment. The increased public concerns about the potential
adverse environmental effects associated with the use of synthetic pesticides
prompted search for the products based on natural resources.

Policy issues
Biopesticides are used globally to control insect pests and diseases.
Bioinsecticides, biofungicides and bionematicides are rapidly growing market
segments and their demand is expected to boost further in the near future. Increasing
demand for pesticide residue-free crop produce is one of the key drivers of the
biopesticide market. Growing organic food market and easier registration than
synthetic chemical pesticides are other important driving factors. Identifying the ill
effects of chemical pesticides, pesticide resistance, pest resurgence, outbreak of
secondary pests, pesticide residues in crop produce, soil, air and water resulting in
human health hazards and ecological imbalances, most of the countries have
amended their policies to ensure minimal use of chemical pesticides and promote the
use of biopesticides. However, biopesticides are still under the regulatory system
originally developed for chemical pesticides. This creates market entry barrier by
imposing burdensome costs on biopesticide industry. There are several technological
and policy gaps in effective utilization of biopesticides which need to be addressed
properly. Policy measures need to be strengthened in order to minimize use of
chemical pesticides and to promote the use of biopesticides. In addition, there are
certain technical difficulties in making biopesticides more effective and applicable.
CONCLUSION

Biopesticide is a potential tool to be utilized for environmental safety. More

rational approaches would be required to popularize biopesticide as one of the
important inputs for safe and sustainable agriculture. Training on production and
quality control to manufacturers, organizational training to extension workers and
farmers to popularize biopesticides would be essential for better adoption of
biopesticides. As environmental safety is a global issue, we need to create awareness
among the common men to switch-over to biopesticides for their pest management
requirements. Biopesticides are expected to provide predictable performance, and
they must do so in an economically viable manner for their better acceptability and
adaptability.
The successful development of organic agriculture will be realized when
there is support from the government both in the form of training, production capital
and regulation of each level of Local Government. Success to improve the welfare of
farmers will also be accompanied by the love of the environment, because it will
create a healthy environment, beautiful, natural, which will push into the green farm.
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